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Kassite
A valid IMA mineral species
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About Kassite
Nikolai G. Kassin
Formula:
CaTi2O4(OH)2
Colour:
Brownish pink to pale yellow
Lustre:
Adamantine
Hardness:
5
Specific Gravity:
3.42
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Member of:
Name:
In honour of Academician Nikolai Grigor’evich Kassin (Николай Григорьевич Кассин) (14 December 1885, Gnusino, Vyatka province, Russian empire - 28 October 1949, Alma-Ata, Kazakh SSR (now Kazakhstan), USSR), geologist with the Academy of Sciences of the Kazakh SSR. He discovered the Afrikanda massif, Russia.
Type Locality:
This page provides mineralogical data about Kassite.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
2166
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:2166:7
Similar Names
| Coesite | A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered | SiO2 |
| Cossaite | A valid IMA mineral species | (Mg0.5,◻)Al6(SO4)6(HSO4)F6 · 36H2O |
| Cossaite (of Piolti?) | A variety of Paragonite | NaAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| Cösite | A synonym of 'Oösite' | |
| Kansite (of Meyer et al.) | A synonym of Mackinawite | |
| Kasoite | A variety of Celsian | Ba(Al2Si2O8) |
| Kozoite | ||
| Kozoite-(La) | A valid IMA mineral species | La(CO3)(OH) |
| Kozoite-(Nd) | A valid IMA mineral species | Nd(CO3)(OH) |
| Kusuite | A synonym of Wakefieldite-(Ce) | |
| Sassite | A valid IMA mineral species | Ti23+Ti4+O5 |
IMA Classification of Kassite
Approved
IMA Formula:
CaTi4+2O4(OH)2
First published:
1965
Classification of Kassite
4.DH.10
4 : OXIDES (Hydroxides, V[5,6] vanadates, arsenites, antimonites, bismuthites, sulfites, selenites, tellurites, iodates)
D : Metal: Oxygen = 1:2 and similar
H : With large (+- medium-sized) cations; sheets of edge-sharing octahedra
4 : OXIDES (Hydroxides, V[5,6] vanadates, arsenites, antimonites, bismuthites, sulfites, selenites, tellurites, iodates)
D : Metal: Oxygen = 1:2 and similar
H : With large (+- medium-sized) cations; sheets of edge-sharing octahedra
8.3.9.1
8 : MULTIPLE OXIDES CONTAINING NIOBIUM,TANTALUM OR TITANIUM
3 : AB2O6
8 : MULTIPLE OXIDES CONTAINING NIOBIUM,TANTALUM OR TITANIUM
3 : AB2O6
7.9.7
7 : Oxides and Hydroxides
9 : Oxides of Ti
7 : Oxides and Hydroxides
9 : Oxides of Ti
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
| Symbol | Source | Reference for Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Kas | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Physical Properties of Kassite
Adamantine
Transparency:
Translucent
Colour:
Brownish pink to pale yellow
Hardness:
5 on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Very brittle
Cleavage:
Perfect
Perfect on {010} and distinct on {101}.
Perfect on {010} and distinct on {101}.
Density:
3.42 g/cm3 (Measured) 3.418 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Kassite
Type:
Biaxial (-)
RI values:
nα = 1.95(1) nβ = 2.13 nγ = 2.21
2V:
Measured: 58° , Calculated: 62°
Max. Birefringence:
δ = 0.260
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
Surface Relief:
Very High (positive)
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
This shows the grain boundary and Becke line effect under plane-polarised
light, based on the contrast between this mineral's average refractive
index and the mounting medium. It does not take into account mineral
colouration.
In focus
Interference Figure:
This shows the idealized biaxial acute bisectrix (Bxa) interference figure
- the conoscopic view for a grain cut perpendicular to the acute bisectrix, using
this mineral's 2V. The two small white dots mark the melatopes - the points
where the two optic axes emerge - and are shown only when they fall within the
field of view. The coloured bands are isochromatics, and the dark bands are
isogyres.
