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Serpierite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Serpierite
Giovanni Battista Serpieri
Formula:
Ca(Cu2+,Zn2+)4(S6+O4)2(OH)6 · 3H2O
Colour:
Dark sky-blue ("linarite-blue") to medium sky-blue; greenish blue in transmitted light.
Lustre:
Vitreous, Pearly
Hardness:
2
Specific Gravity:
3.07
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Member of:
Name:
Named in 1881 by Alfred Louis Olivier Legrand Des Cloizeaux in honour of Giovanni Battista Serpieri (March 23, 1832, Rimini, Italy - October 17, 1897, Athens, Greece), revolutionary, engineer, Italian mining entrepreneur, and a developer of mines in the Lavrion District, Attica, Greece.
Type Locality:
Isostructural with:
Ca-analogue of aldridgeite.
Platy varieties are visually indistinguishable from orthoserpierite.
Warning: Slightly to moderately soluble in water. Avoid ultrasonic cleaning.
Note that the Serpieri mine/shaft is NOT the type locality of serpierite. The old literature providing a first description of the mineral gives only Lavrion or Kamariza as the locality.
Platy varieties are visually indistinguishable from orthoserpierite.
Warning: Slightly to moderately soluble in water. Avoid ultrasonic cleaning.
Note that the Serpieri mine/shaft is NOT the type locality of serpierite. The old literature providing a first description of the mineral gives only Lavrion or Kamariza as the locality.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
3625
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:3625:8
IMA Classification of Serpierite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA Formula:
Ca(Cu2+,Zn2+)4(S6+O4)2(OH)6·3H2O
Classification of Serpierite
7.DD.30
7 : SULFATES (selenates, tellurates, chromates, molybdates, wolframates)
D : Sulfates (selenates, etc.) with additional anions, with H2O
D : With only medium-sized cations; sheets of edge-sharing octahedra
7 : SULFATES (selenates, tellurates, chromates, molybdates, wolframates)
D : Sulfates (selenates, etc.) with additional anions, with H2O
D : With only medium-sized cations; sheets of edge-sharing octahedra
Dana 7th ed.:
31.6.2.1
31.6.2.1
31 : HYDRATED SULFATES CONTAINING HYDROXYL OR HALOGEN
6 : (AB)5(XO4)2Zq·xH2O
31 : HYDRATED SULFATES CONTAINING HYDROXYL OR HALOGEN
6 : (AB)5(XO4)2Zq·xH2O
25.5.7
25 : Sulphates
5 : Sulphates of Zn and Hg
25 : Sulphates
5 : Sulphates of Zn and Hg
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
| Symbol | Source | Reference for Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Spe | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Physical Properties of Serpierite
Vitreous, Pearly
Transparency:
Transparent
Comment:
Pearly on the cleavage.
Colour:
Dark sky-blue ("linarite-blue") to medium sky-blue; greenish blue in transmitted light.
Streak:
White or pale blue
Hardness:
2 on Mohs scale
Hardness Data:
Measured
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Perfect
Perfect on {001}.
Perfect on {001}.
Fracture:
Splintery
Density:
3.07 g/cm3 (Measured) 3.08 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Serpierite
Type:
Biaxial (-)
RI values:
nα = 1.584(3) nβ = 1.642(3) nγ = 1.647(3)
2V:
Measured: 33° to 37°, Calculated: 37°
Birefringence:
0.063
Max. Birefringence:
δ = 0.063
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
Surface Relief:
High (positive)
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
This shows the grain boundary and Becke line effect under plane-polarised
light, based on the contrast between this mineral's average refractive
index and the mounting medium. It does not take into account mineral
colouration.
In focus
Interference Figure:
This shows the idealized biaxial acute bisectrix (Bxa) interference figure
- the conoscopic view for a grain cut perpendicular to the acute bisectrix, using
this mineral's 2V. The two small white dots mark the melatopes - the points
where the two optic axes emerge - and are shown only when they fall within the
field of view. The coloured bands are isochromatics, and the dark bands are
isogyres.
