być
Appearance
See also: byc
Old Polish
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Etymology tree
Inherited from Proto-Slavic *byti. First attested in the 14th century.
Pronunciation
[edit]Verb
[edit]być impf (indeterminate bywać)
- (intransitive) to be, to exist
- (copulative) to be (indicates sameness or membership in a class) [with nominative or instrumental]
- Jeśm kowalem. ― I am a blacksmith.
- (copulative) to be (auxiliary verb used for predication) [with adjective]
- Jeśm zmęczona. ― I am tired.
- (auxiliary) in future tense, forms the compound future tense of imperfective verbs [with infinitive]
- Będę biegać. ― I'll be running.
- (auxiliary) in present tense, forms the compound past tense [with past participle]
- Wczora to napisał jeśm. ― I wrote this down yesterday.
- (auxiliary) in past tense, forms the pluperfect tense [with past participle]
- On to był zrobił przód tem. ― He had done it before.
- (auxiliary) in aorist, forms the conditional mood [with past participle]
- My bychom tam poszli. ― We would have gone there.
Conjugation
[edit]This verb needs an inflection-table template.
Derived terms
[edit]adjectives
verbs
Descendants
[edit]References
[edit]- Boryś, Wiesław (2005), “być”, in Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego (in Polish), Kraków: Wydawnictwo Literackie, →ISBN
- Mańczak, Witold (2017), “być”, in Polski słownik etymologiczny (in Polish), Kraków: Polska Akademia Umiejętności, →ISBN
- Bańkowski, Andrzej (2000), “być”, in Etymologiczny słownik języka polskiego [Etymological Dictionary of the Polish Language] (in Polish)
- Sławski, Franciszek (1958-1965), “być”, in Jan Safarewicz, Andrzej Siudut, editors, Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego [Etymological dictionary of the Polish language] (in Polish), Kraków: Towarzystwo Miłośników Języka Polskiego
- Krystyna Długosz-Kurczabowa (2021), “+”, in Wielki słownik etymologiczno-historyczny języka polskiego, →ISBN, pages 74-78
- Brückner, Aleksander (1927), “być”, in Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego [Etymological Dictionary of the Polish Language] (in Polish), Warsaw: Wiedza Powszechna
- K. Nitsch, editor (1954), “być”, in Słownik staropolski (in Polish), volume 1, Warsaw: Polish Academy of Sciences, page 182
- Bożena Sieradzka-Baziur, et al., editors (2011–2015), “być”, in Słownik pojęciowy języka staropolskiego [Conceptual Dictionary of Old Polish] (in Polish), Kraków: IJP PAN, →ISBN
- Ewa Deptuchowa, et al., editors (2023), “być”, in Rozariusze z polskimi glosami. Internetowa baza danych [Dictionaries of Polish glosses, an Internet database] (in Polish), Kraków: Pracownia Języka Staropolskiego Instytut Języka Polskiego Polskiej Akademii Nauk
Polish
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Etymology tree
Inherited from Old Polish być.
Pronunciation
[edit]Audio 1: (file) Audio 2: (file) Audio 3: (file) Audio 4: (file) Audio 5: (file) Audio 6: (file) - Rhymes: -ɘt͡ɕ
- Syllabification: być
Verb
[edit]być impf (indeterminate bywać)
- (copulative) to be (used to indicate sameness or membership in a class) [with nominative or instrumental]
- Jestem Kamil, a to jest Marta. ― I am Kamil, and this is Marta.
- On jest nauczycielem chemii. ― He is a chemistry teacher.
- (copulative, auxiliary) to be (used for predication) [with adjective]
- Jestem potwornie zmęczona. ― I am dead tired.
- Czemu jesteś dziś taki nie w sosie? ― Why are you so grumpy today?
- (copulative) to be (used to indicate the time of day) [with nominative]
- Jutro będzie piątek. ― Tomorrow it'll be Friday.
- (intransitive, auxiliary, in the future tense) used to form the future tense of imperfective verbs [with infinitive or past-tense clause]
- Będziesz dzisiaj sprzątać/sprzątała? ― Are you going to clean today?
- (intransitive, auxiliary, archaic, in the past tense) used to form the pluperfect tense [with past-tense clause]
- 1859, Jean Jacques Rapet, Przewodnik moralności i ekonomii politycznéj dla użytku klass robotniczych, Behr Bock, page 170:
- Gdybyś naprzykład, panie Rawski, był zjadł wszystko coś zarobił, to byś nie był zebrał majątku.
- If you, Mr Rawski, had, for example, eaten everything that you earned, then you would not have collected your fortune.