Rotate the stage: at 0°/90° the isogyres form a cross through the melatopes; at 45° they pull apart into curved hyperbolas. That splitting on rotation - absent in a uniaxial figure - is the standard diagnostic test for telling biaxial minerals from uniaxial ones. If 2V is large, the melatopes may fall outside the field of view, as they often do at the microscope too.
Rotate the stage: at 0°/90° the isogyres form a cross through the melatopes; at 45° they pull apart into curved hyperbolas. That splitting on rotation - absent in a uniaxial figure - is the standard diagnostic test for telling biaxial minerals from uniaxial ones. If 2V is large, the melatopes may fall outside the field of view, as they often do at the microscope too.
Dispersion:
very strong: r> v
Pleochroism:
Weak
Comments:
Colorless to pale yellow
Comments:
X=c, Z=b
Chemistry of Kassite
Mindat Formula:
CaTi2O4(OH)2
Element Weights:
Elements listed:
Crystallography of Kassite
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Class (H-M):
2/m - Prismatic
Space Group:
P21/c
Setting:
P21/a
Cell Parameters:
a = 5.275(1) Å, b = 9.009(2) Å, c = 9.557(2) Å
β = 90.43°
β = 90.43°
Ratio:
a:b:c = 0.586 : 1 : 1.061
Unit Cell V:
454.16 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
4
Morphology:
Flattened on {010}, the predominant face. Smaller {181} and {270} and minor {251}, {031} and {101}.
Twinning:
Twinning common on (101} and (181).
Crystal Structure
Load
Unit Cell | Unit Cell Packed
2x2x2 | 3x3x3 | 4x4x4
Unit Cell | Unit Cell Packed
2x2x2 | 3x3x3 | 4x4x4
Show
Big Balls | Small Balls | Just Balls | Spacefill
Polyhedra Off | Si Polyhedra | All Polyhedra
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Big Balls | Small Balls | Just Balls | Spacefill
Polyhedra Off | Si Polyhedra | All Polyhedra
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Display Options
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Perspective On | Perspective Off
2D | Stereo | Red-Blue | Red-Cyan
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2D | Stereo | Red-Blue | Red-Cyan
View
CIF File Best | x | y | z | a | b | c
CIF File Best | x | y | z | a | b | c
Rotation
Stop | Start
Stop | Start
Labels
Console Off | On | Grey | Yellow
Console Off | On | Grey | Yellow
Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0003155 | Kassite | Grey I E, Mumme W G, Pekov I V, Pushcharovsky D Y (2003) The crystal structure of chromian kassite from the Saranovskoye deposit, Northern Urals, Russia American Mineralogist 88 1331-1335 |  | 2003 | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 4.763 Å | (26) |
| 3.300 Å | (100) |
| 3.273 Å | (97) |
| 2.603 Å | (23) |
| 2.316 Å | (19) |
| 2.282 Å | (37) |
| 1.776 Å | (18) |
| 1.762 Å | (41) |
| 1.516 Å | (24) |
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks | >3.0 |
| 35 : Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks |
Type Occurrence of Kassite
General Appearance of Type Material:
Crystals on the walls of miarolitic cavities. Forms pseudomorphs after perovskite and replaces ilmentite.
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
Mineralogcal Museum, St. Petersburg University, St. Petersburg, Russia, 17402.
Geological Setting of Type Material:
Miarolitic cavities of alkalic pegmatites.
