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Humite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Humite
Sir Abraham Hume
Formula:
Mg7(SiO4)3F2
a n=3 member of the polysomatic series; the above Mindat Formula is the now-accepted (IMA CNMNC Newsletter 63) end-member formula
Colour:
White, yellow, dark orange or brown.
Lustre:
Vitreous, Sub-Vitreous, Resinous
Hardness:
6
Specific Gravity:
3.20 - 3.32
Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Member of:
Name:
Named in 1813 by Jacques Louis, Comte de Bournon in honour of Sir Abraham Hume [February 20, 1749 London, England, UK – March 24, 1838 Wormley Bury. England, UK], English connoisseur and collector of gems, minerals and artwork.
Type Locality:
Humite is a mineral closely related to and resembling norbergite, chondrodite and clinohumite. These minerals are very difficult to distinguish. Humite appears to have a narrower field of stability (bulk chemistry and temperature) than clinohumite, chondrodite and norbergite. Humite is often associated with one or more of the other humite-group minerals, often as intergrowths. Humite may in such cases often be a late stage overgrowth.
NOTE: Many papers and articles do not distinguish between the mineral humite and the humite group of minerals, consequently several literature references and also MinDat locality entries may be incorrectly attributed to the mineral humite rather than the mineral group.
A synthetic, isotypic hydroxyl analogue is known (Wunder et al., 1995); the Unnamed (OH-analogue of humite) has subsequently been found in nature.
Visit gemdat.org for gemological information about Humite.
NOTE: Many papers and articles do not distinguish between the mineral humite and the humite group of minerals, consequently several literature references and also MinDat locality entries may be incorrectly attributed to the mineral humite rather than the mineral group.
A synthetic, isotypic hydroxyl analogue is known (Wunder et al., 1995); the Unnamed (OH-analogue of humite) has subsequently been found in nature.
Visit gemdat.org for gemological information about Humite.Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
1947
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:1947:3
Similar Names
IMA Classification of Humite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
Classification of Humite
9.AF.50
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
A : Nesosilicates
F : Nesosilicates with additional anions; cations in [4], [5] and/or only [6] coordination
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
A : Nesosilicates
F : Nesosilicates with additional anions; cations in [4], [5] and/or only [6] coordination
52.3.2c.1
52 : NESOSILICATES Insular SiO4 Groups and O,OH,F,H2O
3 : Insular SiO4 Groups and O, OH, F, and H2O with cations in [6] coordination only
52 : NESOSILICATES Insular SiO4 Groups and O,OH,F,H2O
3 : Insular SiO4 Groups and O, OH, F, and H2O with cations in [6] coordination only
17.1.11
17 : Silicates Containing other Anions
1 : Silicates with fluoride (not containing Al)
17 : Silicates Containing other Anions
1 : Silicates with fluoride (not containing Al)
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
| Symbol | Source | Reference for Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Hu | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
| Hu | Kretz (1983) | Kretz, R. (1983) Symbols of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 68, 277–279. |
| Hu | Siivolam & Schmid (2007) | Siivolam, J. and Schmid, R. (2007) Recommendations by the IUGS Subcommission on the Systematics of Metamorphic Rocks: List of mineral abbreviations. Web-version 01.02.07. IUGS Commission on the Systematics in Petrology. download |
| Hu | Whitney & Evans (2010) | Whitney, D.L. and Evans, B.W. (2010) Abbreviations for names of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 95, 185–187 doi:10.2138/am.2010.3371 |
| Hu | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
Physical Properties of Humite
Vitreous, Sub-Vitreous, Resinous
Transparency:
Transparent, Translucent
Colour:
White, yellow, dark orange or brown.
Streak:
White
Hardness:
6 on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Poor/Indistinct
Poor on {100}
Poor on {100}
Fracture:
Irregular/Uneven, Sub-Conchoidal
Density:
3.20 - 3.32 g/cm3 (Measured) 3.201 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Humite
Type:
Biaxial (+)
RI values:
nα = 1.607 - 1.643 nβ = 1.619 - 1.653 nγ = 1.639 - 1.675
2V:
Measured: 68° to 81°, Calculated: 70° to 78°
Birefringence:
0.032
Max. Birefringence:
δ = 0.032
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
Surface Relief:
High (positive)
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
This shows the grain boundary and Becke line effect under plane-polarised
light, based on the contrast between this mineral's average refractive
index and the mounting medium. It does not take into account mineral
colouration.
