I have just found some old notes (inadequate at best) made years ago, on a very jolly topic.
The Cup of Death.
It’s from a publication ‘Germania: Comparative Studies in the Old Germanic Languages and Literature‘, edited by D G Calder, T Craig Christy et al, 1988
Chapter 12: The Drink of Death in Old English and Germanic Literature’, by G Russom
The writer cites Old English as well as Latin writing, that is Pre-Christian and Christian.
‘Maxims’ 1 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxims_(Old_English_poems) gives us – I do not have the orthographic O/E keyboard keys, so bear with me –
Deop deada waeg
Deop gives the meaning of deep
Deada death
Waeg cup or drink
The deep, the dead wave(?), or the solemn way of the dead.
This points to the pre-christian context of undying glory, and preparation of the funeral pyre.
St Guthlac is a help here. He wrote of death as the ‘bitter drink’ served by Eve to Adam. He also used the meaning of deop as terrible, awful.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guthlac_of_Crowland
So we have a drinking cup that is described as deep, in the sense of producing deep slumber. Deep slumber in Old English literature was a term for death.
In Latin the cup of death is poculum mortis. It is usually connected with original sin in a Latin hymn admired by Bede, where Peter and Paul overcame Satan by drinking from the cup of death.
“the drink of death” also occurs in the Middle English Lyrics ‘Man May Longe… ‘(https://www.luminarium.org/medlit/medlyric/manmai.php)
In Old English deada waeg can also mean the last drink taken, in Early Germanic society, by suicides, human sacrifices and those about to undergo capital punishment.
We see here connections between punishment and original sin.
This also brings us to the well known ‘Account of Rus‘ by medieval traveller Ahmed Ibn Fadlen.
He observed the customs of Germanic Rus tribes, especially the funeral of an important chieftain. This included the voluntary sacrifice of the chieftain’s servant (usually female).
Just before being sacrificed, she was supervised by an old woman taking on the role of ‘the angel of death’, who gave a cup of strong drink.
Saxo Grammaticus’ Gesta Danorum also mentions a death cup in use, in the legend of Hadingus and Signe.
– This tale is a close parallel to the writings of St Guthlac –
and tells how in the last moments of the hero Hadingus, condemned to hang by the King, the king’s wife offered him his last drink as he proceeded to to his execution, exhorting him to act bravely.
His maid servant offered to accompany him.
This practice of the drink for the condemned man was also the London custom at The Crown Inn en route to the Tyburn gallows.
We see a change now:
we come across the term Baedwaeg. This has term has suggested related meanings that include ‘the cup that urges’ in the meaning of urging to act bravely.
The Cupbearer
We see here the related reference to an ale-goddess in Scandinavian Mythology, by E H Davidson..
In Beowulf, we witness the Danish queen Wealtheow’s ‘courtesy’ at the feast meeting of Beowulf, at Heorat. She offered Beowulf a cup to urge him to act bravely in dealing with Grendel.
She first offered the cup to King Hrothgar to urge him to be hospitable, then she circled the hall offering to the young retainers, before offering to Beowulf, to urge him to free them of their burden.
Beowulf’s acceptance therefore was a promise to fulfill the obligation.
“Each offer of drink… (is)… an exhortation to display for her approval such heroic virtues as bravery, generosity, and loyalty…’
There is mention again of Eve’s cup to Adam as an incitement to act boldly to gain glory.
The Cup of Heavenly Life
We come across this in Bede’s History of the English Church.
St Cuthbert and the priest Herbert were ‘long coupled in the bond of Spiritual friendship.’ The two ‘did inebriate each other with the cups of the life of heaven.’
It is noted here that Herbert was thus inspired to seek heaven by Cuthbert’s exhortations rather than by learning.
Bede wrote: caelestis vitae poculis
baesewag paes leofen lican lifes: the cup that urges one to the heavenly life.
‘Note, in particular, the similarity between Herbert’s situation and that of the bereaved heathen who died with a lord, lady, or other loved one to achieve reunion in the afterworld.’
Sacred – profane intoxication, this is paralleled in Bede.
Saxo Grammiticus who writing at behest of Absolon, archbishop of Lund, allowed the cup of drunkenness before death as an urging for contempt for death.
The cup-bearer was usually female, and it has been suggested that in Beowulf Queen Waeltheow was taking on the role of one of the Norn goddesses (like the three Greek fates. There is an idea that the Viking Aser gods came from Asia, which could possibly allow correspondences between Greek gods and some Scandnavian).
The cup of death.
This was before we had access to Plato and his Last Days of Socrates, the cup of hemlock.
And the cup of heavenly life.
Omar Khayaam may have something to say about that.