"calendar" --- 一般的なカレンダーに関係する機能群
*************************************************

**ソースコード:** Lib/calendar.py

======================================================================

このモジュールは Unix の **cal** プログラムのようなカレンダー出力を行
い、それに加えてカレンダーに関する有益な関数群を提供します。標準ではこ
れらのカレンダーは（ヨーロッパの慣例に従って）月曜日を週の始まりとし、
日曜日を最後の日としています。 "setfirstweekday()" を用いることで、日
曜日(6)や他の曜日を週の始まりに設定することができます。日付を表す引数
は整数値で与えます。関連する機能として、 "datetime" と "time" モジュー
ルも参照してください。

このモジュールに定義された関数やクラスは理想化されたカレンダー、つまり
現在のグレゴリオ暦を過去と未来両方に無限に拡張したものを使っています。
これはすべての計算の基礎のカレンダーとなっている、 Dershowitz と
Reingold の本 "Calendrical Calculations" 中の "proleptic Gregorian" の
カレンダーの定義に合致します。ゼロと負の年は ISO 8601 の基準に定められ
ている通りに扱われます。0 年は 1 BC、-1 年は 2 BC、のように続きます。

class calendar.Calendar(firstweekday=0)

   "Calendar" オブジェクトを作ります。 *firstweekday* は整数で週の始ま
   りの曜日を指定するものです。"MONDAY" が "0" (デフォルト)、"SUNDAY"
   なら "6" です。

   "Calendar" オブジェクトは整形されるカレンダーのデータを準備するため
   に使えるいくつかのメソッドを提供しています。しかし整形機能そのもの
   は提供していません。それはサブクラスの仕事なのです。

   "Calendar" instances have the following methods and attributes:

   firstweekday

      The first weekday as an integer (0--6).

      This property can also be set and read using "setfirstweekday()"
      and "getfirstweekday()" respectively.

   getfirstweekday()

      Return an "int" for the current first weekday (0--6).

      Identical to reading the "firstweekday" property.

   setfirstweekday(firstweekday)

      Set the first weekday to *firstweekday*, passed as an "int" (0--
      6).

      Identical to setting the "firstweekday" property.

   iterweekdays()

      Return an iterator for the weekday numbers that will be used for
      one week.  The first value from the iterator will be the same as
      the value of the "firstweekday" property.

   itermonthdates(year, month)

      *year* 年 *month* (1--12) 月に対するイテレータを返します。 この
      イテレータはその月の全ての日、およびその月が始まる前の日とその月
      が終わった後の日のうち、週の欠けを埋めるために必要な日を
      ("datetime.date" オブジェクトとして) 返します。

   itermonthdays(year, month)

      Return an iterator for the month *month* in the year *year*
      similar to "itermonthdates()", but not restricted by the
      "datetime.date" range. Days returned will simply be day of the
      month numbers.  For the days outside of the specified month, the
      day number is "0".

   itermonthdays2(year, month)

      Return an iterator for the month *month* in the year *year*
      similar to "itermonthdates()", but not restricted by the
      "datetime.date" range. Days returned will be tuples consisting
      of a day of the month number and a weekday number.

   itermonthdays3(year, month)

      Return an iterator for the month *month* in the year *year*
      similar to "itermonthdates()", but not restricted by the
      "datetime.date" range. Days returned will be tuples consisting
      of a year, a month and a day of the month numbers.

      Added in version 3.7.

   itermonthdays4(year, month)

      Return an iterator for the month *month* in the year *year*
      similar to "itermonthdates()", but not restricted by the
      "datetime.date" range. Days returned will be tuples consisting
      of a year, a month, a day of the month, and a day of the week
      numbers.