Rotate the stage: at 0°/90° the isogyres form a cross through the melatopes; at 45° they pull apart into curved hyperbolas. That splitting on rotation - absent in a uniaxial figure - is the standard diagnostic test for telling biaxial minerals from uniaxial ones. If 2V is large, the melatopes may fall outside the field of view, as they often do at the microscope too.
Rotate the stage: at 0°/90° the isogyres form a cross through the melatopes; at 45° they pull apart into curved hyperbolas. That splitting on rotation - absent in a uniaxial figure - is the standard diagnostic test for telling biaxial minerals from uniaxial ones. If 2V is large, the melatopes may fall outside the field of view, as they often do at the microscope too.
Dispersion:
small
Pleochroism:
Visible
Comments:
X = c = Nearly colourless
Y = a = Deep greenish blue
Z = b = Deep greenish blue
Y = a = Deep greenish blue
Z = b = Deep greenish blue
Chemistry of Serpierite
Mindat Formula:
Ca(Cu2+,Zn2+)4(S6+O4)2(OH)6 · 3H2O
Element Weights:
Crystallography of Serpierite
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Class (H-M):
2/m - Prismatic
Space Group:
B2/b
Setting:
C2/c
Cell Parameters:
a = 22.186(2) Å, b = 6.250(2) Å, c = 21.853(2) Å
β = 113.36(1)°
β = 113.36(1)°
Ratio:
a:b:c = 3.55 : 1 : 3.496
Unit Cell V:
2,781.81 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
8
Morphology:
Typically occurs as clusters or sprays of lath-like to acicular micro-crystals, elongated on [100] and flattened on {001}; more rarely botryoidal.
Crystal Structure
Load
Unit Cell | Unit Cell Packed
2x2x2 | 3x3x3 | 4x4x4
Unit Cell | Unit Cell Packed
2x2x2 | 3x3x3 | 4x4x4
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Big Balls | Small Balls | Just Balls | Spacefill
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Display Options
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View
CIF File Best | x | y | z | a | b | c
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Rotation
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Labels
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0009345 | Serpierite | Sabelli C, Zanazzi P F (1968) The crystal structure of serpierite Acta Crystallographica B24 1214-1221 |  | 1968 | Laurion mine, Greece | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 10.20 Å | (100) |
| 6.05 Å | (5) |
| 5.61 Å | (10) |
| 5.09 Å | (80) |
| 4.74 Å | (40) |
| 4.58 Å | (5) |
| 4.37 Å | (10) |
| 3.90 Å | (10) |
| 3.53 Å | (20) |
| 3.39 Å | (80) |
| 3.17 Å | (40) |
| 3.01 Å | (10) |
| 2.832 Å | (10) |
| 2.708 Å | (60) |
| 2.650 Å | (60) |
| 2.554 Å | (40) |
| 2.440 Å | (60) |
| 2.341 Å | (5) |
| 2.294 Å | (20) |
| 2.232 Å | (5) |
| 2.172 Å | (60) |
| 2.114 Å | (5) |
| 2.063 Å | (10) |
| 2.019 Å | (10) |
