"tkinter" --- Tcl/Tk の Python インターフェース
***********************************************

**ソースコード:** Lib/tkinter/__init__.py

======================================================================

"tkinter" パッケージ ("Tk インターフェース") は、 Tcl/Tk GUI ツールキ
ットに対する標準の Python インターフェースです。 Tk と "tkinter"  は
macOS を含むほとんどの Unix プラットフォームの他、 Windows システム上
でも利用できます。

コマンドラインから  "python -m tkinter" を実行すると簡素な Tk インター
フェースを表示するウィンドウが開き、システムに "tkinter" が正しくイン
ストールされたことが分かります。さらに、インストールされた Tcl/Tk のバ
ージョンが表示されているので、 Tcl/Tk のドキュメントを参照する時にはそ
のバージョン情報が役立つでしょう。

Tkinter supports a range of Tcl/Tk versions, built either with or
without thread support. Tcl/Tk 8.5.12 is the minimum supported
version; the official Python binary release bundles Tcl/Tk 8.6. See
the source code for the "_tkinter" module for more information about
supported versions.

バージョン 3.11 で変更: Support for Tcl/Tk versions older than 8.5.12
was removed.

Tkinter は単なるラッパーではなく、Python らしい使用感を実現するための
独自の仕組みを備えています。本ドキュメントでは追加・変更された機能を中
心に解説し、変更のない部分については Tcl/Tk の公式ドキュメントを参照し
ます。

注釈:

  Tcl/Tk 8.5 (2007) introduced a modern set of themed user interface
  components along with a new API to use them (see "tkinter.ttk").
  Both old and new APIs are still available. Most documentation you
  will find online still uses the old API and can be woefully
  outdated.

This is an *optional module*. If it is missing from your copy of
CPython, look for documentation from your distributor (that is,
whoever provided Python to you). If you are the distributor, see オプ
ションのモジュールの要件.

参考:

  * TkDocs
       Tkinterを使ったユーザインタフェースの作成に関する広範なチュート
       リアルです。主要な概念を説明し、最新のAPI を使用した推奨される
       アプローチを説明します。

  * Tkinter 8.5 reference: a GUI for Python
       参照: 利用可能なクラス、メソッド、オプションの詳細については、
       Tkinter 8.5のドキュメントを参照してください。

  Tcl/Tk リソース:

  * Tk commands
       Comprehensive reference to each of the underlying Tcl/Tk
       commands used by Tkinter.

  * Tcl/Tk ホームページ
       Additional documentation, and links to Tcl/Tk core development.

  Books:

  * Modern Tkinter for Busy Python Developers
       By Mark Roseman. (ISBN 978-1999149567)

  * Python GUI programming with Tkinter
       By Alan D. Moore. (ISBN 978-1788835886)

  * Programming Python
       By Mark Lutz; has excellent coverage of Tkinter. (ISBN
       978-0596158101)

  * Tcl and the Tk Toolkit (2nd edition)
       By John Ousterhout, inventor of Tcl/Tk, and Ken Jones; does not
       cover Tkinter. (ISBN 978-0321336330)


Architecture
============

Tcl/Tk is not a single library but rather consists of a few distinct
modules, each with separate functionality and its own official
documentation. Python's binary releases also ship an add-on module
together with it.

Tcl
   Tcl is a dynamic interpreted programming language, just like
   Python. Though it can be used on its own as a general-purpose
   programming language, it is most commonly embedded into C
   applications as a scripting engine or an interface to the Tk
   toolkit. The Tcl library has a C interface to create and manage one
   or more instances of a Tcl interpreter, run Tcl commands and
   scripts in those instances, and add custom commands implemented in
   either Tcl or C. Each interpreter has an event queue, and there are
   facilities to send events to it and process them. Unlike Python,
   Tcl's execution model is designed around cooperative multitasking,
   and Tkinter bridges this difference (see Threading model for
   details).

Tk
   Tk is a Tcl package implemented in C that adds custom commands to
   create and manipulate GUI widgets. Each "Tk" object embeds its own
   Tcl interpreter instance with Tk loaded into it. Tk's widgets are
   very customizable, though at the cost of a dated appearance. Tk
   uses Tcl's event queue to generate and process GUI events.

Ttk
   Themed Tk (Ttk) is a newer family of Tk widgets that provide a much
   better appearance on different platforms than many of the classic
   Tk widgets. Ttk is distributed as part of Tk, starting with Tk
   version 8.5. Python bindings are provided in a separate module,
   "tkinter.ttk".

Internally, Tk and Ttk use facilities of the underlying operating
system, that is, Xlib on Unix/X11, Cocoa on macOS, GDI on Windows.

When your Python application uses a class in Tkinter, for example, to
create a widget, the "tkinter" module first assembles a Tcl/Tk command
string. It passes that Tcl command string to an internal "_tkinter"
binary module, which then calls the Tcl interpreter to evaluate it.
The Tcl interpreter will then call into the Tk and/or Ttk packages,
which will in turn make calls to Xlib, Cocoa, or GDI.


Tkinter modules
===============

Support for Tkinter is spread across several modules. Most
applications will need the main "tkinter" module, as well as the
"tkinter.ttk" module, which provides the modern themed widget set and
API:

   from tkinter import *
   from tkinter import ttk

The modules that provide Tk support include:

"tkinter"
   Main Tkinter module.

"tkinter.colorchooser"
   ユーザに色を選択させるためのダイアログです。

"tkinter.commondialog"
   このリストの他のモジュールが定義しているダイアログの基底クラスです
   。

"tkinter.filedialog"
   ユーザが開きたいファイルや保存したいファイルを指定できるようにする
   共通のダイアログです。

"tkinter.font"
   フォントの扱いを補助するためのユーティリティです。

"tkinter.messagebox"
   標準的な Tk のダイアログボックスにアクセスします。

"tkinter.scrolledtext"
   垂直スクロールバー付きのテキストウィジェットです。

"tkinter.simpledialog"
   基本的なダイアログと便宜関数 (convenience function) です。

"tkinter.ttk"
   Themed widget set introduced in Tk 8.5, providing modern
   alternatives for many of the classic widgets in the main "tkinter"
   module.

Additional modules:

"_tkinter"
   A binary module that contains the low-level interface to Tcl/Tk. It
   is automatically imported by the main "tkinter" module, and should
   never be used directly by application programmers. It is usually a
   shared library (or DLL), but might in some cases be statically
   linked with the Python interpreter.

"idlelib"
   Python's Integrated Development and Learning Environment (IDLE).
   Based on "tkinter".

"tkinter.constants"
   Symbolic constants that can be used in place of strings when
   passing various parameters to Tkinter calls. Automatically imported
   by the main "tkinter" module.

"tkinter.dnd"
   (experimental) Drag-and-drop support for "tkinter". This will
   become deprecated when it is replaced with the Tk DND.

"turtle"
   Tk ウィンドウ上でタートルグラフィックスを実現します。


Tkinter life preserver
======================

This section is not designed to be an exhaustive tutorial on either Tk
or Tkinter.  For that, refer to one of the external resources noted
earlier. Instead, this section provides a very quick orientation to
what a Tkinter application looks like, identifies foundational Tk
concepts, and explains how the Tkinter wrapper is structured.

The remainder of this section will help you to identify the classes,
methods, and options you'll need in your Tkinter application, and
where to find more detailed documentation on them, including in the
official Tcl/Tk reference manual.


A Hello World program
---------------------

We'll start by walking through a "Hello World" application in Tkinter.
This isn't the smallest one we could write, but has enough to
illustrate some key concepts you'll need to know.

   from tkinter import *
   from tkinter import ttk
   root = Tk()
   frm = ttk.Frame(root, padding=10)
   frm.grid()
   ttk.Label(frm, text="Hello World!").grid(column=0, row=0)
   ttk.Button(frm, text="Quit", command=root.destroy).grid(column=1, row=0)
   root.mainloop()

After the imports, the next line creates an instance of the "Tk"
class, which initializes Tk and creates its associated Tcl
interpreter. It also creates a toplevel window, known as the root
window, which serves as the main window of the application.

The following line creates a frame widget, which in this case will
contain a label and a button we'll create next. The frame is fit
inside the root window.

The next line creates a label widget holding a static text string. The
"grid()" method is used to specify the relative layout (position) of
the label within its containing frame widget, similar to how tables in
HTML work.

A button widget is then created, and placed to the right of the label.
When pressed, it will call the "destroy()" method of the root window.

Finally, the "mainloop()" method puts everything on the display, and
responds to user input until the program terminates.


Important Tk concepts
---------------------

Even this simple program illustrates the following key Tk concepts:

widgets
   A Tkinter user interface is made up of individual *widgets*. Each
   widget is represented as a Python object, instantiated from classes
   like "ttk.Frame", "ttk.Label", and "ttk.Button".

widget hierarchy
   Widgets are arranged in a *hierarchy*. The label and button were
   contained within a frame, which in turn was contained within the
   root window. When creating each *child* widget, its *parent* widget
   is passed as the first argument to the widget constructor.

configuration options
   Widgets have *configuration options*, which modify their appearance
   and behavior, such as the text to display in a label or button.
   Different classes of widgets will have different sets of options.

geometry management
   Widgets aren't automatically added to the user interface when they
   are created. A *geometry manager* like "grid" controls where in the
   user interface they are placed.

event loop
   Tkinter reacts to user input, changes from your program, and even
   refreshes the display only when actively running an *event loop*.
   If your program isn't running the event loop, your user interface
   won't update.


Understanding how Tkinter wraps Tcl/Tk
--------------------------------------

When your application uses Tkinter's classes and methods, internally
Tkinter is assembling strings representing Tcl/Tk commands, and
executing those commands in the Tcl interpreter attached to your
application's "Tk" instance.

Whether it's trying to navigate reference documentation, trying to
find the right method or option, adapting some existing code, or
debugging your Tkinter application, there are times that it will be
useful to understand what those underlying Tcl/Tk commands look like.

To illustrate, here is the Tcl/Tk equivalent of the main part of the
Tkinter script above.

   ttk::frame .frm -padding 10
   grid .frm
   grid [ttk::label .frm.lbl -text "Hello World!"] -column 0 -row 0
   grid [ttk::button .frm.btn -text "Quit" -command "destroy ."] -column 1 -row 0

Tcl's syntax is similar to many shell languages, where the first word
is the command to be executed, with arguments to that command
following it, separated by spaces. Without getting into too many
details, notice the following:

* The commands used to create widgets (like "ttk::frame") correspond
  to widget classes in Tkinter.

* Tcl widget options (like "-text") correspond to keyword arguments in
  Tkinter.

* Widgets are referred to by a *pathname* in Tcl (like ".frm.btn"),
  whereas Tkinter doesn't use names but object references.

* A widget's place in the widget hierarchy is encoded in its
  (hierarchical) pathname, which uses a "." (dot) as a path separator.
  The pathname for the root window is just "." (dot). In Tkinter, the
  hierarchy is defined not by pathname but by specifying the parent
  widget when creating each child widget.

* Operations which are implemented as separate *commands* in Tcl (like
  "grid" or "destroy") are represented as *methods* on Tkinter widget
  objects. As you'll see shortly, at other times Tcl uses what appear
  to be method calls on widget objects, which more closely mirror what
  is used in Tkinter.


How do I...? What option does...?
---------------------------------

If you're not sure how to do something in Tkinter, and you can't
immediately find it in the tutorial or reference documentation you're
using, there are a few strategies that can be helpful.

First, remember that the details of how individual widgets work may
vary across different versions of both Tkinter and Tcl/Tk. If you're
searching documentation, make sure it corresponds to the Python and
Tcl/Tk versions installed on your system.

When searching for how to use an API, it helps to know the exact name
of the class, option, or method that you're using. Introspection,
either in an interactive Python shell or with "print()", can help you
identify what you need.

To find out what configuration options are available on any widget,
call its "configure()" method, which returns a dictionary containing a
variety of information about each object, including its default and
current values. Use "keys()" to get just the names of each option.

   btn = ttk.Button(frm, ...)
   print(btn.configure().keys())

As most widgets have many configuration options in common, it can be
useful to find out which are specific to a particular widget class.
Comparing the list of options to that of a simpler widget, like a
frame, is one way to do that.

   print(set(btn.configure().keys()) - set(frm.configure().keys()))

Similarly, you can find the available methods for a widget object
using the standard "dir()" function. If you try it, you'll see there
are over 200 common widget methods, so again identifying those
specific to a widget class is helpful.

   print(dir(btn))
   print(set(dir(btn)) - set(dir(frm)))


Navigating the Tcl/Tk reference manual
--------------------------------------

As noted, the official Tk commands reference manual (man pages) is
often the most accurate description of what specific operations on
widgets do. Even when you know the name of the option or method that
you need, you may still have a few places to look.

While all operations in Tkinter are implemented as method calls on
widget objects, you've seen that many Tcl/Tk operations appear as
commands that take a widget pathname as its first parameter, followed
by optional parameters, for example

   destroy .
   grid .frm.btn -column 0 -row 0

Others, however, look more like methods called on a widget object (in
fact, when you create a widget in Tcl/Tk, it creates a Tcl command
with the name of the widget pathname, with the first parameter to that
command being the name of a method to call).

   .frm.btn invoke
   .frm.lbl configure -text "Goodbye"

In the official Tcl/Tk reference documentation, you'll find most
operations that look like method calls on the man page for a specific
widget (for example, you'll find the "invoke()" method on the
ttk::button man page), while functions that take a widget as a
parameter often have their own man page (for example, grid).

You'll find many common options and methods in the options or
ttk::widget man pages, while others are found in the man page for a
specific widget class.

You'll also find that many Tkinter methods have compound names, for
example, "winfo_x()", "winfo_height()", "winfo_viewable()". You'd find
documentation for all of these in the winfo man page.

注釈:

  Somewhat confusingly, there are also methods on all Tkinter widgets
  that don't actually operate on the widget, but operate at a global
  scope, independent of any widget. Examples are methods for accessing
  the clipboard or the system bell. (They happen to be implemented as
  methods in the base "Widget" class that all Tkinter widgets inherit
  from).


Threading model
===============

Python and Tcl/Tk have very different threading models, which
"tkinter" tries to bridge. If you use threads, you may need to be
aware of this.

A Python interpreter may have many threads associated with it. In Tcl,
multiple threads can be created, but each thread has a separate Tcl
interpreter instance associated with it. Threads can also create more
than one interpreter instance, though each interpreter instance can be
used only by the one thread that created it.

Each "Tk" object created by "tkinter" contains a Tcl interpreter. It
also keeps track of which thread created that interpreter. Calls to
"tkinter" can be made from any Python thread. Internally, if a call
comes from a thread other than the one that created the "Tk" object,
an event is posted to the interpreter's event queue, and when
executed, the result is returned to the calling Python thread.

Tcl/Tk applications are normally event-driven, meaning that after
initialization, the interpreter runs an event loop (that is,
"Tk.mainloop") and responds to events. Because it is single-threaded,
event handlers must respond quickly, otherwise they will block other
events from being processed. To avoid this, any long-running
computations should not run in an event handler, but are either broken
into smaller pieces using timers, or run in another thread. This is
different from many GUI toolkits where the GUI runs in a completely
separate thread from all application code including event handlers.

If the Tcl interpreter is not running the event loop and processing
events, any "tkinter" calls made from threads other than the one
running the Tcl interpreter will fail.

A number of special cases exist:

* Tcl/Tk libraries built without thread support are now rare: the
  bundled Tcl/Tk 8.6 is built with thread support, so this case only
  arises with some older non-threaded builds. When the library is not
  thread-aware, "tkinter" calls the library from the originating
  Python thread, even if this is different than the thread that
  created the Tcl interpreter. A global lock ensures only one call
  occurs at a time.

* While "tkinter" allows you to create more than one instance of a
  "Tk" object (with its own interpreter), all interpreters that are
  part of the same thread share a common event queue, which gets ugly
  fast. In practice, don't create more than one instance of "Tk" at a
  time. Otherwise, it's best to create them in separate threads and
  ensure you're running a thread-aware Tcl/Tk build.

* Blocking event handlers are not the only way to prevent the Tcl
  interpreter from reentering the event loop. It is even possible to
  run multiple nested event loops or abandon the event loop entirely.
  If you're doing anything tricky when it comes to events or threads,
  be aware of these possibilities.

* There are a few select "tkinter" functions that presently work only
  when called from the thread that created the Tcl interpreter.


Handy reference
===============


Setting options
---------------

オプションは、色やウィジェットの境界線幅などを制御します。オプションの
設定には三通りの方法があります:

オブジェクト生成時、キーワード引数を使用する
      fred = Button(self, fg="red", bg="blue")

オブジェクト生成後、オプション名を辞書インデックスのように扱う
      fred["fg"] = "red"
      fred["bg"] = "blue"

オブジェクト生成後に、config()メソッドを使って複数の属性を更新する
      fred.config(fg="red", bg="blue")

注釈:

  The "fg" and "bg" options used here, and other options that control
  a widget's appearance, belong to the classic "tkinter" widgets. The
  themed "tkinter.ttk" widgets recommended in the introduction do not
  accept them; style a themed widget through the "ttk.Style" class
  instead. The three ways of setting an option shown above apply to
  both widget sets.

オプションとその振る舞いに関する詳細な説明は、該当するウィジェットの
Tk の man ページを参照してください。

man ページには、各ウィジェットの "STANDARD OPTIONS (標準オプション)"
と "WIDGET SPECIFIC OPTIONS (ウィジェット固有のオプション)" がリストさ
れていることに注意してください。前者は多くのウィジェットに共通のオプシ
ョンのリストで、後者は特定のウィジェットに特有のオプションです。標準オ
プションの説明は man ページの *options(3)* にあります。

このドキュメントでは、標準オプションとウィジェット固有のオプションを区
別していません。オプションによっては、ある種のウィジェットに適用できま
せん。あるウィジェットがあるオプションに対応しているかどうかは、ウィジ
ェットのクラスによります。例えばボタンには "command" オプションがあり
ますが、ラベルにはありません。

The options supported by a given widget are listed in that widget's
man page, or can be queried at runtime by calling the "config()"
method without arguments, or by calling the "keys()" method on that
widget. The return value of these calls is a dictionary whose key is
the name of the option as a string (for example, "'relief'") and whose
values are 5-tuples.

Some options, like "bg", are synonyms for common options with long
names ("bg" is shorthand for "background").

+---------+-----------------------------------+----------------+
| インデ  | 意味                              | 使用例         |
| ックス  |                                   |                |
|=========|===================================|================|
| 0       | オプション名                      | "'relief'"     |
+---------+-----------------------------------+----------------+
| 1       | データベース検索用のオプション名  | "'relief'"     |
+---------+-----------------------------------+----------------+
| 2       | データベース検索用のオプションク  | "'Relief'"     |
|         | ラス                              |                |
+---------+-----------------------------------+----------------+
| 3       | デフォルト値                      | "'raised'"     |
+---------+-----------------------------------+----------------+
| 4       | 現在の値                          | "'groove'"     |
+---------+-----------------------------------+----------------+

以下はプログラム例です:

   >>> print(fred.config())
   {'relief': ('relief', 'relief', 'Relief', 'raised', 'groove')}

もちろん、実際に出力される辞書には利用可能なオプションが全て表示されま
す。上の表示例は単なる例にすぎません。


Geometry management
-------------------

Creating a widget does not display it. A widget appears only after it
has been handed to a *geometry manager*, which works out its size and
position inside its container and keeps the layout up to date as the
container is resized or its content changes. Forgetting to call a
geometry manager is a common early mistake: the widget is created, but
nothing shows up.

Tk provides three geometry managers. Each is inherited by every
widget, so any widget can be managed by any of them (but see the
warning below about the incompatibility of grid and pack). The choice
depends on the kind of layout you want.

"grid"
   Arranges widgets in a two-dimensional table of rows and columns. It
   is the most flexible manager and the one to reach for by default:
   layouts that would otherwise need several nested frames can often
   be expressed as a single grid, and rows and columns can be told how
   to absorb extra space.

      ttk.Label(frm, text="Name:").grid(column=0, row=0, sticky="w")
      ttk.Entry(frm).grid(column=1, row=0)
      ttk.Button(frm, text="OK").grid(column=1, row=1, sticky="e")

"pack"
   Stacks widgets against one side of their container -- ""top"" (the
   default), ""bottom"", ""left"" or ""right"" -- and can make them
   fill or expand into the space that is left. It is convenient for
   simple arrangements, such as a single row or column of widgets or a
   content area framed by a toolbar and a status bar.

      toolbar.pack(side="top", fill="x")
      status.pack(side="bottom", fill="x")
      body.pack(side="left", expand=True, fill="both")

"place"
   Positions each widget at an explicit spot, given either as absolute
   screen distances or as a fraction of the container's size. It
   offers the most control but the least automatic behavior, and is
   used the least; it suits special cases such as overlapping widgets
   or precise custom layouts.

      background.place(x=0, y=0, relwidth=1.0, relheight=1.0)
      badge.place(relx=1.0, rely=0.0, anchor="ne")

Layouts are built up by nesting: grid or pack widgets, including
frames, inside a frame or toplevel. Toplevels are managed by the OS
window manager. Classic and themed "tkinter.ttk" widgets can be
managed interchangeably.

警告:

  Do not apply "pack()" and "grid()" to two widgets that share the
  same container. The two managers negotiate sizes in incompatible
  ways, and the application can hang as they repeatedly resize the
  container against each other. To combine them, keep each manager's
  widgets in a separate frame.

The full set of options accepted by each manager, with their values
and defaults, is documented under "Grid.grid_configure()",
"Pack.pack_configure()" and "Place.place_configure()"; see also the
*grid(3tk)*, *pack(3tk)* and *place(3tk)* man pages.


Coupling widget variables
-------------------------

Some widgets can tie their current value directly to a program
variable, so that the two stay in sync. Options such as "variable",
"textvariable", "value", "onvalue" and "offvalue" set up this
connection: when the user changes the widget the variable is updated,
and when the variable is set the widget redraws to match.

A widget can be linked only to a "Variable" object, not to an ordinary
Python variable. This is not a limitation of "tkinter" but a
consequence of how the two languages differ: the link relies on Tcl
being notified every time the value changes, and Python offers no way
to react when a plain variable is reassigned. A "Variable" sidesteps
this by keeping its value inside the Tcl interpreter and exposing it
through explicit "get()" and "set()" methods.

Ready-made subclasses cover the common types: "StringVar", "IntVar",
"DoubleVar" and "BooleanVar". Pass one as a widget's "textvariable"
(or "variable") option, then read and update it with "get()" and
"set()"; the widget tracks it with no further work on your part.

Keep a reference to the variable for as long as the widget uses it --
for example by storing it as an attribute. A "Variable" that is
garbage collected removes its underlying Tcl variable, breaking the
connection to the widget (see "Variable").

例えば:

   import tkinter as tk
   from tkinter import ttk

   root = tk.Tk()

   # Create the application variable and give it an initial value.
   contents = tk.StringVar(value="this is a variable")

   # Tell the entry widget to track the variable.
   entry = ttk.Entry(root, textvariable=contents)
   entry.pack()

   # Print the current value whenever the user presses Return.
   def print_contents(event):
       print("The current entry content is:", contents.get())

   entry.bind("<Return>", print_contents)

   # Setting the variable from the program updates the entry through the
   # same link.
   def clear():
       contents.set("")

   ttk.Button(root, text="Clear", command=clear).pack()

   root.mainloop()


The window manager
------------------

The *window manager* is the part of the desktop responsible for the
title bar, border and controls drawn around each top-level window, and
for such things as its title, position, size and icon. Tk gives access
to these through the "Wm" mixin, which is inherited by the "Tk" root
window and by every "Toplevel". You therefore call the window-manager
methods directly on a top-level window. Each has a short name and an
equivalent "wm_"-prefixed name, for example "title()" and
"wm_title()".

These methods act on the top-level window whether its content is built
from the classic widgets or the themed "tkinter.ttk" widgets. To reach
the top-level window containing an arbitrary widget, call its
"winfo_toplevel()" method.

