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Episcopal, Monastic, and Church Construction in Rus’ in the 15th–17th Centuries: Towards the Formulation of the Problem

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Abstract

The all-Russian process of episcopal, monastic, and church construction is analyzed, and its periodization is proposed: the second half of the 14th–16th centuries can be characterized as the era of monasteries; and the 17th–early 18th centuries are attributed to the time of episcopal houses. It is worth emphasizing that the architectural ensembles of monasteries largely took shape in the 15th–16th centuries, although they were completed and renovated in the 17th century, while the construction of episcopal houses is the result of the activities of bishops in the 17th century. In the 15th–early 18th centuries, episcopal, monastic, and church construction was an integral factor in the development of medieval society. Episcopal houses, monasteries, and churches created, expressed, and strengthened spatial ties in the Russian state and were spiritual, cultural, and economic centers.

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Notes

  1. The Dictionary of the Russian Language of the 11th–17th Centuries has 27 definitions for the concept of “building” and 6 for the concept of “construction” (Dictionary of the Russian Language of the 11th–17th Centuries, Issue 28 (Starichek”–Sulebnyi) (Moscow, 2008), pp. 172–174, 177, 178). In the Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language by V.I. Dahl we find the following definition: to build means “to arrange; to decorate; to establish; to put in order, in a decorous, consistent, and proper form. To build a state, government; to build orders. To build a house, to manage the household. The Church of Christ, built and governed by its pastors, flourished like a lily. To build troops, to put in order, to line up…. To build musical instruments…. To construct, to erect, to fence; to lay stone, to cut wood, to construct a building. Build a house and build a grave…. Build a bell tower and climb it…. Build tackle, seines, acquire what is needed for a trade…. Build a soul, (old) save, perform church commemoration” (V. I. Dal, Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language (St. Petersburg, 1882), Vol. 4, p. 350).

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  11. Ya. E. Vodarskii and E. G. Istomina, Orthodox Monasteries of Russia…, p. 535. In total, in 1917, Ya. E. Vodarskii recorded 2574 monasteries founded in the 5th–early 20th centuries within the borders of the Russian Empire. (Ya. E. Vodarskii and E. G. Istomina, Orthodox Monasteries…, p. 27.)

  12. Income and Expenditure Books of the Vologda Bishop’s House of Saint Sophia and Tax Books of the Churches of the Vologda Diocese: 17th–Early 18th Centuries, Ed. by N. V. Bashnin (Moscow, 2016), pp. 655–705, 706–718.

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  14. Ya. E. Vodarskii, Population of Russia in the Late 17th–Early 18th Centuries, p. 83. According to I.M. Pokrovskii’s calculations, there were about 15 000 churches in 1682. (I. M. Pokrovskii, Russian Dioceses in the 16th–19th Centuries, Their Opening, Composition, and Boundaries: An Experience of Church-Historical, Statistical, and Geographical Research, Vol. 2: 18th Century (Kazan, 1913), p. 833.

  15. Ya. E. Vodarskii, Population of Russia…, p. 82. For information on the number of dioceses, monasteries, churches, and clergy in the 18th–19th centuries, see: I. M. Pokrovskii, Russian Dioceses in the 16th–19th Centuries, Their Opening, Composition, and Boundaries: An Experience of Church-Historical, Statistical, and Geographical Research, Vols. 1–2 (Kazan, 1897–1913); S. S. Dmit-riev, “The Orthodox Church and the state in prereform Russia,” Ist. SSSR, No. 4, 44–46 (1966).

  16. Ya. E. Vodarskii and E. G. Istomina, Orthodox Monasteries of Russia…, p. 28.

  17. Ya. E. Vodarskii and E. G. Istomina, Orthodox Monasteries of Russia…, p. 29.

  18. K. V. Bazilevich, I. A. Golubtsov, and M. A. Zinov’ev, Atlas of the History of the USSR, Part I (Moscow, 1948), Map No. 17: Formation of the Russian National State (1462–1533); Map No. 18: The Russian state in the 16th Century (1533–1598); Map No. 22: The Russian State in the 17th Century (European Part); Map No. 27: Expansion of the Russian State in the 16th–17th Centuries.

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  22. S. B. Veselovskii, Feudal Land Ownership in North-Eastern Rus’, Vol. 1, Part 2: Land Ownership of the Metropolitan House, p. 455.

  23. S. B. Veselovskii, Feudal Land Ownership in North-Eastern Rus’, Vol. 1, Part 2: Land Ownership of the Metropolitan House, pp. 387–389.

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  27. A. L. Gryaznov, “‘The prince, as if he had a monastery under his own hand’: Princely monasteries on Beloozero and Vologda in the 14th–16th centuries,” in Yearbook of the Agrarian History of Eastern Europe: 2019: Problems of Agrarian Development of Russia in the 14th–20th Centuries (Voronezh, 2020), pp. 11–24.

  28. E. E. Golubinskii, History of the Canonization of Saints in the Russian Church (Moscow, 1903), pp. 109–137.

  29. E. E. Golubinskii, History of the Canonization of Saints in the Russian Church (Moscow, 1903), pp. 137–169.

  30. V. P. Vasil’ev, “Councils of 1547 and 1549,” Khristianskoe Chtenie, Nos. 1–2 (1889); V. P. Vasil’ev, History of Canonization of Russian Saints (Moscow, 1893); E. E. Golubinskii, History of the Canonization of Saints…; A. S. Khoroshev, Political History of Russian Canonization (11th–16th Centuries) (Moscow, 1986); Macarius (Veretennikov), Archimandrite, “Makar’ev Councils of 1547 and 1549 and their significance,” in Russian Artistic Culture of the 15th–16th Centuries (Moscow, 1998), pp. 2–19; B. M. Kloss, Selected Works, Vol. 2: Essays on the History of Russian Hagiography of the 14th–16th Centuries (Moscow, 2001), pp. 367–369.