In focus
Interference Figure:
This shows the idealized biaxial acute bisectrix (Bxa) interference figure
- the conoscopic view for a grain cut perpendicular to the acute bisectrix, using
this mineral's 2V. The two small white dots mark the melatopes - the points
where the two optic axes emerge - and are shown only when they fall within the
field of view. The coloured bands are isochromatics, and the dark bands are
isogyres.
Rotate the stage: at 0°/90° the isogyres form a cross through the melatopes; at 45° they pull apart into curved hyperbolas. That splitting on rotation - absent in a uniaxial figure - is the standard diagnostic test for telling biaxial minerals from uniaxial ones. If 2V is large, the melatopes may fall outside the field of view, as they often do at the microscope too.
Rotate the stage: at 0°/90° the isogyres form a cross through the melatopes; at 45° they pull apart into curved hyperbolas. That splitting on rotation - absent in a uniaxial figure - is the standard diagnostic test for telling biaxial minerals from uniaxial ones. If 2V is large, the melatopes may fall outside the field of view, as they often do at the microscope too.
Dispersion:
weak
Optical Extinction:
Parallel
Pleochroism:
Non-pleochroic
Chemistry of Humite
Mindat Formula:
Mg7(SiO4)3F2
a n=3 member of the polysomatic series; the above Mindat Formula is the now-accepted (IMA CNMNC Newsletter 63) end-member formula
a n=3 member of the polysomatic series; the above Mindat Formula is the now-accepted (IMA CNMNC Newsletter 63) end-member formula
Element Weights:
Elements listed:
Common Impurities:
Ti,Al,Mn,Ca
Crystallography of Humite
Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Class (H-M):
mmm(2/m2/m2/m) - Dipyramidal
Space Group:
Pnma
Setting:
Pbnm
Cell Parameters:
a = 4.7408(1) Å, b = 10.2580(2) Å, c = 20.8526(4) Å
Ratio:
a:b:c = 0.462 : 1 : 2.033
Unit Cell V:
1,014.09 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
4
Comment:
data from Ribbe & Gibbs (1971).
Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0000250 | Humite | Ribbe P H, Gibbs G V (1971) Crystal structures of the humite minerals: III. Mg/Fe ordering in humite and its relation to other ferromagnesian silicates American Mineralogist 56 1155-1173 |  | 1971 | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Loading XRD data...
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 10.42 Å | (6) |
| 5.17 Å | (10) |
| 5.11 Å | (10) |
| 4.97 Å | (18) |
| 4.59 Å | (20) |
| 4.20 Å | (2) |
| 3.97 Å | (6) |
| 3.90 Å | (12) |
| 3.66 Å | (6) |
| 3.64 Å | (50) |
| 3.47 Å | (6) |
| 3.453 Å | (30) |
| 3.430 Å | (25) |
| 3.312 Å | (30) |
| 3.119 Å | (8) |
| 3.102 Å | (8) |
| 2.980 Å | (6) |
| 2.885 Å | (6) |
| 2.770 Å | (20) |
| 2.744 Å | (30) |
| 2.691 Å | (50) |
| 2.674 Å | (6) |
| 2.589 Å | (8) |
| 2.572 Å | (40) |
| 2.490 Å | (4) |
| 2.453 Å | (4) |
| 2.443 Å | (30) |
| 2.438 Å | (70) |
| 2.399 Å | (20) |
| 2.308 Å | (8) |
| 2.304 Å | (12) |
| 2.297 Å | (8) |
| 2.256 Å | (100) |
| 2.251 Å | (35) |
| 2.218 Å | (18) |
| 2.189 Å | (8) |
| 2.158 Å | (6) |
| 2.107 Å | (40) |
| 2.103 Å | (30) |
| 2.057 Å | (6) |
| 1.920 Å | (6) |
| 1.881 Å | (8) |
| 1.867 Å | (8) |
| 1.850 Å | (2) |
| 1.814 Å | (6) |
| 1.794 Å | (2) |
| 1.779 Å | (6) |
| 1.772 Å | (6) |
