ablaut

See also: Ablaut

English

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *h₂ep

Proto-Indo-European *-o

Proto-Indo-European *h₂epó

Proto-Germanic *ab

Old High German ab

Middle High German ab

German ab

German ab-

Proto-Indo-European *ḱlew-

Proto-Indo-European *-tós

Proto-Indo-European *ḱlutós

Proto-Germanic *hlūdaz

Proto-West Germanic *hlūd

Old High German lūt

Middle High German lūt

German Laut

German Ablautbor.

English ablaut

Borrowed from German Ablaut (“sound gradation”), which is from ab- or ab (“down, off”), + Laut (“sound”). Ab is used here in the sense of “deviating, varying” as in Abgott (“god other than the true God”), Abart (“different sort, variety, anomality”).

Pronunciation

• (US) IPA^(key): /ˈɑbˌlaʊt/, /ˈɑpˌlaʊt/, /ˈæbˌlaʊt/

• Audio (Southern England):

  (file)

• Audio (Southern England):

  (file)

• Audio (Canada):

  (file)

• Rhymes: -aʊt
• Hyphenation: ab‧lowt

Noun

Examples
get → got sing → song hang → hung

ablaut (countable and uncountable, plural ablauts)

1. (phonology) The substitution of one root vowel for another, thus indicating a corresponding modification of use or meaning; vowel permutation, distinct from the phonetic influence of a succeeding vowel. [Mid 19^th century.]

   Synonym: alternation

   Hypernyms: gradation, apophony

   • 1920, Arthur Quiller-Couch, On The Art of Reading‎^[1]:

     I declare to you that Literature was not written for schoolmasters, nor for schoolmistresses. I would not exchange it for a wilderness of schoolmasters. It should be delivered from them, who, with their silly Ablauts and ‘tendencies,’ can themselves neither read nor write.

Derived terms

• ablauting
• unablauted

Related terms

• umlaut

Translations

substitution of one root vowel for another

• Afrikaans: ablaut
• Albanian: apofoni f
• Armenian: ձայնդարձ (hy) (jayndarj)
• Bulgarian: абла́ут (bg) m (abláut)
• Catalan: apofonia f
• Czech: kmenostup m, střída f
• Danish: aflyd c
• Dutch: ablaut (nl) m, klankwisseling m, klinkerwisseling (nl) m
• Faroese: avljóð n
• Finnish: äännevaihtelu (fi), ablaut (fi)
• French: apophonie (fr) f
• Georgian: აბლაუტი (ka) (ablauṭi)
• German: Ablaut (de) m (Vokalabstufung f)
• Greek: μετάπτωση (el) f (metáptosi)
• Hebrew: אַפּוֹפוֹנְיָה (he) f (apofónya), אַבְּלָאוּט
• Hungarian: tőhangváltás, tőhangváltozás, hangmásulás, ablaut (hu), apofónia, tőhangzóváltozás (hu), fokváltakozás
• Icelandic: hljóðskipti n pl
• Irish: ablabht, grádaíocht f
• Italian: apofonia f
• Korean: 모음 전환 (mo'eum jeonhwan)
• Latvian: ablauts
• Lithuanian: abliautas (lt)
• Polish: przegłos (pl) m, alternacja f, apofonia (pl) f
• Portuguese: ablaut m, apofonia (pt) f
• Romanian: apofonie (ro) f, ablaut (ro) n
• Russian: абла́ут (ru) m (abláut), абля́ут (ru) m (abljáut), апофони́я (ru) f (apofoníja)
• Serbo-Croatian:

  Cyrillic: а̀блаут m, (Ekavian and Ijekavian) пре́вој m, (Ijekavian) прије́вој m

  Latin: àblaut (sh) m, (Ekavian and Ijekavian) prévoj (sh) m, (Ijekavian) prijévoj (sh) m

• Spanish: apofonía (es) f
• Swedish: avljud (sv) n

The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables. See instructions at Wiktionary:Entry layout § Translations.

Translations to be checked

• Vietnamese: ^{(please verify)} Aplau

Verb

ablaut (third-person singular simple present ablauts, present participle ablauting, simple past and past participle ablauted)

1. (intransitive, linguistics, of a vowel-containing linguistic component) To undergo a change of vowel.
   • 1983, Stephanie W. Jamison, Function and Form in the -áya-formations of the Rig Veda and ...‎^[2], page 209:

     This root must once have ablauted, given the associated nominal derivatives prthii- 'broad', prthivl- 'earth'. However, it does not ablaut at all in its verbal forms.