例えば:

   import tkinter as tk
   from tkinter import ttk

   root = tk.Tk()
   root.title("My Application")
   root.geometry("640x480")
   root.minsize(320, 240)

   ttk.Label(root, text="Hello").pack(padx=20, pady=20)

   root.mainloop()

See "Wm" for the full set of window-manager methods.


Tk option data types
--------------------

Many widget options documented in the reference accept values of a
small number of common types, described here.

anchor
   指定できる値はコンパスの方位です: ""n"" 、 ""ne"" 、 ""e"" 、
   ""se"" 、 ""s"" 、 ""sw"" 、 ""w"" 、 ""nw"" 、および ""center"" 。

bitmap
   There are ten built-in, named bitmaps: "'error'", "'gray12'",
   "'gray25'", "'gray50'", "'gray75'", "'hourglass'", "'info'",
   "'questhead'", "'question'", "'warning'".  To specify an X bitmap
   filename, give the full path to the file, preceded with an "@", as
   in ""@/usr/contrib/bitmap/gumby.bit"".

boolean
   整数 0 または 1 、あるいは、文字列 ""yes"" または ""no"" を渡すこと
   ができます。

callback
   これは引数を取らない Python 関数ならどれでも構いません。例えば:

      def print_it():
          print("hi there")
      fred["command"] = print_it

color
   Colors can be given as the names of X colors in the rgb.txt file,
   or as strings representing RGB values in 4 bit: ""#RGB"", 8 bit:
   ""#RRGGBB"", 12 bit: ""#RRRGGGBBB"", or 16 bit: ""#RRRRGGGGBBBB""
   ranges, where R,G,B here represent any legal hex digit.  See the
   *colors(3tk)* man page for the list of named colors.

cursor
   The name of the mouse cursor to display while the pointer is over
   the widget. Tk provides a portable set of cursor names available on
   all platforms (for example ""arrow"", ""watch"", ""cross"", or
   ""hand2""); the standard X cursor names from "cursorfont.h" may
   also be used, without the "XC_" prefix (so "XC_hand2" becomes
   ""hand2""). The full list of names, including the platform-specific
   ones, is given in the *cursors(3tk)* manual page. You can also
   specify a bitmap and mask file of your own. On Windows a cursor
   file (".cur" or ".ani") may be used directly, giving its path
   preceded with an "@", as in ""@C:/cursors/bart.ani"".

distance
   スクリーン上の距離をピクセルか絶対距離のどちらかで指定できます。ピ
   クセルは数値として与えられ、絶対距離は文字列として与えられます。絶
   対距離を表す文字列は、単位を表す終了文字 (センチメートルには "c" 、
   インチには "i" 、ミリメートルには "m" 、プリンタのポイントには "p")
   を伴います。例えば、3.5インチは ""3.5i"" と表現します。

font
   Tk uses a font description such as "{courier 10 bold}"; in
   "tkinter" this is most naturally passed as a tuple of "(family,
   size, *styles)" (or as the equivalent string ""Courier 10 bold"").
   Font sizes with positive numbers are measured in points; sizes with
   negative numbers are measured in pixels.

geometry
   これは "widthxheight" 形式の文字列です。ここでは、ほとんどのウィジ
   ェットに対して幅と高さピクセル単位で (テキストを表示するウィジェッ
   トに対しては文字単位で)表されます。例えば: "fred["geometry"] =
   "200x100"" 。

justify
   Legal values are the strings: ""left"", ""center"", and ""right"".

region
   これは空白で区切られた四つの要素をもつ文字列です。各要素は指定可能
   な距離です(以下を参照)。例えば: ""2 3 4 5"" と ""3i 2i 4.5i 2i"" と
   ""3c 2c 4c 10.43c"" は、すべて指定可能な範囲です。

relief
   Determines what the border style of a widget will be.  Legal values
   are: ""raised"", ""sunken"", ""flat"", ""groove"", ""ridge"", and
   ""solid"".

scrollcommand
   これはほとんどの場合スクロールバーウィジェットの "set()" メソッドで
   すが、1 個の引数を取るあらゆるウィジェットにもなりえます。

wrap
   次の中の一つでなければなりません: ""none"" 、 ""char"" 、あるいは
   ""word"" 。


Bindings and events
-------------------

ウィジェットコマンドからの bind メソッドによって、あるイベントを待つこ
とと、そのイベント型が起きたときにコールバック関数を呼び出すことができ
るようになります。 bind メソッドの形式は:

   def bind(self, sequence, func, add=''):

ここでは:

sequence
   is a string that denotes the target kind of event.  Physical events
   use the "<modifier-modifier-type-detail>" form (for example
   ""<Enter>"" or ""<Control-Button-1>""); application-defined virtual
   events use double angle brackets, as in ""<<Paste>>"".  (See the
   *bind(3tk)* man page for details.)

func
   は一引数を取り、イベントが起きるときに呼び出される Python 関数です
   。イベント・インスタンスが引数として渡されます。 (このように実施さ
   れる関数は、一般に *callbacks* として知られています。)

add
   はオプションで、 "''" か "'+'" のどちらかです。空文字列を渡すことは
   、このイベントが関係する他のどんなバインドをもこのバインドが置き換
   えることを意味します。 "'+'" を使う仕方は、この関数がこのイベント型
   にバインドされる関数のリストに追加されることを意味しています。

例えば:

   def turn_red(self, event):
       event.widget["activeforeground"] = "red"

   self.button.bind("<Enter>", self.turn_red)

イベントのウィジェットフィールドが "turn_red()" コールバック内でどのよ
うにアクセスされているかに注目してください。このフィールドは X イベン
トを捕らえたウィジェットを含んでいます。以下の表はアクセスできる他のイ
ベントフィールドとそれらの Tk での表現方法の一覧です。Tk man ページを
参照するときに役に立つでしょう。

+------+-----------------------+------+-----------------------+
| Tk   | Tkinter イベントフィ  | Tk   | Tkinter イベントフィ  |
|      | ールド                |      | ールド                |
|======|=======================|======|=======================|
| %f   | focus                 | %A   | char                  |
+------+-----------------------+------+-----------------------+
| %h   | 高さ                  | %E   | send_event            |
+------+-----------------------+------+-----------------------+
| %k   | keycode               | %K   | keysym                |
+------+-----------------------+------+-----------------------+
| %s   | state                 | %N   | keysym_num            |
+------+-----------------------+------+-----------------------+
| %t   | time                  | %T   | type                  |
+------+-----------------------+------+-----------------------+
| %w   | 幅                    | %W   | widget                |
+------+-----------------------+------+-----------------------+
| %x   | x                     | %X   | x_root                |
+------+-----------------------+------+-----------------------+
| %y   | y                     | %Y   | y_root                |
+------+-----------------------+------+-----------------------+
| %#   | serial                | %b   | num                   |
+------+-----------------------+------+-----------------------+
| %d   | detail                | %D   | delta                 |
+------+-----------------------+------+-----------------------+

The "add" parameter above only affects the bindings you make yourself.
Every widget also inherits *class bindings* that implement its
standard behavior -- for example a "Text" widget binds "Control"-"t"
to transpose two characters. These are described in the bindings
section of the widget's Tk man page (such as *text(3tk)* or
*entry(3tk)*).

Class bindings are processed separately from your own, so binding an
event yourself does not replace the default; both run. To suppress an
unwanted default binding, bind the event on the widget and return the
string ""break"" from your callback.


The index parameter
-------------------

多くのウィジェットにはパラメータ "index" を渡す必要があります。これら
はテキストウィジェット内の特定の位置や、エントリウィジェット内の特定の
文字、あるいはメニューウィジェット内の特定のメニューアイテムを指定する
ために使用されます。

エントリウィジェットのインデックス(インデックス、ビューインデックスな
ど)
   Entry widgets have methods and options that refer to character
   positions in the text being displayed. Anytime an index is needed,
   you may pass in:

   * an integer which refers to the numeric position of a character,
     counted from the beginning of the text, starting with 0;

   * the string ""anchor"", which refers to the anchor point of the
     selection, set with the widget's selection methods;

   * the string ""end"", which refers to the position just after the
     last character;

   * the string ""insert"", which refers to the character just after
     the insertion cursor;

   * the strings ""sel.first"" and ""sel.last"", which refer to the
     first character in the selection and the position just after the
     last (it is an error to use these if there is no selection);

   * a string consisting of "@" followed by an integer, as in ""@6"",
     where the integer is interpreted as an x pixel coordinate in the
     entry's coordinate system, selecting the character spanning that
     point.

テキストウィジェットのインデックス
   テキストウィジェットに対するインデックス記法はとても機能が豊富で、
   Tk manページでよく説明されています。

メニューのインデックス(menu.invoke()、menu.entryconfig()など)
   メニューに対するいくつかのオプションとメソッドは特定のメニュー項目
   を操作します。メニューインデックスはオプションまたはパラメータのた
   めに必要とされるときはいつでも、以下のものを渡すことができます:

   * ウィジェット内の数字の先頭からの位置を指す整数。先頭は 0。

   * 文字列 ""active""。現在カーソルがあるメニューの位置を指します。

   * 文字列 ""last"" 。最後のメニューを指します。

   * a string consisting of "@" followed by an integer, as in ""@6"",
     where the integer is interpreted as a y pixel coordinate in the
     menu's coordinate system;

   * 文字列 ""none""。どんなメニューエントリもまったく指しておらず、ほ
     とんどの場合、すべてのエントリの動作を停止させるために
     menu.activate() と一緒に使われます。そして、最後に、

   * メニューの先頭から一番下までスキャンしたときに、メニューエントリ
     のラベルに一致したパターンであるテキスト文字列。このインデックス
     型は他すべての後に考慮されることに注意してください。その代わりに
     、それは "last" 、 "active" または "none" とラベル付けされたメニ
     ュー項目への一致は上のリテラルとして解釈されることを意味します。


画像
----

様々な形式の画像を、それに対応する "tkinter.Image" のサブクラスを使っ
て作成できます:

* XBM 形式の画像のための "BitmapImage" 。

* PGM, PPM, GIF, PNG 形式の画像のための "PhotoImage" 。 最後のは Tk
  8.6 からサポートされるようになりました。

画像のどちらの型でも "file" または "data" オプションを使って作られます
(その上、他のオプションも利用できます)。

バージョン 3.13 で変更: Added the "PhotoImage" method "copy_replace()"
to copy a region from one image to other image, possibly with pixel
zooming and/or subsampling. Add *from_coords* parameter to
"PhotoImage" methods "copy()", "zoom()" and "subsample()". Add *zoom*
and *subsample* parameters to "PhotoImage" method "copy()".

The image object can then be used wherever an "image" option is
supported by some widget (for example, labels, buttons, menus). In
these cases, Tk will not keep a reference to the image. When the last
Python reference to the image object is deleted, the image data is
deleted as well, and Tk will display an empty box wherever the image
was used.

参考:

  The Pillow package adds support for formats such as BMP, JPEG, TIFF,
  and WebP, among others.


リファレンス
============

This section documents the classes, methods, functions and constants
of the "tkinter" module. Most of them wrap Tcl/Tk commands; consult
the official Tcl/Tk manual pages for the full list of widget options
and further details.

exception tkinter.TclError

   The exception raised when a call into the Tcl interpreter fails,
   for example when a widget is given an unknown option or an invalid
   value.


Base and mixin classes
----------------------

class tkinter.Misc

   The "Misc" class is a mix-in inherited by "Tk" and, through
   "BaseWidget", by every widget. It provides the large set of methods
   common to all Tk objects: querying window information, managing
   event bindings and the event loop, controlling the keyboard focus
   and pointer grabs, accessing the selection, clipboard and option
   database, and assorted utility and introspection services. Because
   they are inherited, these methods are available on every widget and
   on the "Tk" application object, and are documented here once rather
   than repeated for each widget.

   cget(key)

      Return the current value of the configuration option named *key*
      for this widget, as a string. The expression "widget[key]" is
      equivalent and may be used instead.

   configure(cnf=None, **kw)

      Query or modify the configuration options of the widget. With no
      arguments, return a dictionary mapping every available option
      name to a tuple describing it (its name, X resource name, X
      resource class, default value and current value). If a single
      option name is given as a string, return the tuple for just that
      option. If one or more keyword arguments are given, or a
      dictionary is passed as *cnf*, set each named option to the
      corresponding value; the expression "widget[key] = value" sets a
      single option in the same way.

      "config()" is an alias of "configure()".

   keys()

      Return a list of the names of all configuration options of this
      widget.

   getboolean(s)

      Interpret the string *s* as a Tcl boolean and return the
      corresponding "bool". Tcl accepts values such as "'1'", "'0'",
      "'yes'", "'no'", "'true'" and "'false'". Raise "ValueError" if
      *s* is not a valid boolean.

   getdouble(s)

      Interpret the string *s* as a Tcl floating-point number and
      return it as a "float". Raise "ValueError" if *s* is not a valid
      number.

      Added in version 3.5.

   getint(s)

      Interpret the string *s* as a Tcl integer and return it as an
      "int". Raise "ValueError" if *s* is not a valid integer.

   getvar(name)

      Return the value of the Tcl global variable named *name*.

   setvar(name, value)

      Set the Tcl global variable named *name* to *value*.

      The "getvar()" and "setvar()" methods give direct access to Tcl
      variables. In most code you will instead use a "Variable"
      subclass such as "StringVar" or "IntVar", which wraps a Tcl
      variable and converts its value to and from a Python type.

   register(func, subst=None, needcleanup=1)

      Register the Python callable *func* as a Tcl command and return
      the name of the new command as a string. Whenever Tcl invokes
      that command, *func* is called; if *subst* is given, it is
      applied to the command's arguments first. This is the mechanism
      used internally to turn Python callbacks into the command names
      passed to Tk options such as *command*. Unless *needcleanup* is
      false, the command is deleted automatically when the widget is
      destroyed.

      バージョン 3.13 で変更: The arguments passed to *func* are no
      longer converted to strings.

   deletecommand(name)

      Delete the Tcl command named *name*, such as one previously
      returned by "register()".

   nametowidget(name)

      Return the widget instance corresponding to the Tk pathname
      *name*.

   send(interp, cmd, *args)

      Send the Tcl command *cmd*, with the given *args*, to the Tcl
      interpreter registered under the name *interp*, and return its
      result. This is not available on all platforms.

   destroy()

      Destroy this widget and all of its descendant widgets, and
      delete the Tcl commands associated with them.

   tkraise(aboveThis=None)

      Raise this widget in the stacking order so that it is drawn on
      top of its siblings. If *aboveThis* is given, the widget is
      moved to be just above it in the stacking order instead.

      "lift()" is an alias of "tkraise()".

   lower(belowThis=None)

      Lower this widget in the stacking order so that it is drawn
      beneath its siblings. If *belowThis* is given, the widget is
      moved to be just below it in the stacking order instead.

      "tkraise()"/"lift()" and "lower()" are overridden by the
      "Canvas" widget, where they restack canvas items instead.

   image_names()

      Return the names of all images that currently exist in the Tcl
      interpreter.

      This is overridden by the "Text" widget, where "image_names()"
      returns the names of its embedded images instead.

   image_types()

      Return the available image types, such as "'photo'" and
      "'bitmap'".

   grid_anchor(anchor=None)

      Set the anchor that controls where the grid is placed inside
      this container when the container is larger than the grid and no
      row or column has a non-zero weight. *anchor* is one of the
      usual anchor strings, such as "'nw'" (the default) or
      "'center'". Called with no argument, this method has no effect.

      "anchor()" is an alias of "grid_anchor()".

      Added in version 3.3.

   grid_bbox(column=None, row=None, col2=None, row2=None)

      Return the bounding box, in pixels, of a region of the grid laid
      out in this container, as a 4-tuple "(xoffset, yoffset, width,
      height)". With no arguments the bounding box of the whole grid
      is returned. If *column* and *row* are given, the box spans from
      the cell at row and column 0 to that cell; if *col2* and *row2*
      are also given, it spans from the cell (*column*, *row*) to the
      cell (*col2*, *row2*).

      "bbox()" is an alias of "grid_bbox()", except on "Canvas",
      "Listbox", "Spinbox", "Text", "ttk.Entry" and "ttk.Treeview",
      which provide their own "bbox()" method.

   grid_columnconfigure(index, cnf={}, **kw)

      Query or set the properties of the column (or columns) *index*
      of the grid managed by this container. *index* may be a column
      number; when setting options it may also be a list of column
      numbers, the string "'all'" to affect every column, or a child
      widget whose occupied columns are affected. The supported
      options are:

      *minsize*
         The column's minimum size, in pixels.

      *weight*
         An integer setting how much of any extra space is apportioned
         to the column. A weight of "0" keeps the column at its
         requested size, and a column of weight two grows twice as
         fast as a column of weight one.

      *uniform*
         The name of a uniform group. Columns sharing a non-empty
         group name are kept in sizes that are strictly proportional
         to their weights.

      *pad*
         Extra space, in pixels, added to the largest widget in the
         column when computing the column's size.

      With a single option name, return that option's value; with no
      options, return a dictionary of all of them.

      "columnconfigure()" is an alias of "grid_columnconfigure()".

   grid_rowconfigure(index, cnf={}, **kw)

      Query or set the properties of the row (or rows) *index* of the
      grid managed by this container. *index* is interpreted as for
      "grid_columnconfigure()", and the supported options (*minsize*,
      *weight*, *uniform* and *pad*) are the same, applied to a row
      instead of a column.

      "rowconfigure()" is an alias of "grid_rowconfigure()".

   grid_location(x, y)

      Return the "(column, row)" of the grid cell that contains the
      pixel at position (*x*, *y*), given in pixels relative to this
      container. For locations above or to the left of the grid, "-1"
      is returned for the corresponding coordinate.

   grid_propagate()
   grid_propagate(flag)

      Enable or disable geometry propagation for this container when
      it manages its children with the grid geometry manager. When
      *flag* is true, the container resizes itself to fit the
      requested sizes of its children; when it is false, its size is
      left under your control. Called with no argument, return the
      current setting as a boolean.

   grid_size()

      Return the size of the grid managed by this container as a
      "(columns, rows)" tuple.

      "size()" is an alias of "grid_size()", except on the "Listbox"
      widget, which provides its own "size()" method.

   grid_slaves(row=None, column=None)

      Return a list of the child widgets managed in this container's
      grid, most recently managed first. If *row* or *column* is
      given, only the children in that row or column are returned.

   pack_propagate()
   pack_propagate(flag)

      Enable or disable geometry propagation for this container when
      it manages its children with the pack geometry manager. When
      *flag* is true, the container resizes itself to fit the
      requested sizes of its children; when it is false, its size is
      left under your control. Called with no argument, return the
      current setting as a boolean.

      "propagate()" is an alias of "pack_propagate()".

   pack_slaves()

      Return a list of the child widgets managed by this container
      with the pack geometry manager, in packing order.

      "slaves()" is an alias of "pack_slaves()".

   place_slaves()

      Return a list of the child widgets managed by this container
      with the place geometry manager.

   bind(sequence=None, func=None, add=None)

      Bind the event pattern *sequence* on this widget to the callable
      *func*.

      *sequence* is an event pattern, such as "'<Button-1>'" (a mouse
      click) or "'<KeyPress-a>'", optionally a concatenation of
      several such patterns that must occur shortly after one another.
      When the event occurs, *func* is called with an "Event" instance
      describing it as its only argument; if *func* returns the string
      "'break'", no further bindings for the event are invoked.

      If *add* is true, *func* is added to any functions already bound
      to *sequence*; otherwise it replaces them. The binding applies
      only to this widget.

      "bind()" returns a string identifier (a *funcid*) that can later
      be passed to "unbind()" to remove the binding without leaking
      the associated Tcl command.

      If *func* is omitted, return the binding currently associated
      with *sequence*; if *sequence* is also omitted, return a list of
      all the sequences for which bindings exist on this widget.

   bind_class(className, sequence=None, func=None, add=None)

      Like "bind()", but bind *func* to the binding tag *className*
      rather than to a single widget, so that the binding applies to
      every widget having that tag. *className* is usually the name of
      a widget class, such as "'Button'", in which case the binding
      affects all widgets of that class. The set of binding tags for a
      widget can be inspected and changed with "bindtags()".

      The remaining arguments and the return value are as for
      "bind()".

   bind_all(sequence=None, func=None, add=None)

      Like "bind()", but bind *func* to the special binding tag
      "'all'", so that the binding applies to every widget in the
      application.

      The remaining arguments and the return value are as for
      "bind()".

   unbind(sequence, funcid=None)

      Remove bindings for the event pattern *sequence* on this widget.

      If *funcid* is given, only the function identified by it (a
      value returned from a previous call to "bind()") is removed, and
      its associated Tcl command is deleted. Otherwise all bindings
      for *sequence* are destroyed, leaving it unbound.

      バージョン 3.13 で変更: If *funcid* is given, only that callback
      is unbound; other callbacks bound to *sequence* are kept.

   unbind_class(className, sequence)

      Remove all bindings for the event pattern *sequence* from the
      binding tag *className*. See "bind_class()".

   unbind_all(sequence)

      Remove all bindings for the event pattern *sequence* from the
      special binding tag "'all'". See "bind_all()".

   bindtags(tagList=None)

      If *tagList* is omitted, return a tuple of the binding tags
      associated with this widget. When an event occurs in a widget,
      it is applied to each of the widget's binding tags in order, and
      for each tag the most specific matching binding is executed. By
      default a widget has four binding tags: its own pathname, its
      widget class, the pathname of its nearest toplevel ancestor, and
      "'all'", in that order.

      If *tagList* is given, it must be a sequence of strings; the
      widget's binding tags are set to its elements, which determines
      the order in which bindings are evaluated.

   The methods with the "event_" prefix define virtual events and
   generate events programmatically.

   event_add(virtual, *sequences)

      Associate the virtual event *virtual*, whose name has the form
      "'<<Paste>>'", with each of the physical event patterns given by
      *sequences*, so that the virtual event triggers whenever any of
      them occurs. If *virtual* is already defined, the new sequences
      are added to its existing ones.

   event_delete(virtual, *sequences)

      Remove each of *sequences* from those associated with the
      virtual event *virtual*. Sequences that are not currently
      associated with *virtual* are ignored. If no *sequences* are
      given, all physical event sequences are removed, so that
      *virtual* no longer triggers.

   event_generate(sequence, **kw)

      Generate the event *sequence* on this widget and arrange for it
      to be processed just as if it had come from the window system.
      *sequence* must be a single event pattern, such as
      "'<Button-1>'" or "'<<Paste>>'", not a concatenation of several.
      Keyword arguments specify additional fields of the event, for
      example *x* and *y* for the pointer position, or *when* to
      control when the event is processed; refer to the Tk "event"
      manual page for the full list.

   event_info(virtual=None)

      If *virtual* is omitted, return a tuple of all the virtual
      events that are currently defined. If *virtual* is given, return
      a tuple of the physical event sequences currently associated
      with it, or an empty tuple if it is not defined.

   The methods with the "after" prefix schedule callbacks to run after
   a delay or when the application is idle.

   after(ms, func=None, *args, **kw)

      Schedule the callable *func* to be called after *ms*
      milliseconds, with *args* and *kw* passed to it as positional
      and keyword arguments. Return an identifier that can be passed
      to "after_cancel()" to cancel the call.

      If *func* is omitted, sleep for *ms* milliseconds instead,
      processing no events during that time, and return "None".

      バージョン 3.10 で変更: *func* can now be any callable object,
      not only a function.

      バージョン 3.14 で変更: Keyword arguments are now passed to
      *func*.

   after_cancel(id)

      Cancel a callback previously scheduled with "after()" or
      "after_idle()". *id* must be an identifier returned by one of
      those methods; passing a value that is not such an identifier
      raises "ValueError". If the callback has already run or been
      cancelled, this has no effect.

      バージョン 3.7 で変更: Passing "None" (or any false value) as
      *id* now raises "ValueError".

   after_idle(func, *args, **kw)

      Schedule the callable *func* to be called, with *args* and *kw*
      passed to it, when the Tk main loop next becomes idle, that is,
      when it has no other events to process. Return an identifier
      that can be passed to "after_cancel()" to cancel the call.

      バージョン 3.14 で変更: Keyword arguments are now passed to
      *func*.

   after_info(id=None)

      If *id* is omitted, return a tuple of the identifiers of all
      callbacks currently scheduled with "after()" and "after_idle()"
      for this interpreter.

