Voiced alveolo-palatal affricate
(Redirected from ʥ)
| Voiced alveolo-palatal affricate | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| dʑ | |||
| ʥ | |||
| ɟʑ | |||
| IPA number | 216 | ||
| Audio sample | |||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) | ʥ | ||
| Unicode (hex) | U+02A5 | ||
| X-SAMPA | d_z\ | ||
| |||
A voiced alveolo-palatal sibilant affricate is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbols in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represent this sound are ⟨d͡ʑ⟩, ⟨d͜ʑ⟩. The tie bar may be omitted, yielding ⟨dʑ⟩. There is also a ligature ⟨ʥ⟩, which has been retired by the International Phonetic Association but is still used. Occasionally the stop component is transcribed ⟨ɟ⟩.[citation needed] An older transcription that indicated approximately the same sound was ⟨dʓ⟩.
⟨d⟩ is a broad transcription of the stop component, which can be narrowly transcribed as ⟨d̠ʲ⟩ (retracted and palatalized [d]). There is also a para-IPA letter ⟨ȡ⟩. Therefore, narrow transcriptions include ⟨d̠ʲʑ⟩ and ⟨ȡʑ⟩. However, this is not normally done because the stop component is by default assumed to be homorganic with the fricative component of the consonant.
[dʑ] is the sibilant equivalent of a voiced palatal affricate.
Features
[edit]Features of a voiced alveolo-palatal affricate:
- Its manner of articulation is sibilant affricate, which means it is produced by first stopping the air flow entirely, then directing it with the tongue to the sharp edge of the teeth, causing high-frequency turbulence.
- Its place of articulation is alveolo-palatal. This means that:
- The articulation is postalveolar and laminal, meaning that the tongue blade contacts the roof of the mouth in the area behind the alveolar ridge (the gum line). Some phoneticians instead argue that the articulation is pre-palatal and dorsal, meaning that the back of the tongue (the dorsum) is raised toward the front of the hard palate.
- It is heavily palatalized, meaning that the middle of the tongue is bowed and raised towards the hard palate.
- Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is an oral consonant, which means that air is not allowed to escape through the nose.
- It is a median consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream down the midline of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air only with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most speech sounds.
Occurrence
[edit]| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bengali | যখন | [ˈd͡ʑɔkʰon] | 'when' | Contrasts aspirated form. See Bengali phonology | |
| Burmese | ဂျင် | [d͡ʑɪ̀ɰ̃] | 'top (toy)' | ||
| Catalan[1] | Most dialects | mitjà | [mi̞(d)ˈd͡ʑä] | 'medium' | See Catalan phonology |
| Valencian | joc | [ˈd͡ʑɒ̝k] | 'game' | ||
| Chinese | Southern Min | 日 / ji̍t | [d͡ʑit̚˧ʔ] | 'sun' | |
| Wu | 渠 | [d͡ʑy] | 'he/she/it' | ||
| Irish | Some dialects[2][3][4] | dearg | [ˈd͡ʑaɾˠəɡ] | 'red' | Realization of the palatalized alveolar stop /dʲ/ in dialects such as Erris, Teelin and Tourmakeady.[2][3][4] See Irish phonology |
| Japanese | 知人 / chijin | [t͡ɕid͡ʑĩ́ɴ] | 'acquaintance' | Also transcribed as /ʑ/. See Japanese phonology | |
| Kalmyk | чееҗ / cheej | [t͡ɕeːd͡ʑə̟́] | 'chest' | ||
| Kazakh | Some speakers | жер / jer | [d͡ʑe̘r̥] | 'land' | Often realized as /ʒ/. See Kazakh phonology |
| Korean | South | 편지 / pyeonji | [pʰjʌ̹ːnd͡ʑi] | 'letter' | See Korean phonology |
| Kyrgyz | Some speakers | жок / jok | [d͡ʑo̞q] | 'no' | Typically postalveolar /dʒ/. See Kyrgyz phonology |
| Malay | Jambi | توجوه / tujuh | [tud͡ʑʊh] | 'seven' | See Jambi Malay |
| Okinawan | fijeetiinagaa | [ɸid͡ʑeːtiːnagaː] | 'thief' | ||
| Polish[5] | dźwięk | ⓘ | 'sound' | See Polish phonology | |