| 1.955 Å | (5) |
| 1.902 Å | (40) |
| 1.847 Å | (5) |
| 1.809 Å | (5) |
| 1.767 Å | (10) |
| 1.734 Å | (10) |
| 1.695 Å | (20) |
| 1.669 Å | (5) |
| 1.626 Å | (5) |
| 1.586 Å | (10) |
| 1.567 Å | (60) |
| 1.542 Å | (40) |
| 1.509 Å | (5) |
| 1.493 Å | (10) |
| 1.473 Å | (10) |
Comments:
ICDD 22-148
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event | <2.4 |
| 47a : [Near-surface hydration of prior minerals] | |
| 47b : [Sulfates and sulfites] | |
| Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals | <10 Ka |
| 55 : Anthropogenic mine minerals | |
| 56 : Slag and smelter minerals (see also #51 and #55) |
Type Occurrence of Serpierite
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
Natural History Museum, Paris, France, 73.38, 78.226
Geological Setting of Type Material:
secondary mineral in the oxidized zone of hydrothermal Cu–Zn-bearing hydrothermal mineral deposits
Associated Minerals at Type Locality:
Other Language Names for Serpierite
Relationship of Serpierite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of Devilline Group:
| Aldridgeite | (Cd2+,Ca)(Cu2+,Zn2+)4(S6+O4)2(OH)6 · 3H2O | Mon. 2/m : B2/b |
| Campigliaite | Mn2+Cu4(SO4)2(OH)6 · 4H2O | Mon. 2 : B2 |
| Devilline | CaCu4(SO4)2(OH)6 · 3H2O | Mon. 2/m : P21/c |
| Kobyashevite | Cu5(SO4)2(OH)6 · 4H2O | Tric. 1 : P1 |
| Lautenthalite | PbCu4(SO4)2(OH)6 · 3H2O | Mon. 2/m : P21/c |
| Orthoserpierite | Ca(Cu,Zn)4(SO4)2(OH)6 · 3H2O | Orth. mm2 : Pca21 |
| 'Unnamed (Dimorph of Devilline)' | CaCu4(SO4)2(OH)6 · 3H2O | Mon. 2/m : P21/c |
Structurally related to group(s):
Common Associates
Associations Based on Photo Data:
| 100 photos of Serpierite associated with Linarite | PbCu(SO4)(OH)2 |
| 78 photos of Serpierite associated with Gypsum | CaSO4 · 2H2O |
| 70 photos of Serpierite associated with Brochantite | Cu4(SO4)(OH)6 |
| 39 photos of Serpierite associated with Ktenasite | ZnCu4(SO4)2(OH)6 · 6H2O |
| 33 photos of Serpierite associated with Smithsonite | ZnCO3 |
| 33 photos of Serpierite associated with Malachite | Cu2(CO3)(OH)2 |
| 33 photos of Serpierite associated with Schulenbergite | (Cu,Zn)7(SO4)2(OH)10 · 3H2O |
| 24 photos of Serpierite associated with Hydrozincite | Zn5(CO3)2(OH)6 |
| 24 photos of Serpierite associated with Sphalerite | ZnS |
| 22 photos of Serpierite associated with Cerussite | PbCO3 |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 7.DD. | Asagiite | NiCu4(SO4)2(OH)6 · 6H2O |
| 7.DD.05 | Felsőbányaite | Al4(SO4)(OH)10 · 4H2O |
| 7.DD.07 | Llantenesite | Cu6Al[SeO4](OH)12Cl · 3H2O |
| 7.DD.10 | Langite | Cu4(SO4)(OH)6 · 2H2O |
| 7.DD.10 | Fehrite | MgCu4(SO4)2(OH)6 · 6H2O |
| 7.DD.10 | Posnjakite | Cu4(SO4)(OH)6 · H2O |
| 7.DD.10 | Wroewolfeite | Cu4(SO4)(OH)6 · 2H2O |