      If *id* is given, it must identify a callback that has not yet
      run or been cancelled, and the return value is a tuple "(script,
      type)", where *script* refers to the function to be called and
      *type* is either "'idle'" or "'timer'". A "TclError" is raised
      if *id* does not exist.

      Added in version 3.13.

   mainloop(n=0)

      Enter the Tk event loop, which processes events until all
      windows are destroyed. This is normally called once, on the root
      window, to run the application.

   quit()

      Quit the Tcl interpreter, causing "mainloop()" to return.

   update()

      Enter the event loop until all pending events, including idle
      callbacks, have been processed. This brings the display up to
      date and handles any events that are already queued, then
      returns.

   update_idletasks()

      Enter the event loop until all pending idle callbacks have been
      called. This updates the display of windows, for example after
      geometry changes, but does not process events caused by the
      user.

   wait_variable(name)

      Wait until the Tcl variable *name* is modified, continuing to
      process events in the meantime so that the application stays
      responsive. *name* is usually a "Variable" instance, such as an
      "IntVar" or "StringVar".

      "waitvar()" is an alias of "wait_variable()".

   wait_window(window=None)

      Wait until *window* is destroyed, continuing to process events
      in the meantime. If *window* is omitted, this widget is used.
      This is typically used to wait for the user to finish
      interacting with a dialog box.

   wait_visibility(window=None)

      Wait until the visibility state of *window* changes, for example
      when it first appears on the screen, continuing to process
      events in the meantime. If *window* is omitted, this widget is
      used. This is typically used to wait for a newly created window
      to become visible before acting on it.

   The methods with the "focus_" prefix manage the keyboard focus.

   focus()

      Direct the keyboard input focus for this widget's display to
      this widget. If the application does not currently have the
      input focus on this widget's display, the widget is remembered
      as the focus window for its top level, and the focus will be
      redirected to it the next time the window manager gives the
      focus to the top level. "focus()" is an alias of "focus_set()",
      except on the "Canvas" and "ttk.Treeview" widgets, which provide
      their own "focus()" method.

   focus_force()

      Direct the keyboard input focus to this widget even if the
      application does not currently have the input focus for the
      widget's display. This method should be used sparingly, if at
      all; normally an application should wait for the window manager
      to give it the focus rather than claiming it.

   focus_get()

      Return the widget that currently has the keyboard focus in the
      application, or "None" if no widget in the application has the
      focus. Use "focus_displayof()" to work correctly with several
      displays.

   focus_displayof()

      Return the widget that currently has the keyboard focus on the
      display where this widget is located, or "None" if no widget in
      the application has the focus on that display.

   focus_lastfor()

      Return the most recent widget to have had the keyboard focus
      among all the widgets in the same top level as this widget; this
      is the widget that will receive the focus the next time the
      window manager gives the focus to the top level. If no widget in
      that top level has ever had the focus, or if the most recent
      focus widget has been deleted, the top level itself is returned.

   tk_focusFollowsMouse()

      Reconfigure Tk to use an implicit focus model in which the focus
      is set to a widget whenever the mouse pointer enters it. This
      cannot easily be disabled once enabled.

   tk_focusNext()

      Return the next widget after this one in the keyboard traversal
      order, or "None" if there is none. The traversal order goes
      first to the next child, then recursively to the children of
      that child, and then to the next sibling higher in the stacking
      order. A widget is skipped if its "takefocus" option is set to
      "0". This method is used in the default bindings for the "Tab"
      key.

   tk_focusPrev()

      Return the previous widget before this one in the keyboard
      traversal order, or "None" if there is none. See
      "tk_focusNext()" for how the order is defined. This method is
      used in the default bindings for the "Shift"-"Tab" key.

   The methods with the "grab_" prefix set and query the input grab,
   which directs all input events to a single widget.

   grab_set()

      Set a local grab on this widget. A grab confines pointer events
      to this widget and its descendants: while the pointer is outside
      the widget's subtree, button presses and releases and pointer
      motion are reported to the grab widget, and windows outside the
      subtree become insensitive until the grab is released. A local
      grab affects only the grabbing application. Any grab previously
      set by this application on the widget's display is automatically
      released. Setting a grab is the usual way to make a dialog
      modal: while the grab is in effect the user cannot interact with
      the other windows of the application.

   grab_set_global()

      Set a global grab on this widget. A global grab is like the
      local grab set by "grab_set()", but it locks out all other
      applications on the screen, so that only this widget's subtree
      is sensitive to pointer events, and it also grabs the keyboard.
      Use with caution: it is easy to render a display unusable with a
      global grab, since other applications stop receiving events
      until it is released.

   grab_release()

      Release the grab on this widget if there is one; otherwise do
      nothing.

   grab_current()

      Return the widget that currently holds the grab in this
      application for this widget's display, or "None" if there is no
      such widget.

   grab_status()

      Return "None" if no grab is currently set on this widget,
      ""local"" if a local grab is set, or ""global"" if a global grab
      is set.

   The methods with the "selection_" prefix retrieve and manage the X
   selection.

   selection_clear(**kw)

      Clear the X selection, so that no window owns it anymore. The
      selection to clear is given by the keyword argument *selection*,
      an atom name such as "'PRIMARY'" or "'CLIPBOARD'"; it defaults
      to "PRIMARY". The *displayof* keyword argument names a widget
      that determines the display on which to operate, and defaults to
      this widget.

      This is overridden by the "Entry", "Listbox" and "Spinbox"
      widgets, where "selection_clear()" clears the widget's own
      selection instead.

   selection_get(**kw)

      Return the contents of the current X selection. The keyword
      argument *selection* names the selection and defaults to
      "PRIMARY". The keyword argument *type* specifies the form in
      which the data is to be returned (the desired conversion
      target), an atom name such as "'STRING'" or "'FILE_NAME'"; it
      defaults to "STRING", except on X11, where "UTF8_STRING" is
      tried first and "STRING" is used as a fallback. The *displayof*
      keyword argument names a widget that determines the display from
      which to retrieve the selection, and defaults to this widget.

   selection_handle(command, **kw)

      Register *command* as a handler to supply the X selection owned
      by this widget when another application requests it. When the
      selection is retrieved, *command* is called with two arguments,
      the starting character offset and the maximum number of
      characters to return, and must return at most that many
      characters of the selection starting at that offset; for very
      long selections it is called repeatedly with increasing offsets.
      The keyword argument *selection* names the selection (default
      "PRIMARY") and the keyword argument *type* gives the form of the
      selection that the handler supplies (such as "'STRING'" or
      "'FILE_NAME'", default "STRING").

   selection_own(**kw)

      Make this widget the owner of the X selection on its display.
      The previous owner, if any, is notified that it has lost the
      selection. The keyword argument *selection* names the selection
      and defaults to "PRIMARY".

   selection_own_get(**kw)

      Return the widget in this application that owns the X selection
      on the display containing this widget, or "None" if no widget in
      this application owns the selection. The keyword argument
      *selection* names the selection and defaults to "PRIMARY". The
      *displayof* keyword argument names a widget that determines the
      display to query, and defaults to this widget.

   The methods with the "clipboard_" prefix manage the clipboard.

   clipboard_append(string, **kw)

      Append *string* to the Tk clipboard and claim ownership of the
      clipboard on this widget's display. Before appending, the
      clipboard should be emptied with "clipboard_clear()"; all
      appends should be completed before returning to the event loop
      so that the clipboard is updated atomically. The keyword
      argument *type* specifies the form of the data, an atom name
      such as "'STRING'" or "'FILE_NAME'" (default "STRING"), and the
      keyword argument *format* specifies the representation used to
      transmit it (default "STRING"). The *displayof* keyword argument
      names a widget that determines the target display, and defaults
      to this widget. The contents can be retrieved with
      "clipboard_get()" or "selection_get()".

   clipboard_clear(**kw)

      Claim ownership of the clipboard on this widget's display and
      remove any previous contents. The *displayof* keyword argument
      names a widget that determines the target display, and defaults
      to this widget.

   clipboard_get(**kw)

      Retrieve data from the clipboard on this widget's display. The
      keyword argument *type* specifies the form in which the data is
      to be returned, an atom name such as "'STRING'" or
      "'FILE_NAME'"; it defaults to "STRING", except on X11, where
      "UTF8_STRING" is tried first and "STRING" is used as a fallback.
      The *displayof* keyword argument names a widget that determines
      the display, and defaults to the root window of the application.
      This is equivalent to "selection_get(selection='CLIPBOARD')".

   The methods with the "option_" prefix query and modify the Tk
   option database.

   option_add(pattern, value, priority=None)

      Add an option to the Tk option database that associates *value*
      with *pattern*. *pattern* consists of names and/or classes
      separated by asterisks or dots, in the usual X format.
      *priority* is an integer between 0 and 100, or one of the
      symbolic names "'widgetDefault'" (20), "'startupFile'" (40),
      "'userDefault'" (60), or "'interactive'" (80); it defaults to
      "interactive".

   option_clear()

      Clear the Tk option database. Default options from the
      "RESOURCE_MANAGER" property or the ".Xdefaults" file are
      reloaded automatically the next time an option is added to or
      removed from the database.

   option_get(name, className)

      Return the value of the option matching this widget under *name*
      and *className* from the Tk option database, or an empty string
      if there is no matching entry. When several entries match, the
      one with the highest priority is returned, and among entries of
      equal priority the most recently added one.

   option_readfile(fileName, priority=None)

      Read the file named *fileName*, which should have the standard
      format for an X resource database such as ".Xdefaults", and add
      all the options it specifies to the Tk option database.
      *priority* is interpreted as for "option_add()" and defaults to
      "interactive".

   bell(displayof=0)

      Ring the bell on the display for this widget, using the
      display's current bell-related settings, and reset the screen
      saver for the screen. If *displayof* is given as a widget, the
      bell is rung on that widget's display instead.

   tk_setPalette(background, /)
   tk_setPalette(*args, **kw)

      Set a new color scheme for all Tk widget elements. Existing
      widgets are updated and the option database is changed so that
      future widgets use the new colors. A single color argument is
      taken as the normal background color, from which a complete
      palette is computed. Alternatively, the arguments may be given
      as keyword *name*/*value* pairs naming individual options in the
      option database. The recognized option names are
      "activeBackground", "activeForeground", "background",
      "disabledForeground", "foreground", "highlightBackground",
      "highlightColor", "insertBackground", "selectColor",
      "selectBackground", "selectForeground", and "troughColor";
      reasonable defaults are computed for any that are not specified.

   tk_bisque()

      Restore the application's colors to the light brown (bisque)
      color scheme used in Tk 3.6 and earlier versions. Provided for
      backward compatibility.

   tk_strictMotif(boolean=None)

      Query or set whether Tk's look and feel should strictly adhere
      to Motif. A true *boolean* value enables strict Motif compliance
      (for example, no color change when the mouse passes over a
      slider). Return the resulting setting.

   The methods with the "busy_" prefix manage the busy state of a
   window, which shows a busy cursor and ignores user input.

   tk_busy_hold(**kw)

      Make this widget appear busy. A transparent window is placed in
      front of the widget, so that it and all of its descendants in
      the widget hierarchy are blocked from pointer events and display
      a busy cursor. Normally "update()" should be called immediately
      afterwards to ensure that the hold operation is in effect before
      the application starts its processing.

      The only supported configuration option is *cursor*, the cursor
      to be displayed while the widget is busy; it may have any of the
      values accepted by "configure()".

      "busy_hold()", "busy()" and "tk_busy()" are aliases of
      "tk_busy_hold()".

      Added in version 3.13.

   tk_busy_configure(cnf=None, **kw)

      Query or modify the configuration options of the busy window.
      The widget must have been previously made busy by
      "tk_busy_hold()". With no arguments, return a dictionary
      describing all of the available options; if *cnf* is the name of
      an option, return a tuple describing that one option. Otherwise
      set the given options to the given values. Options may have any
      of the values accepted by "tk_busy_hold()".

      The option database is referenced through the widget name or
      class. For example, if a "Frame" widget named "frame" is to be
      made busy, the busy cursor can be specified for it by either of
      the calls:

         w.option_add('*frame.busyCursor', 'gumby')
         w.option_add('*Frame.BusyCursor', 'gumby')

      "busy_configure()", "busy_config()" and "tk_busy_config()" are
      aliases of "tk_busy_configure()".

      Added in version 3.13.

   tk_busy_cget(option)

      Return the current value of the busy configuration *option*. The
      widget must have been previously made busy by "tk_busy_hold()",
      and *option* may have any of the values accepted by that method.

      "busy_cget()" is an alias of "tk_busy_cget()".

      Added in version 3.13.

   tk_busy_forget()

      Make this widget no longer busy, releasing the resources
      (including the transparent window) allocated when it was made
      busy. User events will again be received by the widget. These
      resources are also released when the widget is destroyed.

      "busy_forget()" is an alias of "tk_busy_forget()".

      Added in version 3.13.

   tk_busy_status()

      Return "True" if the widget is currently busy, "False"
      otherwise.

      "busy_status()" is an alias of "tk_busy_status()".

      Added in version 3.13.

   tk_busy_current(pattern=None)

      Return a list of widgets that are currently busy. If *pattern*
      is given, only busy widgets whose path names match the pattern
      are returned.

      "busy_current()" is an alias of "tk_busy_current()".

      Added in version 3.13.

   The methods with the "winfo_" prefix retrieve information about
   windows managed by Tk.

   winfo_atom(name, displayof=0)

      Return the integer identifier for the atom whose name is *name*,
      creating a new atom if none exists. If *displayof* is given, the
      atom is looked up on the display of that window; otherwise it is
      looked up on the display of the application's main window.

   winfo_atomname(id, displayof=0)

      Return the textual name for the atom whose integer identifier is
      *id*. This is the inverse of "winfo_atom()". If *displayof* is
      given, the identifier is looked up on the display of that
      window; otherwise it is looked up on the display of the
      application's main window.

   winfo_cells()

      Return the number of cells in the colormap for the widget.

   winfo_children()

      Return a list containing the widgets that are children of the
      widget, in stacking order from lowest to highest. Toplevel
      windows are returned as children of their logical parents.

   winfo_class()

      Return the class name of the widget.

   winfo_colormapfull()

      Return "True" if the colormap for the widget is known to be
      full, "False" otherwise.

   winfo_containing(rootX, rootY, displayof=0)

      Return the widget containing the point given by *rootX* and
      *rootY*, or "None" if no window in this application contains the
      point. The coordinates are in screen units in the coordinate
      system of the root window. If *displayof* is given, the
      coordinates refer to the screen containing that window;
      otherwise they refer to the screen of the application's main
      window.

   winfo_depth()

      Return the depth of the widget, that is, the number of bits per
      pixel.

   winfo_exists()

      Return true if the widget exists, false otherwise.

   winfo_fpixels(number)

      Return a floating-point value giving the number of pixels in the
      widget corresponding to the screen distance *number* (for
      example, ""2.0c"" or ""1i""). The result may be fractional; for
      a rounded integer value use "winfo_pixels()".

   winfo_geometry()

      Return the geometry of the widget, in the form
      "widthxheight+x+y". All dimensions are in pixels. An offset can
      be negative; see "geometry()".

   winfo_height()

      Return the height of the widget in pixels. When a window is
      first created its height is 1 pixel; it is eventually changed by
      a geometry manager. See also "winfo_reqheight()".

   winfo_id()

      Return a low-level platform-specific identifier for the widget.
      On Unix this is the X window identifier, and on Windows it is
      the window handle.

   winfo_interps(displayof=0)

      Return a tuple of the names of all Tcl interpreters currently
      registered for a particular display. If *displayof* is given,
      the return value refers to the display of that window; otherwise
      it refers to the display of the application's main window.

   winfo_ismapped()

      Return true if the widget is currently mapped, false otherwise.

   winfo_manager()

      Return the name of the geometry manager currently responsible
      for the widget, or an empty string if it is not managed by any
      geometry manager.

   winfo_name()

      Return the widget's name within its parent, as opposed to its
      full path name.

   winfo_parent()

      Return the path name of the widget's parent, or an empty string
      if the widget is the main window of the application.

   winfo_pathname(id, displayof=0)

      Return the path name of the window whose identifier is *id*. If
      *displayof* is given, the identifier is looked up on the display
      of that window; otherwise it is looked up on the display of the
      application's main window.

   winfo_pixels(number)

      Return the number of pixels in the widget corresponding to the
      screen distance *number* (for example, ""2.0c"" or ""1i""). The
      result is rounded to the nearest integer; for a fractional
      result use "winfo_fpixels()".

   winfo_pointerx()

      Return the pointer's *x* coordinate, in pixels, relative to the
      screen's root window (or virtual root, if one is in use). Return
      "-1" if the pointer is not on the same screen as the widget.

   winfo_pointerxy()

      Return the pointer's coordinates as an "(x, y)" tuple, in
      pixels, relative to the screen's root window (or virtual root,
      if one is in use). Both coordinates are "-1" if the pointer is
      not on the same screen as the widget.

   winfo_pointery()

      Return the pointer's *y* coordinate, in pixels, relative to the
      screen's root window (or virtual root, if one is in use). Return
      "-1" if the pointer is not on the same screen as the widget.

   winfo_reqheight()

      Return the widget's requested height in pixels. This is the
      value used by the widget's geometry manager to compute its
      geometry.

   winfo_reqwidth()

      Return the widget's requested width in pixels. This is the value
      used by the widget's geometry manager to compute its geometry.

   winfo_rgb(color)

      Return an "(r, g, b)" tuple of the red, green, and blue
      intensities, in the range 0 to 65535, that correspond to *color*
      in the widget. *color* may be specified in any of the forms
      acceptable for a color option.

   winfo_rootx()

      Return the *x* coordinate, in the root window of the screen, of
      the upper-left corner of the widget's border (or of the widget
      itself if it has no border).

   winfo_rooty()

      Return the *y* coordinate, in the root window of the screen, of
      the upper-left corner of the widget's border (or of the widget
      itself if it has no border).

   winfo_screen()

      Return the name of the screen associated with the widget, in the
      form "displayName.screenIndex".

   winfo_screencells()

      Return the number of cells in the default colormap for the
      widget's screen.

   winfo_screendepth()

      Return the depth of the root window of the widget's screen, that
      is, the number of bits per pixel.

   winfo_screenheight()

      Return the height of the widget's screen in pixels.

   winfo_screenmmheight()

      Return the height of the widget's screen in millimeters.

   winfo_screenmmwidth()

      Return the width of the widget's screen in millimeters.

   winfo_screenvisual()

      Return the default visual class for the widget's screen, one of
      ""directcolor"", ""grayscale"", ""pseudocolor"",
      ""staticcolor"", ""staticgray"", or ""truecolor"".

   winfo_screenwidth()

      Return the width of the widget's screen in pixels.

   winfo_server()

      Return a string containing information about the server for the
      widget's display. The exact format of this string may vary from
      platform to platform.

   winfo_toplevel()

      Return the top-of-hierarchy window containing the widget. In
      standard Tk this is always a "Toplevel" widget.

   winfo_viewable()

      Return true if the widget and all of its ancestors up through
      the nearest toplevel window are mapped, false otherwise.

   winfo_visual()

      Return the visual class for the widget, one of ""directcolor"",
      ""grayscale"", ""pseudocolor"", ""staticcolor"", ""staticgray"",
      or ""truecolor"".

   winfo_visualid()

      Return the X identifier for the visual for the widget.

   winfo_visualsavailable(includeids=False)

      Return a list describing the visuals available for the widget's
      screen. Each item consists of a visual class (see
      "winfo_visual()") followed by an integer depth. If *includeids*
      is true, the X identifier for the visual is also included.

   winfo_vrootheight()

      Return the height of the virtual root window associated with the
      widget if there is one; otherwise return the height of the
      widget's screen.

   winfo_vrootwidth()

      Return the width of the virtual root window associated with the
      widget if there is one; otherwise return the width of the
      widget's screen.

   winfo_vrootx()

      Return the *x* offset of the virtual root window associated with
      the widget, relative to the root window of its screen. This is
      normally zero or negative, and is "0" if there is no virtual
      root window.

   winfo_vrooty()

      Return the *y* offset of the virtual root window associated with
      the widget, relative to the root window of its screen. This is
      normally zero or negative, and is "0" if there is no virtual
      root window.

   winfo_width()

      Return the width of the widget in pixels. When a window is first
      created its width is 1 pixel; it is eventually changed by a
      geometry manager. See also "winfo_reqwidth()".

   winfo_x()

      Return the *x* coordinate, in the widget's parent, of the upper-
      left corner of the widget's border (or of the widget itself if
      it has no border).

   winfo_y()

      Return the *y* coordinate, in the widget's parent, of the upper-
      left corner of the widget's border (or of the widget itself if
      it has no border).

   info_patchlevel()

      Return the Tcl/Tk patch level as a named tuple with the same
      five fields as "sys.version_info": *major*, *minor*, *micro*,
      *releaselevel* and *serial*. *releaselevel* is "'alpha'",
      "'beta'" or "'final'". Converting it to a string gives the
      version in the usual Tcl/Tk notation, for example "'9.0.3'" for
      a final release or "'9.1b2'" for a pre-release.

      Added in version 3.11.

class tkinter.Wm

   The "Wm" mixin provides access to the window manager, allowing an
   application to control such things as the title, geometry and icon
   of a top-level window, the way it is resized, and how it responds
   to window manager protocols. It is mixed into "Tk" and "Toplevel",
   so its methods are available on every top-level window. Each method
   has two equivalent spellings: a short name and a "wm_"-prefixed
   name (for example, "title()" and "wm_title()"). See also The window
   manager.

   aspect(minNumer=None, minDenom=None, maxNumer=None, maxDenom=None)

      Constrain the aspect ratio (the ratio of width to height) of the
      window. If all four arguments are given, the window manager
      keeps the ratio between "minNumer/minDenom" and
      "maxNumer/maxDenom"; passing empty strings removes any existing
      restriction. With no arguments, return a tuple of the four
      current values, or "None" if no aspect restriction is in effect.
      "wm_aspect()" is an alias of "aspect()".

   attributes(*args, return_python_dict=False, **kwargs)

      Query or set platform-specific attributes of the window. With no
      arguments, return the platform-specific flags and their values;
      pass *return_python_dict* as true to get them as a dictionary. A
      single option name such as "'alpha'" returns the value of that
      option, and options are set using keyword arguments
      ("alpha=0.5").

      The available attributes differ by platform. All platforms
      support:

      *alpha*
         The window's opacity, from "0.0" (fully transparent) to "1.0"
         (opaque). Where transparency is unsupported the value stays
         at "1.0".

      *appearance*
         Whether the window is rendered in dark mode on Windows and
         macOS: "'auto'", "'light'" or "'dark'" (this has no effect on
         X11).

      *fullscreen*
         Whether the window takes up the entire screen and has no
         borders.

      *topmost*
         Whether the window is displayed above all other windows.

      Windows additionally supports:

      *disabled*
         Whether the window is in a disabled state.

      *toolwindow*
         Whether the window uses the tool window style.

      *transparentcolor*
         The color that is made fully transparent, or an empty string
         for none.

      macOS additionally supports:

      *class*
         Whether the underlying Aqua window is an "nswindow" or an
         "nspanel"; this can only be set before the window is created.

      *modified*
         The modification state shown by the window's close button and
         proxy icon.

      *notify*
         Whether the application's dock icon bounces to request
         attention.

      *stylemask*
         The style mask of the underlying Aqua window, given as a list
         of bit names such as "titled" or "resizable".

      *tabbingid*
         The identifier of the tab group that the window belongs to.

      *tabbingmode*
         Whether the window may be opened as a tab: "'auto'",
         "'preferred'" or "'disallowed'".

      *titlepath*
         The path of the file represented by the window's proxy icon.

      *transparent*
         Whether the content area is transparent and the window shadow
         is turned off.

      X11 additionally supports:

      *type*
         The window type, or a list of types in order of preference,
         that the window manager should use to interpret the window,
         such as "'dialog'" or "'splash'".

      *zoomed*
         Whether the window is maximized.

