gana

See also: Appendix:Variations of "gana"

Languages (32)

Asturian • Balinese • Breton • Catalan • Cebuano • Central Bikol • Chavacano • Gabadi • Galician • Gamilaraay • Garo • Hiligaynon • Icelandic • Indonesian • Javanese • Juba Arabic • Latvian • Lithuanian • Makasar • Northern Sotho • Papiamentu • Polish • Portuguese • Rohingya • Sardinian • Spanish • Swazi • Tagalog • Volapük • Welsh • Wiradjuri • Zulu

---

Page categories

Asturian

Verb

gana

1. inflection of ganar:
   1. third-person singular present indicative
   2. second-person singular imperative

Balinese

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɡanə/
• Hyphenation: ga‧na

Etymology 1

From Sanskrit गगन (gagana, “sky”).

Noun

gana (Balinese script ᬕᬦ)

1. sky

Etymology 2

From Sanskrit गान (gāna, “singing”).

Noun

gana (Balinese script ᬕᬵᬦ)

1. song

Etymology 3

Borrowed from Old Javanese gaṇa (“host, group; a kind of demi-god; number; a certain military subdivision”), from Sanskrit गण (gaṇa).

Noun

gana (Balinese script ᬕᬡ)

1. count
2. group

Etymology 4

Borrowed from Old Javanese ghana (“cloud”), from Sanskrit घन (ghana, “compact mass or substance”).

Noun

gana (Balinese script ᬖᬦ)

1. cloud

Breton

Verb

gana

1. soft mutation of kana

Catalan

Etymology

Unknown, maybe related to Gothic *𐌲𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌽 (*ganan, “to covet”)

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): (Northern, Balearic, Central) [ˈɡa.nə]
• IPA^(key): (Valencia, Northwestern) [ˈɡa.na]

• Audio (Catalonia):

  (file)

• Homophone: Ghana

Noun

gana f (plural ganes)

1. hunger (desire for food)
2. (especially in the plural) desire to do something

   tenir ganes ― to feel like, fancy (literally, “to have desires”)

Further reading

• “gana”, in Diccionari de la llengua catalana [Dictionary of the Catalan Language] (in Catalan), second edition, Institute of Catalan Studies [Catalan: Institut d'Estudis Catalans], April 2007

Cebuano

Etymology

Borrowed from Spanish gana.

Pronunciation

• Hyphenation: ga‧na
• IPA^(key): /ˈɡana/ [ˈɡa.n̪ɐ]

Noun

gana

1. appetite
2. desire

Verb

gana

1. to work
2. to start up

Central Bikol

Etymology

Borrowed from Spanish ganar (“to win”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈɡana/ [ˈɡa.n̪a]

• Audio:

  (file)

• Hyphenation: ga‧na

Adjective

gána (plural garana, Basahan spelling ᜄᜈ)

1. victorious; triumphant

   Synonym: daog

Noun

gána (Basahan spelling ᜄᜈ)

1. win; victory; triumph

   Antonym: daog

2. appetite
3. enthusiasm

   Synonym: entusiyasmo

4. function

   Synonym: andar

Derived terms

• abri-gana
• ganahan
• ganahon
• maganahan
• manggana
• pagana
• panggana

Related terms

• ganado
• ganansiya
• ganar

Chavacano

Etymology

Inherited from Spanish ganar (“to win”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɡaˈna/, [ɡaˈna]
• Hyphenation: ga‧na

Verb

ganá

1. to win

Gabadi

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɡa.na/

Verb

gana

1. to go

   egana ― they (sg.) went

   eganava ― they (sg.) are going

   vegana goarena. ― he will go to the bush.

   Vagana taonina. ― I will go to town.

   agana robana. ― I went to the garden.

Conjugation

	past (real) sm + stem		present (real) sm + stem + -va (pr)		future (irr) futsm + stem		command (irr) sm + ma- (irr) + stem		medial stem + om.posssfx + -nai
	positive	negative	positive	negative	positive	negative	positive	negative
1sg a	agana	da agana	aganava	da aganava	vagana	da vagana	amagana	da amagana	gana’unai
2sg o	ogana	da ogana	oganava	da oganava	vogana	da vogana	omagana	da omagana	ganamunai
3sg e	egana	da egana	eganava	da eganava	vegana	da vegana	emagana	da emagana	ganananai
1pl.incl ka	kagana	da kagana	kaganava	da kaganava	isagana	da isagana	kamagana	da kamagana	ganaganai
1pl.excl i	igana	da igana	iganava	da iganava	vigana	da vigana	imagana	da imagana	ganamainai
2pl u	ugana	da ugana	uganava	da uganava	vugana	da vugana	umagana	da umagana	ganamuinai
3pl ge	gegana	da gegana	geganava	da geganava	edagana	da edagana	gemagana	da gemagana	ganadanai

