モジュールオブジェクト (module object)
**************************************

PyTypeObject PyModule_Type
    * 次に属します: Stable ABI.*

   This instance of "PyTypeObject" represents the Python module type.
   This is exposed to Python programs as "types.ModuleType".

int PyModule_Check(PyObject *p)

   *p* がモジュールオブジェクトかモジュールオブジェクトのサブタイプで
   あるときに真を返します。この関数は常に成功します。

int PyModule_CheckExact(PyObject *p)

   *p* がモジュールオブジェクトで、かつ "PyModule_Type" のサブタイプで
   ないときに真を返します。この関数は常に成功します。

PyObject *PyModule_NewObject(PyObject *name)
    *戻り値: 新しい参照。** 次に属します: Stable ABI (バージョン 3.7
   より).*

   Return a new module object with "module.__name__" set to *name*.
   The module's "__name__", "__doc__", "__package__" and "__loader__"
   attributes are filled in (all but "__name__" are set to "None").
   The caller is responsible for setting a "__file__" attribute.

   Return "NULL" with an exception set on error.

   Added in version 3.3.

   バージョン 3.4 で変更: "__package__" and "__loader__" are now set
   to "None".

PyObject *PyModule_New(const char *name)
    *戻り値: 新しい参照。** 次に属します: Stable ABI.*

   "PyModule_NewObject()" に似ていますが、 name は Unicode オブジェク
   トではなく UTF-8 でエンコードされた文字列です。

PyObject *PyModule_GetDict(PyObject *module)
    *戻り値: 借用参照。** 次に属します: Stable ABI.*

   *module* の名前空間を実装する辞書オブジェクトを返します; このオブジ
   ェクトは、モジュールオブジェクトの "__dict__" 属性と同じものです。
   *module* がモジュールオブジェクト (もしくはモジュールオブジェクトの
   サブタイプ) でない場合は、 "SystemError" が送出され "NULL" が返され
   ます。

   拡張モジュールでは、モジュールの "__dict__" を直接操作するよりも、
   "PyModule_*" および "PyObject_*" 関数を使う方が推奨されます。

   The returned reference is borrowed from the module; it is valid
   until the module is destroyed.

PyObject *PyModule_GetNameObject(PyObject *module)
    *戻り値: 新しい参照。** 次に属します: Stable ABI (バージョン 3.7
   より).*

   Return *module*'s "__name__" value.  If the module does not provide
   one, or if it is not a string, "SystemError" is raised and "NULL"
   is returned.

   Added in version 3.3.

const char *PyModule_GetName(PyObject *module)
    * 次に属します: Stable ABI.*

   "PyModule_GetNameObject()" に似ていますが、 "'utf-8'" でエンコード
   された name を返します。

   The returned buffer is only valid until the module is renamed or
   destroyed. Note that Python code may rename a module by setting its
   "__name__" attribute.

void *PyModule_GetState(PyObject *module)
    * 次に属します: Stable ABI.*

   Return the "state" of the module, that is, a pointer to the block
   of memory allocated at module creation time, or "NULL".  See
   "PyModuleDef.m_size".

PyModuleDef *PyModule_GetDef(PyObject *module)
    * 次に属します: Stable ABI.*

   モジュールが作られる元となった "PyModuleDef" 構造体へのポインタを返
   します。 モジュールが定義によって作られていなかった場合は "NULL" を
   返します。

   On error, return "NULL" with an exception set. Use
   "PyErr_Occurred()" to tell this case apart from a missing
   "PyModuleDef".

PyObject *PyModule_GetFilenameObject(PyObject *module)
    *戻り値: 新しい参照。** 次に属します: Stable ABI.*

   Return the name of the file from which *module* was loaded using
   *module*'s "__file__" attribute.  If this is not defined, or if it
   is not a string, raise "SystemError" and return "NULL"; otherwise
   return a reference to a Unicode object.

   Added in version 3.2.

const char *PyModule_GetFilename(PyObject *module)
    * 次に属します: Stable ABI.*

   "PyModule_GetFilenameObject()" と似ていますが、 'utf-8' でエンコー
   ドされたファイル名を返します。

   The returned buffer is only valid until the module's "__file__"
   attribute is reassigned or the module is destroyed.