| 1.7477 Å | (6) |
| 1.7387 Å | (65) |
Comments:
ICDD 12-755 and 12-755a with 22 more lines including 1.4786 (70)
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Stage 3a: Earth’s earliest Hadean crust | >4.50 |
| 7 : Ultramafic igneous rocks | |
| High-? alteration and/or metamorphism | |
| 31 : Thermally altered carbonate, phosphate, and iron formations | |
| Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks | >3.0 |
| 36 : Carbonatites, kimberlites, and related igneous rocks | |
| Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics | <3.5-2.5 |
| 40 : Regional metamorphism (greenschist, amphibolite, granulite facies) |
Type Occurrence of Humite
Synonyms of Humite
Other Language Names for Humite
Relationship of Humite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of Humite Subgroup:
| Chondrodite | Mg5(SiO4)2F2 | Mon. 2/m : P21/c |
| Clinohumite | Mg9(SiO4)4F2 | Mon. 2/m : P21/c |
| Hydroxylchondrodite | Mg5(SiO4)2(OH)2 | Mon. 2/m : P21/c |
| Hydroxylclinohumite | Mg9(SiO4)4(OH)2 | Mon. 2/m : P21/c |
| Norbergite | Mg3(SiO4)F2 | Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) |
| 'Unnamed (OH-analogue of humite)' | Mg7(SiO4)3(OH)2 | Orth. |
Common Associates
Associations Based on Photo Data:
| 22 photos of Humite associated with Calcite | CaCO3 |
| 21 photos of Humite associated with Spinel | MgAl2O4 |
| 9 photos of Humite associated with Phlogopite | KMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| 7 photos of Humite associated with Magnetite | Fe2+Fe3+2O4 |
| 6 photos of Humite associated with Aragonite | CaCO3 |
| 3 photos of Humite associated with Chondrodite | Mg5(SiO4)2F2 |
| 3 photos of Humite associated with Franklinite | Zn2+Fe3+2O4 |
| 3 photos of Humite associated with Biotite | K(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2 |
| 2 photos of Humite associated with Sodalite | Na4(Si3Al3)O12Cl |
| 2 photos of Humite associated with Diopside | CaMgSi2O6 |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 9.AF. | Chegemite | Ca7(SiO4)3(OH)2 |
| 9.AF. | Jingwenite-(Y) | YAlV4+(SiO4)O2(OH)2 |
| 9.AF. | Barwoodite | Mn2+6Nb5+(SiO4)2O3(OH)3 |
| 9.AF.05 | Sillimanite | Al2(SiO4)O |
| 9.AF.05 | 'Xenolite' | Al10Si8O31 |
| 9.AF.10 | Kanonaite | Mn3+Al(SiO4)O |
| 9.AF.10 | Andalusite | Al2(SiO4)O |
| 9.AF.15 | Kyanite | Al2(SiO4)O |
| 9.AF.20 | Krieselite | Al2(GeO4)F2 |
| 9.AF.20 | Mullite | Al4+2xSi2-2xO10-x |
| 9.AF.23 | Boromullite | Al9BSi2O19 |
| 9.AF.25 | Yoderite | Mg(Al,Fe3+)3(SiO4)2O(OH) |
| 9.AF.30 | Zincostaurolite | Zn2Al9Si4O23(OH) |
| 9.AF.30 | Staurolite | Fe2+2Al9Si4O23(OH) |
| 9.AF.30 | Magnesiostaurolite | Mg(Mg,Li)3(Al,Mg)18Si8O44(OH)4 |
| 9.AF.35 | Topaz | Al2(SiO4)(F,OH)2 |
| 9.AF.40 | Norbergite | Mg3(SiO4)F2 |
| 9.AF.45 | Chondrodite | Mg5(SiO4)2F2 |
| 9.AF.45 | Kumtyubeite | Ca5(SiO4)2F2 |
| 9.AF.45 | Reinhardbraunsite | Ca5(SiO4)2(OH,F)2 |
| 9.AF.45 | Hydroxylchondrodite | Mg5(SiO4)2(OH)2 |
| 9.AF.45 | Alleghanyite | Mn2+5(SiO4)2(OH)2 |
| 9.AF.50 | 'Unnamed (Ca-analogue of Humite)' | Ca7(SiO4)4F2 |
| 9.AF.50 | Manganhumite | Mn2+7(SiO4)3(OH)2 |
| 9.AF.50 | 'Unnamed (OH-analogue of humite)' | Mg7(SiO4)3(OH)2 |
| 9.AF.50 | Fluorchegemite | Ca7(SiO4)3F2 |
| 9.AF.55 | Hydroxylclinohumite | Mg9(SiO4)4(OH)2 |