References

• Oa, Morea and Ma`oni Paul. (2014-02-24). Tentative Grammar Description for the Gabadi Language. [working paper, draft created November 2013; editor: Eileen Gasaway]. Ukarumpa, Papua New Guinea: SIL International. Available online: [3].
  • "egana" (he/she went), "eganava" (he/she is going), "vegana" (he/she will go), "edagana" (they will go), "isagana" (we (incl.) will go) - p.25
  • "agana" (I went) in example 62 ("Nana agana robana") - p.30
  • "vagana" (I will go) in example 110 ("Vagana taonina") - p.38

Galician

Etymology 1

Attested since 1671. From Spanish gana, maybe from Gothic *𐌲𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌽 (*ganan, “to covet”) .

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈɡana̝/

Noun

gana f (plural ganas)

1. desire to do something; zest

   Synonym: desexo

2. appetite

   Synonym: apetito

3. ill will
4. urge

   Tes gana de mexar? ― Do you feel the urge to piss?

References

• Antón Luís Santamarina Fernández, editor (2006–2013), “gana”, in Dicionario de Dicionarios da lingua galega [Dictionary of Dictionaries of the Galician language] (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
• Antón Luís Santamarina Fernández, Ernesto Xosé González Seoane, María Álvarez de la Granja, editors (2003–2018), “gana”, in Tesouro informatizado da lingua galega (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
• Rosario Álvarez Blanco, editor (2014–2024), “gana”, in Tesouro do léxico patrimonial galego e portugués (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega, →ISSN

Etymology 2

Verb

gana

1. inflection of ganir:
   1. first/third-person singular present subjunctive
   2. third-person singular imperative

Gamilaraay

Etymology

Compare Wiradjuri ganang.

Noun

gana

1. liver

Garo

Verb

gana

1. to wear

Hiligaynon

Etymology

Borrowed from Spanish gana.

Noun

gana

1. appetite, desire

Icelandic

Verb

gana (weak verb, third-person singular past indicative ganaði, supine ganað)

1. rush, run frantically, act recklessly

Conjugation

gana – active voice (germynd)

infinitive nafnháttur		að gana
supine sagnbót		ganað
present participle lýsingarháttur nútíðar		ganandi
		indicative framsöguháttur			subjunctive viðtengingarháttur
		present nútíð	past þátíð		present nútíð	past þátíð
singular	ég	gana	ganaði		gani	ganaði
	þú	ganar	ganaðir		ganir	ganaðir
	hann, hún, það	ganar	ganaði		gani	ganaði
plural	við	gönum	gönuðum		gönum	gönuðum
	þið	ganið	gönuðuð		ganið	gönuðuð
	þeir, þær, þau	gana	gönuðu		gani	gönuðu
		imperative boðháttur
singular	þú	gana (þú), ganaðu
plural	þið	ganið (þið), ganiði1

¹ Spoken form, usually not written; in writing, the unappended plural form (optionally followed by the full pronoun) is preferred.

ganast – mediopassive voice (miðmynd)

infinitive nafnháttur		að ganast
supine sagnbót		ganast
present participle lýsingarháttur nútíðar		ganandist (rare; see appendix)
		indicative framsöguháttur			subjunctive viðtengingarháttur
		present nútíð	past þátíð		present nútíð	past þátíð
singular	ég	ganast	ganaðist		ganist	ganaðist
	þú	ganast	ganaðist		ganist	ganaðist
	hann, hún, það	ganast	ganaðist		ganist	ganaðist
plural	við	gönumst	gönuðumst		gönumst	gönuðumst
	þið	ganist	gönuðust		ganist	gönuðust
	þeir, þær, þau	ganast	gönuðust		ganist	gönuðust
		imperative boðháttur
singular	þú	ganast (þú), ganastu
plural	þið	ganist (þið), ganisti1

¹ Spoken form, usually not written; in writing, the unappended plural form (optionally followed by the full pronoun) is preferred.