   バージョン 3.2 で非推奨: "PyModule_GetFilename()" はエンコードでき
   ないファイル名に対しては "UnicodeEncodeError" を送出します。これの
   代わりに "PyModule_GetFilenameObject()" を使用してください。


Module definitions
******************

The functions in the previous section work on any module object,
including modules imported from Python code.

Modules defined using the C API typically use a *module definition*,
"PyModuleDef" -- a statically allocated, constant “description" of how
a module should be created.

The definition is usually used to define an extension's “main” module
object (see 拡張モジュールの定義 for details). It is also used to
create extension modules dynamically.

Unlike "PyModule_New()", the definition allows management of *module
state* -- a piece of memory that is allocated and cleared together
with the module object. Unlike the module's Python attributes, Python
code cannot replace or delete data stored in module state.

type PyModuleDef
    * 次に属します: Stable ABI (すべてのメンバーを含む).*

   The module definition struct, which holds all information needed to
   create a module object. This structure must be statically allocated
   (or be otherwise guaranteed to be valid while any modules created
   from it exist). Usually, there is only one variable of this type
   for each extension module.

   PyModuleDef_Base m_base

      Always initialize this member to "PyModuleDef_HEAD_INIT".

   const char *m_name

      Name for the new module.

   const char *m_doc

      Docstring for the module; usually a docstring variable created
      with "PyDoc_STRVAR" is used.

   Py_ssize_t m_size

      Module state may be kept in a per-module memory area that can be
      retrieved with "PyModule_GetState()", rather than in static
      globals. This makes modules safe for use in multiple sub-
      interpreters.

      This memory area is allocated based on *m_size* on module
      creation, and freed when the module object is deallocated, after
      the "m_free" function has been called, if present.

      Setting it to a non-negative value means that the module can be
      re-initialized and specifies the additional amount of memory it
      requires for its state.

      Setting "m_size" to "-1" means that the module does not support
      sub-interpreters, because it has global state. Negative "m_size"
      is only allowed when using legacy single-phase initialization or
      when creating modules dynamically.

      詳細は **PEP 3121** を参照。

   PyMethodDef *m_methods

      A pointer to a table of module-level functions, described by
      "PyMethodDef" values.  Can be "NULL" if no functions are
      present.

   PyModuleDef_Slot *m_slots

      An array of slot definitions for multi-phase initialization,
      terminated by a "{0, NULL}" entry. When using legacy single-
      phase initialization, *m_slots* must be "NULL".

      バージョン 3.5 で変更: バージョン 3.5 より前は、このメンバは常に
      "NULL" に設定されていて、次のものとして定義されていました:

         inquiry m_reload

   traverseproc m_traverse

      A traversal function to call during GC traversal of the module
      object, or "NULL" if not needed.

      This function is not called if the module state was requested
      but is not allocated yet. This is the case immediately after the
      module is created and before the module is executed
      ("Py_mod_exec" function). More precisely, this function is not
      called if "m_size" is greater than 0 and the module state (as
      returned by "PyModule_GetState()") is "NULL".

      バージョン 3.9 で変更: No longer called before the module state
      is allocated.

   inquiry m_clear

      A clear function to call during GC clearing of the module
      object, or "NULL" if not needed.

      This function is not called if the module state was requested
      but is not allocated yet. This is the case immediately after the
      module is created and before the module is executed
      ("Py_mod_exec" function). More precisely, this function is not
      called if "m_size" is greater than 0 and the module state (as
      returned by "PyModule_GetState()") is "NULL".

      Like "PyTypeObject.tp_clear", this function is not *always*
      called before a module is deallocated. For example, when
      reference counting is enough to determine that an object is no
      longer used, the cyclic garbage collector is not involved and
      "m_free" is called directly.

      バージョン 3.9 で変更: No longer called before the module state
      is allocated.

   freefunc m_free

      A function to call during deallocation of the module object, or
      "NULL" if not needed.

      This function is not called if the module state was requested
      but is not allocated yet. This is the case immediately after the
      module is created and before the module is executed
      ("Py_mod_exec" function). More precisely, this function is not
      called if "m_size" is greater than 0 and the module state (as
      returned by "PyModule_GetState()") is "NULL".