| 9.AF.55 | Clinohumite | Mg9(SiO4)4F2 |
| 9.AF.55 | Sonolite | Mn2+9(SiO4)4(OH)2 |
| 9.AF.60 | Leucophoenicite | Mn2+7(SiO4)3(OH)2 |
| 9.AF.65 | Ribbeite | Mn2+5(SiO4)2(OH)2 |
| 9.AF.70 | Jerrygibbsite | Mn2+9(SiO4)4(OH)2 |
| 9.AF.75 | Franciscanite | Mn2+6(V5+,◻)2(SiO4)2(O,OH)6 |
| 9.AF.75 | Scorticoite | Mn6(Sb,◻)Σ2(SiO4)2O3(OH)3 |
| 9.AF.75 | Welinite | Mn2+6(W6+,Mg)2(SiO4)2(O,OH)6 |
| 9.AF.75 | Örebroite | Mn2+3(Sb5+,Fe3+)(SiO4)(O,OH)3 |
| 9.AF.80 | Ellenbergerite | Mg6(Mg,Ti,Zr,◻)2(Al,Mg)6Si8O28(OH)10 |
| 9.AF.85 | Magnesiochloritoid | MgAl2O(SiO4)(OH)2 |
| 9.AF.85 | Ottrélite | Mn2+Al2O(SiO4)(OH)2 |
| 9.AF.85 | Chloritoid | Fe2+Al2O(SiO4)(OH)2 |
| 9.AF.90 | Olmiite | CaMn2+[SiO3(OH)](OH) |
| 9.AF.90 | Poldervaartite | CaCa[SiO3(OH)](OH) |
| 9.AF.95 | Pilawite-(Y) | Ca2Y2Al4(SiO4)4O2(OH)2 |
Fluorescence of Humite
Sometimes fluoresces weak pale-yellow in SW. May be confused with norbergite or chondrodite that may have a bright fluorescent response, but chondrodite does not always fluoresce.
Other Information
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Humite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-1947.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
Search Engines:
External Links:
Mineral Dealers:
References for Humite
Reference List:
Ribbe, P. H., Gibbs, G. V. (1971) Crystal structures of the humite minerals: III. Mg /Fe ordering in humite and its relation to other ferromagnesian silicates. American Mineralogist, 56 (5-6) 1155-1173
Friedrich, Alexandra, Lager, George A., Kunz, Martin, Chakoumakos, Bryan C., Smyth, Joseph R., Schultz, Arthur J. (2001) Temperature-dependent single-crystal neutron diffraction study of natural chondrodite and clinohumites. American Mineralogist, 86 (9) 981-989 doi:10.2138/am-2001-8-904
Localities for Humite
Showing 139 localities.
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Antarctica | |
| Andronikov et al. (2021) |
| Mallik et al. (2024) |
Australia | |
| D.J Kilpatrick and P.A Roberts (1982) +1 other reference |
Austria | |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Tropper et al. (2001) |
| Tropper et al. (2001) | |
| Stephan Hoernes and Edgar Hoffer (1973) |
Brazil | |
| Mesquita et al. (2017) |
| Souza Neto et al. (2008) |
Canada | |
| Abersteiner et al. (2018) |
| Grice (1989) |
| Sabina (1987) |
| Tenney et al. (1967-1980) |
China | |
| Jingwen Mao et al. (2009) +3 other references |
| Zhao et al. (1999) +1 other reference |
| Pan et al. (1999) |
| Laigeng Yang (1989) |
| Jinyan Yao (1994) |
| Xiangzhen Meng and Meifang Zhao (1985) |
| Guoxi Ma (2002) | |
| Sergey M. Rodionov et al. (2010) |
| Mao et al. (2011) |
| Huang et al. (2024) +2 other references |
| Pan et al. (1999) |
| Jianwei Li et al. (2008) | |
| Dequan Zhang and Lihua Wang (1988) |
| Zhang et al. (2017) |
| Yi-Li et al. (2023) | |
| Zhang Peishan et al. (1996) +1 other reference | |
| Yi-Li et al. (2023) | |
| Wang et al. (2018) |
| Baogui Zhang (1996) |
| Mingshou Yang (1983) |
| Matsuda (1969) +1 other reference |
| - (1978) |
| Jingdang Liu et al. (2005) | |
| - (1978) +3 other references | |
| wrgis.wr.usgs.gov (2004) |
| Wang et al. (2026) |
| Uwamungu et al. (2023) |
| Wang +10 other references |
| Xiaoyu Li (2005) |
| Yushuai Yu et al. (2012) |