   • 1985, Michael E. Krauss, Yupik Eskimo prosodic systems: descriptive and comparative studies‎^[3], page 241:

     What we find is that one cannot predict which members of V a given member of E will cause to ablaut

   • 2006, Felix K. Ameka, Alan Charles Dench, Nicholas Evans, Catching language: the standing challenge of grammar writing‎^[4], page 536:

     It is these co-opted verbs that tend to ablaut variably in the different Dakotan dialects and that forced morphological restructuring

   • 2012, Bernard Comrie, Zarina Estrada Fernández, Relative Clauses in Languages of the Americas: A Typological Overview‎^[5], page 219:

     This allomorph also causes the back vowel to ablaut to a low vowel.

2. (transitive, linguistics) To cause to change a vowel.

Derived terms

• unablauted

Further reading

• Apophony on Wikipedia.Wikipedia

Anagrams

• Butala, tabula

Afrikaans

Etymology

From Dutch ablaut, borrowed from German Ablaut, from ab- +‎ Laut.

Pronunciation

• Hyphenation: ab‧laut

Noun

ablaut (plural ablaute)

1. (linguistics) ablaut

Finnish

Etymology

From German Ablaut.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈɑblɑut/, [ˈɑ̝blɑ̝ut̪]
• Rhymes: -ɑblɑut
• Syllabification^(key): ab‧la‧ut
• Hyphenation^(key): ab‧la‧ut

Noun

ablaut

1. (linguistics) ablaut

Declension

Inflection of ablaut (Kotus type 5/risti, no gradation)
nominative		ablaut	ablautit
genitive		ablautin	ablautien
partitive		ablautia	ablauteja
illative		ablautiin	ablauteihin
		singular	plural
nominative		ablaut	ablautit
accusative	nom.	ablaut	ablautit
	gen.	ablautin
genitive		ablautin	ablautien
partitive		ablautia	ablauteja
inessive		ablautissa	ablauteissa
elative		ablautista	ablauteista
illative		ablautiin	ablauteihin
adessive		ablautilla	ablauteilla
ablative		ablautilta	ablauteilta
allative		ablautille	ablauteille
essive		ablautina	ablauteina
translative		ablautiksi	ablauteiksi
abessive		ablautitta	ablauteitta
instructive		—	ablautein
comitative		See the possessive forms below.

Possessive forms of ablaut (Kotus type 5/risti, no gradation)

first-person singular possessor singular plural nominative ablautini ablautini accusative nom. ablautini ablautini gen. ablautini genitive ablautini ablautieni partitive ablautiani ablautejani inessive ablautissani ablauteissani elative ablautistani ablauteistani illative ablautiini ablauteihini adessive ablautillani ablauteillani ablative ablautiltani ablauteiltani allative ablautilleni ablauteilleni essive ablautinani ablauteinani translative ablautikseni ablauteikseni abessive ablautittani ablauteittani instructive — — comitative — ablauteineni second-person singular possessor singular plural nominative ablautisi ablautisi accusative nom. ablautisi ablautisi gen. ablautisi genitive ablautisi ablautiesi partitive ablautiasi ablautejasi inessive ablautissasi ablauteissasi elative ablautistasi ablauteistasi illative ablautiisi ablauteihisi adessive ablautillasi ablauteillasi ablative ablautiltasi ablauteiltasi allative ablautillesi ablauteillesi essive ablautinasi ablauteinasi translative ablautiksesi ablauteiksesi abessive ablautittasi ablauteittasi instructive — — comitative — ablauteinesi first-person plural possessor singular plural nominative ablautimme ablautimme accusative nom. ablautimme ablautimme gen. ablautimme genitive ablautimme ablautiemme partitive ablautiamme ablautejamme inessive ablautissamme ablauteissamme elative ablautistamme ablauteistamme illative ablautiimme ablauteihimme adessive ablautillamme ablauteillamme ablative ablautiltamme ablauteiltamme allative ablautillemme ablauteillemme essive ablautinamme ablauteinamme translative ablautiksemme ablauteiksemme abessive ablautittamme ablauteittamme instructive — — comitative — ablauteinemme second-person plural possessor singular plural nominative ablautinne ablautinne accusative nom. ablautinne ablautinne gen. ablautinne genitive ablautinne ablautienne partitive ablautianne ablautejanne inessive ablautissanne ablauteissanne elative ablautistanne ablauteistanne illative ablautiinne ablauteihinne adessive ablautillanne ablauteillanne ablative ablautiltanne ablauteiltanne allative ablautillenne ablauteillenne essive ablautinanne ablauteinanne translative ablautiksenne ablauteiksenne abessive ablautittanne ablauteittanne instructive — — comitative — ablauteinenne third-person possessor singular plural nominative ablautinsa ablautinsa accusative nom. ablautinsa ablautinsa gen. ablautinsa genitive ablautinsa ablautiensa partitive ablautiaan ablautiansa ablautejaan ablautejansa inessive ablautissaan ablautissansa ablauteissaan ablauteissansa elative ablautistaan ablautistansa ablauteistaan ablauteistansa illative ablautiinsa ablauteihinsa adessive ablautillaan ablautillansa ablauteillaan ablauteillansa ablative ablautiltaan ablautiltansa ablauteiltaan ablauteiltansa allative ablautilleen ablautillensa ablauteilleen ablauteillensa essive ablautinaan ablautinansa ablauteinaan ablauteinansa translative ablautikseen ablautiksensa ablauteikseen ablauteiksensa abessive ablautittaan ablautittansa ablauteittaan ablauteittansa instructive — — comitative — ablauteineen ablauteinensa