      注釈:

        Tk 8.6 added the *type* attribute, and Tk 9.0 added the
        *appearance*, *class*, *stylemask*, *tabbingid* and
        *tabbingmode* attributes.

      On X11 changes are applied asynchronously, so a queried value
      may not yet reflect the most recent request. "wm_attributes()"
      is an alias of "attributes()".

      バージョン 3.13 で変更: A single attribute may now be queried by
      name without the leading "-", and attributes may be set using
      keyword arguments. The *return_python_dict* parameter was added.

      バージョン 3.13 で非推奨: Setting an attribute by passing the
      option name (with a leading "-") and its value as two positional
      arguments, as in "w.attributes('-alpha', 0.5)", is deprecated;
      use keyword arguments instead.

   client(name=None)

      Store *name*, which should be the name of the host on which the
      application is running, in the window's "WM_CLIENT_MACHINE"
      property for use by the window or session manager. An empty
      string deletes the property. With no argument, return the last
      name set, or an empty string. "wm_client()" is an alias of
      "client()".

   colormapwindows(*wlist)

      Manipulate the "WM_COLORMAP_WINDOWS" property, which tells the
      window manager about windows that have private colormaps. If
      *wlist* is given, overwrite the property with those windows
      (their order is a priority order for installing colormaps). With
      no arguments, return the list of windows currently named in the
      property. "wm_colormapwindows()" is an alias of
      "colormapwindows()".

   command(value=None)

      Store *value* in the window's "WM_COMMAND" property for use by
      the window or session manager; it should be a list giving the
      words of the command used to invoke the application. An empty
      string deletes the property. With no argument, return the last
      value set, or an empty string. "wm_command()" is an alias of
      "command()".

   deiconify()

      Display the window in normal (non-iconified) form by mapping it.
      If the window has never been mapped, this ensures it appears de-
      iconified when it is first mapped. On Windows the window is also
      raised and given the focus. "wm_deiconify()" is an alias of
      "deiconify()".

   focusmodel(model=None)

      Set or query the focus model for the window. *model* is either
      "'active'" (the window claims the input focus for itself or its
      descendants, even when the focus is in another application) or
      "'passive'" (the window relies on the window manager to give it
      the focus). With no argument, return the current model. The
      default is "'passive'", which is what the "focus()" command
      assumes. "wm_focusmodel()" is an alias of "focusmodel()".

   forget(window)

      Unmap *window* from the screen so that it is no longer managed
      by the window manager. A "Toplevel" is then treated like a
      "Frame", although its "-menu" configuration is remembered and
      the menu reappears if the widget is managed again. "wm_forget()"
      is an alias of "forget()".

      Not to be confused with "Pack.forget()".

      Added in version 3.3.

   frame()

      Return the platform-specific window identifier for the outermost
      decorative frame containing the window, if the window manager
      has reparented it into such a frame; otherwise return the
      identifier of the window itself. "wm_frame()" is an alias of
      "frame()".

   geometry(newGeometry=None)

      Set or query the geometry of the window. *newGeometry* has the
      form "=widthxheight+x+y", where any of "=", "widthxheight" and
      the "+x+y" position may be omitted. *width* and *height* are in
      pixels (or grid units for a gridded window); a position preceded
      by "+" is measured from the left or top edge of the screen and
      one preceded by "-" from the right or bottom edge. An offset can
      be negative, as in "'200x100+-9+-8'", when the window edge is
      positioned beyond the corresponding screen edge. An empty string
      cancels any user-specified geometry, letting the window revert
      to its natural size. With no argument, return the current
      geometry as a string of the form "'200x200+10+10'".
      "wm_geometry()" is an alias of "geometry()".

   grid(baseWidth=None, baseHeight=None, widthInc=None, heightInc=None)

      Manage the window as a gridded window and define the
      relationship between grid units and pixels. *baseWidth* and
      *baseHeight* are the numbers of grid units for the window's
      internally requested size, and *widthInc* and *heightInc* are
      the pixel sizes of a horizontal and vertical grid unit. Empty
      strings turn off gridded management. With no arguments, return a
      tuple of the four current values, or "None" if the window is not
      gridded. "wm_grid()" is an alias of "grid()".

      Not to be confused with the grid geometry manager "Grid.grid()".

   group(pathName=None)

      Set or query the leader of a group of related windows.
      *pathName* gives the path name of the group leader; the window
      manager may, for example, unmap all windows in the group when
      the leader is iconified. An empty string removes the window from
      any group. With no argument, return the path name of the current
      group leader, or an empty string. "wm_group()" is an alias of
      "group()".

   iconbitmap(bitmap=None, default=None)

      Set or query the bitmap used by the window manager for the
      window's icon. *bitmap* names a bitmap in one of the standard
      forms accepted by Tk; an empty string cancels the current icon
      bitmap. With no argument, return the name of the current icon
      bitmap, or an empty string. On Windows the *default* argument
      names an icon (for example an ".ico" file) applied to all top-
      level windows that have no icon of their own. "wm_iconbitmap()"
      is an alias of "iconbitmap()".

   iconify()

      Iconify the window. If the window has not yet been mapped for
      the first time, arrange for it to appear in the iconified state
      when it is eventually mapped. "wm_iconify()" is an alias of
      "iconify()".

   iconmask(bitmap=None)

      Set or query the bitmap used as a mask for the icon (see
      "iconbitmap()"). Where the mask is zero no icon is displayed;
      where it is one, the corresponding bits of the icon bitmap are
      shown. An empty string cancels the current mask. With no
      argument, return the name of the current icon mask, or an empty
      string. "wm_iconmask()" is an alias of "iconmask()".

   iconname(newName=None)

      Set or query the name displayed by the window manager inside the
      window's icon. With no argument, return the current icon name,
      or an empty string if none has been set (in which case the
      window manager normally displays the window's title).
      "wm_iconname()" is an alias of "iconname()".

   iconphoto(default=False, *images)

      Set the titlebar icon for the window from one or more
      "PhotoImage" objects given in *images*. Several images of
      different sizes (for example 16x16 and 32x32) may be supplied so
      that the window manager can choose an appropriate one. The image
      data is taken as a snapshot at the time of the call; later
      changes to the images are not reflected. If *default* is true,
      the icon is also applied to all top-level windows created in the
      future. On macOS only the first image is used. "wm_iconphoto()"
      is an alias of "iconphoto()".

      Added in version 3.3.

   iconposition(x=None, y=None)

      Set or query a hint to the window manager about where the
      window's icon should be positioned. Empty strings cancel an
      existing hint. With no arguments, return a tuple of the two
      current values, or "None" if no hint is in effect.
      "wm_iconposition()" is an alias of "iconposition()".

   iconwindow(pathName=None)

      Set or query the window used as the icon for the window. When
      the window is iconified, *pathName* is mapped to serve as its
      icon and unmapped again when it is de-iconified. An empty string
      cancels the association. With no argument, return the path name
      of the current icon window, or an empty string. Not all window
      managers support icon windows, and the concept is meaningless on
      non-X11 platforms. "wm_iconwindow()" is an alias of
      "iconwindow()".

   manage(widget)

      Make *widget* a stand-alone top-level window, decorated by the
      window manager with a title bar and so on. Only "Frame",
      "LabelFrame" and "Toplevel" widgets may be used (the
      "tkinter.ttk" versions are **not** accepted); passing any other
      widget type raises an error. "wm_manage()" is an alias of
      "manage()".

      Added in version 3.3.

   maxsize(width=None, height=None)

      Set or query the maximum permissible dimensions of the window,
      in pixels (or grid units for a gridded window). The window
      manager restricts the window to be no larger than *width* and
      *height*. With no arguments, return a tuple of the current
      maximum width and height. The maximum size defaults to the size
      of the screen. "wm_maxsize()" is an alias of "maxsize()".

   minsize(width=None, height=None)

      Set or query the minimum permissible dimensions of the window,
      in pixels (or grid units for a gridded window). The window
      manager restricts the window to be no smaller than *width* and
      *height*. With no arguments, return a tuple of the current
      minimum width and height. The minimum size defaults to one pixel
      in each dimension. "wm_minsize()" is an alias of "minsize()".

   overrideredirect(boolean=None)

      Set or query the override-redirect flag for the window. When
      this flag is set, the window is ignored by the window manager:
      it is not reparented into a decorative frame and the user cannot
      manipulate it through the usual window manager controls. With no
      argument, return a boolean indicating whether the flag is set,
      or "None" if it has not been set. The flag is reliably honored
      only when the window is first mapped or remapped from the
      withdrawn state. "wm_overrideredirect()" is an alias of
      "overrideredirect()".

   positionfrom(who=None)

      Set or query the source of the window's current position. *who*
      is either "'program'" or "'user'" and indicates whether the
      position was requested by the program or by the user; an empty
      string cancels the current source. With no argument, return the
      current source, or an empty string if none has been set. Tk
      automatically sets the source to "'user'" when "geometry()" is
      called, unless it has been set explicitly to "'program'".
      "wm_positionfrom()" is an alias of "positionfrom()".

   protocol(name=None, func=None)

      Register *func* as the handler for the window manager protocol
      *name*, an atom such as "'WM_DELETE_WINDOW'",
      "'WM_SAVE_YOURSELF'" or "'WM_TAKE_FOCUS'"; *func* is then called
      whenever the window manager sends a message of that protocol. Tk
      installs a default "WM_DELETE_WINDOW" handler that destroys the
      window, which this method can replace. If *func* is an empty
      string, the handler is removed. With only *name*, return the
      name of its registered handler command, or an empty string if
      none is set (the default "WM_DELETE_WINDOW" handler is not
      reported); with no arguments, return a tuple of the protocols
      that currently have handlers. "wm_protocol()" is an alias of
      "protocol()".

   resizable(width=None, height=None)

      Control whether the user may interactively resize the window.
      *width* and *height* are boolean values that determine whether
      the window's width and height may be changed. With no arguments,
      return a tuple of two "0"/"1" values indicating whether each
      dimension is currently resizable. By default a window is
      resizable in both dimensions. "wm_resizable()" is an alias of
      "resizable()".

   sizefrom(who=None)

      Set or query the source of the window's current size. *who* is
      either "'program'" or "'user'" and indicates whether the size
      was requested by the program or by the user; an empty string
      cancels the current source. With no argument, return the current
      source, or an empty string if none has been set. "wm_sizefrom()"
      is an alias of "sizefrom()".

   state(newstate=None)

      Set or query the state of the window. With no argument, return
      the current state: one of "'normal'", "'iconic'", "'withdrawn'",
      "'icon'" or, on Windows and macOS only, "'zoomed'". "'iconic'"
      refers to a window that has been iconified, while "'icon'"
      refers to a window serving as the icon for another window (see
      "iconwindow()"); the "'icon'" state cannot be set. "wm_state()"
      is an alias of "state()".

      Not to be confused with "ttk.Widget.state".

   title(string=None)

      Set or query the title for the window, which the window manager
      should display in the window's title bar. With no argument,
      return the current title. The title defaults to the window's
      name. "wm_title()" is an alias of "title()".

   transient(master=None)

      Mark the window as a transient window (such as a pull-down menu
      or dialog) working on behalf of *master*, the path name of
      another top-level window. An empty string clears the transient
      status. With no argument, return the path name of the current
      master, or an empty string. A transient window mirrors state
      changes in its master and may be decorated differently by the
      window manager; it is an error to make a window a transient of
      itself. "wm_transient()" is an alias of "transient()".

   withdraw()

      Withdraw the window from the screen, unmapping it and causing
      the window manager to forget about it. If the window has never
      been mapped, it is instead mapped in the withdrawn state. It is
      sometimes necessary to withdraw a window and then re-map it (for
      example with "deiconify()") to make some window managers notice
      changes to window attributes. "wm_withdraw()" is an alias of
      "withdraw()".

class tkinter.Pack

   Geometry manager that arranges widgets by packing them against the
   sides of their container. The "Pack" mix-in is inherited by all
   widgets (through "Widget") and provides the methods for managing a
   widget with the *pack* geometry manager. See also Geometry
   management.

   注釈:

     "Pack", "Place" and "Grid" all define the short method names
     "forget()", "info()", "slaves()", "content()" and "propagate()".
     On a widget the bare names resolve to the *pack* manager's
     versions, since "Pack" and "Misc" precede "Place" and "Grid" in
     the method resolution order, whatever manager actually manages
     the widget; and "configure()"/"config()" configure the widget's
     options, not its geometry. Use the explicit "pack_*", "grid_*"
     and "place_*" methods (and "pack", "grid", "place" for geometry
     configuration) to act on a specific geometry manager.

   pack_configure(cnf={}, **kw)
   pack(cnf={}, **kw)

      Pack the widget inside its container, positioning it relative to
      the siblings already packed there. The supported options are:

      *side*
         Which side of the container to pack the widget against:
         "'top'" (the default), "'bottom'", "'left'" or "'right'".

      *fill*
         Whether to stretch the widget to fill its parcel: "'none'"
         (the default), "'x'", "'y'" or "'both'".

      *expand*
         Whether the widget should expand to consume any extra space
         in its container (a boolean, default false).

      *anchor*
         Where to position the widget in its parcel when the parcel is
         larger than the widget: an anchor such as "'n'" or "'sw'"
         (default "'center'").

      *ipadx*, *ipady*
         Internal padding added on the left and right (*ipadx*) or top
         and bottom (*ipady*) of the widget, as a screen distance
         (default "0").

      *padx*, *pady*
         External padding left on the left and right (*padx*) or top
         and bottom (*pady*) of the widget, as a screen distance or a
         pair of two distances for the two sides (default "0").

      *after*
         Pack the widget after the given widget in the packing order,
         using the same container.

      *before*
         Pack the widget before the given widget in the packing order,
         using the same container.

      *in_*
         The container in which to pack the widget; it defaults to the
         parent widget.

      "pack()", "configure()" and "config()" are aliases of
      "pack_configure()".

   pack_forget()

      Unmap the widget and remove it from the packing order,
      forgetting its packing options. It can be packed again later
      with "pack_configure()". "forget()" is an alias of
      "pack_forget()", except on "PanedWindow", "ttk.Notebook" and
      "ttk.PanedWindow", which provide their own "forget()" method.

      Not to be confused with "Wm.forget()".

   pack_info()

      Return a dictionary of the widget's current packing options.
      "info()" is an alias of "pack_info()".

   pack_propagate()
   pack_propagate(flag)

      Same as "Misc.pack_propagate()", treating this widget as a
      container: enable or disable geometry propagation. "propagate()"
      is an alias of "pack_propagate()".

   pack_slaves()

      Same as "Misc.pack_slaves()": return the list of widgets packed
      in this widget. "slaves()" is an alias of "pack_slaves()".

class tkinter.Place

   Geometry manager that places widgets at explicit positions and
   sizes within their container. The "Place" mix-in is inherited by
   all widgets (through "Widget"). See also Geometry management.

   place_configure(cnf={}, **kw)
   place(cnf={}, **kw)

      Place the widget inside its container at an absolute or relative
      position. The supported options are:

      *x*, *y*
         The absolute horizontal and vertical position of the widget's
         anchor point, as a screen distance (default "0").

      *relx*, *rely*
         The horizontal and vertical position of the widget's anchor
         point as a fraction of the container's width and height,
         where "0.0" is the left or top edge and "1.0" is the right or
         bottom edge. If both the absolute and the relative option are
         given, their values are summed.

      *anchor*
         Which point of the widget is placed at the given position: an
         anchor such as "'n'" or "'se'" (default "'nw'").

      *width*, *height*
         The absolute width and height of the widget, as a screen
         distance. By default the widget's requested size is used.

      *relwidth*, *relheight*
         The width and height of the widget as a fraction of the
         container's width and height. If both the absolute and the
         relative option are given, their values are summed.

      *bordermode*
         How the container's border affects placement: "'inside'" (the
         default) measures the area inside the border, "'outside'"
         measures the area including the border, and "'ignore'" uses
         the official X area.

      *in_*
         The container relative to which the widget is placed; it must
         be the widget's parent or a descendant of the parent, and
         defaults to the parent.

      "place()", "configure()" and "config()" are aliases of
      "place_configure()".

   place_forget()

      Unmap the widget and remove it from the placement, forgetting
      its place options.

   place_info()

      Return a dictionary of the widget's current place options.

   place_slaves()

      Same as "Misc.place_slaves()": return the list of widgets placed
      in this widget.

class tkinter.Grid

   Geometry manager that arranges widgets in a two-dimensional grid of
   rows and columns within their container. The "Grid" mix-in is
   inherited by all widgets (through "Widget"). See also Geometry
   management.

   grid_configure(cnf={}, **kw)
   grid(cnf={}, **kw)

      Position the widget in a cell of its container's grid.

      Not to be confused with "Wm.grid()".

      The supported options are:

      *row*, *column*
         The row and column of the cell to place the widget in,
         counting from "0". *column* defaults to the column after the
         previous widget placed in the same "grid_configure()" call
         (or "0"), and *row* defaults to the next empty row.

      *rowspan*, *columnspan*
         The number of rows and columns the widget should span
         (default "1").

      *sticky*
         How to position or stretch the widget when its cell is larger
         than the widget: a string containing zero or more of the
         characters "'n'", "'s'", "'e'" and "'w'", naming the cell
         sides the widget sticks to. Specifying both "'n'" and "'s'"
         (or "'e'" and "'w'") stretches the widget to fill the height
         (or width) of the cell. The default is "''", which centers
         the widget at its requested size.

      *ipadx*, *ipady*
         Internal padding added on the left and right (*ipadx*) or top
         and bottom (*ipady*) of the widget, as a screen distance
         (default "0").

      *padx*, *pady*
         External padding left on the left and right (*padx*) or top
         and bottom (*pady*) of the widget, as a screen distance or a
         pair of two distances for the two sides (default "0").

      *in_*
         The container in whose grid to place the widget; it defaults
         to the parent widget.

      "grid()", "configure()" and "config()" are aliases of
      "grid_configure()".

   grid_forget()

      Unmap the widget and remove it from the grid, forgetting its
      grid options.

   grid_remove()

      Unmap the widget and remove it from the grid, but remember its
      grid options so that it is restored to the same cell if it is
      gridded again.

   grid_info()

      Return a dictionary of the widget's current grid options.

   grid_bbox(column=None, row=None, col2=None, row2=None)

      Same as "Misc.grid_bbox()". "bbox()" is an alias of
      "grid_bbox()", except on "Canvas", "Listbox", "Spinbox", "Text",
      "ttk.Entry" and "ttk.Treeview", which provide their own "bbox()"
      method.

   grid_columnconfigure(index, cnf={}, **kw)

      Same as "Misc.grid_columnconfigure()": query or set the options
      (such as *weight*, *minsize*, *pad* and *uniform*) of a grid
      column. "columnconfigure()" is an alias of
      "grid_columnconfigure()".

   grid_rowconfigure(index, cnf={}, **kw)

      Same as "Misc.grid_rowconfigure()": query or set the options of
      a grid row. "rowconfigure()" is an alias of
      "grid_rowconfigure()".

   grid_location(x, y)

      Same as "Misc.grid_location()": return the "(column, row)" of
      the cell that covers the pixel at *x*, *y*. "location()" is an
      alias of "grid_location()".

   grid_size()

      Same as "Misc.grid_size()": return a "(columns, rows)" tuple
      giving the size of the grid. "size()" is an alias of
      "grid_size()", except on the "Listbox" widget, which provides
      its own "size()" method.

   grid_propagate()
   grid_propagate(flag)

      Same as "Misc.grid_propagate()".

   grid_slaves(row=None, column=None)

      Same as "Misc.grid_slaves()": return the widgets managed in the
      grid, optionally restricted to a *row* and/or *column*.

class tkinter.XView

   Mix-in providing the horizontal-scrolling interface shared by
   widgets such as "Entry", "Canvas", "Listbox", "Text" and "Spinbox".
   A widget's "xview()" method is registered as the *command* of a
   horizontal "Scrollbar".

   xview(*args)

      Query or change the horizontal position of the view. With no
      arguments, return a tuple "(first, last)" of two fractions
      between 0 and 1 giving the portion of the document that is
      currently visible. Otherwise the arguments are passed to the Tk
      "xview" widget command and are usually generated by a scrollbar;
      "xview_moveto()" and "xview_scroll()" provide a more convenient
      interface.

   xview_moveto(fraction)

      Adjust the view so that *fraction* of the total width of the
      document is off-screen to the left. *fraction* is a number
      between 0 and 1.

   xview_scroll(number, what)

      Shift the view left or right by *number* units. *what* is either
      "'units'" or "'pages'"; a negative *number* scrolls left and a
      positive one scrolls right.

class tkinter.YView

   Mix-in providing the vertical-scrolling interface shared by widgets
   such as "Canvas", "Listbox" and "Text". A widget's "yview()" method
   is registered as the *command* of a vertical "Scrollbar".

   yview(*args)

      Query or change the vertical position of the view. With no
      arguments, return a tuple "(first, last)" of two fractions
      between 0 and 1 giving the portion of the document that is
      currently visible. Otherwise the arguments are passed to the Tk
      "yview" widget command, usually generated by a scrollbar;
      "yview_moveto()" and "yview_scroll()" provide a more convenient
      interface.

   yview_moveto(fraction)

      Adjust the view so that *fraction* of the total height of the
      document is off-screen above the top. *fraction* is a number
      between 0 and 1.

   yview_scroll(number, what)

      Shift the view up or down by *number* units. *what* is either
      "'units'" or "'pages'"; a negative *number* scrolls up and a
      positive one scrolls down.

class tkinter.BaseWidget(master, widgetName, cnf={}, kw={}, extra=())

   Internal base class for all widgets. It inherits from "Misc" and
   adds the machinery that creates the underlying Tk widget;
   application code normally uses "Widget" or a concrete widget class
   rather than instantiating "BaseWidget" directly.

   destroy()

      Destroy this widget and all of its children, removing the
      corresponding Tk widgets and deleting the associated Tcl
      commands.

class tkinter.Widget(master, widgetName, cnf={}, kw={}, extra=())

   Internal base class for the standard widgets. It combines
   "BaseWidget" with the geometry-manager mix-ins "Pack", "Place" and
   "Grid", so that every widget can be managed by any of the three
   geometry managers. The concrete widget classes ("Button", "Label",
   and so on) derive from "Widget".


Toplevel widgets
----------------

class tkinter.Tk(screenName=None, baseName=None, className='Tk', useTk=True, sync=False, use=None)

   Construct a toplevel Tk widget, which is usually the main window of
   an application, and initialize a Tcl interpreter for this widget.
   Each instance has its own associated Tcl interpreter. Inherits from
   "Misc" and "Wm".

   To create a Tcl interpreter without initializing the Tk subsystem,
   use the "Tcl()" factory function instead.

   The "Tk" class is typically instantiated using all default values.
   However, the following keyword arguments are currently recognized:

   *screenName*
      When given (as a string), sets the "DISPLAY" environment
      variable. (X11 only)

   *baseName*
      Name of the profile file.  By default, *baseName* is derived
      from the program name ("sys.argv[0]").

   *className*
      Name of the widget class.  Used as a profile file and also as
      the name with which Tcl is invoked (*argv0* in *interp*).

   *useTk*
      If "True", initialize the Tk subsystem.  The "tkinter.Tcl()"
      function sets this to "False".

   *sync*
      If "True", execute all X server commands synchronously, so that
      errors are reported immediately.  Can be used for debugging.
      (X11 only)

   *use*
      Specifies the *id* of the window in which to embed the
      application, instead of it being created as an independent
      toplevel window. *id* must be specified in the same way as the
      value for the -use option for toplevel widgets (that is, it has
      a form like that returned by "winfo_id()").

      Note that on some platforms this will only work correctly if
      *id* refers to a Tk frame or toplevel that has its -container
      option enabled.

   "Tk" reads and interprets profile files, named ".*className*.tcl"
   and ".*baseName*.tcl", into the Tcl interpreter and calls "exec()"
   on the contents of ".*className*.py" and ".*baseName*.py".  The
   path for the profile files is the "HOME" environment variable or,
   if that isn't defined, then "os.curdir".