| Fang et al. (2024) |
| Yunnan Metallurgical Geology Team No. 310 (1977) |
Finland | |
| Arhe |
| Hytönen (1999) |
France | |
| De Ascenção Guedes et al. (2002) |
Germany | |
| Weiß (1990) +1 other reference |
| Weiß (1990) |
Greenland | |
| Dymek (1987) |
India | |
| Srinivasan (1977) +1 other reference |
| Satish-Kumar et al. (2001) |
Indonesia | |
| New (2006) |
Italy | |
| Russo et al. (2004) +2 other references |
| Chukanov (2014) |
| Carati (1982) |
| www.gmgn.it (n.d.) |
| Balassone et al. (2002) +1 other reference |
| Panikorovskii et al. (2017) +1 other reference | |
| D. Colzada - V. De Michele - località mineralogiche consigliate: S. Giorgio di Novate Mezola (SO) |
Japan | |
| Fukuoka et al. (1988) |
Kyrgyzstan | |
| Soloviev (2011) |
Laos | |
| Hou et al. (2019) |
Madagascar | |
| Wolfgang Hampel |
Mexico | |
| Espinosa Perea (1999) |
Myanmar | |
| Myint et al. (2022) |
Poland | |
| Schumacher K. (1878) |
Romania | |
| Hîrtopanu et al. (2003) | |
| Marincea (2000) |
| Hirtopanu et al. (2013) |
| Hirtopanu (2006) +2 other references |
Russia | |
| Izvekova et al. (2021) |
| Koneva A.A. et al. (2010) |
| Mills et al. (2012) | |
| Lennikov et al. (2004) |
| Potter et al. (2017) |
| Chukanov (2014) |
| Aleksandrov et al. (2009) |
| [World of Stones 12:49] | |
| Sharygin I.S. (2001) +1 other reference |
| Sharygin (2016) |
| Svetlitskaya et al. (2022) |
Slovakia | |
| Radvanec M. and Gonda S. (2020) |
South Africa | |
| Rozendaal et al. (2017) |
| Rozendaal et al. (2017) | |
| Rozendaal et al. (2017) | |
| Rozendaal et al. (2017) | |
Spain | |
| Curras et al. (1992) |
| Dill et al. (2023) |
| Laverov et al. (2008) |
Sweden | |
| Öhman et al. (2000) |
| Jansson et al. (2013) |
| Gatedal (n.d.) |
| G von Rath (?) |
| Gatedal (n.d.) |
| Wilke (1997) |
| Gatedal (n.d.) |
| Hj. Sjøgren (1894) |
| Sandström et al. (2009) |
| Rocks & Min.: 63:145 +3 other references | |
| Östra Värmlands Mineral Society | |
| Imaña et al. (2005, January) +1 other reference |
| geonord.se (n.d.) |
| Andersson et al. (2024) |
| Andersson et al. (2024) | |
| Holtstam et al. (2023) +1 other reference | |
| Andersson et al. (2024) |
| Andersson et al. (2024) |
| Gatedal (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Andersson et al. (2024) |
Tajikistan | |
| Pavel M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
UK | |
| Render (n.d.) |
| |
USA | |
| Toland (2004) |
| Barton (1987) +1 other reference |
| [micromounts@yahoogroups.com] |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| King et al. (1994) |
| Gobla (M.J. ) |
| Shannon (1923) |
| Dunn (1995) |
| Dunn (1995) | |
| Dunn (1995) |
| Virginia T. McLemore et al. (2000) |
| - (Januzzi, 1966, 1989) +1 other reference |
| A Listing of North Carolina Minerals- ... | |
| Staargaard (2009) |
| Nolan et al. (1935) +1 other reference |
| Nolan et al. (1935) +2 other references | |
| Rocks & Min. Vol. 71 (1996) |
| Derkey et al. (1990, November) +1 other reference |
Vietnam | |
| Garnier et al. (2008) |
| Malsy et al. (2010) | |
| Bracke (n.d.) | |
| Pham Van Long et al. (2004) |
Zimbabwe | |
| Sminia et al. (2006) |
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San Vito Quarry, San Vito, Ercolano, Metropolitan City of Naples, Campania, Italy