| 7.DD.10 | Gobelinite | CoCu4(SO4)2(OH)6 · 6H2O |
| 7.DD.15 | Kobyashevite | Cu5(SO4)2(OH)6 · 4H2O |
| 7.DD.15 | Spangolite | Cu6Al(SO4)(OH)12Cl · 3H2O |
| 7.DD.15 | 'Unnamed (Dimorph of Devilline)' | CaCu4(SO4)2(OH)6 · 3H2O |
| 7.DD.20 | Ktenasite | ZnCu4(SO4)2(OH)6 · 6H2O |
| 7.DD.25 | Christelite | Cu2Zn3(SO4)2(OH)6 · 4H2O |
| 7.DD.30 | Edwardsite | Cu3Cd2(SO4)2(OH)6 · 4H2O |
| 7.DD.30 | Niedermayrite | CdCu4(SO4)2(OH)6 · 4H2O |
| 7.DD.30 | Campigliaite | Mn2+Cu4(SO4)2(OH)6 · 4H2O |
| 7.DD.30 | Orthoserpierite | Ca(Cu,Zn)4(SO4)2(OH)6 · 3H2O |
| 7.DD.30 | Devilline | CaCu4(SO4)2(OH)6 · 3H2O |
| 7.DD.35 | Shigaite | Mn6Al3(OH)18[Na(H2O)6](SO4)2 · 6H2O |
| 7.DD.35 | Zincaluminite | (Zn1-xAlx)(SO4)x/2(OH)2 · nH2O |
| 7.DD.35 | Zincowoodwardite | Zn1-xAlx(OH)2[SO4]x/2 · nH2O |
| 7.DD.35 | Natroglaucocerinite | Zn6Al3(OH)18[Na(H2O)6](SO4)2 · 6H2O |
| 7.DD.35 | Hydrowoodwardite | (Cu1-xAlx)(OH)2[SO4]x/2 · nH2O |
| 7.DD.35 | Honessite | (Ni1-xFe3+x)(OH)2[SO4]x/2 · nH2O |
| 7.DD.35 | Carrboydite | (Ni1-xAlx)(SO4)x/2(OH)2 · nH2O |
| 7.DD.35 | Glaucocerinite | (Zn1-xAlx)(OH)2(SO4)x/2 · nH2O |
| 7.DD.35 | Wermlandite | Mg7Al2(OH)18[Ca(H2O)6][SO4]2 · 6H2O |
| 7.DD.35 | Nikischerite | Fe2+6Al3(OH)18[Na(H2O)6](SO4)2 · 6H2O |
| 7.DD.35 | Hydrohonessite | (Ni1-xFe3+x)(OH)2(SO4)x/2 · nH2O |
| 7.DD.35 | Woodwardite | Cu1-xAlx(OH)2(SO4)x/2 · nH2O |
| 7.DD.35 | Motukoreaite | Mg6Al3(OH)18[Na(H2O)6][SO4]2 · 6H2O |
| 7.DD.35 | Mountkeithite | [(Mg1-xFe3+x)(OH)2][SO4]x/2 · nH2O |
| 7.DD.40 | Lawsonbauerite | (Mn2+,Mg)9Zn4(SO4)2(OH)22 · 8H2O |
| 7.DD.40 | Torreyite | (Mg,Mn2+)7◻2Mn2+2Zn4(SO4)2(OH)22 · 8H2O |
| 7.DD.40 | Isselite | Cu6(SO4)(OH)10(H2O)4 · H2O |
| 7.DD.45 | Mooreite | Mg9◻2Mn2Zn4(SO4)2(OH)26 · 8H2O |
| 7.DD.45 | Hodgesmithite | (Cu,Zn)6Zn(SO4)2(OH)10 · 3H2O |
| 7.DD.47 | Lahnsteinite | Zn4(SO4)(OH)6 · 3H2O |
| 7.DD.50 | Namuwite | Zn4(SO4)(OH)6 · 4H2O |
| 7.DD.50 | Minohlite | (Cu,Zn)7(SO4)2(OH)10 · 8H2O |
| 7.DD.52 | Lauraniite | Cu6Cd2(SO4)2(OH)12 · 5H2O |
| 7.DD.55 | Bechererite | Zn7Cu(OH)13[(SiO(OH)3(SO4)] |
| 7.DD.60 | Ramsbeckite | (Cu,Zn)15(SO4)4(OH)22 · 6H2O |
| 7.DD.65 | Vonbezingite | Ca6Cu3(SO4)3(OH)12 · 2H2O |
| 7.DD.70 | Redgillite | Cu6(SO4)(OH)10 · H2O |
| 7.DD.75 | Nickelalumite | NiAl4(SO4)(OH)12(H2O)3 |
| 7.DD.75 | Kyrgyzstanite | ZnAl4(SO4)(OH)12 · 3H2O |
| 7.DD.75 | Chalcoalumite | CuAl4(SO4)(OH)12 · 3H2O |
| 7.DD.80 | Schulenbergite | (Cu,Zn)7(SO4)2(OH)10 · 3H2O |
| 7.DD.80 | 'UM1992-30-SO:CCuHZn' | (Zn,Cu)7(SO4,CO3)2(OH)10 · 3H2O |
| 7.DD.80 | Thérèsemagnanite | NaCo4(SO4)(OH)6Cl · 6H2O |
| 7.DD.80 | Guarinoite | Zn6(SO4)(OH)10 · 5H2O |
| 7.DD.85 | Montetrisaite | Cu6(SO4)(OH)10 · 2H2O |
Fluorescence of Serpierite
Not fluorescent in UV
Other Information
Notes:
Readily soluble in acids.