Associated Minerals at Type Locality:
Other Language Names for Kassite
Relationship of Kassite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of Kassite group:
| Lucasite-(Ce) | CeTi2(O,OH)6 | Mon. |
| Lucasite-(La) | The La analogue of lucasite-(Ce). | Mon. 2 : B2 |
| Rosiaite | PbSb5+2O6 | Trig. 3m(32/m) : P31m |
Common Associates
Associations Based on Photo Data:
| 6 photos of Kassite associated with Natrolite | Na2Al2Si3O10 · 2H2O |
| 5 photos of Kassite associated with Vesuvianite | Ca19Fe3+Al4(Al6Mg2)(◻4)◻[Si2O7]4[(SiO4)10]O(OH)9 |
| 4 photos of Kassite associated with Lorenzenite | Na2Ti2(Si2O6)O3 |
| 4 photos of Kassite associated with Lizardite | Mg3(Si2O5)(OH)4 |
| 3 photos of Kassite associated with Grossular | Ca3Al2(SiO4)3 |
| 3 photos of Kassite associated with Magnetite | Fe2+Fe3+2O4 |
| 3 photos of Kassite associated with Cafetite | CaTi2O5 · H2O |
| 2 photos of Kassite associated with 'Pyroaurite-2H' | Mg6Fe3+2(OH)16(CO3) · 4H2O |
| 2 photos of Kassite associated with Calcite | CaCO3 |
| 1 photo of Kassite associated with Pectolite | NaCa2Si3O8(OH) |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 4.DH. | Cesiokenopyrochlore | ◻Nb2(O,OH)6(Cs,◻) |
| 4.DH. | Roméite Group | A2(Sb5+)2O6Z |
| 4.DH. | Oxyplumboroméite | Pb2Sb2O6O |
| 4.DH. | Fluornatropyrochlore | (Na,Pb,Ca,REE,U)2Nb2O6F |
| 4.DH. | Hydroxykenomicrolite | (◻,Na,Sb3+)2Ta2O6(OH,Cs) |
| 4.DH. | 'Fluornatroroméite' | (Na,Ca)2Sb2(O,OH)6F |
| 4.DH. | Oxyyttrobetafite-(Y) | Y2Ti2O6O |
| 4.DH.05 | Thorutite | (Th,U,Ca)Ti2(O,OH)6 |
| 4.DH.05 | Orthobrannerite | U4+U6+Ti4O12(OH)2 |
| 4.DH.05 | Brannerite | UTi2O6 |
| 4.DH.10 | Lucasite-(La) | |
| 4.DH.10 | Lucasite-(Ce) | CeTi2(O,OH)6 |
| 4.DH.15 | 'Fluorhydropyrochlore' | |
| 4.DH.15 | Hydrokenoelsmoreite | ◻2W2O6(H2O) |
| 4.DH.15 | 'Hydroxynatromicrolite' | (Na,Bi3+,◻)2Ta2O6(OH) |
| 4.DH.15 | Hydroplumboelsmoreite | (Pb,◻)(W,Fe3+)2O6 · H2O |
| 4.DH.15 | Hydropyrochlore | (H2O,◻)2Nb2(O,OH)6(H2O) |
| 4.DH.15 | 'Unnamed (Sb-analogue of Hydroxymanganopyrochlor)' | (Mn,Ca,Y)2(Sb,Ti)2O6(OH) |
| 4.DH.15 | Hydroxynatropyrochlore | (Na,Ca,Ce)2Nb2O6(OH) |
| 4.DH.15 | Hydrokenopyrochlore | (◻,x)2Nb2O6(H2O,Cs) |
| 4.DH.15 | Oxybismutomicrolite | (Bi1.33◻0.67)Σ2Ta2O6O |
| 4.DH.15 | Kenomicrolite | ◻2Ta2[O4(OH)2]◻ |
| 4.DH.15 | Fluornatromicrolite | (Na1.5Bi0.5)Ta2O6F |
| 4.DH.15 | 'Oxynatropyrochlore' | (Na,Ca,U)2Nb2O6(O,OH) |
| 4.DH.15 | Hydroxycalciopyrochlore | (Ca,Na,U,◻)2(Nb,Ti)2O6(OH) |