   注釈:

     On Windows, creating a Tcl interpreter (by instantiating "Tk" or
     calling "Tcl()") sets the "HOME" environment variable for the
     process, if it is not already set, to "%HOMEDRIVE%%HOMEPATH%" (or
     "USERPROFILE", or "c:\").  This is done by Tcl and can affect
     other code that reads "HOME".

   tk

      The Tk application object created by instantiating "Tk".  This
      provides access to the Tcl interpreter.  Each widget that is
      attached the same instance of "Tk" has the same value for its
      "tk" attribute.

   master

      The widget object that contains this widget. For "Tk", the
      "master" is "None" because it is the main window. The terms
      *master* and *parent* are similar and sometimes used
      interchangeably as argument names; however, calling
      "winfo_parent()" returns a string of the widget name whereas
      "master" returns the object. *parent*/*child* reflects the tree-
      like relationship while *master* (or *container*)/*content*
      reflects the container structure.

   children

      The immediate descendants of this widget as a "dict" with the
      child widget names as the keys and the child instance objects as
      the values.

   destroy()

      Destroy this and all descendant widgets and, for the main
      window, end the connection to the underlying Tcl interpreter.

   loadtk()

      Finish loading and initializing the Tk subsystem. This is needed
      only when the interpreter was created without Tk (for example
      through "Tcl()"); it is called automatically when *useTk* is
      true.

   readprofile(baseName, className)

      Read and source the user's profile files ".*className*.tcl" and
      ".*baseName*.tcl" into the Tcl interpreter, and execute the
      corresponding ".*className*.py" and ".*baseName*.py" files. This
      is called during initialization; see the description of the
      constructor above.

   report_callback_exception(exc, val, tb)

      Report a callback exception. This is called when an exception
      propagates out of a Tkinter callback; *exc*, *val* and *tb* are
      the exception type, value and traceback as returned by
      "sys.exc_info()". The default implementation prints a traceback
      to "sys.stderr". It can be overridden to customize error
      handling, for example to display the traceback in a dialog.

class tkinter.Toplevel(master=None, cnf={}, **kw)

   A "Toplevel" widget is a top-level window, similar to a "Frame"
   except that its X parent is the root window of a screen rather than
   its logical parent. Its primary purpose is to serve as a container
   for dialog boxes and other collections of widgets; its only visible
   features are its background and an optional 3-D border. Notable
   options include *menu*, which installs a "Menu" as the window's
   menubar. Inherits from "BaseWidget" and "Wm", so a toplevel is
   managed by the window manager. Refer to the Tk "toplevel" manual
   page for the full list of options.


Widget classes
--------------

class tkinter.Button(master=None, cnf={}, **kw)

   A "Button" widget displays a textual string, bitmap or image and
   invokes a command when the user presses it (by clicking mouse
   button 1 over the button or, when the button has focus, by pressing
   the space key). Inherits from "Widget". In addition to the standard
   widget options, a button accepts the options documented in the Tk
   "button" manual page, such as *command* (the callback invoked when
   the button is pressed), *textvariable*, *state* and *default*.

   invoke()

      Invoke the command associated with the button, if there is one,
      and return its result, or an empty string if no command is
      associated with the button. This is ignored if the button's
      state is "disabled".

   flash()

      Flash the button by redisplaying it several times, alternating
      between the active and normal colors. At the end of the flash
      the button is left in the same normal or active state as when
      the method was called. This is ignored if the button's state is
      "disabled".

class tkinter.Canvas(master=None, cnf={}, **kw)

   A "Canvas" widget implements structured graphics. It displays any
   number of *items*, such as arcs, lines, ovals, polygons,
   rectangles, text, bitmaps, images and embedded windows, which may
   be drawn, moved, re-colored and bound to events. Inherits from
   "Widget", "XView" and "YView", so the view can be scrolled
   horizontally and vertically with "xview()" and "yview()". Refer to
   the Tk "canvas" manual page for the full list of widget and item
   options.

   Each item has a unique integer *id*, assigned when it is created,
   and zero or more string *tags*. A tag is an arbitrary string that
   does not have the form of an integer; the same tag may be shared by
   many items, which makes tags convenient for grouping items. The
   special tag "'all'" matches every item in the canvas, and
   "'current'" matches the topmost item under the mouse pointer. Most
   methods take a *tagOrId* argument that may be an integer id naming
   a single item, or a tag naming zero or more items; as described in
   the Tk "canvas" manual page, a tag may also be a logical expression
   of tags combined with the operators "&&", "||", "^", "!" and
   parentheses. When a method that operates on a single item is given
   a *tagOrId* matching several items, it normally uses the lowest
   matching item in the display list.

   The items are kept in a *display list* that determines drawing
   order: items later in the list are drawn on top of earlier ones. A
   newly created item is placed at the top of the list; the order can
   be changed with "tag_raise()" and "tag_lower()".

   create_arc(*args, **kw)
   create_bitmap(*args, **kw)
   create_image(*args, **kw)
   create_line(*args, **kw)
   create_oval(*args, **kw)
   create_polygon(*args, **kw)
   create_rectangle(*args, **kw)
   create_text(*args, **kw)
   create_window(*args, **kw)

      Create a new item of the corresponding type and return its
      integer id. Each method is called as "create_TYPE(coord...,
      **options)": the leading positional arguments give the
      coordinates that define the item (as separate numbers, as a
      single sequence of numbers, or as coordinate pairs), and the
      keyword arguments set item-specific options. Coordinates and
      screen distances may be given as numbers (interpreted as pixels)
      or as strings with a unit suffix ("'m'", "'c'", "'i'" or "'p'"
      for millimetres, centimetres, inches or printer's points), but
      are always stored and returned in pixels.

      The item types are: "arc" (an arc-shaped region that is a
      section of an oval, defined by two diagonally opposite corners
      "x1, y1, x2, y2" of the enclosing rectangle); "bitmap" (a two-
      color bitmap positioned at a point "x, y"); "image" (a Tk image
      positioned at a point "x, y"); "line" (a line or curve through
      the points "x1, y1, ..., xn, yn"); "oval" (a circle or ellipse
      inscribed in the rectangle "x1, y1, x2, y2"); "polygon" (a
      closed polygon through the points "x1, y1, ..., xn, yn");
      "rectangle" (a rectangle with corners "x1, y1, x2, y2"); "text"
      (a string of text positioned at a point "x, y"); and "window" (a
      child widget embedded in the canvas at a point "x, y", specified
      with the *window* option).

      Most item types accept a common set of *standard item options*,
      plus a few options specific to each type. Option names are
      passed as keyword arguments, without the leading hyphen.

      The standard item options are:

      *fill*
         The color used to fill the item's interior, or to draw a
         *line* item or the characters of a *text* item. An empty
         string (the default for all types except *line* and *text*)
         leaves the item unfilled.

      *outline*
         The color used to draw the item's outline. An empty string
         draws no outline.

      *width*
         The width of the outline, defaulting to "1.0". Has no effect
         if *outline* is empty.

      *dash*
         A dash pattern for the outline, given either as a sequence of
         segment lengths in pixels or as a string of the characters
         "'.'", "','", "'-'", "'_'" and space. An empty pattern (the
         default) draws a solid outline.

      *dashoffset*
         The starting offset in pixels into the *dash* pattern.
         Ignored if there is no *dash* pattern.

      *stipple*
         A bitmap used as a stipple pattern when filling the item.
         Only well supported on X11.

      *outlinestipple*
         A bitmap used as a stipple pattern when drawing the outline.
         Has no effect if *outline* is empty.

      *offset*, *outlineoffset*
         The offset of the fill and outline stipple patterns, given as
         "'x,y'" or as a side such as "'n'", "'se'" or "'center'".
         Stipple offsets are only supported on X11.

      *state*
         Overrides the canvas state for this item; one of "'normal'",
         "'disabled'" or "'hidden'".

      *tags*
         A single tag or a sequence of tags to associate with the
         item, replacing any existing tags.

      Many of these options have *active...* and *disabled...*
      variants (such as *activefill*, *disabledfill*, *activewidth*,
      *disableddash*, *activeoutline*, *disabledstipple*) that
      override the base option when the item is the active item (under
      the mouse pointer) or is in the disabled state.

      The following item types support additional options.

      For "arc" items:

      *start*
         The start of the arc's angular range, in degrees measured
         counter-clockwise from the 3-o'clock position.

      *extent*
         The size of the angular range, in degrees counter-clockwise
         from *start*.

      *style*
         How the arc is drawn: "'pieslice'" (the default), "'chord'"
         or "'arc'".

      For "line" items:

      *arrow*
         Where to draw arrowheads: "'none'" (the default), "'first'",
         "'last'" or "'both'".

      *arrowshape*
         A sequence of three distances describing the shape of the
         arrowheads.

      *capstyle*
         How line ends are drawn: "'butt'" (the default),
         "'projecting'" or "'round'".

      *joinstyle*
         How line vertices are drawn: "'round'" (the default),
         "'bevel'" or "'miter'".

      *smooth*
         The smoothing method: a false value (the default) for no
         smoothing, or "'true'"/"'bezier'" or "'raw'" to draw the line
         as a curve.

      *splinesteps*
         The number of line segments approximating each spline when
         *smooth* is enabled.

      For "polygon" items:

      *joinstyle*, *smooth*, *splinesteps*
         As for "line" items, applied to the polygon's outline.

      For "text" items:

      *text*
         The string to display; newline characters start new lines.

      *font*
         The font used for the text.

      *justify*
         How lines are justified: "'left'" (the default), "'right'" or
         "'center'".

      *anchor*
         How the text is positioned relative to its point, defaulting
         to "'center'".

      *width*
         The maximum line length; if non-zero, lines are wrapped at
         spaces.

      *angle*
         How many degrees to rotate the text counter-clockwise about
         its positioning point, from "0.0" to "360.0" (default "0.0").

      *underline*
         The index of a character to underline, or "-1" for none.

      For "bitmap" items:

      *bitmap*
         The bitmap to display.

      *anchor*
         How the bitmap is positioned relative to its point.

      *background*, *foreground*
         The colors used for the bitmap's "0" and "1" pixels; an empty
         *background* makes the "0" pixels transparent. Both have
         *active...* and *disabled...* variants, and *bitmap* has
         *activebitmap* and *disabledbitmap* variants.

      For "image" items:

      *image*
         The Tk image to display, previously created with the image
         protocols.

      *anchor*
         How the image is positioned relative to its point.

      Both options have *active...* and *disabled...* variants
      (*activeimage*, *disabledimage*) used in the active and disabled
      states.

      For "window" items:

      *window*
         The widget to embed; it must be a child of the canvas or of
         one of its ancestors, and may not be a top-level window.

      *anchor*
         How the window is positioned relative to its point.

      *width*, *height*
         The size to assign to the window; if zero (the default), the
         window is given its requested size.

      "oval" and "rectangle" items have no type-specific options; they
      use only the standard item options.

      注釈:

        Tk 8.6 added the *angle* option and Tk 9.0 added the
        *underline* option for "text" items.

   coords(tagOrId)
   coords(tagOrId, coordList, /)
   coords(tagOrId, /, *coordList)

      Query or modify the coordinates of an item. With only *tagOrId*,
      return a list of the floating-point coordinates of the item
      given by *tagOrId* (the first matching item if it matches
      several). Given new coordinates, replace the coordinates of that
      item with them; like the "create_*" methods, the coordinates may
      be given as separate numbers, as a single sequence, or as
      coordinate pairs. The returned coordinates are always in pixels,
      regardless of the units used to specify them; for rectangles,
      ovals and arcs they are ordered left, top, right, bottom.

      バージョン 3.12 で変更: The arguments are now flattened: the
      coordinates may be given as separate arguments, as a single
      sequence, or grouped in pairs, like the "create_*" methods.

   move(tagOrId, xAmount, yAmount, /)

      Move each of the items given by *tagOrId* in the canvas
      coordinate space by adding *xAmount* to every x-coordinate and
      *yAmount* to every y-coordinate of the item.

   moveto(tagOrId, x='', y='')

      Move the items given by *tagOrId* so that the first coordinate
      pair (the upper-left corner of the bounding box) of the lowest
      matching item is at position (*x*, *y*). *x* or *y* may be an
      empty string, in which case the corresponding coordinate is
      unchanged. All matching items keep their positions relative to
      each other.

      Added in version 3.8.

   scale(tagOrId, xOrigin, yOrigin, xScale, yScale, /)

      Rescale the coordinates of all items given by *tagOrId* in
      canvas coordinate space. Each x-coordinate is adjusted so that
      its distance from *xOrigin* changes by a factor of *xScale*, and
      each y-coordinate so that its distance from *yOrigin* changes by
      a factor of *yScale* (a factor of "1.0" leaves the coordinate
      unchanged).

   delete(*tagOrIds)

      Delete each of the items given by the *tagOrIds* arguments.

   dchars(tagOrId, first, /)
   dchars(tagOrId, first, last, /)

      Delete from each of the items given by *tagOrId* the characters
      (for text items) or coordinates (for line and polygon items) in
      the range from *first* to *last* inclusive; *last* defaults to
      *first*. Items that do not support indexing ignore this
      operation.

   insert(tagOrId, beforeThis, string, /)

      Insert *string* into each of the items given by *tagOrId* just
      before the character or coordinate whose index is *beforeThis*.
      For line and polygon items *string* must be a valid sequence of
      coordinates.

   itemcget(tagOrId, option)

      Return the current value of the configuration option *option*
      for the item given by *tagOrId* (the lowest matching item if it
      matches several). This is like "cget()" but applies to an
      individual item.

   itemconfigure(tagOrId, cnf=None, **kw)

      Query or modify the configuration options of the items given by
      *tagOrId*. This mirrors "configure()", except that it applies to
      individual items rather than to the canvas as a whole. With no
      options, it returns a dictionary describing the current options
      of the first matching item; otherwise it sets the given options
      on every matching item. The legal options are those accepted by
      the corresponding "create_*" method. "itemconfig()" is an alias
      of "itemconfigure()".

   type(tagOrId)

      Return the type of the item given by *tagOrId* (the first
      matching item if it matches several), such as "'rectangle'" or
      "'text'", or "None" if *tagOrId* does not match any item.

   gettags(tagOrId, /)

      Return a tuple of the tags associated with the item given by
      *tagOrId* (the first matching item in display-list order if it
      matches several). Return an empty tuple if no item matches or
      the item has no tags.

   dtag(tagOrId, /)
   dtag(tagOrId, tagToDelete, /)

      Remove the tag *tagToDelete* (which defaults to *tagOrId*) from
      each of the items given by *tagOrId*. Items that do not have
      that tag are unaffected.

   addtag(newtag, searchSpec, /, *args)

      Add the tag *newtag* to each item selected by the search
      specification *searchSpec* (and any further *args*).
      *searchSpec* is one of "'above'", "'all'", "'below'",
      "'closest'", "'enclosed'", "'overlapping'" or "'withtag'"; the
      "addtag_*" methods below are convenient wrappers that supply
      each of these forms.

   addtag_above(newtag, tagOrId)

      Add the tag *newtag* to the item just above (after) *tagOrId* in
      the display list.

   addtag_all(newtag)

      Add the tag *newtag* to all items in the canvas.

   addtag_below(newtag, tagOrId)

      Add the tag *newtag* to the item just below (before) *tagOrId*
      in the display list.

   addtag_closest(newtag, x, y, halo=None, start=None)

      Add the tag *newtag* to the item closest to the point (*x*,
      *y*). If *halo* is given, any item within that distance of the
      point is treated as overlapping it. If *start* is given (a tag
      or id), select the topmost closest item that lies below *start*
      in the display list, which can be used to step through all the
      closest items.

   addtag_enclosed(newtag, x1, y1, x2, y2)

      Add the tag *newtag* to every item completely enclosed within
      the rectangle (*x1*, *y1*, *x2*, *y2*), where *x1* <= *x2* and
      *y1* <= *y2*.

   addtag_overlapping(newtag, x1, y1, x2, y2)

      Add the tag *newtag* to every item that overlaps or is enclosed
      within the rectangle (*x1*, *y1*, *x2*, *y2*), where *x1* <=
      *x2* and *y1* <= *y2*.

   addtag_withtag(newtag, tagOrId)

      Add the tag *newtag* to every item given by *tagOrId*.

   find(searchSpec, /, *args)

      Return a tuple of the ids of all items selected by the search
      specification *searchSpec* (and any further *args*), in stacking
      order with the lowest item first. The search specification has
      any of the forms accepted by "addtag()". The "find_*" methods
      below are more convenient wrappers around it.

   find_above(tagOrId)

      Return a tuple containing the id of the item just above
      *tagOrId* in the display list.

   find_all()

      Return a tuple of the ids of all items in the canvas, in
      stacking order.

   find_below(tagOrId)

      Return a tuple containing the id of the item just below
      *tagOrId* in the display list.

   find_closest(x, y, halo=None, start=None)

      Return a tuple containing the id of the item closest to the
      point (*x*, *y*). *halo* and *start* are interpreted as for
      "addtag_closest()".

   find_enclosed(x1, y1, x2, y2)

      Return a tuple of the ids of all items completely enclosed
      within the rectangle (*x1*, *y1*, *x2*, *y2*).

   find_overlapping(x1, y1, x2, y2)

      Return a tuple of the ids of all items that overlap or are
      enclosed within the rectangle (*x1*, *y1*, *x2*, *y2*).

   find_withtag(tagOrId)

      Return a tuple of the ids of all items given by *tagOrId*.

   tag_raise(tagOrId, aboveThis=None, /)

      Move all items given by *tagOrId* to a new position in the
      display list just above the item given by *aboveThis*, or to the
      top of the display list if *aboveThis* is omitted. When several
      items are moved their relative order is preserved. This has no
      effect on embedded window items, whose stacking order is
      controlled by "Misc.tkraise()" and "Misc.lower()" instead.
      "lift()" and "tkraise()" are aliases of "tag_raise()".

   tag_lower(tagOrId, belowThis=None, /)

      Move all items given by *tagOrId* to a new position in the
      display list just below the item given by *belowThis*, or to the
      bottom of the display list if *belowThis* is omitted. When
      several items are moved their relative order is preserved. This
      has no effect on embedded window items. "lower()" is an alias of
      "tag_lower()".

      注釈:

        On a "Canvas", "tkraise()"/"lift()" and "lower()" restack
        canvas items, shadowing the inherited
        "Misc.tkraise()"/"Misc.lift()" and "Misc.lower()" methods that
        restack the widget itself, which are therefore not available.

   tag_bind(tagOrId, sequence=None, func=None, add=None)

      Bind the callback *func* to the event *sequence* for all items
      given by *tagOrId*, so that *func* is invoked whenever that
      event occurs for one of the items. This is like "Widget.bind"
      but operates on canvas items rather than on whole widgets; only
      mouse, keyboard and virtual events may be bound. Mouse events
      are directed to the current item and keyboard events to the
      focus item (see "focus()"). If *add* is true the new binding is
      added to any existing bindings for the same sequence, rather
      than replacing them. Return the identifier of the bound
      function, which can be passed to "tag_unbind()".

   tag_unbind(tagOrId, sequence, funcid=None)

      Remove for all items given by *tagOrId* the binding for the
      event *sequence*. If *funcid* is given, only that callback (as
      returned by "tag_bind()") is unbound and deregistered.

      バージョン 3.13 で変更: If *funcid* is given, only that callback
      is unbound.

   bbox(tagOrId, /, *tagOrIds)

      Return a 4-tuple "(x1, y1, x2, y2)" giving an approximate
      bounding box, in pixels, that encloses all the items given by
      *tagOrId* and any further *tagOrIds*. The result may
      overestimate the true bounding box by a few pixels. Return
      "None" if no item matches or the matching items have nothing to
      display.

      This shadows the inherited "Misc.bbox()"; use "grid_bbox()" for
      the grid bounding box.

   canvasx(screenx, gridspacing=None)

      Given a window x-coordinate *screenx*, return the canvas
      x-coordinate displayed at that location. If *gridspacing* is
      given, the result is rounded to the nearest multiple of
      *gridspacing* units.

   canvasy(screeny, gridspacing=None)

      Given a window y-coordinate *screeny*, return the canvas
      y-coordinate displayed at that location. If *gridspacing* is
      given, the result is rounded to the nearest multiple of
      *gridspacing* units.

   focus()
   focus(tagOrId, /)

      With *tagOrId*, set the keyboard focus for the canvas to the
      first item given by *tagOrId* that supports the insertion
      cursor; the focus is left unchanged if no such item exists. If
      *tagOrId* is an empty string, reset the focus so that no item
      has it. With no argument, return the id of the item that
      currently has the focus, or an empty string if none does. An
      item only displays the insertion cursor when both it is the
      focus item and its canvas has the input focus.

      This shadows the inherited "Misc.focus()"; use "focus_set()" to
      focus the widget itself.

   icursor(tagOrId, index, /)

      Set the insertion cursor of the items given by *tagOrId* to just
      before the character given by *index*. Items that do not support
      an insertion cursor are unaffected. The cursor is only displayed
      when the item has the focus, but its position may be set at any
      time.

   index(tagOrId, index, /)

      Return as an integer the numerical index within *tagOrId*
      corresponding to *index*, which is a textual description of a
      position (for text items an index into the characters, for line
      and polygon items an index into the coordinates). If *tagOrId*
      matches several items, the first one that supports indexing is
      used.

   select_adjust(tagOrId, index)

      Adjust the end of the selection in *tagOrId* nearest to *index*
      so that it is at *index*, and make the other end the anchor
      point for future "select_to()" calls. If the selection is not
      currently in *tagOrId*, this behaves like "select_to()".

   select_clear()

      Clear the selection if it is in this canvas; otherwise do
      nothing.

   select_from(tagOrId, index)

      Set the selection anchor point to just before the character
      given by *index* in the item given by *tagOrId*. This does not
      change the selection itself; it sets the fixed end for future
      "select_to()" calls.

   select_item()

      Return the id of the item that holds the selection, or "None" if
      the selection is not in this canvas. Unlike "find()" and the
      "find_*" methods, this returns the id as a string rather than an
      integer.

   select_to(tagOrId, index)

      Set the selection to the characters of *tagOrId* between the
      selection anchor point and *index*, inclusive of *index*. The
      anchor point is the one set by the most recent "select_adjust()"
      or "select_from()" call.

   scan_mark(x, y)

      Record *x*, *y* and the current view, for use with later
      "scan_dragto()" calls. This is typically bound to a mouse button
      press in the widget.

   scan_dragto(x, y, gain=10)

      Scroll the canvas by *gain* times the difference between *x*,
      *y* and the coordinates passed to the last "scan_mark()" call.
      This is typically bound to mouse motion events in the widget,
      producing the effect of dragging the canvas at high speed
      through its window.

   postscript(cnf={}, **kw)

      Generate a PostScript (Encapsulated PostScript, version 3.0)
      representation of part or all of the canvas. If the *file* or
      *channel* option is given, the PostScript is written there and
      an empty string is returned; otherwise it is returned as a
      string. By default only the area currently visible in the window
      is generated, so it is usually necessary either to call
      "update()" first or to use the *width* and *height* options.
      Supported options include *colormap*, *colormode*, *file*,
      *fontmap*, *height*, *pageanchor*, *pageheight*, *pagewidth*,
      *pagex*, *pagey*, *rotate*, *width*, *x* and *y*.

class tkinter.Checkbutton(master=None, cnf={}, **kw)

   A "Checkbutton" widget displays a textual string, bitmap or image
   together with a square indicator, and toggles a boolean selection
   when pressed. It has all the behavior of a simple button and, in
   addition, can be selected: when selected the indicator is drawn
   with a check mark and the associated variable is set to the
   "onvalue", and when deselected the indicator is drawn empty and the
   variable is set to the "offvalue". Inherits from "Widget". In
   addition to the standard widget options, a checkbutton accepts the
   options documented in the Tk "checkbutton" manual page, such as
   *variable*, *onvalue*, *offvalue* and *command*.

   invoke()

      Do just what would happen if the user pressed the checkbutton
      with the mouse: toggle the selection state of the button and
      invoke the associated command, if there is one. Return the
      result of the command, or an empty string if no command is
      associated with the checkbutton. This is ignored if the
      checkbutton's state is "disabled".

   select()

      Select the checkbutton and set the associated variable to its
      "onvalue".

   deselect()

      Deselect the checkbutton and set the associated variable to its
      "offvalue".

   toggle()

      Toggle the selection state of the button, redisplaying it and
      modifying its associated variable to reflect the new state.

   flash()

      Flash the checkbutton by redisplaying it several times,
      alternating between the active and normal colors. At the end of
      the flash the checkbutton is left in the same normal or active
      state as when the method was called. This is ignored if the
      checkbutton's state is "disabled".

class tkinter.Entry(master=None, cnf={}, **kw)

   An "Entry" widget displays a single line of text and lets the user
   edit it. Inherits from "Widget" and "XView"; since entries can hold
   strings too long to fit in the window, they support horizontal
   scrolling through "xview()".