- 1869, Charles Edmond, translated by Edmund Chojecki, Alkhadar: ustęp z dziejów ojców naszych, F.A. Brockhaus, page 231:
- Nastusia na pół osunięta, na pół wsparta na dębie, na pół omdlała, z oczyma szeroko, nieruchomie otwartemi, utkwionemi w stronę, gdzie jastrząb dokonał był pomyślnych swoich łowów, strasznie dyszała.
- Nastusia, half-fallen, half-supported by the oak, with her eyes opened wide in a motionless manner, fixed in the direction where the hawk had successfully carried out its hunts, was panting terribly.
- 1871, Czesław Pieniążek, Włościanin: czasopismo ilustrowane dla ludu, Budweiser, page 34:
- Ale cóż, gdyby był poszedł tam w to miejsce, jakie przystało honorowi i jego osobie, toby był musiał co dzień kilka i kilkanaście złotych wydać; to cóż on robił?
- Oh well, if he had gone there into that place, as befitted his honour and his person, then he would have had to spend a few and a few dozen złoty; so what did he do?
- (intransitive) to be, there be (used to indicate location)
- Antonym: nie ma
- Dlaczego w moim pokoju jest tylko jedno łóżko, a w jej są dwa?
- Why is there only one bed in my room but two in hers?
- (transitive, Przemyśl) synonym of spędzać
- Kázáł mu król, żeby był noc z niedźwiedziem.
- The king ordered him to spend a night with a bear.
Usage notes
[edit]- When the predicate is an adjective phrase, it is always used in the nominative case (e.g. Jestem zmęczony – I am tired; Ona jest bardzo mądra – She is very smart; Wczorajszy dzień był piękny, ale dzisiaj jest brzydko – Yesterday was a beautiful day, but today the weather is bad).
- When the predicate is a noun phrase, it can be used either in the instrumental or the nominative case, though it is found mostly in the former.
- The instrumental case is used for:
- permanent identities (e.g. Jestem człowiekiem – I am a human being; Jestem katolikiem – I am a Catholic; Dinozaury były bardzo dużymi gadami – Dinosaurs were very large reptiles);
- genders (e.g. Ja jestem kobietą, a on jest mężczyzną – I am a woman and he is a man);
- professions (e.g. Byłeś najlepszym nauczycielem biologii w naszym gimnazjum – You were the best biology teacher at our gimnazjum);
- nationalities and ethnicities (e.g. On jest Polakiem – He is Polish (lit. He is a Pole));
- relationships (e.g. Ona jest moją siostrą – She is my sister; On jest twoim narzeczonym? – Is he your fiancé?);
- definite/unique identities (e.g. Bruce Wayne jest Batmanem – Bruce Wayne is Batman).
- The nominative case is used for:
- introducing oneself (e.g. Jestem Kamil – I am Kamil / My name is Kamil);
- directly identifying, specifying, or pointing out who someone is by name or unique identity (e.g. A więc to ty jesteś ta słynna Maryla Rodowicz? – So you are the famous Maryla Rodowicz?).
- However, when introducing other people or things, the phrase to jest/to są (this is/these are) is mostly used instead, where to acts as a pointing demonstrative pronoun (e.g. To jest Marysia, a to Tomek – This is Marysia and this is Tomek; To jest moja szefowa – This is my boss, which is roughly synonymous with a standard instrumental phrase such as: Ona jest moją szefową).
- The instrumental case is used for:
Conjugation
[edit]Derived terms
[edit]adjectives
particles
verbs
- być w błędzie impf
- dobyć pf, dobywać impf
- nabyć pf, nabywać impf
- obyć pf, obywać impf
- odbyć pf, odbywać impf
- pobyć pf
- pozbyć pf, pozbywać impf
- przebyć pf, przebywać impf
- przybyć pf, przybywać impf
- ubyć pf, ubywać impf
- wydobyć pf, wydobywać impf
- wyzbyć pf, wyzbywać impf
- zbyć pf, zbywać impf
- zdobyć pf, zdobywać impf
Related terms
[edit]verbs
- bawić impf
Trivia
[edit]According to Słownik frekwencyjny polszczyzny współczesnej (1990), być is one of the most used words in Polish, appearing 2049 times in scientific texts, 1174 times in news, 1865 times in essays, 1791 times in fiction, and 2742 times in plays, each out of a corpus of 100,000 words, totaling 9621 times, making it the 3rd most common word in a corpus of 500,000 words.[1]
References
[edit]Further reading
[edit]- “być”, in Wielki słownik języka polskiego[2] (in Polish), Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
- “być”, in Polish dictionaries at PWN[3] (in Polish)
- Maria Renata Mayenowa, et al., editors (2010-2023), “być”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]
- “BYĆ”, in Elektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century], 10.12.2021
- Samuel Bogumił Linde (1807–1814), “być”, in Słownik języka polskiego
- Aleksander Zdanowicz (1861), “być”, in Słownik języka polskiego, Wilno 1861
- J. Karłowicz, A. Kryński, W. Niedźwiedzki, editors (1900), “być”, in Słownik języka polskiego (in Polish), volume 1, Warsaw, page 243
- być in Narodowy Fotokorpus Języka Polskiego
- Aleksander Saloni (1908), “być”, in “Lud rzeszowski”, in Materyały Antropologiczno-Archeologiczne i Etnograficzne[4] (in Polish), volume 10, Kraków: Akademia Umiejętności, page 332
- Józefa Kobylińska (2001), “być”, in Marian Kucała, editor, Słownik gwary gorczańskiej (zagórzańskiej)[5] (in Polish), Kraków: Wydawnictwo Naukowe Akademii Pedagogicznej, →ISBN, page 11
Silesian
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Etymology tree
Inherited from Old Polish być.