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Serpierite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-3625.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
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Mineral Dealers:
References for Serpierite
Reference List:
Bertrand, Emile (1881) Étude optique de différents minéraux. Bulletin de Minéralogie, 4 (4) 87-89 doi:10.3406/bulmi.1881.1635[p. 89: "Nouveau minéral du Laurium"]
Des Cloizeaux, Alfred (1881) Étude de différents minéraux. Bulletin de Minéralogie, 4 (4) 89-96 doi:10.3406/bulmi.1881.1636pp.89-92
Bertrand, Émile (1881) Sur un nouveau minéral du Laurium. Bulletin de Minéralogie, 4 (5). 135-136 doi:10.3406/bulmi.1881.1642 [as unnamed mineral (directly followed by the Damour (1881) article that gives chemical-analytical data)]
Larsen, Esper S. (1921) The microscopic determination of the nonopaque minerals. Bulletin 679. US Geological Survey doi:10.3133/b679 p.133
Russell, Arthur (1927) Notice of an occurrence of niccolite and ullmannite at the Settlingstones Mine, Fourstones, Northumberland; and of serpierite at Ross Island Mine, Killarney, Co. Kerry, Ireland. Mineralogical Magazine and Journal of the Mineralogical Society, 21 (119) 383-387 doi:10.1180/minmag.1927.021.119.03
Kingsbury, Arthur W. G., Hartley, J. (1957) Serpierite from the Lake District. Mineralogical Magazine and Journal of the Mineralogical Society, 31 (238) 604-605 doi:10.1180/minmag.1957.031.238.07
Localities for Serpierite
Showing 397 localities.
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Argentina | |
| Brodtkorb (2002) |
Australia | |
| Leverett et al. (2004) |
| Graham et al. (2005) |
| Crocoite.com |
| Birch et al. (1997) |
| Birch et al. (1997) |
| Kolitsch et al. (1999) |
| Sorrell (n.d.) |
| Downes et al. (2017) |
| Downes et al. (2017) | |
Austria | |
| Gröbner (1998) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2013) |
| C.Auer (2013) |
| Niedermayr (1987) +1 other reference |
| Exel (1993) +1 other reference | |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Pichler (1990) |
| Pichler (1990) | |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) | |
| Puttner (1996) |
| C.Auer (2013) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Strasser (1989) | |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Niedermayr et al. (2009) | |
| Auer (2023) |
| Schebesta (1992) |
| Schnorrer et al. (2005) |
| Schnorrer+Poeverlein (2005) | |
| Schnorrer et al. (2008) | |
| Schnorrer et al. (2002) |
| Der Aufschluß (2006) |
| Lapis 2007 | |
| Schnorrer et al. (2007) |
Belgium | |
| Ottenburgs et al. (1998) |
| van Tassel (1979) +1 other reference |
| Arnold Van Herreweghe Collection |
| van Tassel (1979) |
Bolivia | |
| XRD and EDS by Joy Desor. |
Canada | |
| Carson et al. (1976) |
| Sabina (2003) |
| Sabina (1991) |
Chile | |
| M. Dini & A.Molina Collections - analysed with quantitative and semi quantitative methods by Dr. Jochen Schluter (curator of Hamburg Mineral Museum) |
| Samples analysed by Dr. Jochen Schlüter (Hamburg University) |
Czech Republic | |
| Pauliš P. Mineralogické lokality ... |
| RÜSENBERG et al. (1996) |
| C.Auer (2016) |
| Ondruš et al. (1989) |
| Christian Auer (2014) | |
| Ondruš et al. (1989) | |
| Ondruš et al. (1989) |
| C.Auer (1992) |
| Sejkora et al. (2019) |
| |
| Hajek (2010) |
| Novotný |
| Pauliš +1 other reference | |
| Sejkora et al. (2012) |
| none |
| mineral.-petrolog. Odd. Nár. Muz. (Praha) +2 other references | |
| Analysed by geology lab Green Gas DPB |
Europe | |