      Added in version 3.7.

   monthdatescalendar(year, month)

      *year* 年 *month* 月の週のリストを返します。週は全て七つの
      "datetime.date" オブジェクトからなるリストです。

   monthdays2calendar(year, month)

      *year* 年 *month* 月の週のリストを返します。週は全て七つの日付の
      数字と曜日を表す数字のタプルからなるリストです。

   monthdayscalendar(year, month)

      *year* 年 *month* 月の週のリストを返します。週は全て七つの日付の
      数字からなるリストです。

   yeardatescalendar(year, width=3)

      指定された年のデータを整形に向く形で返します。返される値は月の並
      びのリストです。月の並びは最大で *width* ヶ月(デフォルトは3ヶ月)
      分です。各月は4ないし6週からなり、各週は1ないし7日からなります。
      各日は "datetime.date" オブジェクトです。

   yeardays2calendar(year, width=3)

      指定された年のデータを整形に向く形で返します
      ("yeardatescalendar()" と同様です)。週のリストの中が日付の数字と
      曜日の数字のタプルになります。月の範囲外の部分の日付はゼロです。

   yeardayscalendar(year, width=3)

      指定された年のデータを整形に向く形で返します
      ("yeardatescalendar()" と同様です)。週のリストの中が日付の数字に
      なります。月の範囲外の日付はゼロです。

class calendar.TextCalendar(firstweekday=0)

   このクラスはプレインテキストのカレンダーを生成するのに使えます。

   "TextCalendar" インスタンスには以下のメソッドがあります:

   formatday(theday, weekday, width)

      Return a string representing a single day formatted with the
      given *width*. If *theday* is "0", return a string of spaces of
      the specified width, representing an empty day. The *weekday*
      parameter is unused.

   formatweek(theweek, w=0)

      Return a single week in a string with no newline. If *w* is
      provided, it specifies the width of the date columns, which are
      centered. Depends on the first weekday as specified in the
      constructor or set by the "setfirstweekday()" method.

   formatweekday(weekday, width)

      Return a string representing the name of a single weekday
      formatted to the specified *width*. The *weekday* parameter is
      an integer representing the day of the week, where "0" is Monday
      and "6" is Sunday.

   formatweekheader(width)

      Return a string containing the header row of weekday names,
      formatted with the given *width* for each column. The names
      depend on the locale settings and are padded to the specified
      width.

   formatmonth(theyear, themonth, w=0, l=0)

      ひと月分のカレンダーを複数行の文字列で返します。 *w* により日の
      列幅を変えることができ、それらは中央揃えされます。 *l* により各
      週の表示される行数を変えることができます。 "setfirstweekday()"
      メソッドでセットされた週の最初の曜日に依存します。

   formatmonthname(theyear, themonth, width=0, withyear=True)

      Return a string representing the month's name centered within
      the specified *width*. If *withyear* is "True", include the year
      in the output. The *theyear* and *themonth* parameters specify
      the year and month for the name to be formatted respectively.

   prmonth(theyear, themonth, w=0, l=0)

      "formatmonth()" で返されるひと月分のカレンダーを出力します。

   formatyear(theyear, w=2, l=1, c=6, m=3)

      *m* 列からなる一年間のカレンダーを複数行の文字列で返します。任意
      の引数 *w*, *l*, *c* はそれぞれ、日付列の表示幅、各週の行数及び
      月と月の間のスペースの数を変更するためのものです。
      "setfirstweekday()" メソッドでセットされた週の最初の曜日に依存し
      ます。カレンダーを出力できる最初の年はプラットフォームに依存しま
      す。

   pryear(theyear, w=2, l=1, c=6, m=3)

      "formatyear()" で返される一年間のカレンダーを出力します。

class calendar.HTMLCalendar(firstweekday=0)

   このクラスは HTML のカレンダーを生成するのに使えます。

   "HTMLCalendar" インスタンスには以下のメソッドがあります:

   formatmonth(theyear, themonth, withyear=True)

      ひと月分のカレンダーを HTML のテーブルとして返します。*withyear*
      が真であればヘッダには年も含まれます。そうでなければ月の名前だけ
      が使われます。

   formatyear(theyear, width=3)

      一年分のカレンダーを HTML のテーブルとして返します。*width* の値
      (デフォルトでは 3 です) は何ヶ月分を一行に収めるかを指定します。

   formatyearpage(theyear, width=3, css='calendar.css', encoding=None)

      Return a year's calendar as a complete HTML page. *width*
      (defaulting to 3) specifies the number of months per row. *css*
      is the name for the cascading style sheet to be used. "None" can
      be passed if no style sheet should be used. *encoding* specifies
      the encoding to be used for the output (defaulting to the system
      default encoding).

   formatmonthname(theyear, themonth, withyear=True)

      Return a month name as an HTML table row. If *withyear* is true
      the year will be included in the row, otherwise just the month
      name will be used.