Pronunciation
[edit]Verb
[edit]być impf (indeterminate bywać)
- (copulative) to be (indicates sameness or membership in a class) [with nominative or instrumental]
- (copulative) to be (auxiliary verb used for predication) [with adjective]
- (intransitive) in future tense, forms future tense of imperfective verbs [with infinitive or past-tense clause]
- (intransitive) in past tense, forms pluperfect tense [with past-tense clause]
Conjugation
[edit]Conjugation of być impf
| singular | plural | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| person | masculine | feminine | neuter | virile | nonvirile | |
| infinitive | być | |||||
| present tense | 1st | je, je żech |
my sōm | |||
| 2nd | je żeś | sōm żeście | ||||
| 3rd | je | sōm | ||||
| past tense | 1st | żech bōł, bōłch, bōłech | żech była, byłach | my byli | my były | |
| 2nd | żeś bōł, bōłeś | żeś była, byłaś | żeście byli | żeście były | ||
| 3rd | bōł | była | było | byli | były | |
| future tense | 1st | bydã, bydym, banã | bydymy, bandziymy | |||
| 2nd | bydziesz, bandziesz | bydziecie, bandziecie | ||||
| 3rd | bydzie, bandzie | bydōm, banōm | ||||
| conditional | 1st | bych bōł | bych była | my by byli | my by były | |
| 2nd | byś bōł | byś była | byście byli | byście były | ||
| 3rd | by bōł | by była | by było | by byli | by były | |
| imperative | 1st | niych bydã | bydźmy | |||
| 2nd | bydź | bydźcie | ||||
| 3rd | niych bydzie | niych bydōm | ||||
| active adjectival participle | bydōncy | bydōncŏ | bydōnce | bydōncy | bydōnce | |
| contemporary adverbial participle | bydōnc | |||||
| verbal noun | bycie | |||||
Related terms
[edit]verb
- bawić impf
Further reading
[edit]Upper Sorbian
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Inherited from Proto-Slavic *bỳti.
Pronunciation
[edit]Verb
[edit]być impf
- (intransitive) to be
- Sym redaktor Wikisłownika. ― I'm a Wiktionary editor.
- forms compound past tense [with l-participle]
- 2024 July 30, “W aktualnym wudaću nańdźeće mjez druhim tole:”, in Katolski Posoł[6] (Usenet):
- Zahajili běchu ju z dwurěčnymi swjedźenskimi kemšemi, kotrež swjećeše lětsa Zhorjelski biskop Wolfgang Ipolt.
- They opened it with a bilingual festive service, which this year was celebrated by Görlitz Bishop Wolfgang Ipolt.