| Analysed by Petr Pauliš |
France | |
| Blondieau et al. (2025) |
| Queneau (n.d.) |
| Designolle J-L. (1993) |
| Chollet et al. (2013) |
| Vernay (1997) +1 other reference | |
| Coueille (1988) |
| Paul Poulain +1 other reference | |
| Chollet Pascal Collection | |
| OLLIC Pascal Collection |
| Pierre Le Roch Collection |
| Germain C. et al. (1990) |
| Remy Ph. (2003) |
| Inventaire Mineralogique de la France ... |
| Gol et al. (2010) |
| Y. Vessely collection | |
| Chollet Pascal Collection | |
| JM Johannet. |
| De Ascenção Guedes et al. (2002) |
| Gourault C. (1997) | |
| Gol et al. (2010) | |
| Boisson et al. (2013) |
| Lheur et al. (1998) |
| Patrice Queneau Collection visual identification. Confirmed. Analyzed by Nicolas Meisser (Naturéum) |
| Georges FAVREAU collection & EDX ... |
| Chollet Pascal collection - obtained ... |
| Jean-Luc Portes Collection |
| www.mine-capgaronne.fr (2003) +1 other reference |
Germany | |
| Walenta (1992) +1 other reference |
| Weiß (1990) | |
| Walenta (1999) |
| Schlomann et al. (1993) +1 other reference | |
| |
| Schnorrer-Köhler (1991) |
| Blaß et al. (1993) | |
| Weiß (1990) | |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) | |
| Weiß (1990) | |
| Gröbner et al. (2019) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| |
| Neschen (n.d.) |
| Wittern et al. (1986) |
| "Lithothek" collection of the ... | |
| Steinkamm et al. (1988) |
| van den Berg et al. (1990) |
| Neschen (n.d.) | |
| van den Berg et al. (1990) |
| Neschen (n.d.) | |
| |
| Schnorrer-Köhler et al. (1986) |
| Weiß (1990) | |
| Schnorrer-Köhler (1988) | |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Schnorrer (1995) +1 other reference |
| Schnorrer-Köhler (1991) |
| |
| Neschen (n.d.) |
| Jahn et al. (2009) |
| Berthold (1982) +3 other references |
| Der Aufschluss 2000 (2) |
| Schnorrer-Köhler (1991) |
| Schnorrer-Köhler (1987) |
| Blaß et al. (1995) |
| Coll. R. Lang +1 other reference | |
| Coll. R. Lang +1 other reference | |
| Graf et al. (1992) |
| Blaß et al. (1995) |
| Weiß (1990) | |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Lapis 1988 (1) |
| Schnorrer-Köhler (1988) |
| Schnorrer-Köhler (1988) |
| Heckmann et al. (2005) +1 other reference |
| Lapis 1988 (1) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Schnorrer et al. (1998) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Graf (1991) |
| Markl (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Habel (2006) | |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| 58 (in German) +1 other reference |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Thomas Lühr Collection |
| Schnorrer (2004) |
| Ließmann et al. (2020) +1 other reference |
| Thomas Lühr Collection |
| C.Auer (2019) |
| Neschen (n.d.) |
| Gerhard Möhn Collection Analyzed by ... |
| Sorrell (n.d.) |
| Sorrell (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Knoll (2004) | |
| Besteman | |
| Neschen (n.d.) |
| SEM-EDS by Joy Desor |
| Mineralienatlas.de (2025) |
| Mädler (1992) | |
| Schlegel (1991) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| 43-47 +2 other references |
| Gröbner et al. (2008) |
| Marcus Vau Collection |
| Wittern (2001) |
Greece (TL) | |
| Bertrand (1881) +4 other references |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference | |
| Hanke (1998) | |
| Rieck et al. (1999) +1 other reference | |
| Hanke (1998) +1 other reference | |
| |
| Schreiber et al. (2003) |
| Gröbner (2003) | |
| Blaß et al. (1998) |
| Frenzel (1895) | |
| 58. +1 other reference | |