| 4.DH.15 | Fluorcalciopyrochlore | (Ca,Na)2(Nb,Ti)2O6F |
| 4.DH.15 | Oxycalciopyrochlore | Ca2Nb2O6O |
| 4.DH.15 | 'Fluorstrontiopyrochlore' | (Sr,◻)2Nb2(O,OH)6F |
| 4.DH.15 | Oxyplumbopyrochlore | Pb2Nb2O6O |
| 4.DH.15 | 'Fluorplumbopyrochlore' | (Pb,Y,Th,U,Na,Ca)2-x(Nb,Ti)2O6F |
| 4.DH.15 | 'Bismutomicrolite (of Hogarth 1977)' | |
| 4.DH.15 | 'Bismutopyrochlore (of Chukanov et al.)' | (Bi,Ca,U,Pb)2-xNb2(O,OH)6(OH) |
| 4.DH.15 | 'Kenoplumbopyrochlore' | (Pb,◻)Nb2O6(◻,O) |
| 4.DH.15 | Hydroxyplumbopyrochlore | (Pb1.5◻0.5)Nb2O6(OH) |
| 4.DH.15 | 'Stibiomicrolite (of Groat et al.)' | |
| 4.DH.15 | 'Oxyyttropyrochlore-(Y)' | (Y,◻)2Nb2O6O |
| 4.DH.15 | 'Fluorkenopyrochlore' | (◻,Sr,Ce,Ca,Na)2(Nb,Ti)2O6F |
| 4.DH.15 | Hydroxycalciomicrolite | Ca1.5Ta2O6(OH) |
| 4.DH.15 | 'Strontiopyrochlore (of Hogarth 1977)' | (Sr,Ce,Ca)0.66(Nb,Fe)2(O,OH)7 |
| 4.DH.15 va | 'Alumotungstite' | ◻2W2O6(H2O) |
| 4.DH.15 | 'Oxycalciobetafite' | Ca2(Ti,Nb)2O6O |
| 4.DH.15 | 'Oxyuranobetafite' | (U,Ca,◻)2(Ti,Nb)2O6O |
| 4.DH.15 | Fluorcalciomicrolite | (Ca,Na)2(Ta,Nb)2O6F |
| 4.DH.15 | Oxycalciomicrolite | Ca2Ta2O6O |
| 4.DH.15 | Oxystannomicrolite | Sn2Ta2O6O |
| 4.DH.15 | Kenoplumbomicrolite | (Pb,◻)2Ta2O6(◻,OH,O) |
| 4.DH.15 | Oxynatromicrolite | (Na,Ca,U)2(Ta,Nb)2O6(O,F) |
| 4.DH.15 | Oxystibiomicrolite | (Sb3+,Ca)2Ta2O6O |
| 4.DH.15 | 'Hydromicrolite' | (H2O,◻)2Ta2(O,OH)6(H2O) |
| 4.DH.15 | 'Plumbomicrolite (of Hogarth 1977)' | |
| 4.DH.15 | Hydrokenomicrolite | (◻,H2O)2Ta2(O,OH)6(H2O) |
| 4.DH.15 | Hydroxykenoelsmoreite | (◻,Pb)2(W,Fe3+,Al)2(O,OH)6(OH) |
| 4.DH.15 va | 'Yttromicrolite (of Hogarth)' | (Ca,Y3+,U,Na)2-x(Ta,Nb,Ti,Fe3+)2O7 |
| 4.DH.15 | Hydroxykenopyrochlore | (◻,Ce,Ba)2(Nb,Ti)2O6(OH,F) |
| 4.DH.15 | Hydroxymanganopyrochlore | (Mn2+,Th,Na,Ca,REE)2(Nb,Ti)2O6(OH) |
| 4.DH.20 | 'Cuproroméite' | Cu2Sb2(O,OH)7 |
| 4.DH.20 | Hydroxycalcioroméite | (Ca,Sb3+)2(Sb5+,Ti)2O6(OH) |
| 4.DH.20 | Bindheimite | Pb2Sb2O6O |
| 4.DH.20 | Hydroxyferroroméite | (Fe2+1.5◻0.5)Sb5+2O6(OH) |
| 4.DH.20 | Fluorcalcioroméite | (Ca,Na,◻)2Sb5+2(O,OH)6F |
| 4.DH.20 | Oxycalcioroméite | Ca2Sb2O6O |
| 4.DH.20 | Stetefeldtite | Ag2Sb2(O,OH)7 |
| 4.DH.20 | Stibiconite | Sb3+Sb5+2O6(OH) |
| 4.DH.20 | Monimolite | Pb2Sb5+2O7 |
| 4.DH.25 | Rosiaite | PbSb5+2O6 |
| 4.DH.30 | Stefanweissite | (Ca,REE)2Zr2(Nb,Ti)(Ti,Nb)2Fe2+O14 |
| 4.DH.30 | Zirconolite | CaZrTi2O7 |
| 4.DH.30 | Laachite | (Ca,Mn)2Zr2Nb2TiFeO14 |
| 4.DH.30 | Nöggerathite-(Ce) | (Ce,Ca)2Zr2(Nb,Ti)(Ti,Nb)2Fe2+O14 |