  31. Ya. E. Vodarskii and E.G. Istomina, Orthodox Monasteries of Russia…, p. 30.

  32. Yu. G. Alekseev, “Distribution of land ownership after the confiscations of Ivan III: Estates and landowners,” in Agrarian History of the North-West of Russia: Second Half of the 15th–16th Centuries, Ed. by A. L. Shapiro (Leningrad, 1971), pp. 333, 334.

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  35. Essays on the Demographic History of Russia: 11th–21st Centuries, Vol. 2: 16th–17th Centuries, Ed. by V. B. Zhiromskaya (Moscow, 2022); M. S. Cherkasova, Man in the Mirror of Historical Demography: 16th–Early 18th Centuries (Vologda, 2023).

  36. N. V. Bashnin, “‘Budget’ of the Vologda Bishop’s House of St. Sophia in the first third of the 17th century,” Ross. Ist., No. 5, 114–126 (2017).

  37. P. Bushkovitch, Religion and Society in Russia: The Sixteenth and Seventeenth Century (New York, 1992); E. D. Suslova, Church Ministers in Karelia in the Early Modern Period: The Formation of Dynasties (Petrozavodsk, 2013). http://www.petrsu.ru/ Structure/Other/polygraph.html. Cited September 21, 2024.

  38. N. K. Nikol’skii, Description of the Manuscripts of the Kirillo-Belozerskii Monastery, Compiled in the 15th Century (St. Petersburg, 1897), p. II.

  39. Z. V. Dmitrieva, “Introduction,” in Inventory of Buildings and Property of the Kirillo-Belozerskii Monastery in 1601: Commented Edition, Ed. by Z. V. Dmitrieva and M. N. Sharomazov (St. Petersburg, 1998), p. 9.

  40. Z. V. Dmitrieva, Inventory [Vytnye] and Description [Opisnye] Books of the Kirillo-Belozerskii Monastery of the 16th–17th Centuries, pp. 55–82.

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  43. V. G. Vovina, “Church hierarchs in the 16th century,” p. 288.

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  47. A. V. Vedyaev, A. V. Gaidenko, Yu. V. Ospennikov, and I. A. Ustinova, “Towards Repentance and Correction”: Trials of Bishops in the History and Present of the Russian Church (St. Petersburg, 2023), pp. 137, 138. See also: T. B. Solov’eva, “On the relationship between the tsarist power and the patriarchate on land and financial issues in the second half of the 17th century in Russia,” Vestn. Mosk. Univ., Ser. Ist., No. 5, 60–72 (1978).

  48. P. V. Sedov, “Church hierarchs of the 1660s–1680s,” in The Ruling Elite of the Russian State in the 9th–Early 18th Centuries (Historical Essays) (St. Petersburg, 2006), p. 467.

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  51. In the inventory of 1701 we find the following description of the vehicle of Archbishop Gabriel of Vologda and Belozersk: “A large carriage, covered with black leather, copper nails, carved valance, gilded with paints, eight windows with apertures, a lower belt, painted on wood with paint, the inside is embossed with wild-colored cloth, silk fringe of various colors, the frame and wheels are suspended, on the frame in places gilded with iron and burdock. It has a canvas cover. The carriage is covered with black leather and the floors, the wheels are suspended and the frame is bound with iron, it is embossed with green stamin” (Inventories of the Vologda Bishop’s House of St. Sophia in the Second Half of the 17th–Early 18th Centuries, Compiled by N. V. Bashnin (St. Petersburg, 2020), p. 294). See also: S. M. Shamin, “Carriages in the everyday life of the Russian nobility of the 17th century,” in Late Medieval City II: Archaeology. History: Proceedings of the II All-Russian Seminar, Tula, November 2007 (Tula, 2009), pp. 206–210; N. V. Bashnin, “On the issue of transport routes and means of transportation in the 17th century (Based on the materials of the income and expenditure books of the Vologda Bishop’s House),” Vestn. Tserkovnoi Ist., No. 3/4, 303–330 (2018); A. V. Matison, Archbishop’s Nobles, Boyar Scions, and Prikaz Servants in the 17th–18th Centuries (Tver Bishop’s House, 1675–1764) (Moscow, 2021).

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  63. Ya. E. Vodarskii, Population of Russia…, p. 82.

  64. Ya. E. Vodarskii, Population of Russia…, pp. 82, 83.

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  69. Ya. E. Vodarskii, Population of Russia…, p. 83.

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  71. Z. V. Dmitrieva, “Introduction,” in Income and Expenditure Books of the Kirillo-Belozerskii Monastery: 1601–1637, Compiled by Z. V. Dmitrieva (Moscow, 2010), p. 3.

  72. State Archive of Vologda Oblast (hereinafter, SAVO), Fund 1260, Inventory 1.

  73. Archive of the St. Petersburg Institute of History RAS (hereinafter, Archive SPbIH RAS), Fund 132.

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Nikita Viktorovich Bashnin, Dr. Sci. (Hist.), is a Leading Researcher in the Department of Ancient History of Russia, St. Petersburg Institute of History, RAS.

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Bashnin, N.V. Episcopal, Monastic, and Church Construction in Rus’ in the 15th–17th Centuries: Towards the Formulation of the Problem. Her. Russ. Acad. Sci. 94 (Suppl 3), S228–S241 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1134/S1019331624700254

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