| Rieck (n.d.) |
| Blaß et al. (1998) +1 other reference | |
| Wendel et al. (1999) | |
| Gelaude et al. (1996) |
Hungary | |
| Szakáll et al. (1997) |
| Szakáll: Minerals of Rudabánya | |
| Szakáll: Minerals of Rudabánya | |
| Sándor et al. (2005) |
Iran | |
| Bariand (1963) |
Ireland | |
| de Haller |
| Russell (1927) +3 other references |
Isle of Man | |
| Day (1999) |
Italy | |
| Bartoli et al. (2008) |
| Bartoli et al. (2008) | |
| Adorni F. (1997) |
| Adorni F. (1997) | |
| Bortolozzi et al. (2018) |
| Negretti +2 other references |
| analysed by Dr. Anthony Kampf |
| Rivista Mineralogica Italiana (Avril/Juin) |
| I. Campostrini SEM photo +1 other reference |
| Maida (2002) |
| Bortolozzi (n.d.) | |
| Bortolozzi (n.d.) | |
| Maida (2002) |
| Ciriotti et al. (2019) |
| Ciriotti et al. (2019) | |
| Fernando Caboni et al. (2023) |
| Stara et al. (1999) |
| Olmi F. et al. (1995) |
| Stara et al. (1996) |
| |
| Stara et al. (1996) | |
| Stara et al. (1994) | |
| Fernando Caboni et al. (2024) | |
| Fernando Caboni et al. (2024) | |
| Stara et al. (1996) |
| Stara et al. (1996) |
| Lecca et al. (2024) |
| Rivista Mineralogica Italiana 4/1992-"I minerali del giacimento di Monte Tamara (Nuxis) |
| XRD analysis at Euratom Research Centre (Varese) +1 other reference | |
| Stara et al. (1993) |
| Stara et al. (1993) | |
| Campostrini et al. (1999) +1 other reference |
| Mair (1996) |
| Bortolozzi (n.d.) +1 other reference | |
| Ferretti et al. (2017) |
| Conedera M. et al. (2016) |
| EDX analysis. |
| Bortolozzi (n.d.) |
| Vecchi et al. (2013) |
| Biagioni et al. (2018) |
| "Lithothek der Münchener Micromounter" ... |
| Ko Jansen | |
| Bazzoni et al. (2001) |
| Biagioni et al. (2013) |
| Bonotti et al. (2012) |
| Am Min 67:385-393 +1 other reference | |
| Muenchener Micromounter-Lithothek |
| Giovanni Scapin Collection |
| Benvenuti M. et al. (1992/93) |
| Capperi M. et al. (FI) |
| Capperi M. et al. (FI) | |
| Sergio Pegoraro et al. (2022) +2 other references |
| Lapis (2) +1 other reference |
| Pegoraro S. (2014) | |
| Bortolozzi (n.d.) | |
| - (1984) +1 other reference |
| Boscardin et al. (2011) |
Japan | |
| Kitamine et al. (2001) |
| Yamada (2004) |
| Yamada (2004) |
| Yamada (2004) |
| Ohnishi et al. (2001) +1 other reference |
| Yuko Tanaka specimens |
| Masutomi Museum specimens |
| Yamada (2004) |
Kazakhstan | |
| Chukhrov (1945) +2 other references |
Mexico | |
| Moore et al. (2003) |
| 86. +1 other reference |
| Panczner (1987) |
Morocco | |
| Favreau (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Favreau et al. (2006) |
Namibia | |
| Gebhard (1999) |
New Zealand | |
| Courtney et al. (1990) |
| Collection of RJ Martin |
Norway | |
| Raade et al. (1990) +1 other reference |
| Raade et al. (1990) +1 other reference | |
| Nilsen (1993) | |
| Raade (1995) |
Portugal | |
| Marques de Sá et al. (2010) |
| Alves (n.d.) |
| Alves (n.d.) |
Romania | |
| Januszewska et al. (9th Meeting of the Mineralogical Society of Poland 28th Meeting of the Petrology group of the Mineralogical Society of Poland, October 19-22, 2023, Bielawa, Poland) |
Russia | |
| Pekov I.V. et al. (2010) +1 other reference |
| Pekov et al. (2011) |
| Ерохин et al. (2008) |
Slovakia | |
| Števko M. et al. (2018) |
| Martin Števko |
| Pauliš et al. (2002) |
| Martin Števko-unpublished |
South Africa | |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
| SAMS (South African Micromount Society) |
| SAMS (South African Micromount Society) | |
Spain | |
| Valladares et al. (2021) |
| Valladares et al. (2021) | |