ganaður — past participle (lýsingarháttur þátíðar)

strong declension (sterk beyging)	singular (eintala)			plural (fleirtala)
	masculine (karlkyn)	feminine (kvenkyn)	neuter (hvorugkyn)	masculine (karlkyn)	feminine (kvenkyn)	neuter (hvorugkyn)
nominative (nefnifall)	ganaður	gönuð	ganað	ganaðir	ganaðar	gönuð
accusative (þolfall)	ganaðan	ganaða	ganað	ganaða	ganaðar	gönuð
dative (þágufall)	gönuðum	ganaðri	gönuðu	gönuðum	gönuðum	gönuðum
genitive (eignarfall)	ganaðs	ganaðrar	ganaðs	ganaðra	ganaðra	ganaðra
weak declension (veik beyging)	singular (eintala)			plural (fleirtala)
	masculine (karlkyn)	feminine (kvenkyn)	neuter (hvorugkyn)	masculine (karlkyn)	feminine (kvenkyn)	neuter (hvorugkyn)
nominative (nefnifall)	ganaði	ganaða	ganaða	gönuðu	gönuðu	gönuðu
accusative (þolfall)	ganaða	gönuðu	ganaða	gönuðu	gönuðu	gönuðu
dative (þágufall)	ganaða	gönuðu	ganaða	gönuðu	gönuðu	gönuðu
genitive (eignarfall)	ganaða	gönuðu	ganaða	gönuðu	gönuðu	gönuðu

Indonesian

Pronunciation

• (Standard Indonesian) IPA^(key): /ˈɡana/ [ˈɡa.na]
• Rhymes: -ana
• Syllabification: ga‧na

Etymology 1

Borrowed from Arabic غَنَاء (ḡanāʔ).

Noun

gana (plural gana-gana)

1. wealth

   Synonym: kekayaan

Etymology 2

Noun

gana (plural gana-gana)

1. alternative spelling of ganar (“confused, mad”)

Etymology 3

Noun

gana (plural gana-gana)

1. (archaic) decorative form in the form of a small child

Etymology 4

Borrowed from Malay [Term?].

Verb

gana

1. (dialect, Riau) to carry something together, one person carrying it in front, one person behind

Etymology 5

Borrowed from Javanese ꦒꦤ (gana, “bee larvae”), from Old Javanese gaṇa (“host, group; a kind of demi-god; number; a certain military subdivision”), from Sanskrit गण (gaṇa, “flock, troop, multitude, number, tribe, series, class (of animate or inanimate beings), body of followers or attendants”).

Noun

gana (plural gana-gana)

1. (dialect, Java) young wasp

Further reading

• “gana”, in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia [Great Dictionary of the Indonesian Language] (in Indonesian), Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016

Javanese

Romanization

gana

1. romanization of ꦒꦤ

Juba Arabic

Gana

Etymology

From Sudanese Arabic قنا (gana).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈɡana/, [ˈɡa.na]

Noun

gana

1. bamboo

References

• Ian Smith; Morris Timothy Ama (1985), A Dictionary of Juba Arabic & English‎^[4], 1st edition, Juba: The Committee of The Juba Cheshire Home and Centre for Handicapped Children, page 20

Latvian

Etymology

Cognate with Lithuanian ganà (“enough, rather, fairly”).

Adverb

gana

1. enough

Noun

gana m

1. genitive singular of gans

Lithuanian

Etymology

Of unclear origin. According to Derksen, from a Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰen- (“to flourish, swell; enough, numerous”), which he appears to consider the same as *gʷʰen- (“to strike, slay”) (whence giñti (“drive, chase”)), perhaps via semantic shifts "slay" > "booty (from spoils of war)" > "flourish". Cognate with Latvian gana (“enough, rather, fairly”), Old Church Slavonic гонѣти (goněti, “to suffice”); outside of Balto-Slavic, compare tentatively Sanskrit घन (ghaná, “dense, thick”), Sanskrit आहनस् (āhanás, “thriving, full”), Old Armenian յոգն (yogn, “plenty”), Proto-West Germanic *gant (“whole, complete”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ɡɐˈnɐ]
• Rhymes: -ɐ
• Syllabification: ga‧nà

Adverb

ganà

1. enough, sufficiently

   Synonyms: pakanka, užtenka, pakankamai, užtektinai

   Aš turiu gana pinigų. ― I have enough money.

2. rather, fairly, quite

   Synonyms: gerokai, pakankamai

   Jis gana trumpas. ― He is rather short.

Interjection

ganà

1. stop!, enough!

   Gana jau, gana! ― Enough already, enough!