| Romanian | Banat dialect[6] | des | [d͡ʑes] | 'frequent' | Allophone of /d/ before front vowels. Corresponds to [d] in standard Romanian. See Romanian phonology |
| Russian | дочь бы | [ˈd̪o̞d͡ʑ bɨ] | 'daughter would' | Allophone of /t͡ɕ/ before voiced consonants. See Russian phonology | |
| Sema[7] | aji | [à̠d͡ʑì] | 'blood' | Possible allophone of /ʒ/ before /i, e/; can be realized as [ʑ ~ ʒ ~ d͡ʒ] instead.[7] | |
| Serbo-Croatian[8][9] | ђаво / đavo | [d͡ʑâ̠ʋo̞ː] | 'devil' | Merges with /d͡ʒ/ in Kajkavian and Chakavian dialects. See Serbo-Croatian phonology | |
| Swedish[10][11] | djur | [d͡ʑʉːr] | 'animal' | Allophone of /j/ in initial position in older Standard Swedish, Norrbotten and Finland | |
| Uzbek[12] | Some speakers | jon | [d͡ʑɒ̽n] | 'dear' | Typically postalveolar /dʒ/. See Uzbek phonology |
| Xumi | Lower[13] | [d͡ʑɐʔ˦] | 'water' | ||
| Upper[14] | [d͡ʑɐ̝˦] | ||||
| Yi | ꐚ / jji | [d͡ʑi˧] | 'bee' | ||
See also
[edit]Notes
[edit]- ↑ Wheeler (2005:12)
- 1 2 Mhac an Fhailigh (1968:36–37)
- 1 2 Wagner (1959:9–10)
- 1 2 de Búrca (1958:24–25)
- ↑ Jassem (2003:105)
- ↑ Pop (1938), p. 29.
- 1 2 Teo (2014:23)
- ↑ Kordić (2006), p. 5.
- ↑ Landau et al. (1999), p. 67.
- ↑ Eriksson (1961:79)
- ↑ Westerberg (2004:35)
- ↑ Sjoberg (1963:12)
- ↑ Chirkova & Chen (2013), p. 365.
- ↑ Chirkova, Chen & Kocjančič Antolík (2013), p. 382.
References
[edit]- Chirkova, Katia; Chen, Yiya (2013), "Xumi, Part 1: Lower Xumi, the Variety of the Lower and Middle Reaches of the Shuiluo River", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (3): 363–379, doi:10.1017/S0025100313000157
- Chirkova, Katia; Chen, Yiya; Kocjančič Antolík, Tanja (2013), "Xumi, Part 2: Upper Xumi, the Variety of the Upper Reaches of the Shuiluo River", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (3): 381–396, doi:10.1017/S0025100313000169
- de Búrca, Seán (1958), The Irish of Tourmakeady, Co. Mayo, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, ISBN 0-901282-49-9
{{citation}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help) - Eriksson, Manne (1961), En översikt över det svenska landsmålsalfabetets utveckling och användning huvudsakligen i tidskriften SVENSKA LANDSMÅL (PDF), p. 79
- Jassem, Wiktor (2003), "Polish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (1): 103–107, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001191
- Mhac an Fhailigh, Éamonn (1968), The Irish of Erris, Co. Mayo, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, ISBN 0-901282-02-2
- Pavlík, Radoslav (2004), "Slovenské hlásky a medzinárodná fonetická abeceda" (PDF), Jazykovedný časopis, 55: 87–109
- Pop, Sever (1938), Micul Atlas Linguistic Român, Muzeul Limbii Române Cluj
- Sjoberg, Andrée F. (1963), Uzbek Structural Grammar, Uralic and Altaic Series, vol. 18, Bloomington: Indiana University
- Teo, Amos B. (2014), A phonological and phonetic description of Sumi, a Tibeto-Burman language of Nagaland (PDF), Canberra: Asia-Pacific Linguistics, ISBN 978-1-922185-10-5
- Wagner, Heinrich (1959), Gaeilge Theilinn (in Irish), Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, ISBN 1-85500-055-5
{{citation}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help) - Westerberg, Anna (2004), Norsjömålet under 150 år, Kungl. Gustav Adolfs Akademien för svensk folkkultur, p. 35, ISBN 91-85352-55-1
- Wheeler, Max W (2005), The Phonology Of Catalan, Oxford: Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-925814-7
- Kordić, Snježana (2006), Serbo-Croatian, Languages of the World/Materials; 148, Munich & Newcastle: Lincom Europa, ISBN 978-3-89586-161-1
- Landau, Ernestina; Lončarić, Mijo; Horga, Damir; Škarić, Ivo (1999), "Croatian", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 66–69, ISBN 978-0-521-65236-0