   In addition to the standard widget options, an entry accepts the
   options documented in the Tk "entry" manual page. Notable ones are
   *textvariable* (the name of a variable kept in sync with the
   entry's contents), *show* (if set, each character is displayed as
   the given character rather than its true value, useful for password
   entry), *validate* and *validatecommand* (which together let a
   callback accept or reject edits), and *state* (one of "'normal'",
   "'disabled'" or "'readonly'").

   Many of the methods below take an *index* argument that selects a
   character in the entry's string. As described in the Tk "entry"
   manual page, *index* may be a number (counting from 0), "'insert'"
   (the character just after the insertion cursor), "'end'" (just
   after the last character), "'anchor'" (the selection anchor point),
   "'sel.first'" and "'sel.last'" (the ends of the selection), or "@x"
   (the character covering pixel x-coordinate *x* in the window). Out-
   of-range indices are rounded to the nearest legal value.

   delete(first, last=None)

      Delete the characters from index *first* up to but not including
      index *last*. If *last* is omitted, only the single character at
      *first* is deleted.

   get()

      Return the entry's current string.

   insert(index, string)

      Insert *string* just before the character given by *index*.

   icursor(index)

      Arrange for the insertion cursor to be displayed just before the
      character given by *index*.

   index(index)

      Return the numerical index corresponding to *index*.

   selection_adjust(index)

      Locate the end of the selection nearest to the character given
      by *index*, and adjust that end to be at *index* (including but
      not going beyond it); the other end becomes the anchor point for
      future "selection_to()" calls. If there is no selection in the
      entry, a new one is created between *index* and the most recent
      anchor point, inclusive. "select_adjust()" is an alias of
      "selection_adjust()".

   selection_clear()

      Clear the selection if it is currently in this widget. If the
      selection is not in this widget the method has no effect.
      "select_clear()" is an alias of "selection_clear()".

      注釈:

        This shadows the inherited "Misc.selection_clear()", which
        clears the X selection; that method is not available on an
        "Entry".

   selection_from(index)

      Set the selection anchor point to just before the character
      given by *index*, without changing the selection.
      "select_from()" is an alias of "selection_from()".

   selection_present()

      Return "True" if there are characters selected in the entry,
      "False" otherwise. "select_present()" is an alias of
      "selection_present()".

   selection_range(start, end)

      Set the selection to include the characters starting with the
      one indexed by *start* and ending with the one just before
      *end*. If *end* refers to the same character as *start* or an
      earlier one, the selection is cleared. "select_range()" is an
      alias of "selection_range()".

   selection_to(index)

      Set the selection between the anchor point and *index*: if
      *index* is before the anchor point, the selection runs from
      *index* up to but not including the anchor; if *index* is after
      it, from the anchor up to but not including *index*; if they
      coincide, nothing happens. The anchor point is the one set by
      the most recent "selection_from()" or "selection_adjust()" call.
      If there is no selection in the entry, a new one is created
      using the most recent anchor point. "select_to()" is an alias of
      "selection_to()".

   scan_mark(x)

      Record *x* and the current view in the entry window, for use
      with later "scan_dragto()" calls. Typically associated with a
      mouse button press in the widget.

   scan_dragto(x)

      Compute the difference between *x* and the *x* given to the last
      "scan_mark()" call, and adjust the view left or right by 10
      times that difference. Typically associated with mouse motion
      events, to produce the effect of dragging the entry at high
      speed through the window.

class tkinter.Frame(master=None, cnf={}, **kw)

   A "Frame" widget is a simple container. Its primary purpose is to
   act as a spacer or container for complex window layouts; its only
   features are its background and an optional 3-D border to make the
   frame appear raised or sunken. Inherits from "Widget". Refer to the
   Tk "frame" manual page for the full list of options.

class tkinter.Label(master=None, cnf={}, **kw)

   A "Label" widget displays a non-interactive textual string, bitmap
   or image. The displayed text is set with the *text* option or
   linked to a variable through *textvariable*, and an image can be
   shown using the *image* option. Text must all be in a single font
   but may occupy multiple lines, and one character may be underlined
   with the *underline* option. Inherits from "Widget". Refer to the
   Tk "label" manual page for the full list of options.

class tkinter.LabelFrame(master=None, cnf={}, **kw)

   A "LabelFrame" widget is a container that has the features of a
   "Frame" plus the ability to display a label. The label text is set
   with the *text* option and positioned with *labelanchor*, or an
   arbitrary widget may be used as the label by giving it as the
   *labelwidget* option. Inherits from "Widget". Refer to the Tk
   "labelframe" manual page for the full list of options.

class tkinter.Listbox(master=None, cnf={}, **kw)

   A "Listbox" widget displays a list of single-line text items, one
   per line, of which the user can select one or more. The way the
   selection behaves is governed by the *selectmode* option, which is
   one of "browse" (the default; at most one item, which may be
   dragged with the mouse), "single" (at most one item), "multiple"
   (any number of items, toggled individually), or "extended" (any
   number of items, including discontiguous ranges, selected by
   clicking and dragging). Inherits from "Widget", "XView" and
   "YView", so the view can be scrolled horizontally and vertically
   with "xview()" and "yview()". Refer to the Tk "listbox" manual page
   for the full list of options.

   Many of the methods take an *index* argument identifying a
   particular item. As described in the Tk "listbox" manual page,
   *index* may be a numeric index (counting from 0 at the top),
   "'active'" (the item with the location cursor, set with
   "activate()"), "'anchor'" (the selection anchor, set with
   "selection_anchor()"), "'end'" (the last item, or for "index()" and
   "insert()" the position just after it), or "@x,y" (the item
   covering pixel coordinates *x*, *y* in the listbox window).
   Arguments named *first* and *last* are indices of the same forms.

   insert(index, *elements)

      Insert the given *elements* as new items just before the item
      given by *index*. If *index* is "'end'", the new items are
      appended to the end of the list.

   delete(first, last=None)

      Delete the items in the range from *first* to *last* inclusive.
      If *last* is omitted, it defaults to *first*, so that a single
      item is deleted.

   get(first, last=None)

      If *last* is omitted, return the contents of the item given by
      *first*, or an empty string if *first* refers to a non-existent
      item. If *last* is given, return a tuple of all the items in the
      range from *first* to *last* inclusive.

   size()

      Return the total number of items in the listbox.

      This shadows the inherited "Misc.size()"; use "grid_size()" for
      the grid size.

   index(index)

      Return the integer index value corresponding to *index*, or
      "None" if *index* is out of range. If *index* is "'end'", the
      result is a count of the number of items in the listbox (not the
      index of the last item).

   bbox(index)

      Return a tuple "(x, y, width, height)" describing the bounding
      box, in pixels relative to the widget, of the text of the item
      given by *index*. Return "None" if no part of that item is
      visible on the screen, or if *index* refers to a non-existent
      item; if the item is only partly visible, the result still gives
      the full area of the item, including the parts that are not
      visible.

      This shadows the inherited "Misc.bbox()"; use "grid_bbox()" for
      the grid bounding box.

   nearest(y)

      Given a y-coordinate within the listbox window, return the index
      of the visible item nearest to that y-coordinate.

   see(index)

      Adjust the view so that the item given by *index* is visible. If
      the item is already visible the method has no effect; if it is
      near an edge of the window the listbox scrolls just enough to
      bring it into view at that edge, otherwise the listbox scrolls
      to center the item.

   activate(index)

      Set the active item to the one given by *index*. If *index* is
      outside the range of items, the closest item is activated
      instead. The active item is drawn as specified by the
      *activestyle* option when the widget has the input focus, and
      its index may be retrieved with the "'active'" index.

   curselection()

      Return a tuple containing the numerical indices of all of the
      items that are currently selected, or an empty tuple if no items
      are selected.

   selection_anchor(index)

      Set the selection anchor to the item given by *index*. If
      *index* refers to a non-existent item, the closest item is used.
      The selection anchor is the end of the selection that is fixed
      while dragging out a selection with the mouse, and may
      afterwards be referred to with the "'anchor'" index.
      "select_anchor()" is an alias of "selection_anchor()".

   selection_clear(first, last=None)

      Deselect any of the items in the range from *first* to *last*
      inclusive that are selected. The selection state of items
      outside this range is not changed. "select_clear()" is an alias
      of "selection_clear()".

      注釈:

        This shadows the inherited "Misc.selection_clear()", which
        clears the X selection; that method is not available on a
        "Listbox".

   selection_includes(index)

      Return "True" if the item given by *index* is currently
      selected, "False" otherwise. "select_includes()" is an alias of
      "selection_includes()".

   selection_set(first, last=None)

      Select all of the items in the range from *first* to *last*
      inclusive, without affecting the selection state of items
      outside that range. "select_set()" is an alias of
      "selection_set()".

   itemcget(index, option)

      Return the current value of the configuration option *option*
      for the item given by *index*.

   itemconfigure(index, cnf=None, **kw)

      Query or modify the configuration options of the item given by
      *index*. This mirrors "configure()", except that it applies to
      an individual item rather than to the listbox as a whole. With
      no options, it returns a dictionary describing the current
      options of the item; otherwise it sets the given options. The
      supported item options are *background*, *foreground*,
      *selectbackground* and *selectforeground*. "itemconfig()" is an
      alias of "itemconfigure()".

   scan_mark(x, y)

      Record *x*, *y* and the current view, for use with later
      "scan_dragto()" calls. This is typically bound to a mouse button
      press in the widget.

   scan_dragto(x, y)

      Scroll the listbox by 10 times the difference between *x*, *y*
      and the coordinates passed to the last "scan_mark()" call. This
      is typically bound to mouse motion events in the widget,
      producing the effect of dragging the list at high speed through
      the window.

class tkinter.Menu(master=None, cnf={}, **kw)

   A "Menu" widget displays a column of entries, each of which may be
   a command, a checkbutton, a radiobutton, a cascade (which posts an
   associated submenu) or a separator. Menus are used as the menubar
   of a toplevel window, as pulldown menus posted from a cascade entry
   or menubutton, and as popup menus. Inherits from "Widget".

   Many of the entry methods take an *index* argument that selects
   which entry to operate on. As described in the Tk "menu" manual
   page, *index* may be a numeric index (counting from 0 at the top),
   "'active'" (the currently active entry), "'end'" or "'last'" (the
   bottommost entry), "'none'" (no entry at all, written "{}" in Tcl),
   "@y" (the entry covering pixel y-coordinate *y* in the menu
   window), or a pattern matched against the labels of the entries
   from the top down.

   add(itemType, cnf={}, **kw)

      Add a new entry to the bottom of the menu. *itemType* is one of
      "'command'", "'cascade'", "'checkbutton'", "'radiobutton'" or
      "'separator'" and determines the type of the new entry; the
      remaining options configure it. The "add_command()",
      "add_cascade()", "add_checkbutton()", "add_radiobutton()" and
      "add_separator()" convenience methods call this method with the
      corresponding *itemType*.

      The entry is configured by the following options, although not
      every option applies to every entry type (a separator accepts
      none of them):

      *label*
         The text to display in the entry.

      *command*
         The function to call when the entry is invoked (command,
         checkbutton and radiobutton entries).

      *accelerator*
         A string displayed at the right of the entry to advertise an
         accelerator keystroke; it does not itself create the binding.

      *underline*
         The index of a character in the label to underline for
         keyboard traversal.

      *state*
         One of "'normal'", "'active'" or "'disabled'".

      *image*
         An image to display instead of, or together with, the text
         label.

      *compound*
         Where to show the image relative to the text: "'none'" (the
         default), "'text'", "'image'", "'top'", "'bottom'", "'left'"
         or "'right'".

      *bitmap*
         A bitmap to display instead of the text label.

      *font*
         The font to use for the text.

      *background*, *foreground*
         The entry's background and foreground colors in its normal
         state (ignored on macOS).

      *activebackground*, *activeforeground*
         The background and foreground colors used when the entry is
         active (ignored on macOS).

      *columnbreak*
         If true, the entry starts a new column instead of being
         placed below the previous entry.

      *hidemargin*
         If true, the standard margin around the entry is omitted,
         which is useful when a menu is used as a palette.

      *menu*
         The submenu posted by a cascade entry; it must be a child of
         this menu.

      *variable*
         The variable associated with a checkbutton or radiobutton
         entry.

      *onvalue*, *offvalue*
         The values stored in *variable* when a checkbutton entry is
         selected or cleared.

      *value*
         The value stored in *variable* when a radiobutton entry is
         selected.

      *indicatoron*
         Whether to display the indicator of a checkbutton or
         radiobutton entry.

      *selectcolor*
         The color of the indicator of a checkbutton or radiobutton
         entry when it is selected.

      *selectimage*
         The image displayed when a checkbutton or radiobutton entry
         is selected and *image* is also given.

   add_cascade(cnf={}, **kw)

      Add a new cascade entry to the bottom of the menu. A cascade
      entry has an associated submenu, given by its *menu* option,
      which must be a child of this menu; posting the entry posts the
      submenu next to it.

   add_checkbutton(cnf={}, **kw)

      Add a new checkbutton entry to the bottom of the menu. When
      invoked, a checkbutton entry toggles between its *onvalue* and
      *offvalue*, storing the result in its associated *variable*, and
      displays an indicator showing whether it is selected.

   add_command(cnf={}, **kw)

      Add a new command entry to the bottom of the menu. A command
      entry behaves much like a button: when it is invoked, the
      callback given by its *command* option is called.

   add_radiobutton(cnf={}, **kw)

      Add a new radiobutton entry to the bottom of the menu.
      Radiobutton entries sharing the same *variable* form a group of
      which only one may be selected at a time; selecting an entry
      stores its *value* in the variable.

   add_separator(cnf={}, **kw)

      Add a separator to the bottom of the menu. A separator is
      displayed as a horizontal dividing line and cannot be activated
      or invoked.

   insert(index, itemType, cnf={}, **kw)

      Same as "add()", except that the new entry is inserted just
      before the entry given by *index* instead of being appended to
      the end of the menu. *itemType* is one of "'command'",
      "'cascade'", "'checkbutton'", "'radiobutton'" or "'separator'".
      The "insert_command()", "insert_cascade()",
      "insert_checkbutton()", "insert_radiobutton()" and
      "insert_separator()" convenience methods call this method with
      the corresponding *itemType*.

   insert_cascade(index, cnf={}, **kw)

      Insert a new cascade entry before the entry given by *index*
      (see "add_cascade()").

   insert_checkbutton(index, cnf={}, **kw)

      Insert a new checkbutton entry before the entry given by *index*
      (see "add_checkbutton()").

   insert_command(index, cnf={}, **kw)

      Insert a new command entry before the entry given by *index*
      (see "add_command()").

   insert_radiobutton(index, cnf={}, **kw)

      Insert a new radiobutton entry before the entry given by *index*
      (see "add_radiobutton()").

   insert_separator(index, cnf={}, **kw)

      Insert a separator before the entry given by *index* (see
      "add_separator()").

   delete(index1, index2=None)

      Delete all of the menu entries between *index1* and *index2*
      inclusive. If *index2* is omitted, it defaults to *index1*, so
      that a single entry is deleted. Attempts to delete a tear-off
      entry are ignored; remove it by changing the *tearoff* option
      instead.

   entrycget(index, option)

      Return the current value of the configuration option *option*
      for the entry given by *index*.

   entryconfigure(index, cnf=None, **kw)

      Query or modify the configuration options of the entry given by
      *index*. This mirrors "configure()", except that it applies to
      an individual entry rather than to the menu as a whole. With no
      options, it returns a dictionary describing the current options
      of the entry; otherwise it sets the given options. The supported
      options are those accepted by "add()" for the entry's type.
      "entryconfig()" is an alias of "entryconfigure()".

   index(index)

      Return the numerical index corresponding to *index*, or "None"
      if *index* selects no entry.

   type(index)

      Return the type of the entry given by *index*: one of
      "'command'", "'cascade'", "'checkbutton'", "'radiobutton'",
      "'separator'" or "'tearoff'" (for the tear-off entry).

   activate(index)

      Make the entry given by *index* the active entry, redisplaying
      it with its active colors, and deactivate any previously active
      entry. If *index* selects no entry, or the selected entry is
      disabled, the menu ends up with no active entry.

   invoke(index)

      Invoke the action of the entry given by *index*, as if it had
      been clicked. Nothing happens if the entry is disabled. If the
      entry has a *command* associated with it, the result of that
      command is returned; otherwise the result is an empty string.

   post(x, y)

      Display the menu on the screen at the root-window coordinates
      *x* and *y*, adjusting them if necessary so that the whole menu
      is visible. If the *postcommand* option has been specified, it
      is evaluated before the menu is posted.

   tk_popup(x, y, entry='')

      Post the menu as a popup at the root-window coordinates *x* and
      *y*. If *entry* is given, the menu is positioned so that this
      entry is displayed under the pointer.

   unpost()

      Unmap the menu so that it is no longer displayed, also unposting
      any posted lower-level cascaded submenu. This has no effect on
      Windows and macOS, which manage the unposting of menus
      themselves.

   xposition(index)

      Return the x-coordinate, within the menu window, of the leftmost
      pixel of the entry given by *index*.

      Added in version 3.3.

   yposition(index)

      Return the y-coordinate, within the menu window, of the topmost
      pixel of the entry given by *index*.

class tkinter.Menubutton(master=None, cnf={}, **kw)

   A "Menubutton" widget displays a textual string, bitmap or image
   and posts an associated "Menu", given by its *menu* option, when
   the user presses it. Like a "Label" it can show *text*, a
   *textvariable*, or an *image*, and the *direction* option controls
   where the menu appears relative to the button. Inherits from
   "Widget". Refer to the Tk "menubutton" manual page for the full
   list of options.

class tkinter.Message(master=None, cnf={}, **kw)

   A "Message" widget displays a non-interactive textual string, given
   by the *text* option or linked to a variable through
   *textvariable*. Unlike a "Label", it breaks the string into
   multiple lines in order to produce a given aspect ratio, choosing
   line breaks at word boundaries, and it can justify the text left,
   centered or right. Inherits from "Widget". Refer to the Tk
   "message" manual page for the full list of options.

class tkinter.OptionMenu(master, variable, value, *values, **kwargs)

   A helper subclass of "Menubutton" that displays a pop-up menu of
   mutually exclusive choices. *variable* is a "Variable" kept in sync
   with the selection, *value* is the initial choice, and *values* are
   the remaining menu entries. The keyword argument *command* may be
   given a callback that is invoked with the selected value, and the
   keyword argument *name* sets the Tk widget name.

   destroy()

      Destroy the widget, also cleaning up the associated pop-up menu.

   バージョン 3.14 で変更: Added support for the *name* keyword
   argument.

class tkinter.PanedWindow(master=None, cnf={}, **kw)

   A "PanedWindow" is a geometry-manager widget that arranges any
   number of child *panes* in a row (when *orient* is "'horizontal'")
   or a column (when *orient* is "'vertical'"). Each pane holds one
   widget, and each pair of adjacent panes is separated by a movable
   *sash* that the user can drag with the mouse to resize the widgets
   on either side of it. Inherits from "Widget".

   The *orient* option selects the layout direction, *sashwidth* sets
   the width of each sash and *sashrelief* its relief. When
   *showhandle* is true a small handle is drawn on each sash that the
   user can grab to drag it. Refer to the Tk "panedwindow" manual page
   for the full list of options.

   add(child, **kw)

      Add *child* to the panedwindow as a new pane, placed after any
      existing panes. The keyword arguments specify per-pane
      management options for *child*; they may be any of the options
      accepted by "paneconfigure()".

   remove(child)

      Remove the pane containing *child* from the panedwindow. All
      geometry management options for *child* are forgotten.
      "forget()" is an alias of "remove()". This shadows the inherited
      geometry-manager "forget()"; use "pack_forget()",
      "grid_forget()" or "place_forget()" to remove the widget itself
      from its manager.

   panes()

      Return a tuple of the widgets managed by the panedwindow, one
      per pane, in order.

   panecget(child, option)

      Return the current value of the management option *option* for
      the pane containing *child*. *option* may be any value allowed
      by "paneconfigure()".

   paneconfigure(tagOrId, cnf=None, **kw)

      Query or modify the management options of the pane containing
      the widget *tagOrId*. With no options, it returns a dictionary
      describing all of the available options for the pane; given a
      single option name as a string, it returns a description of that
      one option; otherwise it sets the given options. The supported
      options include *after* and *before* (insert the pane after or
      before another managed window), *height* and *width* (the outer
      dimensions of the window, including any border), *minsize* (the
      minimum size in the paned dimension), *padx* and *pady* (extra
      space to leave on each side of the window), *sticky* (position
      or stretch the window within an oversized pane, using a string
      of the characters "n", "s", "e" and "w"), *hide* (hide the pane
      while keeping it in the list of panes) and *stretch* (how extra
      space is allocated to the pane: one of "'always'", "'first'",
      "'last'", "'middle'" or "'never'"). "paneconfig()" is an alias
      of "paneconfigure()".

   identify(x, y)

      Identify the panedwindow component underneath the point given by
      *x* and *y*, in window coordinates. If the point is over a sash
      or a sash handle, the result is a two-element tuple containing
      the index of the sash or handle and a word indicating whether it
      is over a sash or a handle, such as "(0, 'sash')" or "(2,
      'handle')". If the point is over any other part of the
      panedwindow, the result is an empty string.

   sash(*args)

      Query or change the position of the sashes in the panedwindow.
      This is a thin wrapper around the Tk "sash" subcommand; the
      convenience methods "sash_coord()", "sash_mark()" and
      "sash_place()" should normally be used instead.

   sash_coord(index)

      Return the current x and y coordinate pair for the sash given by
      *index*, which must be an integer between 0 and one less than
      the number of panes in the panedwindow. The coordinates returned
      are those of the top left corner of the region containing the
      sash.

   sash_mark(index)

      Record the current mouse position for the sash given by *index*,
      for use together with later sash-drag operations to move the
      sash.

   sash_place(index, x, y)

      Place the sash given by *index* at the coordinates *x* and *y*.

   proxy(*args)

      Query or change the position of the sash proxy, the "ghost" sash
      shown while a sash is being dragged with non-opaque resizing.
      This is a thin wrapper around the Tk "proxy" subcommand; the
      convenience methods "proxy_coord()", "proxy_forget()" and
      "proxy_place()" should normally be used instead.

   proxy_coord()

      Return a tuple containing the x and y coordinates of the most
      recent proxy location.

   proxy_forget()

      Remove the proxy from the display.

   proxy_place(x, y)

      Place the proxy at the coordinates *x* and *y*.

class tkinter.Radiobutton(master=None, cnf={}, **kw)

   A "Radiobutton" widget displays a textual string, bitmap or image
   together with a diamond or circular indicator, and selects one
   choice out of several. It has all the behavior of a simple button
   and, in addition, can be selected: typically several radiobuttons
   share a single *variable*, and selecting one sets that variable to
   the radiobutton's *value*; each radiobutton also monitors the
   variable and automatically selects or deselects itself when the
   variable changes. Inherits from "Widget". In addition to the
   standard widget options, a radiobutton accepts the options
   documented in the Tk "radiobutton" manual page, such as *variable*,
   *value* and *command*.

   invoke()

      Do just what would happen if the user pressed the radiobutton
      with the mouse: select the button and invoke the associated
      command, if there is one. Return the result of the command, or
      an empty string if no command is associated with the
      radiobutton. This is ignored if the radiobutton's state is
      "disabled".

   select()

      Select the radiobutton and set the associated variable to the
      value corresponding to this widget.

   deselect()

      Deselect the radiobutton and set the associated variable to an
      empty string. If this radiobutton was not currently selected,
      this has no effect.

   flash()

      Flash the radiobutton by redisplaying it several times,
      alternating between the active and normal colors. At the end of
      the flash the radiobutton is left in the same normal or active
      state as when the method was called. This is ignored if the
      radiobutton's state is "disabled".

class tkinter.Scale(master=None, cnf={}, **kw)

   A "Scale" widget lets the user select a numerical value by moving a
   slider along a trough. It can be oriented vertically or
   horizontally and can optionally display a label and the current
   value. Inherits from "Widget".