Related terms

• ganė́ti (“to suffice”)
• gandė́tis (“to fear, be afraid”)

Further reading

• “gana”, in Lietuvių kalbos žodynas [Dictionary of the Lithuanian language], lkz.lt, 1941–2026
• Vasmer, Max (1964–1973), “гонезнуть”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress

Makasar

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈɡana/, [ˈɡa.nã]
• Hyphenation: ga‧na

Adjective

gana (Lontara spelling ᨁᨊ or 𑻡𑻨)

1. female (of animals and plants)

   Synonym: baine (of humans)

   Antonyms: laki (of animals and plants), bura'ne (of humans)

   Jangang ganaya ― The hen

2. (vulgar, derogatory) a female only fit to satisfy sexual urges

   Tèai baine, ganaji

   She is not a woman in the full sense of the word, she is just a female (good only for sex).

Usage notes

• In most dialects, the word tends to be derogatory in nature when applied in the human sense, akin to addressing someone with the word bitch.

Derived terms

affixations

• aʼgana
• ganài
• paʼgana

compounds

• jarang gana
• talaʼ gana

Further reading

• Cense, A. A. (1979), Makassaars-Nederlands woordenboek [Makasar-Dutch dictionary], 's-Gravenhage: Martinus Nijhoff, →ISBN

Northern Sotho

Verb

gana

1. to refuse

Papiamentu

Etymology

From Spanish gana.

Noun

gana

1. desire
2. wish
3. appetite

Polish

Etymology

Deverbal from ganić.

Pronunciation

• (Lesser Poland):
  • (Western Lublin) IPA^(key): [ˈɡa.na]

Noun

gana f

1. (Western Lublin, Józefów) synonym of przygana

   Oj, dany moje, dany,
   Nie pomogą gany. (song)

   Oh, my dear, my dear,
   Reproaches will not help.

Further reading

• Hieronim Łopaciński (1892), “gana”, in “Przyczynki do nowego słownika języka polskiego (słownik wyrazów ludowych z Lubelskiego i innych okolic Królestwa Polskiego)”, in Prace Filologiczne (in Polish), volume 4, Warsaw: skł. gł. w Księgarni E. Wende i Ska, page 275

Portuguese

Pronunciation

 

• (Brazil) IPA^(key): /ˈɡɐ̃.nɐ/

• (Brazil) IPA^(key): /ˈɡɐ̃.nɐ/
  • (Southern Brazil) IPA^(key): /ˈɡɐ.na/

 

• (Portugal) IPA^(key): /ˈɡɐ.nɐ/

• (Portugal) IPA^(key): /ˈɡɐ.nɐ/
  • (Northern Portugal) IPA^(key): /ˈɡa.nɐ/

• Rhymes: -ɐnɐ
• Homophone: Gana
• Hyphenation: ga‧na

Etymology 1

Borrowed from Spanish gana.

Noun

gana f (plural ganas)

1. a strong desire, willingness or enthusiasm to achieve something; impetus; spur

   Synonyms: garra, fome

2. ill will (aversion towards someone)

   Synonyms: aversão, ranço, desgosto, ódio

Etymology 2

Verb

gana

1. inflection of ganir:
   1. first/third-person singular present subjunctive
   2. third-person singular imperative

Further reading

• “gana”, in Dicionário Aulete Digital (in Portuguese), Rio de Janeiro: Lexikon Editora Digital, 2008–2026
• “gana”, in Dicionário Priberam da Língua Portuguesa (in Portuguese), Lisbon: Priberam, 2008–2026

Rohingya

Alternative forms

• 𐴒𐴝𐴕𐴝 (gana) — Hanifi Rohingya script

Etymology

Cognate with Bengali গান (gan).

Noun

gana (Hanifi spelling 𐴒𐴝𐴕𐴝)

1. song

Related terms

• gan / 𐴒𐴝𐴕 (gan)

Sardinian

Etymology

From Spanish gana.

Noun

gana

1. desire

Spanish

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈɡana/ [ˈɡa.na]
• Rhymes: -ana
• Syllabification: ga‧na
• Homophone: Ghana

Etymology 1

Unknown, maybe related to Gothic *𐌲𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌽 (*ganan, “to covet”) and thus ganar.

Noun

gana f (plural ganas)

1. (often in the plural) best translated with to feel like, to want

   No tengo ganas (de hacer eso). ― I don't feel like it (like doing that).

   No me da la gana (hacer eso). ― I don't feel like it (like doing that).