| Jose Francisco Castro collection |
| Rewitzer et al. (2020) |
| Colectivo Arrayanes et al. (2008) |
| www.foro-minerales.com (2022) +1 other reference |
| Joan Rosell |
| Joan Abella i Creus specimens |
Sweden | |
| Öhman et al. (2000) |
Switzerland | |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Schmutz et al. (1986) | |
| EDXS analyses |
| 86. (in German) +2 other references |
UK | |
| George Eric Stanley Curtis collection |
| De Bondt (n.d.) |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| De Bondt (n.d.) | |
| Norman Wilson collection |
| Jarvis +2 other references |
| Kingsbury et al. (1957) +2 other references |
| - (2006) | |
| Kingsbury et al. (1957) |
| Kingsbury (MS1) +3 other references | |
| Cooper et al. (1990) +1 other reference |
| Bridges et al. (2011) | |
| Stanley et al. (1991) | |
| Bridges (1987) |
| Green et al. (2000) |
| Thomson (1997) | |
| Bridges (1987) | |
| Ford et al. (1993) |
| |
| Rust (1995) |
| Braithwaite et al. (1968) +1 other reference | |
| Livingstone et al. (1976) +3 other references |
| Green (1987) +2 other references |
| Day (1999) |
| Rust et al. (1988) | |
| Ex-S Rust collection | |
| |
| |
| Green et al. (1996) +1 other reference |
| Mason et al. (1997) |
| Day (1999) |
Ukraine | |
| A. Tischenko. Minerals of the Crimea - ... |
USA | |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Luetcke (n.d.) | |
| Bob Jenkins | |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Luetcke (n.d.) | |
| Luetcke (n.d.) | |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Rob Bowell |
| Rob Bowell | |
| Raman analyzed at the University of ... |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Michael Cline Collection | |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| In the collection of Joe Ruiz. ... |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Stolburg (1984) |
| Mineral News: 16 (9) +5 other references |
| In the collection of Brent Thorne. ... +1 other reference |
| Robert M. Housley (2005) |
| U.S. Geological Survey Professional ... +1 other reference |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| McKnight (1974) +1 other reference |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Kampf et al. (2019) |
| King et al. (1994) +1 other reference |
| Huizing et al. (2026) |
| Huizing et al. (2026) | |
| Jensen et al. (2012) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Tony Nickischer |
| J.V. Tingley and J. Quade (1986) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Rocks & Minerals. Nov. 1999. +1 other reference |
| A. Plante collection +1 other reference |
| Dunn (1995) |
| Pete Dunn | |
| Freeport-McMoRan |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| collection of Patrick Haynes +1 other reference | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Januzzi +2 other references |
| Robinson et al. (2007) |
| numerous small specimens have been found both in rock and slag vesicles of light blue silky sprays and tuffs that i long supposed to be aurichalcite. but recently jason Smith had this material analyzed (consult him for details) |
| Smith (1978) |
| R&M 68:6 p381-393 |
| Thorne (n.d.) |
| Thorne (n.d.) |
| Min News 14:10 p1 +1 other reference |
| Thorne (n.d.) |
| In the collection of Alex Earl |
| Thorne (n.d.) | |
| Kearns et al. (2009) |
| Dietrich (1990) | |
| Dietrich (1990) |
Vietnam | |
| TienTienMinerals |
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Hilarion Mine, Kamariza Mines, Agios Konstantinos, Lavreotiki, East Attica, Attica, Greece