Hungarian

Etymology

Borrowed from German Ablaut (“ablaut”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈɒblɒut]
• Rhymes: -ut
• Hyphenation: ab‧laut
• Syllabification: ab‧la‧ut

Noun

ablaut (plural ablautok)

1. (phonology) ablaut (substitution of one root vowel for another)

   Synonyms: apofónia, tőhangváltás, tőhangváltozás, tőhangzóváltás, tőhangzóváltozás

Declension

Inflection (stem in -o-, back harmony)

	singular	plural
nominative	ablaut	ablautok
accusative	ablautot	ablautokat
dative	ablautnak	ablautoknak
instrumental	ablauttal	ablautokkal
causal-final	ablautért	ablautokért
translative	ablauttá	ablautokká
terminative	ablautig	ablautokig
essive-formal	ablautként	ablautokként
essive-modal	—	—
inessive	ablautban	ablautokban
superessive	ablauton	ablautokon
adessive	ablautnál	ablautoknál
illative	ablautba	ablautokba
sublative	ablautra	ablautokra
allative	ablauthoz	ablautokhoz
elative	ablautból	ablautokból
delative	ablautról	ablautokról
ablative	ablauttól	ablautoktól
non-attributive possessive – singular	ablauté	ablautoké
non-attributive possessive – plural	ablautéi	ablautokéi

Possessive forms of ablaut

possessor	single possession	multiple possessions
1st person sing.	ablautom	ablautjaim
2nd person sing.	ablautod	ablautjaid
3rd person sing.	ablautja	ablautjai
1st person plural	ablautunk	ablautjaink
2nd person plural	ablautotok	ablautjaitok
3rd person plural	ablautjuk	ablautjaik

Indonesian

Etymology

Borrowed from German Ablaut (“sound gradation”).

Pronunciation

• (Standard Indonesian) IPA^(key): /aˈblaut/ [aˈbla.ʊt̪̚]
• Rhymes: -aut
• Syllabification: a‧bla‧ut

Noun

ablaut

1. ablaut (substitution of one root vowel for another)

See also

• umlaut

Further reading

• ablaut on the Indonesian Wikipedia.Wikipedia ^id
• “ablaut”, in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia [Great Dictionary of the Indonesian Language] (in Indonesian), Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016

Portuguese

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *h₂ep

Proto-Indo-European *-o

Proto-Indo-European *h₂epó

Proto-Germanic *ab

Old High German ab

Middle High German ab

German ab

German ab-

Proto-Indo-European *ḱlew-

Proto-Indo-European *-tós

Proto-Indo-European *ḱlutós

Proto-Germanic *hlūdaz

Proto-West Germanic *hlūd

Old High German lūt

Middle High German lūt

German Laut

German Ablaut

Portuguese ablaut

From German Ablaut.

Noun

ablaut m (plural ablauts)

1. (linguistics) ablaut (substitution of one root vowel for another)

Further reading

• “ablaut”, in Dicionário Aulete Digital (in Portuguese), Rio de Janeiro: Lexikon Editora Digital, 2008–2026

Romanian

Etymology

Borrowed from German Ablaut.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈablawt/
• Rhymes: -ablawt
• Hyphenation: áb‧laut

Noun

ablaut n (plural ablauturi)

1. ablaut

   Synonym: apofonie

Declension

	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative-accusative	ablaut	ablautul	ablauturi	ablauturile
genitive-dative	ablaut	ablautului	ablauturi	ablauturilor
vocative	ablautule		ablauturilor

Further reading

• “ablaut”, in DEX online—Dicționare ale limbii române (Dictionaries of the Romanian language) (in Romanian), 2004–2026

Serbo-Croatian

Etymology

Borrowed from German Ablaut.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ǎblaut/

Noun

àblaut m inan (Cyrillic spelling а̀блаут)

1. (linguistics) ablaut (substitution of one root vowel for another)

   Synonyms: prévoj, prijévoj

Declension

Declension of ablaut

	singular	plural
nominative	àblaut	ablauti
genitive	ablauta	ablauta
dative	ablautu	ablautima
accusative	ablaut	ablaute
vocative	ablaute	ablauti
locative	ablautu	ablautima
instrumental	ablautom	ablautima

Further reading

• “ablaut”, in Hrvatski jezični portal [Croatian language portal] (in Serbo-Croatian), 2006–2026