      バージョン 3.9 で変更: No longer called before the module state
      is allocated.

PyTypeObject PyModuleDef_Type
    * 次に属します: Stable ABI (バージョン 3.5 より).*

   The type of "PyModuleDef" objects.


Module slots
============

type PyModuleDef_Slot
    * 次に属します: Stable ABI (すべてのメンバーを含む) (バージョン
   3.5 より).*

   int slot

      A slot ID, chosen from the available values explained below.

   void *value

      Value of the slot, whose meaning depends on the slot ID.

   Added in version 3.5.

The available slot types are:

Py_mod_create
    * 次に属します: Stable ABI (バージョン 3.5 より).*

   Specifies a function that is called to create the module object
   itself. The *value* pointer of this slot must point to a function
   of the signature:

   PyObject *create_module(PyObject *spec, PyModuleDef *def)

   The function receives a "ModuleSpec" instance, as defined in **PEP
   451**, and the module definition. It should return a new module
   object, or set an error and return "NULL".

   この関数は最小限に留めておくべきです。 特に任意のPythonコードを呼び
   出すべきではなく、同じモジュールをインポートしようとすると無限ルー
   プに陥るでしょう。

   Multiple "Py_mod_create" slots may not be specified in one module
   definition.

   "Py_mod_create" が設定されていない場合は、インポート機構は
   "PyModule_New()" を使って通常のモジュールオブジェクトを生成します。
   モジュールの名前は定義ではなく *spec* から取得され、これによって拡
   張モジュールが動的にモジュール階層における位置を調整できたり、シン
   ボリックリンクを通して同一のモジュール定義を共有しつつ別の名前でイ
   ンポートできたりします。

   There is no requirement for the returned object to be an instance
   of "PyModule_Type". Any type can be used, as long as it supports
   setting and getting import-related attributes. However, only
   "PyModule_Type" instances may be returned if the "PyModuleDef" has
   non-"NULL" "m_traverse", "m_clear", "m_free"; non-zero "m_size"; or
   slots other than "Py_mod_create".

   Added in version 3.5.

Py_mod_exec
    * 次に属します: Stable ABI (バージョン 3.5 より).*

   Specifies a function that is called to *execute* the module. This
   is equivalent to executing the code of a Python module: typically,
   this function adds classes and constants to the module. The
   signature of the function is:

   int exec_module(PyObject *module)

   If multiple "Py_mod_exec" slots are specified, they are processed
   in the order they appear in the *m_slots* array.

   Added in version 3.5.

Py_mod_multiple_interpreters
    * 次に属します: Stable ABI (バージョン 3.12 より).*

   Specifies one of the following values:

   Py_MOD_MULTIPLE_INTERPRETERS_NOT_SUPPORTED

      The module does not support being imported in subinterpreters.

   Py_MOD_MULTIPLE_INTERPRETERS_SUPPORTED

      The module supports being imported in subinterpreters, but only
      when they share the main interpreter's GIL. (See 拡張モジュール
      を分離する.)

   Py_MOD_PER_INTERPRETER_GIL_SUPPORTED

      The module supports being imported in subinterpreters, even when
      they have their own GIL. (See 拡張モジュールを分離する.)

   This slot determines whether or not importing this module in a
   subinterpreter will fail.

   Multiple "Py_mod_multiple_interpreters" slots may not be specified
   in one module definition.

   If "Py_mod_multiple_interpreters" is not specified, the import
   machinery defaults to "Py_MOD_MULTIPLE_INTERPRETERS_SUPPORTED".

   Added in version 3.12.

Py_mod_gil
    * 次に属します: Stable ABI (バージョン 3.13 より).*

   Specifies one of the following values:

   Py_MOD_GIL_USED

      The module depends on the presence of the global interpreter
      lock (GIL), and may access global state without synchronization.

   Py_MOD_GIL_NOT_USED

      The module is safe to run without an active GIL.

   This slot is ignored by Python builds not configured with "--
   disable-gil".  Otherwise, it determines whether or not importing
   this module will cause the GIL to be automatically enabled. See フ
   リースレッドの CPython for more detail.

   Multiple "Py_mod_gil" slots may not be specified in one module
   definition.