| 4.DH.35 | Liandratite | U(Nb,Ta)2O8 |
| 4.DH.35 | Petscheckite | UFe(Nb,Ta)2O8 |
| 4.DH.40 | Ingersonite | Ca3Mn2+Sb5+4O14 |
| 4.DH.45 | Pittongite | Na0.22(W,Fe3+)(O,OH)3 · 0.44H2O |
| 4.DH.50 | Tazzoliite | Ba4-xNaxTi2Nb3SiO17[PO2(OH)2]x(OH)(1-2x) |
Other Information
Magnetism:
Paramagnetic
Thermal Behaviour:
DTA curve shows a small endothermic effect at 250-300 C, a large one at 600-700 C (loss of hydroxyl), and a sharp exothermic break at 800-850 C (formation of perovskite + rutile).
Notes:
Insoluble in acids.
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Kassite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-2166.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
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References for Kassite
Reference List:
Association, International Mineralogical (1968) International Mineralogical Association: Commission on New Minerals and Mineral Names. Mineralogical Magazine and Journal of the Mineralogical Society, 36 (284). 1143-1145 doi:10.1180/minmag.1968.036.284.11
Self, Peter G., Buseck, Peter R. (1991) Structure model for kassite, CaTi2O4(OH)2. American Mineralogist, 76 (1-2) 283-287
Grey, I.E., Mumme, W.G., Pekov, I.V., Pushcharovsky, D.Yu. (2004) The crystal structure of chromian kassite from the Saranovskoye deposit, Northern Urals, Russia. American Mineralogist, 88 (8) 1331-1335 doi:10.2138/am-2003-8-916
Piilonen, P. C.; Ercit, T.S.; Roberts, A.C. (2005) New Mineral Names. American Mineralogist, 90 (4). 768-773 doi:10.2138/am.2005.432
Localities for Kassite
Showing 19 localities.
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Angola | |
| Amores-Casals et al. (2019) |
Australia | |
| Downes et al. (2014) |
Canada | |
| Martins et al. (2014) |
China | |
| Yu S. et al. (1982) +1 other reference |
Hungary | |
| Zajzon et al. (2013) |
India | |
| Xu et al. (2018) |
Italy | |
| Bortolozzi et al. (2013) |
Kazakhstan | |
| Saveliev et al. (2023) |
| Saveliev et al. (2023) | |
Russia | |
| Priymenko et al. (2022) |
| World of Stones 95: 5-6 +1 other reference |
| Britvin et al. (1996) | |
| Pavel M. Kartashov (n.d.) | |
| Grey et al. (2004) |
South Africa | |
| Kamenetsky et al. (2014) |
USA | |
| Evans et al. (1986) |
| Chakhmouradian et al. (2002) |
| Self et al. (1991) |
| Martins et al. (2014) |
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Val di Serra Quarry, Pilcante, Ala, Trento Province, Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol, Italy