Conjugation
[edit]Conjugation of być
| person | singular | dual | plural | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| virile | animate, inanimate | ||||||
| infinitive | być | ||||||
| present tense | 1st | sym | smój | smy | |||
| 2nd | sy | staj | stej | sće | |||
| 3rd | je | staj | stej | su | |||
| past tense | 1st | běch | běchmoj | běchmy | |||
| 2nd | bě, běše | běštaj | běštej | běšće | |||
| 3rd | bě, běše | běštaj | běštej | běchu | |||
| future tense | 1st | budu | budźemoj | budźemy | |||
| 2nd | budźeš | budźetaj | budźetej | budźeće | |||
| 3rd | budźe | budźetaj | budźetej | budu, budźeja | |||
| conditional mood | 1st | bych | bychmoj | bychmy | |||
| 2nd | by | byštaj | byštej | byšće | |||
| 3rd | by | byštaj | byštej | bychu | |||
| passive voice | 1st | buch | bychmoj | buchmy | |||
| 2nd | bu | buštaj | buštej | bušće | |||
| 3rd | bu | buštaj | buštej | buchu | |||
| imperative | 1st | — | budźmoj | budźmy | |||
| 2nd | budź | budźtaj | budźtej | budźće | |||
| 3rd | budź | — | |||||
| verbal noun | byće | ||||||
| ł-form | |||||||
| singular | dual | plural | |||||
| masculine (virile) | był | byłoj | byli | ||||
| masculine (animate, inanimate) | był | byli, byłe | |||||
| feminine | była | ||||||
| neuter | było | ||||||
Derived terms
[edit]verbs
Further reading
[edit]- “być”, in Mudra corpus [Upper Sorbian–Czech dictionary] (in Czech), 2024–2026
- “być” in Soblex
- Křesćan Pful, editor (1866), “być”, in Łužiski serbski słownik / Lausitzisch Wendisches Wörterbuch[7] (in German), Budyšin: Maćica Serbska, page 57
- Křesćan Pful, editor (1866), “buć”, in Łužiski serbski słownik / Lausitzisch Wendisches Wörterbuch[8] (in German), Budyšin: Maćica Serbska, page 54
Categories:
- Old Polish terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- Old Polish terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *h₁es-
- Old Polish terms derived from Proto-Balto-Slavic
- Old Polish terms inherited from Proto-Slavic
- Old Polish terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European
- Old Polish terms inherited from Proto-Balto-Slavic
- Old Polish terms derived from Proto-Slavic
- Old Polish terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *bʰuH-
- Old Polish terms with IPA pronunciation
- Old Polish lemmas
- Old Polish verbs
- Old Polish imperfective verbs
- Old Polish intransitive verbs
- Old Polish copulative verbs
- Old Polish terms with usage examples
- Old Polish auxiliary verbs
- Polish terms derived from Old Polish
- Polish terms derived from Proto-Balto-Slavic
- Polish terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *h₁es-
- Polish terms inherited from Proto-Balto-Slavic
- Polish terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *bʰuH-
- Polish terms inherited from Proto-Slavic
- Polish terms derived from Proto-Slavic
- Polish terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European
- Polish terms inherited from Old Polish
- Polish terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- Polish 1-syllable words
- Polish terms with IPA pronunciation
- Middle Polish
- Przemyśl Polish
- Zagórze Polish
- Polish terms with audio pronunciation
- Rhymes:Polish/ɘt͡ɕ
- Rhymes:Polish/ɘt͡ɕ/1 syllable
- Polish lemmas
- Polish verbs
- Polish imperfective verbs
- Polish copulative verbs
- Polish terms with usage examples
- Polish auxiliary verbs
- Polish intransitive verbs
- Polish terms with archaic senses
- Polish terms with quotations
- Polish transitive verbs
- Polish suppletive verbs
- Silesian terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- Silesian terms inherited from Old Polish
- Silesian terms derived from Proto-Balto-Slavic
- Silesian terms derived from Old Polish
- Silesian terms derived from Proto-Slavic
- Silesian terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European
- Silesian terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *h₁es-
- Silesian terms inherited from Proto-Slavic
- Silesian terms inherited from Proto-Balto-Slavic
- Silesian terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *bʰuH-
- Silesian terms with IPA pronunciation
- Silesian terms with audio pronunciation
- Rhymes:Silesian/ɪt͡ɕ
- Rhymes:Silesian/ɪt͡ɕ/1 syllable
- Silesian lemmas
- Silesian verbs
- Silesian imperfective verbs
- Silesian copulative verbs
- Silesian intransitive verbs
- Upper Sorbian terms derived from Proto-Balto-Slavic
- Upper Sorbian terms inherited from Proto-Balto-Slavic
- Upper Sorbian terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- Upper Sorbian terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European
- Upper Sorbian terms inherited from Proto-Slavic
- Upper Sorbian terms derived from Proto-Slavic
- Upper Sorbian terms with IPA pronunciation
- Upper Sorbian terms with audio pronunciation
- Rhymes:Upper Sorbian/ɨjt͡ʃ
- Rhymes:Upper Sorbian/ɨjt͡ʃ/1 syllable
- Upper Sorbian lemmas
- Upper Sorbian verbs
- Upper Sorbian imperfective verbs
- Upper Sorbian intransitive verbs
- Upper Sorbian terms with usage examples
- Upper Sorbian terms with quotations