   In addition to the standard widget options, a scale accepts the
   options documented in the Tk "scale" manual page, such as *from_*,
   *to*, *resolution*, *orient*, *tickinterval*, *variable* and
   *command*. As elsewhere in "tkinter", the leading "-" of the Tk
   option name is dropped; *from* is spelled "from_" because "from" is
   a Python keyword.

   With a non-integer *resolution*, see numeric values and the locale.

   get()

      Return the current value of the scale. The result is an integer
      if the scale's *resolution* yields whole numbers, and a float
      otherwise.

   set(value)

      Set the scale to *value*, moving the slider accordingly. This
      has no effect if the scale is disabled.

   coords(value=None)

      Return a tuple "(x, y)" giving the pixel coordinates, relative
      to the widget, of the point on the centerline of the trough that
      corresponds to *value*. If *value* is omitted, the scale's
      current value is used.

   identify(x, y)

      Return a string describing the part of the scale at the pixel
      coordinates *x*, *y*: "'slider'", "'trough1'" (the part of the
      trough above or to the left of the slider), "'trough2'" (below
      or to the right of the slider), or an empty string if the point
      is not over any of these elements.

class tkinter.Scrollbar(master=None, cnf={}, **kw)

   A "Scrollbar" widget displays a slider and two arrows that let the
   user scroll an associated widget, such as a "Listbox", "Text",
   "Canvas" or "Entry". It is connected to the scrolled widget by
   setting that widget's *xscrollcommand* or *yscrollcommand* option
   to the scrollbar's "set()" method, and the scrollbar's *command*
   option to the scrolled widget's "xview()" or "yview()" method.
   Inherits from "Widget".

   get()

      Return the current scrollbar settings as a tuple "(first, last)"
      of two fractions between 0 and 1, describing the portion of the
      document that is currently visible, as last passed to "set()".

   set(first, last)

      Set the scrollbar. *first* and *last* are fractions between 0
      and 1 giving the positions of the start and end of the visible
      portion of the associated document. This method is normally
      registered as the scrolled widget's *xscrollcommand* or
      *yscrollcommand* and called by that widget.

   activate(index=None)

      Mark the element *index* (one of "'arrow1'", "'slider'" or
      "'arrow2'") as active, displaying it according to the
      *activebackground* and *activerelief* options. If *index* is
      omitted, return the name of the currently active element, or
      "None" if no element is active.

      バージョン 3.5 で変更: The *index* argument is now optional.

   delta(deltax, deltay)

      Return a float indicating the fractional change in the scrollbar
      setting that corresponds to moving the slider by *deltax* pixels
      horizontally (for horizontal scrollbars) or *deltay* pixels
      vertically (for vertical scrollbars).

   fraction(x, y)

      Return a float between 0 and 1 indicating where the point at
      pixel coordinates *x*, *y* lies in the trough: 0 corresponds to
      the top or left of the trough and 1 to the bottom or right.

   identify(x, y)

      Return the name of the element under the pixel coordinates *x*,
      *y* (such as "'arrow1'"), or an empty string if the point does
      not lie in any element of the scrollbar.

class tkinter.Spinbox(master=None, cnf={}, **kw)

   A "Spinbox" widget is an "Entry"-like widget with a pair of up/down
   arrow buttons that let the user step through a range of values in
   addition to editing the value directly. The set of values may be a
   numeric range given by the *from_*, *to* and *increment* options,
   or an explicit list of strings given by the *values* option (which
   takes precedence over the range). Each time an arrow is invoked the
   *command* callback, if any, is called; the *wrap* option controls
   whether stepping past either end of the range wraps around to the
   other end; the *format* option specifies how numeric values are
   formatted; and the *validate* option enables validation of the
   entered text. Inherits from "Widget" and "XView".

   With a non-integer *increment*, see numeric values and the locale.

   Many of the methods take an *index* argument identifying a
   character in the spinbox's string. As described in the Tk "spinbox"
   manual page, *index* may be a numeric index (counting from 0),
   "'anchor'" (the selection anchor point), "'end'" (just after the
   last character), "'insert'" (the character just after the insertion
   cursor), "'sel.first'" or "'sel.last'" (the ends of the selection),
   or "@x" (the character covering pixel x-coordinate *x* in the
   window).

   get()

      Return the spinbox's string.

   insert(index, s)

      Insert the characters of the string *s* just before the
      character given by *index*.

   delete(first, last=None)

      Delete one or more characters of the spinbox. *first* is the
      index of the first character to delete, and *last* is the index
      of the character just after the last one to delete. If *last* is
      omitted, a single character at *first* is deleted.

   icursor(index)

      Arrange for the insertion cursor to be displayed just before the
      character given by *index*.

   index(index)

      Return the numerical index corresponding to *index*, as a
      string.

   bbox(index)

      Return a tuple of four integers "(x, y, width, height)"
      describing the bounding box of the character given by *index*.
      *x* and *y* are the pixel coordinates of the upper-left corner
      of the character relative to the widget, and *width* and
      *height* are its size in pixels. The bounding box may refer to a
      region outside the visible area of the window.

      This shadows the inherited "Misc.bbox()"; use "grid_bbox()" for
      the grid bounding box.

   identify(x, y)

      Return the name of the window element at the pixel coordinates
      *x*, *y*: one of "'buttondown'", "'buttonup'", "'entry'" or
      "'none'".

   invoke(element)

      Invoke the spin button given by *element*, either "'buttonup'"
      or "'buttondown'", triggering the action associated with it.

   scan(*args)

      A thin wrapper around the Tk "scan" widget subcommand, used to
      implement fast dragging of the view: "scan('mark', x)" records
      *x* and the current view, and "scan('dragto', x)" adjusts the
      view relative to that mark. The "scan_mark()" and
      "scan_dragto()" methods wrap the two forms.

   scan_mark(x)

      Record *x* and the current view in the spinbox window, for use
      with a later "scan_dragto()" call. This is typically associated
      with a mouse button press in the widget.

   scan_dragto(x)

      Adjust the view by 10 times the difference between *x* and the
      *x* passed to the last "scan_mark()" call. This is typically
      associated with mouse motion events, producing the effect of
      dragging the spinbox at high speed through the window.

   selection(*args)

      A thin wrapper around the Tk "selection" widget subcommand, used
      to adjust the selection within the spinbox. It has several forms
      depending on the first argument, such as "selection('adjust',
      index)", "selection('clear')", "selection('element', ?elem?)",
      "selection('from', index)", "selection('present')",
      "selection('range', start, end)" and "selection('to', index)".
      The "selection_adjust()", "selection_clear()",
      "selection_element()", "selection_from()",
      "selection_present()", "selection_range()" and "selection_to()"
      methods wrap these forms.

   selection_adjust(index)

      Locate the end of the selection nearest to the character given
      by *index* and adjust that end of the selection to be at *index*
      (including but not going beyond *index*). The other end becomes
      the anchor point for future "selection_to()" calls. If the
      selection is not currently in the spinbox, a new selection is
      created to include the characters between *index* and the most
      recent anchor point, inclusive.

   selection_clear()

      Clear the selection if it is currently in this widget. If the
      selection is not in this widget, the method has no effect.

      注釈:

        This shadows the inherited "Misc.selection_clear()", which
        clears the X selection; that method is not available on a
        "Spinbox".

   selection_element(element=None)

      Set or get the currently selected element. If *element* (one of
      "'buttonup'", "'buttondown'" or "'none'") is given, that spin
      button is selected and displayed depressed; otherwise the name
      of the currently selected element is returned.

   selection_from(index)

      Set the selection anchor point to just before the character
      given by *index*, without changing the selection itself.

      Added in version 3.8.

   selection_present()

      Return "True" if there are characters selected in the spinbox,
      "False" otherwise.

      Added in version 3.8.

   selection_range(start, end)

      Set the selection to include the characters starting with the
      one indexed by *start* and ending with the one just before
      *end*. If *end* refers to the same character as *start* or an
      earlier one, the selection is cleared.

      Added in version 3.8.

   selection_to(index)

      Set the selection between *index* and the anchor point. If
      *index* is before the anchor point, the selection runs from
      *index* up to but not including the anchor point; if it is
      after, the selection runs from the anchor point up to but not
      including *index*; if it is the same, nothing happens. The
      anchor point is the one set by the most recent
      "selection_from()" or "selection_adjust()" call. If the
      selection is not in this widget, a new selection is created
      using the most recent anchor point.

      Added in version 3.8.

class tkinter.Text(master=None, cnf={}, **kw)

   A "Text" widget displays and edits multi-line text. Portions of the
   text may be styled with **tags**, particular positions may be
   annotated with floating **marks**, and arbitrary images and other
   widgets may be embedded in the text. The widget also provides an
   unlimited undo/redo mechanism and supports peer widgets that share
   the same underlying data. Inherits from "Widget", "XView" and
   "YView", so the view can be scrolled horizontally and vertically
   with "xview()" and "yview()". Refer to the Tk "text" manual page
   for the full list of options.

   Most of the methods take one or more *index* arguments that
   identify a position within the text. As described in the Tk "text"
   manual page, an index is a string consisting of a base, optionally
   followed by one or more modifiers. The base may be "'line.char'"
   (line *line*, character *char*, where lines are counted from 1 and
   characters within a line from 0; "'line.end'" refers to the newline
   ending the line), "'end'" (the position just after the last
   newline), the name of a mark, "'tag.first'" or "'tag.last'" (the
   first character tagged with *tag*, or the position just after the
   last such character), the name of an embedded image or window, or
   "@x,y" (the character covering pixel coordinates *x*, *y* in the
   widget). A modifier such as "'+5 chars'", "'-3 lines'",
   "'linestart'", "'lineend'", "'wordstart'" or "'wordend'" adjusts
   the index relative to its base; several modifiers may be combined
   and are applied from left to right, for example "'insert wordstart
   - 1 c'".

   insert(index, chars, *args)

      Insert the string *chars* just before the character at *index*
      (if *index* is "'end'", just before the final newline). By
      default the new text inherits any tags present on both sides of
      the insertion point. If *args* is given, it consists of
      alternating *tagList*, *chars* values: the preceding *chars*
      receives exactly the tags listed (a tag list may be a single tag
      name or a sequence of names), overriding the surrounding tags.

   delete(index1, index2=None)

      Delete the range of characters from *index1* up to but not
      including *index2*. If *index2* is omitted, the single character
      at *index1* is deleted. The widget always keeps a newline as its
      last character, so a deletion that would remove it is adjusted
      accordingly.

   replace(index1, index2, chars, *args)

      Replace the range of characters from *index1* up to but not
      including *index2* with *chars*. This is equivalent to a
      "delete()" followed by an "insert()" at *index1*; *args* is
      interpreted as for "insert()".

      Added in version 3.3.

   get(index1, index2=None)

      Return the text from *index1* up to but not including *index2*
      as a string. If *index2* is omitted, return the single character
      at *index1*. Embedded images and windows are omitted from the
      result.

   index(index)

      Return the position corresponding to *index* in the canonical
      "'line.char'" form.

   compare(index1, op, index2)

      Compare the positions of *index1* and *index2* using the
      relational operator *op*, which must be one of "'<'", "'<='",
      "'=='", "'>='", "'>'" or "'!='", and return the boolean result.

   count(index1, index2, *options, return_ints=False)

      Count the number of items of the requested kinds between
      *index1* and *index2*; the count is negative if *index1* is
      after *index2*. Each of *options* names a kind of item to count:
      "'chars'", "'displaychars'", "'displayindices'",
      "'displaylines'", "'indices'", "'lines'", "'xpixels'" or
      "'ypixels'" (the default, used when no option is given, is
      "'indices'"). The pseudo-option "'update'" forces any out-of-
      date layout information to be recalculated before the following
      options are evaluated. When *return_ints* is true and a single
      counting option is given, return a plain integer; otherwise
      return a tuple with one integer per counting option (or "None"
      if the result is empty).

      Added in version 3.3.

      バージョン 3.13 で変更: Added the *return_ints* parameter.

   see(index)

      Adjust the view so that the character given by *index* is
      visible. If it is already visible the method has no effect; if
      it is a short distance out of view the widget scrolls just
      enough to bring it to the nearest edge, otherwise it scrolls to
      center *index* in the window.

   bbox(index)

      Return a tuple "(x, y, width, height)" giving the bounding box,
      in pixels, of the visible part of the character at *index*, or
      "None" if that character is not visible on the screen.

      This shadows the inherited "Misc.bbox()"; use "grid_bbox()" for
      the grid bounding box.

   dlineinfo(index)

      Return a tuple "(x, y, width, height, baseline)" describing the
      display line that contains *index*: the first four values give
      the bounding box of the line in pixels and *baseline* gives the
      offset of the baseline measured down from the top of the area.
      Return "None" if that display line is not visible on the screen.

   mark_set(markName, index)

      Set the mark named *markName* to the position just before the
      character at *index*, creating the mark if it does not already
      exist. A mark created this way has right gravity by default.

   mark_unset(*markNames)

      Remove each of the marks named in *markNames*. The special
      "insert" and "current" marks may not be removed.

   mark_names()

      Return a tuple of the names of all marks currently set in the
      widget.

   mark_gravity(markName, direction=None)

      If *direction* is omitted, return the gravity of mark
      *markName*, either "'left'" or "'right'". Otherwise set its
      gravity to *direction*. The gravity determines on which side of
      the mark text inserted at the mark's position appears: a mark
      with right gravity (the default) stays to the right of such
      text.

   mark_next(index)

      Return the name of the first mark at or after *index*, or "None"
      if there is none. When *index* is the name of a mark, the search
      starts just after that mark.

   mark_previous(index)

      Return the name of the last mark at or before *index*, or "None"
      if there is none. When *index* is the name of a mark, the search
      starts just before that mark.

   tag_add(tagName, index1, *args)

      Add the tag *tagName* to the range of characters from *index1*
      up to but not including the next index in *args*. Further pairs
      of indices may follow in *args* to tag additional ranges; a
      trailing single index tags just the character at that index.

   tag_remove(tagName, index1, index2=None)

      Remove the tag *tagName* from the characters from *index1* up to
      but not including *index2* (or from the single character at
      *index1* if *index2* is omitted). The tag itself continues to
      exist even if no characters carry it.

   tag_delete(*tagNames)

      Delete each of the tags named in *tagNames*, removing them from
      all characters and discarding their options and bindings.

   tag_configure(tagName, cnf=None, **kw)

      Query or modify the configuration options of the tag *tagName*.
      This mirrors "configure()", except that it applies to a tag
      rather than to the widget as a whole: with no options it returns
      a dictionary describing the current options, otherwise it sets
      the given options. Defining a tag this way also gives it a
      priority higher than any existing tag.

      The supported tag options, all controlling the appearance of the
      tagged text, are:

      *font*
         The font to use for the text.

      *foreground*
         The color to use for the text.

      *background*
         The color to use for the area behind the text.

      *fgstipple*, *bgstipple*
         Bitmaps used to stipple the foreground (text) and the
         background; only well supported on X11.

      *borderwidth*
         The width of the border drawn around the text according to
         *relief* (default "0").

      *relief*
         The 3-D appearance of the text's border: "'flat'" (the
         default), "'raised'", "'sunken'", "'ridge'", "'groove'" or
         "'solid'".

      *offset*
         How far the text is raised above (or, if negative, lowered
         below) the baseline, for superscripts and subscripts.

      *underline*
         Whether to underline the text.

      *underlinefg*
         The color of the underline; it defaults to the text color.

      *overstrike*
         Whether to draw a line through the middle of the text.

      *overstrikefg*
         The color of the overstrike line; it defaults to the text
         color.

      *elide*
         Whether the text is elided (hidden).

      *justify*
         How to justify the first character of a display line:
         "'left'" (the default), "'right'" or "'center'".

      *wrap*
         How to wrap lines that are too long: "'char'", "'word'" or
         "'none'".

      *lmargin1*, *lmargin2*
         The indentation, in pixels, of the first display line of a
         logical line and of the remaining display lines.

      *lmargincolor*
         The color of the left margin area.

      *rmargin*
         The right-hand margin, in pixels.

      *rmargincolor*
         The color of the right margin area.

      *spacing1*, *spacing2*, *spacing3*
         Extra space, in pixels, above the first display line of a
         logical line, between its display lines, and below its last
         display line.

      *tabs*
         The set of tab stops, in the same form as the widget's *tabs*
         option.

      *tabstyle*
         How tab stops are interpreted: "'tabular'" or
         "'wordprocessor'".

      *selectbackground*, *selectforeground*
         The background and foreground colors used for the text while
         it is selected.

      注釈:

        Tk 8.6 added the *lmargincolor*, *overstrikefg*,
        *rmargincolor*, *selectbackground*, *selectforeground* and
        *underlinefg* options.

      "tag_config()" is an alias of "tag_configure()".

   tag_cget(tagName, option)

      Return the current value of the configuration option *option*
      for the tag *tagName*.

   tag_names(index=None)

      If *index* is omitted, return a tuple of the names of all tags
      defined in the widget; otherwise return only the names of the
      tags applied to the character at *index*. The names are ordered
      from lowest to highest priority.

   tag_ranges(tagName)

      Return a tuple of indices describing all ranges of text tagged
      with *tagName*. The result alternates start and end indices, so
      that elements "2*i" and "2*i+1" bound the *i*-th range.

   tag_nextrange(tagName, index1, index2=None)

      Search forward from *index1* (up to *index2* if given) for the
      first range of characters tagged with *tagName*, and return a
      two-element tuple of its start and end indices, or an empty
      tuple if there is no such range.

   tag_prevrange(tagName, index1, index2=None)

      Search backward from *index1* (down to *index2* if given) for
      the nearest preceding range of characters tagged with *tagName*,
      and return a two-element tuple of its start and end indices, or
      an empty tuple if there is no such range.

   tag_raise(tagName, aboveThis=None)

      Raise the priority of tag *tagName* so that it is just above the
      priority of *aboveThis*, or to the highest priority of all tags
      if *aboveThis* is omitted. When the display options of
      overlapping tags conflict, the higher-priority tag wins.

   tag_lower(tagName, belowThis=None)

      Lower the priority of tag *tagName* so that it is just below the
      priority of *belowThis*, or to the lowest priority of all tags
      if *belowThis* is omitted.

   tag_bind(tagName, sequence, func, add=None)

      Bind the event *sequence* on characters tagged with *tagName* to
      the callback *func*, so that *func* is invoked when that event
      occurs over such a character. If *add* is true the binding is
      added alongside any existing bindings for *sequence*, otherwise
      it replaces them. Works like "bind()" and returns the identifier
      of the new binding.

   tag_unbind(tagName, sequence, funcid=None)

      Remove the bindings of the event *sequence* on characters tagged
      with *tagName*. If *funcid* is given, only that binding (as
      returned by "tag_bind()") is removed and its callback is
      unregistered.

      バージョン 3.13 で変更: If *funcid* is given, only that callback
      is unbound.

   image_create(index, cnf={}, **kw)

      Embed an image at *index* and return the name assigned to this
      image instance, which may then be used as an index or passed to
      the other "image_*" methods. The options, given in *cnf* and
      *kw*, include *image* (the Tk image to display), *name* (a base
      name for the instance), *align*, *padx* and *pady*.

   image_cget(index, option)

      Return the current value of the configuration option *option*
      for the embedded image at *index*.

   image_configure(index, cnf=None, **kw)

      Query or modify the configuration options of the embedded image
      at *index*, like "configure()" but applied to that image.

   image_names()

      Return a tuple of the names of all images embedded in the
      widget.

      注釈:

        This shadows the inherited "Misc.image_names()", which returns
        the names of all images in the Tcl interpreter; that method is
        not available on a "Text".

   window_create(index, cnf={}, **kw)

      Embed a window (any widget) at *index*. The options, given in
      *cnf* and *kw*, include *window* (the widget to embed), *create*
      (a callback that creates the widget on demand), *align*,
      *stretch*, *padx* and *pady*. The embedded widget must be a
      descendant of the text widget's parent.

   window_cget(index, option)

      Return the current value of the configuration option *option*
      for the embedded window at *index*.

   window_configure(index, cnf=None, **kw)

      Query or modify the configuration options of the embedded window
      at *index*, like "configure()" but applied to that window.

      "window_config()" is an alias of "window_configure()".

   window_names()

      Return a tuple of the names of all windows embedded in the
      widget.

   edit(*args)

      Low-level wrapper around the Tk "edit" widget command that
      controls the undo/redo mechanism and the modified flag; *args*
      is the "edit" subcommand and its arguments. The "edit_*()"
      methods below are thin wrappers around it and are usually more
      convenient.

   edit_modified(arg=None)

      If *arg* is omitted, return the current state of the modified
      flag as true or false; the flag is set automatically whenever
      the text is inserted or deleted. Otherwise set the flag to the
      boolean *arg*.

   edit_undo()

      Undo the most recent edit action, that is, all the inserts and
      deletes recorded on the undo stack since the previous separator,
      and move it to the redo stack. Raises "TclError" if the undo
      stack is empty. Has no effect unless the *undo* option is true.
      Since Tk 9.0, returns a tuple of indices delimiting the ranges
      of text that were changed.

   edit_redo()

      Reapply the most recently undone edit action, provided no
      further edits have been made since, and move it back to the undo
      stack. Raises "TclError" if the redo stack is empty. Has no
      effect unless the *undo* option is true. Since Tk 9.0, returns a
      tuple of indices delimiting the ranges of text that were
      changed.

   edit_reset()

      Clear the undo and redo stacks.

   edit_separator()

      Push a separator onto the undo stack, marking a boundary between
      edit actions for undo and redo. Has no effect unless the *undo*
      option is true. Separators are inserted automatically when the
      *autoseparators* option is true.

   search(pattern, index, stopindex=None, forwards=None, backwards=None, exact=None, regexp=None, nocase=None, count=None, elide=None)

      Search for *pattern* starting at *index* and return the index of
      the first character of the first match, or an empty string if
      there is no match. Searching stops at *stopindex* if given;
      otherwise it wraps around the ends of the text until the
      starting position is reached again. The following boolean
      keyword flags control the search: *forwards* or *backwards*
      select the direction (forward is the default); *exact* (the
      default) or *regexp* select literal or regular-expression
      matching; *nocase* makes the match case-insensitive; and *elide*
      causes hidden text to be searched as well. If *count* is a
      "Variable", the number of index positions in the match is stored
      in it.

   scan_mark(x, y)

      Record *x*, *y* and the current view, for use with later
      "scan_dragto()" calls. This is typically bound to a mouse button
      press in the widget.

   scan_dragto(x, y)

      Scroll the widget by 10 times the difference between *x*, *y*
      and the coordinates passed to the last "scan_mark()" call. This
      is typically bound to mouse motion events, producing the effect
      of dragging the text at high speed through the window.

   debug(boolean=None)

      If *boolean* is omitted, return whether internal consistency
      checks of the B-tree data structure are enabled. Otherwise
      enable or disable them. The setting is shared by all text
      widgets and may noticeably slow down widgets holding large
      amounts of text.

   dump(index1, index2=None, command=None, **kw)

      Return the contents of the widget from *index1* up to but not
      including *index2* (or just the segment at *index1* if *index2*
      is omitted), including text and information about marks, tags,
      images and windows. The result is a list of "(key, value,
      index)" triples, where *key* is one of "'text'", "'mark'",
      "'tagon'", "'tagoff'", "'image'" or "'window'". By default all
      kinds are reported; passing any of the keyword arguments *all*,
      *text*, *mark*, *tag*, *image* or *window* as true restricts the
      dump to the selected kinds. If *command* is given, it is called
      once per triple with the three values as arguments and nothing
      is returned.

   peer_create(newPathName, cnf={}, **kw)

      Create a peer text widget with the path name *newPathName* that
      shares this widget's underlying data (text, marks, tags, images
      and the undo stack). Changes made through any peer are reflected
      in all of them. By default the peer covers the same lines as
      this widget; standard text options, including *startline* and
      *endline*, may be given to override this.