   "HTMLCalendar" has the following attributes you can override to
   customize the CSS classes used by the calendar:

   cssclasses

      A list of CSS classes used for each weekday. The default class
      list is:

         cssclasses = ["mon", "tue", "wed", "thu", "fri", "sat", "sun"]

      more styles can be added for each day:

         cssclasses = ["mon text-bold", "tue", "wed", "thu", "fri", "sat", "sun red"]

      Note that the length of this list must be seven items.

   cssclass_noday

      The CSS class for a weekday occurring in the previous or coming
      month.

      Added in version 3.7.

   cssclasses_weekday_head

      A list of CSS classes used for weekday names in the header row.
      The default is the same as "cssclasses".

      Added in version 3.7.

   cssclass_month_head

      The month's head CSS class (used by "formatmonthname()"). The
      default value is ""month"".

      Added in version 3.7.

   cssclass_month

      The CSS class for the whole month's table (used by
      "formatmonth()"). The default value is ""month"".

      Added in version 3.7.

   cssclass_year

      The CSS class for the whole year's table of tables (used by
      "formatyear()"). The default value is ""year"".

      Added in version 3.7.

   cssclass_year_head

      The CSS class for the table head for the whole year (used by
      "formatyear()"). The default value is ""year"".

      Added in version 3.7.

   Note that although the naming for the above described class
   attributes is singular (e.g. "cssclass_month" "cssclass_noday"),
   one can replace the single CSS class with a space separated list of
   CSS classes, for example:

      "text-bold text-red"

   Here is an example how "HTMLCalendar" can be customized:

      class CustomHTMLCal(calendar.HTMLCalendar):
          cssclasses = [style + " text-nowrap" for style in
                        calendar.HTMLCalendar.cssclasses]
          cssclass_month_head = "text-center month-head"
          cssclass_month = "text-center month"
          cssclass_year = "text-italic lead"

class calendar.LocaleTextCalendar(firstweekday=0, locale=None)

   This subclass of "TextCalendar" can be passed a locale name in the
   constructor and will return month and weekday names in the
   specified locale.

class calendar.LocaleHTMLCalendar(firstweekday=0, locale=None)

   This subclass of "HTMLCalendar" can be passed a locale name in the
   constructor and will return month and weekday names in the
   specified locale.

注釈:

  The constructor, "formatweekday()" and "formatmonthname()" methods
  of these two classes temporarily change the "LC_TIME" locale to the
  given *locale*. Because the current locale is a process-wide
  setting, they are not thread-safe.

単純なテキストのカレンダーに関して、このモジュールには以下のような関数
が提供されています。

calendar.setfirstweekday(firstweekday)

   週の最初の曜日("0" は月曜日, "6" は日曜日)を設定します。定数
   "MONDAY", "TUESDAY", "WEDNESDAY", "THURSDAY", "FRIDAY", "SATURDAY"
   及び "SUNDAY" は便宜上提供されています。例えば、日曜日を週の開始日
   に設定するときは:

      import calendar
      calendar.setfirstweekday(calendar.SUNDAY)

calendar.firstweekday()

   現在設定されている週の最初の曜日を返します。

calendar.isleap(year)

   *year* が閏年なら "True" を、そうでなければ "False" を返します。

calendar.leapdays(y1, y2)

   範囲(*y1* ... *y2*)指定された期間の閏年の回数を返します。ここで
   *y1* や *y2* は年を表します。

   この関数は、世紀の境目をまたぐ範囲でも正しく動作します。

calendar.weekday(year, month, day)

   *year* ("1970"--...), *month* ("1"--"12"), *day* ("1"--"31") で与え
   られた日の曜日("0" は月曜日)を返します。

calendar.weekheader(width)

   Return a header containing abbreviated weekday names. *width*
   specifies the width in characters for one weekday.

calendar.monthrange(year, month)

   Returns weekday of first day of the month and number of days in
   month, for the specified *year* and *month*.

calendar.monthcalendar(year, month)

   月のカレンダーを行列で返します。各行が週を表し、月の範囲外の日は0に
   なります。それぞれの週は "setfirstweekday()" で設定をしていない限り
   月曜日から始まります。

calendar.prmonth(theyear, themonth, w=0, l=0)

   "month()" 関数によって返される月のカレンダーを出力します。

calendar.month(theyear, themonth, w=0, l=0)