   If "Py_mod_gil" is not specified, the import machinery defaults to
   "Py_MOD_GIL_USED".

   Added in version 3.13.


Creating extension modules dynamically
**************************************

The following functions may be used to create a module outside of an
extension's initialization function. They are also used in single-
phase initialization.

PyObject *PyModule_Create(PyModuleDef *def)
    *戻り値: 新しい参照。*

   Create a new module object, given the definition in *def*. This is
   a macro that calls "PyModule_Create2()" with *module_api_version*
   set to "PYTHON_API_VERSION", or to "PYTHON_ABI_VERSION" if using
   the limited API.

PyObject *PyModule_Create2(PyModuleDef *def, int module_api_version)
    *戻り値: 新しい参照。** 次に属します: Stable ABI.*

   APIバージョンを *module_api_version* として *def* での定義に従って
   新しいモジュールオブジェクトを生成します。 もし指定されたバージョン
   が実行しているインタープリターのバージョンと異なる場合は、
   "RuntimeWarning" を発生させます。

   Return "NULL" with an exception set on error.

   This function does not support slots. The "m_slots" member of *def*
   must be "NULL".

   注釈:

     ほとんどの場合、この関数ではなく "PyModule_Create()" を利用するべ
     きです。この関数は、この関数の必要性を理解しているときにだけ利用
     してください。

PyObject *PyModule_FromDefAndSpec(PyModuleDef *def, PyObject *spec)
    *戻り値: 新しい参照。*

   This macro calls "PyModule_FromDefAndSpec2()" with
   *module_api_version* set to "PYTHON_API_VERSION", or to
   "PYTHON_ABI_VERSION" if using the limited API.

   Added in version 3.5.

PyObject *PyModule_FromDefAndSpec2(PyModuleDef *def, PyObject *spec, int module_api_version)
    *戻り値: 新しい参照。** 次に属します: Stable ABI (バージョン 3.7
   より).*

   APIバージョンを *module_api_version* として、 *def* と ModuleSpec
   オブジェクトの *spec* で定義されたとおりに新しいモジュールオブジェ
   クトを生成します。 もし指定されたバージョンが実行しているインタープ
   リターのバージョンと異なる場合は、 "RuntimeWarning" を発生させます
   。

   Return "NULL" with an exception set on error.

   Note that this does not process execution slots ("Py_mod_exec").
   Both "PyModule_FromDefAndSpec" and "PyModule_ExecDef" must be
   called to fully initialize a module.

   注釈:

     ほとんどの場合、この関数ではなく "PyModule_FromDefAndSpec()" を利
     用するべきです。 この関数は、この関数の必要性を理解しているときに
     だけ利用してください。

   Added in version 3.5.

int PyModule_ExecDef(PyObject *module, PyModuleDef *def)
    * 次に属します: Stable ABI (バージョン 3.7 より).*

   *def* で与えられた任意の実行スロット ("Py_mod_exec") を実行します。

   Added in version 3.5.

PYTHON_API_VERSION

   The C API version. Defined for backwards compatibility.

   Currently, this constant is not updated in new Python versions, and
   is not useful for versioning. This may change in the future.

PYTHON_ABI_VERSION

   Defined as "3" for backwards compatibility.

   Currently, this constant is not updated in new Python versions, and
   is not useful for versioning. This may change in the future.


サポート関数
************

The following functions are provided to help initialize a module
state. They are intended for a module's execution slots
("Py_mod_exec"), the initialization function for legacy single-phase
initialization, or code that creates modules dynamically.

int PyModule_AddObjectRef(PyObject *module, const char *name, PyObject *value)
    * 次に属します: Stable ABI (バージョン 3.10 より).*

   *module* にオブジェクトを *name* として追加します。 この関数はモジ
   ュールの初期化関数から利用される便利関数です。

   成功すると "0" を返し、エラーになると例外を送出して "-1" を返します
   。

   使用例:

      static int
      add_spam(PyObject *module, int value)
      {
          PyObject *obj = PyLong_FromLong(value);
          if (obj == NULL) {
              return -1;
          }
          int res = PyModule_AddObjectRef(module, "spam", obj);
          Py_DECREF(obj);
          return res;
       }

   To be convenient, the function accepts "NULL" *value* with an
   exception set. In this case, return "-1" and just leave the raised
   exception unchanged.