      Added in version 3.3.

   peer_names()

      Return a tuple of the path names of this widget's peers, not
      including the widget itself.

      Added in version 3.3.

   yview_pickplace(*what)

      Adjust the view so that the location given by *what* is visible.
      This is an obsolete equivalent of "see()", which should be used
      instead.


Variable classes
----------------

class tkinter.Variable(master=None, value=None, name=None)

   The base class for the Tk variable wrappers. A Tk variable is a
   value stored in the Tcl interpreter that can be linked to widgets
   through their *variable* or *textvariable* options (see Coupling
   widget variables), so that changes propagate both ways: updating
   the variable updates every widget bound to it, and a user editing
   such a widget updates the variable.

   *master* is the widget whose Tcl interpreter owns the variable; if
   omitted, the default root window is used. *value* is the initial
   value; if omitted, a type-specific default is used. *name* is the
   name of the variable in the Tcl interpreter; if omitted, a unique
   name of the form "'PY_VARnum'" is generated. If *name* matches an
   existing variable and *value* is omitted, the existing value is
   retained.

   In most cases you should use one of the typed subclasses below --
   "StringVar", "IntVar", "DoubleVar" or "BooleanVar" -- rather than
   "Variable" directly.

   注釈:

     When a "Variable" is garbage collected, its Tcl variable is
     unset. Keep a reference to it for as long as a widget is linked
     to it, for example by storing it as an attribute rather than in a
     local variable. Otherwise Tk recreates the Tcl variable to keep
     the widget working, but it is never unset again, leaking one Tcl
     variable per dropped wrapper.

   バージョン 3.10 で変更: Two variables now compare equal ("==") only
   when they have the same name, are of the same class, and belong to
   the same Tcl interpreter.

   get()

      Return the current value of the variable. For the base class the
      value is returned as a string; the typed subclasses convert it
      to the appropriate Python type.

   set(value)

      Set the variable to *value*. "initialize()" is an alias of
      "set()".

      Added in version 3.3: The *initialize* spelling.

   trace_add(mode, callback)

      Register *callback* to be called when the variable is accessed
      according to *mode*. *mode* is one of the strings "'array'",
      "'read'", "'write'" or "'unset'", or a list or tuple of such
      strings.

      When triggered, *callback* is called with three arguments: the
      name of the Tcl variable, an index (or an empty string if the
      variable is not an element of an array), and the *mode* that
      triggered the call.

      Return the internal name of the registered callback, which can
      be passed to "trace_remove()".

      Added in version 3.6.

   trace_remove(mode, cbname)

      Remove a trace callback from the variable. *mode* must match the
      *mode* that was passed to "trace_add()", and *cbname* is the
      callback name returned by "trace_add()".

      Added in version 3.6.

   trace_info()

      Return a list of "(modes, cbname)" pairs describing all traces
      currently set on the variable, where *modes* is a tuple of mode
      strings and *cbname* is the internal callback name.

      Added in version 3.6.

   trace_variable(mode, callback)

      Register *callback* to be called when the variable is accessed
      according to *mode*. *mode* is one of the strings "'r'", "'w'"
      or "'u'", for read, write or unset. Return the internal name of
      the registered callback. "trace()" is an alias of
      "trace_variable()".

      バージョン 3.6 で非推奨: Use "trace_add()" instead.  This method
      wraps a Tcl feature that was removed in Tcl 9.0.

   trace_vdelete(mode, cbname)

      Remove the trace callback named *cbname* registered for *mode*
      with "trace_variable()".

      バージョン 3.6 で非推奨: Use "trace_remove()" instead.  This
      method wraps a Tcl feature that was removed in Tcl 9.0.

   trace_vinfo()

      Return a list of "(mode, cbname)" pairs for all traces set on
      the variable with "trace_variable()".

      バージョン 3.6 で非推奨: Use "trace_info()" instead.  This
      method wraps a Tcl feature that was removed in Tcl 9.0.

class tkinter.StringVar(master=None, value=None, name=None)

   A "Variable" subclass that holds a string. The default value is
   "''".

   get()

      Return the value of the variable as a "str".

class tkinter.IntVar(master=None, value=None, name=None)

   A "Variable" subclass that holds an integer. The default value is
   "0".

   get()

      Return the value of the variable as an "int".

class tkinter.DoubleVar(master=None, value=None, name=None)

   A "Variable" subclass that holds a float. The default value is
   "0.0".

   get()

      Return the value of the variable as a "float".

   注釈:

     A floating-point value is always parsed with a period (".") as
     the decimal separator, but "Spinbox", "Scale" and "ttk.Spinbox"
     format it according to the "LC_NUMERIC" locale.  Under a locale
     that uses a comma they produce a value that "get()" cannot read,
     raising "TclError".  Set "LC_NUMERIC" to a locale that uses a
     period (such as "'C'") to avoid this.

class tkinter.BooleanVar(master=None, value=None, name=None)

   A "Variable" subclass that holds a boolean. The default value is
   "False".

   get()

      Return the value of the variable as a "bool". Raise a
      "ValueError" if the value cannot be interpreted as a boolean.

   set(value)

      Set the variable to *value*, converting it to a boolean.
      "initialize()" is an alias of "set()".

      Added in version 3.3: The *initialize* spelling.


Image classes
-------------

class tkinter.Image(imgtype, name=None, cnf={}, master=None, **kw)

   Base class for Tk images. *imgtype* is the Tk image type, one of
   "'photo'" or "'bitmap'". An image is a named object that can be
   displayed by widgets through their *image* option; deleting all
   references to the "Image" object deletes the underlying Tk image.
   Usually you create a "PhotoImage" or "BitmapImage" rather than an
   "Image" directly.

   The image's configuration options are given by *cnf* and *kw* and
   may be queried and changed later with the mapping protocol (using
   "image[key]") or with the "configure()" method.

   configure(**kw)

      Modify one or more configuration options of the image. The valid
      options depend on the image type; see "PhotoImage" and
      "BitmapImage". "config()" is an alias of "configure()".

   height()

      Return the height of the image, in pixels.

   width()

      Return the width of the image, in pixels.

   type()

      Return the type of the image, that is the value of *imgtype*
      with which it was created (for example "'photo'" or "'bitmap'").

class tkinter.PhotoImage(name=None, cnf={}, master=None, **kw)

   A full-color image (the Tk "photo" image type), stored internally
   with a varying degree of transparency per pixel. It can read and
   write GIF, PPM/PGM and (in Tk 8.6 and later) PNG files, read SVG
   files (in Tk 9.0 and later), and be drawn in widgets. Inherits from
   "Image".

   The configuration options include *data* (the image contents as a
   string), *file* (the name of a file to read the contents from),
   *format* (the name of the file format handler), *width* and
   *height* (the size of the image, used when building it up piece by
   piece), *gamma* and *palette*.

   blank()

      Blank the image; that is, set the entire image to have no data,
      so that it is displayed as transparent and the background of
      whatever window it is displayed in shows through.

   cget(option)

      Return the current value of the configuration option *option*.

   copy(*, from_coords=None, zoom=None, subsample=None)

      Return a new "PhotoImage" with a copy of this image.

      *from_coords* specifies a rectangular sub-region of the source
      image to be copied. It must be a tuple or a list of 1 to 4
      integers "(x1, y1, x2, y2)". "(x1, y1)" and "(x2, y2)" specify
      diagonally opposite corners of the rectangle. If *x2* and *y2*
      are not specified, they default to the bottom-right corner of
      the source image. The pixels copied include the left and top
      edges of the rectangle but not the bottom or right edges. If
      *from_coords* is not given, the whole source image is copied.

      If *zoom* or *subsample* are specified, the image is transformed
      as in the "zoom()" or "subsample()" methods. The value must be a
      single integer or a pair of integers.

      バージョン 3.13 で変更: Added the *from_coords*, *zoom* and
      *subsample* parameters.

   copy_replace(sourceImage, *, from_coords=None, to=None, shrink=False, zoom=None, subsample=None, compositingrule=None)

      Copy a region from *sourceImage* (which must be a "PhotoImage")
      into this image, possibly with pixel zooming and/or subsampling.
      If no options are specified, the whole of *sourceImage* is
      copied into this image, starting at coordinates "(0, 0)".

      *from_coords* specifies a rectangular sub-region of the source
      image to be copied, as in the "copy()" method.

      *to* specifies a rectangular sub-region of the destination image
      to be affected. It must be a tuple or a list of 1 to 4 integers
      "(x1, y1, x2, y2)". If *x2* and *y2* are not specified, they
      default to "(x1, y1)" plus the size of the source region (after
      subsampling and zooming, if specified). If *x2* and *y2* are
      specified, the source region is replicated if necessary to fill
      the destination region in a tiled fashion.

      If *shrink* is true, the size of the destination image is
      reduced, if necessary, so that the region being copied into is
      at the bottom-right corner of the image.

      If *zoom* or *subsample* are specified, the image is transformed
      as in the "zoom()" or "subsample()" methods. The value must be a
      single integer or a pair of integers.

      *compositingrule* specifies how transparent pixels in the source
      image are combined with the destination image. With "'overlay'"
      (the default), the old contents of the destination image remain
      visible, as if the source image were printed on a piece of
      transparent film and placed over the top of the destination.
      With "'set'", the old contents of the destination image are
      discarded and the source image is used as-is.

      Added in version 3.13.

   data(format=None, *, from_coords=None, background=None, grayscale=False)

      Return the image data.

      *format* specifies the name of the image file format handler to
      use. If it is not given, the data is returned as a tuple (one
      element per row) of strings containing space-separated (one
      element per pixel/column) colors in "#RRGGBB" format.

      *from_coords* specifies a rectangular region of the image to be
      returned. It must be a tuple or a list of 1 to 4 integers "(x1,
      y1, x2, y2)". If only *x1* and *y1* are specified, the region
      extends from "(x1, y1)" to the bottom-right corner of the image.
      If all four coordinates are given, they specify diagonally
      opposite corners of the region, including "(x1, y1)" and
      excluding "(x2, y2)". If *from_coords* is not given, the whole
      image is returned.

      If *background* is specified, the data does not contain any
      transparency information; in all transparent pixels the color is
      replaced by the specified color.

      If *grayscale* is true, the data does not contain color
      information; all pixel data is transformed into grayscale.

      Added in version 3.13.

   get(x, y)

      Return the color of the pixel at coordinates (*x*, *y*) as an
      "(r, g, b)" tuple of three integers between 0 and 255,
      representing the red, green and blue components respectively.

   put(data, to=None)

      Set pixels of the image to the colors given in *data*, which
      must be a string or a nested sequence of horizontal rows of
      pixel colors (for example ""{red green} {blue yellow}"").

      *to* specifies the coordinates of the region of the image into
      which the data are copied. It must be a tuple or a list of 2 or
      4 integers "(x1, y1)" or "(x1, y1, x2, y2)" giving the top-left
      corner, and optionally the bottom-right corner, of the region.
      The default position is "(0, 0)".

   read(filename, format=None, *, from_coords=None, to=None, shrink=False)

      Read image data from the file named *filename* into the image.

      *format* specifies the format of the image data in the file.

      *from_coords* specifies a rectangular sub-region of the image
      file data to be copied to the destination image. It must be a
      tuple or a list of 1 to 4 integers "(x1, y1, x2, y2)". If only
      *x1* and *y1* are specified, the region extends from "(x1, y1)"
      to the bottom-right corner of the image in the file. If all four
      coordinates are given, they specify diagonally opposite corners
      of the region. If *from_coords* is not given, the whole of the
      image in the file is read.

      *to* specifies the coordinates of the top-left corner of the
      region of the image into which the data are read. The default is
      "(0, 0)".

      If *shrink* is true, the size of the image is reduced, if
      necessary, so that the region into which the file data are read
      is at the bottom-right corner of the image.

      Added in version 3.13.

   subsample(x, y='', *, from_coords=None)

      Return a new "PhotoImage" based on this image but using only
      every *x*-th pixel in the X direction and every *y*-th pixel in
      the Y direction. If *y* is not given, it defaults to the same
      value as *x*.

      *from_coords* specifies a rectangular sub-region of the source
      image to be copied, as in the "copy()" method.

      バージョン 3.13 で変更: Added the *from_coords* parameter.

   transparency_get(x, y)

      Return "True" if the pixel at coordinates (*x*, *y*) is fully
      transparent, "False" otherwise.

      Added in version 3.8.

   transparency_set(x, y, boolean)

      Make the pixel at coordinates (*x*, *y*) fully transparent if
      *boolean* is true, fully opaque otherwise.

      Added in version 3.8.

   write(filename, format=None, from_coords=None, *, background=None, grayscale=False)

      Write image data from the image to the file named *filename*.

      *format* specifies the name of the image file format handler to
      use. If it is not given, the format is guessed from the file
      extension.

      *from_coords* specifies a rectangular region of the image to be
      written. It must be a tuple or a list of 1 to 4 integers "(x1,
      y1, x2, y2)". If only *x1* and *y1* are specified, the region
      extends from "(x1, y1)" to the bottom-right corner of the image.
      If all four coordinates are given, they specify diagonally
      opposite corners of the region. If *from_coords* is not given,
      the whole image is written.

      If *background* is specified, the data does not contain any
      transparency information; in all transparent pixels the color is
      replaced by the specified color.

      If *grayscale* is true, the data does not contain color
      information; all pixel data is transformed into grayscale.

      バージョン 3.13 で変更: Added the *background* and *grayscale*
      parameters.

   zoom(x, y='', *, from_coords=None)

      Return a new "PhotoImage" with this image magnified by a factor
      of *x* in the X direction and *y* in the Y direction. If *y* is
      not given, it defaults to the same value as *x*.

      *from_coords* specifies a rectangular sub-region of the source
      image to be copied, as in the "copy()" method.

      バージョン 3.13 で変更: Added the *from_coords* parameter.

class tkinter.BitmapImage(name=None, cnf={}, master=None, **kw)

   A two-color image (the Tk "bitmap" image type) created from an X11
   bitmap. Each pixel displays a foreground color, a background color,
   or nothing (producing a transparent effect). Inherits from "Image".

   The configuration options are *data* or *file* (the source bitmap,
   given as a string in X11 bitmap format or as the name of a file in
   that format), *maskdata* or *maskfile* (the mask bitmap, in the
   same forms), and *foreground* and *background* (the two colors).
   For pixels where the mask is zero the image displays nothing; for
   other pixels it displays the foreground color where the source is
   one and the background color where the source is zero. If
   *background* is set to an empty string, the background pixels are
   transparent.

   "BitmapImage" has no methods of its own beyond those inherited from
   "Image".


Other classes
-------------

class tkinter.Event

   A container for the attributes of an event passed to a callback
   bound with "Misc.bind()". An "Event" instance has the following
   attributes, each corresponding to a field of the underlying Tk
   event; depending on the event type, some attributes may be set to
   the string "'??'" to indicate that they are not meaningful. See
   Bindings and events.

   serial

      The serial number of the event.

   num

      The mouse button that was pressed or released (for button
      events).

   focus

      Whether the window has the focus (for "Enter" and "Leave"
      events).

   height
   width

      The new height and width of the window (for "Configure" and
      "Expose" events).

   keycode

      The keycode of the key that was pressed or released.

   state

      The state of the event, as a number (for most events) or a
      string (for "Visibility" events).

   time

      The timestamp of the event, in milliseconds.

   x
   y

      The pointer position relative to the widget, in pixels.

   x_root
   y_root

      The pointer position relative to the top-left corner of the
      screen, in pixels.

   char

      The character typed, as a string (for key events).

   send_event

      "True" if the event was sent by another application.

   keysym

      The symbolic name of the key that was pressed or released.

   keysym_num

      The numeric value of "keysym".

   type

      The "EventType" of the event.

   widget

      The widget on which the event occurred.

   delta

      The amount the mouse wheel was rotated (for "MouseWheel"
      events).

class tkinter.EventType(*values)

   An "enum.StrEnum" enumerating the Tk event types, used as the value
   of "Event.type". Its members include, among others, "KeyPress",
   "KeyRelease", "ButtonPress", "ButtonRelease", "Motion", "Enter",
   "Leave", "FocusIn", "FocusOut", "Configure", "Map", "Unmap",
   "Expose", "Destroy" and "MouseWheel".

   Added in version 3.6.

class tkinter.CallWrapper(func, subst, widget)

   Internal helper that wraps a Python callback so that it can be
   invoked from Tcl. *func* is the Python function, *subst* is an
   optional function that pre-processes the Tcl arguments, and
   *widget* is the widget used for error reporting. Instances are
   created automatically by "Misc.register()"; this class is not
   normally used directly.


Module-level functions
----------------------

tkinter.Tcl(screenName=None, baseName=None, className='Tk', useTk=False)

   The "Tcl()" function is a factory function which creates an object
   much like that created by the "Tk" class, except that it does not
   initialize the Tk subsystem. This is most often useful when driving
   the Tcl interpreter in an environment where one doesn't want to
   create extraneous toplevel windows, or where one cannot (such as
   Unix/Linux systems without an X server). An object created by the
   "Tcl()" object can have a Toplevel window created (and the Tk
   subsystem initialized) by calling its "loadtk()" method.

tkinter.NoDefaultRoot()

   Inhibit the creation of an implicit default root window. Afterwards
   "tkinter" no longer creates a shared default root automatically,
   and operations that rely on one --- such as constructing a widget
   without an explicit *master* --- raise a "RuntimeError". Call this
   early in larger applications to make the root window explicit.

tkinter.mainloop(n=0)

   Run the Tk main event loop on the default root window until all
   windows are destroyed. Equivalent to calling "Misc.mainloop()" on
   the default root.

tkinter.getboolean(s)

   Convert the Tcl boolean string *s* (one of "'1'", "'true'",
   "'yes'", "'on'" and similar, or their false counterparts) to a
   Python "bool". Raise "TclError" for an invalid value.

tkinter.getdouble(s)

   Convert *s* to a floating-point number. This is the built-in
   "float".

tkinter.getint(s)

   Convert *s* to an integer. This is the built-in "int".

tkinter.image_names()

   Return the names of all existing images in the default root's
   interpreter.

tkinter.image_types()

   Return the available image types (such as "'photo'" and "'bitmap'")
   in the default root's interpreter.


File handlers
-------------

Tk を使うとコールバック関数の登録や解除ができ、ファイルディスクリプタ
に対する入出力が可能なときに、Tk のメインループからその関数が呼ばれま
す。 ファイルディスクリプタ1つにつき、1つだけハンドラは登録されます。
コード例です:

   import tkinter
   widget = tkinter.Tk()
   mask = tkinter.READABLE | tkinter.WRITABLE
   widget.tk.createfilehandler(file, mask, callback)
   ...
   widget.tk.deletefilehandler(file)

これらの機能は Windows では利用できません。

読み込みに使えるバイト数は分からないので、 "BufferedIOBase" クラスや
"TextIOBase" クラスの "read()" メソッドおよび "readline()" メソッドを
使おうとしないでください。これらは読み込みの際に、あらかじめ決められた
バイト数を要求するのです。ソケットには、 "recv()" や "recvfrom()" メソ
ッドを使うといいです。その他のファイルには、 raw 読み込みか
"os.read(file.fileno(), maxbytecount)" を使ってください。

Widget.tk.createfilehandler(file, mask, func)

   ファイルハンドラであるコールバック関数 *func* を登録します。 *file*
   引数は、 (ファイルやソケットオブジェクトのような) "fileno()" メソッ
   ドを持つオブジェクトか、整数のファイルディスクリプタとなります。
   *mask* 引数は、以下にある3つの定数の組み合わせの OR を取ったもので
   す。コールバックは次のように呼ばれます:

      callback(file, mask)

Widget.tk.deletefilehandler(file)

   ファイルハンドラの登録を解除します。

tkinter.READABLE
tkinter.WRITABLE
tkinter.EXCEPTION

   *mask* 引数で使う定数です。


定数
----

The following symbolic constants are available in both the "tkinter"
and "tkinter.constants" namespaces.

tkinter.TRUE
tkinter.YES
tkinter.ON

   Truthy values, all equal to the integer "1".

tkinter.FALSE
tkinter.NO
tkinter.OFF

   Falsy values, all equal to the integer "0".

tkinter.N
tkinter.S
tkinter.E
tkinter.W
tkinter.NE
tkinter.NW
tkinter.SE
tkinter.SW
tkinter.NS
tkinter.EW
tkinter.NSEW
tkinter.CENTER

   Compass directions ("'n'", "'s'", "'e'", "'w'" and the diagonals
   and edges) plus "CENTER" ("'center'"), used as values for the
   *anchor* and *sticky* options and by methods such as
   "Misc.grid_anchor()".

tkinter.LEFT
tkinter.RIGHT
tkinter.TOP
tkinter.BOTTOM

   Sides for the *side* option of the packer (see
   "Pack.pack_configure()").

tkinter.X
tkinter.Y
tkinter.BOTH
tkinter.NONE

   Values for the *fill* option of the packer: "'x'", "'y'", "'both'"
   or "'none'".

tkinter.RAISED
tkinter.SUNKEN
tkinter.FLAT
tkinter.RIDGE
tkinter.GROOVE
tkinter.SOLID

   Values for the *relief* option, which controls a widget's 3-D
   border.

tkinter.HORIZONTAL
tkinter.VERTICAL

   Values for the *orient* option of widgets such as "Scale",
   "Scrollbar" and "PanedWindow".

tkinter.CHAR
tkinter.WORD

   Values for the *wrap* option of the "Text" widget, selecting line
   wrapping on character or word boundaries.

tkinter.BASELINE

   The text-alignment value "'baseline'".

tkinter.INSIDE
tkinter.OUTSIDE

   Values for the *bordermode* option of the placer (see
   "Place.place_configure()").

tkinter.INSERT
tkinter.CURRENT
tkinter.END
tkinter.ANCHOR
tkinter.SEL
tkinter.SEL_FIRST
tkinter.SEL_LAST

   Symbolic indices used by the "Text", "Entry", "Listbox" and
   "Canvas" widgets, such as "'insert'" (the insertion cursor),
   "'current'", "'end'", "'anchor'" and the bounds of the selection
   ("'sel.first'" and "'sel.last'").

tkinter.ALL

   The special tag "'all'", which matches every item of a "Canvas" or
   every character of a "Text" (for example "canvas.delete(ALL)").

tkinter.NORMAL
tkinter.DISABLED
tkinter.ACTIVE
tkinter.HIDDEN

   Values for the *state* option of various widgets and items.

tkinter.CASCADE
tkinter.CHECKBUTTON
tkinter.COMMAND
tkinter.RADIOBUTTON
tkinter.SEPARATOR

   Menu entry types, used as the *itemType* argument of "Menu.add()"
   and "Menu.insert()".

tkinter.SINGLE
tkinter.BROWSE
tkinter.MULTIPLE
tkinter.EXTENDED

   Values for the *selectmode* option of the "Listbox" widget.

tkinter.PIESLICE
tkinter.CHORD
tkinter.ARC

   Values for the *style* option of "Canvas" arc items.

tkinter.BUTT
tkinter.PROJECTING
tkinter.ROUND
tkinter.BEVEL
tkinter.MITER

   Values for the *capstyle* ("'butt'", "'projecting'", "'round'") and
   *joinstyle* ("'round'", "'bevel'", "'miter'") options of "Canvas"
   line items.

tkinter.FIRST
tkinter.LAST

   Values for the *arrow* option of "Canvas" line items, indicating
   which ends have arrowheads.

tkinter.MOVETO
tkinter.SCROLL

   The first argument passed by a "Scrollbar" to the "XView.xview()"
   or "YView.yview()" method of the scrolled widget.

tkinter.UNITS
tkinter.PAGES

   Values for the *what* argument of "XView.xview_scroll()" and
   "YView.yview_scroll()".

tkinter.UNDERLINE
tkinter.NUMERIC
tkinter.DOTBOX

   Other option values: "'underline'", "'numeric'" and "'dotbox'".
