Chortomlyk Sich
47°31′41″N 34°13′05″E / 47.52807°N 34.21803°E
Chortomlyk Sich | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1652–1709 | |||||||||
.svg) Coat of arms
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 Siches of the Great Meadow. | |||||||||
| Status | Cossack host | ||||||||
| Capital | Chortomlyk island | ||||||||
| Common languages | Ruthenian, Ukrainian | ||||||||
| Religion | Eastern Orthodoxy | ||||||||
| Government | Republic | ||||||||
| Kish otaman, i.a. | |||||||||
• 1652–? | Fedir Lutay | ||||||||
• 1654-57, 1658-59 | Pavlo Homin | ||||||||
| Ivan Sirko | |||||||||
• 1702, 1703-06, 1708-09 | Kost Hordiienko | ||||||||
| Historical era | Early modern period | ||||||||
• Establishment under Hetmanate | 1652 | ||||||||
• Disbandment by Tsardom of Russia | 1709 | ||||||||
| Currency | All European currencies | ||||||||
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| Today part of | Great Meadow, Ukraine | ||||||||
The Chortomlyk Sich[a] (also Old Sich[b]) was a sich founded by Cossacks led by kish otaman Fedir Lutay in the summer of 1652 on the right bank of the Chortomlyk distributary of the Dnieper near the current village of Kapulivka.[1][2] It was the successor of the Mykytyn Sich (1639–1652).
The Sich lasted until 25 May 1709, when it was destroyed by Moscow's punitive expedition undertaken in response to the support of Hetman Ivan Mazepa by Zaporozhian Cossacks.[3][2]
History
[edit]17th century
[edit]During the Khmelnytsky Uprising, Chortomlyk Sich guarded the then southern borders of Ukraine. Cossacks of the Sich took part in Bohdan Khmelnytskyi's campaigns, excelling in the battles of Zhvanets (1653), Horodok (1655), during the second siege of Lviv (1655), etc.
The national recognition of the Chortomlyk Sich spread during the time of kish otaman Ivan Sirko (1659—1680), who lived exclusively in the sich for 17 years and was elected a kish otaman more than 15 times,[4] favoring his military merits. In particular, he became famous for the defeat of the 60,000-strong Ottoman-Tatar army, which suddenly attacked Chortomlyk Sich on New Year's Eve in 1675;[5] as well as the Crimean campaign of 1676, when the Cossacks led by Sirko for the first time crossed the Syvash bay and threatened the Khan's capital Bakhchysarai.[6]
Sack of 1709
[edit]After the defeat of Ivan Mazepa and his supporters at the Battle of Poltava in 1709, the Chortomlyk Sich was sacked by the Moscovite armed forces,[2] together with the capital of Cossack Hetmanate, Baturyn[7] and other Ukrainian cities.[8]
Abandonment and brief resettlement in 1728–1730
[edit]Most Cossacks resettled from the Chortomlyk Sich to the Kamianka Sich in 1709.[9][2] Two years later in May 1711, during the Prut Campaign, the Kamianka Sich was sacked by Muscovite troops as well.[9] The majority of Cossacks then resettled to the Oleshky Sich, near the mouth of the river Dnipro in the Black Sea, putting themselves under the protection of the Crimean Khanate.[9]
The Chortomlyk Sich was briefly resettled from May 1728 until spring 1730.[10] The Oleshky Sich was forcibly abandoned and scorched in May 1728, and its residents moved to the Chortomlyk Sich, where they waited in vain for two years for the tsar of Moscow to accept them as subjects of the Russian Empire.[10] Not receiving a positive response, in the spring of 1730, the Zaporizhian Cossacks resettled from the Chortomlyk Sich back to the Kamianka Sich on the Kamianka River, and once more subjected themselves to the protection of the Crimean Khan.[11]
Notes
[edit]References
[edit]- ↑ "Стара Січ на Чортомлику". www.dnipro.libr.dp.ua (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 11 June 2020.
- 1 2 3 4 Shcherbak 2013.
- ↑ Gazeta.ua (23 May 2020). "Як знищили Чортомлицьку Січ". Gazeta.ua (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 11 June 2020.
- ↑ "9 життів Івана Сірка". Артефакт (in Ukrainian). 19 November 2017. Retrieved 11 June 2020.
- ↑ "Відзначення 360-річчя заснування Чортомлицької Січі та вшанування кошового отамана І.Сірка". www.solor.gov.ua. Retrieved 11 June 2020.
- ↑ Basilevsky, Alexander (28 March 2016). Early Ukraine: A Military and Social History to the Mid-19th Century. McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-9714-0.
- ↑ "Тарас Чухліб. Західна Європа про Мазепу". www.mazepa.name. Retrieved 11 June 2020.
- ↑ "Zaporozhian Sich". www.encyclopediaofukraine.com. Retrieved 11 June 2020.
- 1 2 3 Hurzhiy 2010.
- 1 2 Yavornytsky 1993, pp. 405, 411.
- ↑ Yavornytsky 1993, p. 411.
Literature
[edit]- Shcherbak, Vitaliy Oleksiyovych (2013). "Чортомлицька Січ" [Chortomlytska Sich]. Encyclopedia of History of Ukraine (in Ukrainian). Vol. 10. Kyiv: Institute of History of Ukraine. p. 574. Archived from the original on 24 June 2026. Retrieved 24 June 2026.
- Hurzhiy, Oleksandr Ivanovych (2010). "Олешківська Січ" [Oleshkivska Sich]. Encyclopedia of History of Ukraine (in Ukrainian). Vol. 7. Kyiv: Institute of History of Ukraine. p. 584. Archived from the original on 23 June 2026. Retrieved 23 June 2026.
- Yavornytsky, Dmytro Ivanovych (1993) [1897]. Історія запорозьких козаків. Том 3 (1686–1734) [History of the Zaporizhian Cossacks. Volume 3 (1686–1734)] (PDF) (in Ukrainian). Kyiv: Naukova Dumka. p. 588. ISBN 5-12-002052-6. (history until 1734)
Further reading
[edit]- Юрій Мицик, В'ячеслав Станіславський, Віталій Щербак ЧОРТОМЛИЦЬКА СІЧ (1652-1709 рр.) // Козацькі січі (нариси з історії українського козацтва XVI–XIX ст.) / В. Смолій (відп. ред.), В. Щербак (наук. ред.), Т. Чухліб (упорядн.), О. Гуржій, В. Матях, А. Сокульський, В. Степанков. — НАН України. Інститут історії України; Науково-дослідний інститут козацтва. — Київ; Запоріжжя, 1998. — С 86–108.
Khortytsia Castle (disputed; c. 1550s) • Tomakivka Sich (c. 1540–1593) • Bazavluk Sich (1593–1638) • Mykytyn Sich (1639–1652) |  | |
Chortomlyk (Old) Sich (1652–1709; 1728–1730) • Kamianka Sich (1709–1711; 1728–1734) • Oleshky Sich (1711–1728) • Nova (Pidpilna) Sich (1734–1775) | ||