   Returns a month's calendar in a multi-line string using the
   "formatmonth()" of the "TextCalendar" class.

calendar.prcal(theyear, w=0, l=0, c=6, m=3)

   "calendar()" 関数で返される一年間のカレンダーを出力します。

calendar.calendar(theyear, w=2, l=1, c=6, m=3)

   Returns a 3-column calendar for an entire year as a multi-line
   string using the "formatyear()" of the "TextCalendar" class.

calendar.timegm(tuple)

   An unrelated but handy function that takes a time tuple such as
   returned by the "gmtime()" function in the "time" module, and
   returns the corresponding Unix timestamp value, assuming an epoch
   of 1970, and the POSIX encoding.  In fact, "time.gmtime()" and
   "timegm()" are each other's inverse.

The "calendar" module exports the following data attributes:

calendar.day_name

   A sequence that represents the days of the week in the current
   locale, where Monday is day number 0.

   >>> import calendar
   >>> list(calendar.day_name)
   ['Monday', 'Tuesday', 'Wednesday', 'Thursday', 'Friday', 'Saturday', 'Sunday']

calendar.day_abbr

   A sequence that represents the abbreviated days of the week in the
   current locale, where Mon is day number 0.

   >>> import calendar
   >>> list(calendar.day_abbr)
   ['Mon', 'Tue', 'Wed', 'Thu', 'Fri', 'Sat', 'Sun']

calendar.MONDAY
calendar.TUESDAY
calendar.WEDNESDAY
calendar.THURSDAY
calendar.FRIDAY
calendar.SATURDAY
calendar.SUNDAY

   Aliases for the days of the week, where "MONDAY" is "0" and
   "SUNDAY" is "6".

   Added in version 3.12.

class calendar.Day

   Enumeration defining days of the week as integer constants. The
   members of this enumeration are exported to the module scope as
   "MONDAY" through "SUNDAY".

   Added in version 3.12.

calendar.month_name

   A sequence that represents the months of the year in the current
   locale.  This follows normal convention of January being month
   number 1, so it has a length of 13 and "month_name[0]" is the empty
   string.

   >>> import calendar
   >>> list(calendar.month_name)
   ['', 'January', 'February', 'March', 'April', 'May', 'June', 'July', 'August', 'September', 'October', 'November', 'December']

calendar.month_abbr

   A sequence that represents the abbreviated months of the year in
   the current locale.  This follows normal convention of January
   being month number 1, so it has a length of 13 and  "month_abbr[0]"
   is the empty string.

   >>> import calendar
   >>> list(calendar.month_abbr)
   ['', 'Jan', 'Feb', 'Mar', 'Apr', 'May', 'Jun', 'Jul', 'Aug', 'Sep', 'Oct', 'Nov', 'Dec']

calendar.JANUARY
calendar.FEBRUARY
calendar.MARCH
calendar.APRIL
calendar.MAY
calendar.JUNE
calendar.JULY
calendar.AUGUST
calendar.SEPTEMBER
calendar.OCTOBER
calendar.NOVEMBER
calendar.DECEMBER

   Aliases for the months of the year, where "JANUARY" is "1" and
   "DECEMBER" is "12".

   Added in version 3.12.

class calendar.Month

   Enumeration defining months of the year as integer constants. The
   members of this enumeration are exported to the module scope as
   "JANUARY" through "DECEMBER".

   Added in version 3.12.

The "calendar" module defines the following exceptions:

exception calendar.IllegalMonthError(month)

   A subclass of "ValueError" and "IndexError", raised when the given
   month number is outside of the range 1-12 (inclusive).

   バージョン 3.12 で変更: "IllegalMonthError" is now also a subclass
   of "ValueError". New code should avoid catching "IndexError".

   month

      The invalid month number.

exception calendar.IllegalWeekdayError(weekday)

   A subclass of "ValueError", raised when the given weekday number is
   outside of the range 0-6 (inclusive).

   weekday

      The invalid weekday number.

参考:

  "datetime" モジュール
     "time" モジュールと似た機能を持った日付と時間用のオブジェクト指向
     インターフェース。

  "time" モジュール
     時間に関連した低水準の関数群。


コマンドラインでの使用
======================

Added in version 2.5.