   この例は、明示的に *obj* が "NULL" であることを確認せずに書くことも
   できます:

      static int
      add_spam(PyObject *module, int value)
      {
          PyObject *obj = PyLong_FromLong(value);
          int res = PyModule_AddObjectRef(module, "spam", obj);
          Py_XDECREF(obj);
          return res;
       }

   この場合は、 *obj* が "NULL" でありうるため、 "Py_DECREF()" の代わ
   りに "Py_XDECREF()" を呼び出す必要があることに注意してください。

   The number of different *name* strings passed to this function
   should be kept small, usually by only using statically allocated
   strings as *name*. For names that aren't known at compile time,
   prefer calling "PyUnicode_FromString()" and "PyObject_SetAttr()"
   directly. For more details, see "PyUnicode_InternFromString()",
   which may be used internally to create a key object.

   Added in version 3.10.

int PyModule_Add(PyObject *module, const char *name, PyObject *value)
    * 次に属します: Stable ABI (バージョン 3.13 より).*

   Similar to "PyModule_AddObjectRef()", but "*steals*" a reference to
   *value* (even on error). It can be called with a result of function
   that returns a new reference without bothering to check its result
   or even saving it to a variable.

   使用例:

      if (PyModule_Add(module, "spam", PyBytes_FromString(value)) < 0) {
          goto error;
      }

   Added in version 3.13.

int PyModule_AddObject(PyObject *module, const char *name, PyObject *value)
    * 次に属します: Stable ABI.*

   Similar to "PyModule_AddObjectRef()", but *steals* a reference to
   *value* on success (if it returns "0").

   The new "PyModule_Add()" or "PyModule_AddObjectRef()" functions are
   recommended, since it is easy to introduce reference leaks by
   misusing the "PyModule_AddObject()" function.

   注釈:

     Unlike other functions that steal references,
     "PyModule_AddObject()" only releases the reference to *value*
     **on success**.This means that its return value must be checked,
     and calling code must "Py_XDECREF()" *value* manually on error.

   使用例:

      PyObject *obj = PyBytes_FromString(value);
      if (PyModule_AddObject(module, "spam", obj) < 0) {
          // If 'obj' is not NULL and PyModule_AddObject() failed,
          // 'obj' strong reference must be deleted with Py_XDECREF().
          // If 'obj' is NULL, Py_XDECREF() does nothing.
          Py_XDECREF(obj);
          goto error;
      }
      // PyModule_AddObject() stole a reference to obj:
      // Py_XDECREF(obj) is not needed here.

   Soft deprecated since version 3.13.

int PyModule_AddIntConstant(PyObject *module, const char *name, long value)
    * 次に属します: Stable ABI.*

   Add an integer constant to *module* as *name*.  This convenience
   function can be used from the module's initialization function.
   Return "-1" with an exception set on error, "0" on success.

   This is a convenience function that calls "PyLong_FromLong()" and
   "PyModule_AddObjectRef()"; see their documentation for details.

int PyModule_AddStringConstant(PyObject *module, const char *name, const char *value)
    * 次に属します: Stable ABI.*

   Add a string constant to *module* as *name*.  This convenience
   function can be used from the module's initialization function.
   The string *value* must be "NULL"-terminated. Return "-1" with an
   exception set on error, "0" on success.

   This is a convenience function that calls
   "PyUnicode_InternFromString()" and "PyModule_AddObjectRef()"; see
   their documentation for details.

PyModule_AddIntMacro(module, macro)

   Add an int constant to *module*. The name and the value are taken
   from *macro*. For example "PyModule_AddIntMacro(module, AF_INET)"
   adds the int constant *AF_INET* with the value of *AF_INET* to
   *module*. Return "-1" with an exception set on error, "0" on
   success.

PyModule_AddStringMacro(module, macro)

   文字列定数を *module* に追加します。

int PyModule_AddType(PyObject *module, PyTypeObject *type)
    * 次に属します: Stable ABI (バージョン 3.10 より).*

   Add a type object to *module*. The type object is finalized by
   calling internally "PyType_Ready()". The name of the type object is
   taken from the last component of "tp_name" after dot. Return "-1"
   with an exception set on error, "0" on success.