The "calendar" module can be executed as a script from the command
line to interactively print a calendar.

   python -m calendar [-h] [-L LOCALE] [-e ENCODING] [-t {text,html}]
                      [-w WIDTH] [-l LINES] [-s SPACING] [-m MONTHS] [-c CSS]
                      [-f FIRST_WEEKDAY] [year] [month]

For example, to print a calendar for the year 2000:

   $ python -m calendar 2000
                                     2000

         January                   February                   March
   Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su      Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su      Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su
                   1  2          1  2  3  4  5  6             1  2  3  4  5
    3  4  5  6  7  8  9       7  8  9 10 11 12 13       6  7  8  9 10 11 12
   10 11 12 13 14 15 16      14 15 16 17 18 19 20      13 14 15 16 17 18 19
   17 18 19 20 21 22 23      21 22 23 24 25 26 27      20 21 22 23 24 25 26
   24 25 26 27 28 29 30      28 29                     27 28 29 30 31
   31

          April                      May                       June
   Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su      Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su      Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su
                   1  2       1  2  3  4  5  6  7                1  2  3  4
    3  4  5  6  7  8  9       8  9 10 11 12 13 14       5  6  7  8  9 10 11
   10 11 12 13 14 15 16      15 16 17 18 19 20 21      12 13 14 15 16 17 18
   17 18 19 20 21 22 23      22 23 24 25 26 27 28      19 20 21 22 23 24 25
   24 25 26 27 28 29 30      29 30 31                  26 27 28 29 30

           July                     August                  September
   Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su      Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su      Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su
                   1  2          1  2  3  4  5  6                   1  2  3
    3  4  5  6  7  8  9       7  8  9 10 11 12 13       4  5  6  7  8  9 10
   10 11 12 13 14 15 16      14 15 16 17 18 19 20      11 12 13 14 15 16 17
   17 18 19 20 21 22 23      21 22 23 24 25 26 27      18 19 20 21 22 23 24
   24 25 26 27 28 29 30      28 29 30 31               25 26 27 28 29 30
   31

         October                   November                  December
   Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su      Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su      Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su
                      1             1  2  3  4  5                   1  2  3
    2  3  4  5  6  7  8       6  7  8  9 10 11 12       4  5  6  7  8  9 10
    9 10 11 12 13 14 15      13 14 15 16 17 18 19      11 12 13 14 15 16 17
   16 17 18 19 20 21 22      20 21 22 23 24 25 26      18 19 20 21 22 23 24
   23 24 25 26 27 28 29      27 28 29 30               25 26 27 28 29 30 31
   30 31

以下のオプションが使用できます:

--help, -h

   ヘルプメッセージを表示して終了します。

--locale LOCALE, -L LOCALE

   The locale to use for month and weekday names. Defaults to English.

--encoding ENCODING, -e ENCODING

   The encoding to use for output. "--encoding" is required if "--
   locale" is set.

--type {text,html}, -t {text,html}

   Print the calendar to the terminal as text, or as an HTML document.

--first-weekday FIRST_WEEKDAY, -f FIRST_WEEKDAY

   The weekday to start each week. Must be a number between 0 (Monday)
   and 6 (Sunday). Defaults to 0.

   Added in version 3.13.

year

   The year to print the calendar for. Defaults to the current year.

month

   The month of the specified "year" to print the calendar for. Must
   be a number between 1 and 12, and may only be used in text mode.
   Defaults to printing a calendar for the full year.

*Text-mode options:*

--width WIDTH, -w WIDTH

   The width of the date column in terminal columns. The date is
   printed centred in the column. Any value lower than 2 is ignored.
   Defaults to 2.

--lines LINES, -l LINES

   The number of lines for each week in terminal rows. The date is
   printed top-aligned. Any value lower than 1 is ignored. Defaults to
   1.

--spacing SPACING, -s SPACING

   The space between months in columns. Any value lower than 2 is
   ignored. Defaults to 6.

--months MONTHS, -m MONTHS

   The number of months printed per row. Defaults to 3.

バージョン 3.14 で変更: By default, today's date is highlighted in
color and can be controlled using environment variables.

*HTML-mode options:*

--css CSS, -c CSS

   The path of a CSS stylesheet to use for the calendar. This must
   either be relative to the generated HTML, or an absolute HTTP or
   "file:///" URL.