   Added in version 3.9.

int PyModule_AddFunctions(PyObject *module, PyMethodDef *functions)
    * 次に属します: Stable ABI (バージョン 3.7 より).*

   Add the functions from the "NULL" terminated *functions* array to
   *module*. Refer to the "PyMethodDef" documentation for details on
   individual entries (due to the lack of a shared module namespace,
   module level "functions" implemented in C typically receive the
   module as their first parameter, making them similar to instance
   methods on Python classes).

   This function is called automatically when creating a module from
   "PyModuleDef" (such as when using 多段階初期化, "PyModule_Create",
   or "PyModule_FromDefAndSpec"). Some module authors may prefer
   defining functions in multiple "PyMethodDef" arrays; in that case
   they should call this function directly.

   The *functions* array must be statically allocated (or otherwise
   guaranteed to outlive the module object).

   Added in version 3.5.

int PyModule_SetDocString(PyObject *module, const char *docstring)
    * 次に属します: Stable ABI (バージョン 3.7 より).*

   Set the docstring for *module* to *docstring*. This function is
   called automatically when creating a module from "PyModuleDef"
   (such as when using 多段階初期化, "PyModule_Create", or
   "PyModule_FromDefAndSpec").

   Return "0" on success. Return "-1" with an exception set on error.

   Added in version 3.5.

int PyUnstable_Module_SetGIL(PyObject *module, void *gil)

   *これは Unstable APIです。マイナーリリースで予告なく変更されること
   があります。*

   Indicate that *module* does or does not support running without the
   global interpreter lock (GIL), using one of the values from
   "Py_mod_gil". It must be called during *module*'s initialization
   function when using 従来の一段階初期化. If this function is not
   called during module initialization, the import machinery assumes
   the module does not support running without the GIL. This function
   is only available in Python builds configured with "--disable-gil".
   Return "-1" with an exception set on error, "0" on success.

   Added in version 3.13.


Module lookup (single-phase initialization)
===========================================

The legacy single-phase initialization initialization scheme creates
singleton modules that can be looked up in the context of the current
interpreter. This allows the module object to be retrieved later with
only a reference to the module definition.

多段階初期化を使うと単一の定義から複数のモジュールが作成できるので、こ
れらの関数は多段階初期化を使って作成されたモジュールには使えません。

PyObject *PyState_FindModule(PyModuleDef *def)
    *戻り値: 借用参照。** 次に属します: Stable ABI.*

   現在のインタプリタの *def* から作られたモジュールオブジェクトを返し
   ます。このメソッドの前提条件として、前もって "PyState_AddModule()"
   でインタプリタの state にモジュールオブジェクトを連結しておくことを
   要求します。対応するモジュールオブジェクトが見付からない、もしくは
   事前にインタプリタの state に連結されていない場合は、 "NULL" を返し
   ます。

int PyState_AddModule(PyObject *module, PyModuleDef *def)
    * 次に属します: Stable ABI (バージョン 3.3 より).*

   関数に渡されたモジュールオブジェクトを、インタプリタの state に連結
   します。この関数を使うことで "PyState_FindModule()" からモジュール
   オブジェクトにアクセスできるようになります。

   一段階初期化を使って作成されたモジュールにのみ有効です。

   Python calls "PyState_AddModule" automatically after importing a
   module that uses single-phase initialization, so it is unnecessary
   (but harmless) to call it from module initialization code. An
   explicit call is needed only if the module's own init code
   subsequently calls "PyState_FindModule". The function is mainly
   intended for implementing alternative import mechanisms (either by
   calling it directly, or by referring to its implementation for
   details of the required state updates).

   If a module was attached previously using the same *def*, it is
   replaced by the new *module*.

   The caller must have an *attached thread state*.

   Return "-1" with an exception set on error, "0" on success.

   Added in version 3.3.

int PyState_RemoveModule(PyModuleDef *def)
    * 次に属します: Stable ABI (バージョン 3.3 より).*

   Removes the module object created from *def* from the interpreter
   state. Return "-1" with an exception set on error, "0" on success.

   The caller must have an *attached thread state*.

   Added in version 3.3.