2. (in the plural) urge, uses a "tengo ganas de" or "me dan ganas de" construction

Derived terms

• con ganas
• dar ganas
• dar la gana
• de buena gana
• de mala gana
• desganado
• desganarse
• echarle ganas
• tener ganas

Descendants

• → Cebuano: gana
• → Hiligaynon: gana
• → K'iche': gan
• → Sicilian: gana, jana
• → Tagalog: gana
• → Moroccan Arabic: ڭانة (gāna)

Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Verb

gana

1. inflection of ganar:
   1. third-person singular present indicative
   2. second-person singular imperative

Further reading

• “gana”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8.1, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 15 December 2025

Swazi

Verb

-gana

1. to take/accept a lover (only said of a girl)

Inflection

This verb needs an inflection-table template.

Tagalog

Etymology 1

Borrowed from Spanish gana.

Pronunciation

• (Standard Tagalog) IPA^(key): /ˈɡana/ [ˈɡaː.n̪ɐ]
• Rhymes: -ana
• Syllabification: ga‧na

Noun

gana (Baybayin spelling ᜄᜈ)

1. appetite; relish for food or drink
2. inclination; liking; motivation; willingness to do something
3. seal; enthusiasm; diligence

   Synonyms: sigla, sigasig

4. functioning (of machines)
5. salary; wages; income

   Synonyms: kita, suweldo, sahod

6. renumeration; reward; compensation

   Synonyms: gantimpagal, bayad, gantimpala

7. gain; profit

   Synonyms: tubo, ganansiya, pakinabang

8. interest from loans

   Synonyms: tubo, patubo, patong, interes

9. tight hold or grip (as of a wrench)

   Synonyms: hapit, kagat

Derived terms

• ganahin
• gumana
• magana
• magpawalang-gana
• nakagagana
• paganahin
• pampagana
• walang-kagana-gana

Related terms

• abrigana

Etymology 2

Pronunciation

• (Standard Tagalog) IPA^(key): /ɡaˈna/ [ɡɐˈn̪a]
• Rhymes: -a
• Syllabification: ga‧na

Adverb

ganá (Baybayin spelling ᜄᜈ)

1. at once; immediately

   Synonyms: agad, kaagad, pagdaka, pagkaraka

Anagrams

• gaan, anga, naga

Volapük

Noun

gana

1. genitive singular of gan

Welsh

Pronunciation

• (North Wales) IPA^(key): /ˈɡana/
• (South Wales) IPA^(key): /ˈɡaːna/, /ˈɡana/

Verb

gana

1. soft mutation of cana

Mutation

Mutated forms of cana

radical	soft	nasal	aspirate
cana	gana	nghana	chana

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

Wiradjuri

Alternative forms

• gãnna

Etymology

Compare Ngiyambaa kanaa.

Noun

gana

1. shoulder
   • 1892, James Günther, “Grammar and Vocabulary of the Aboriginal Dialect called the Wirradhuri”, in John Fraser, editor, An Australian Language:

     Gãnna—the shoulder.

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)

Zulu

Verb

-gana

1. to marry, to choose a husband

Inflection

tone L (infinitive ukugana)

	positive	negative
infinitive	ukugana	ukungagani
imperative
	simple	+ object concord
singular	gana	-gane
plural	ganani	-ganeni
present
	positive absolute	positive relative	positive participial	negative absolute	negative relative	negative participial
1st singular	ngiyagana, ngigana	engiganayo, engigana	ngigana	angigani	engingagani	ngingagani
2nd singular	uyagana, ugana	oganayo, ogana	ugana	awugani	ongagani	ungagani
1st plural	siyagana, sigana	esiganayo, esigana	sigana	asigani	esingagani	singagani
2nd plural	niyagana, nigana	eniganayo, enigana	nigana	anigani	eningagani	ningagani
class 1	uyagana, ugana	oganayo, ogana	egana	akagani	ongagani	engagani
class 2	bayagana, bagana	abaganayo, abagana	begana	abagani	abangagani	bengagani
class 3	uyagana, ugana	oganayo, ogana	ugana	awugani	ongagani	ungagani
class 4	iyagana, igana	eganayo, egana	igana	ayigani	engagani	ingagani
class 5	liyagana, ligana	eliganayo, eligana	ligana	aligani	elingagani	lingagani
class 6	ayagana, agana	aganayo, agana	egana	awagani	angagani	engagani
class 7	siyagana, sigana	esiganayo, esigana	sigana	asigani	esingagani	singagani
class 8	ziyagana, zigana	eziganayo, ezigana	zigana	azigani	ezingagani	zingagani
class 9	iyagana, igana	eganayo, egana	igana	ayigani	engagani	ingagani
class 10	ziyagana, zigana	eziganayo, ezigana	zigana	azigani	ezingagani	zingagani
class 11	luyagana, lugana	oluganayo, olugana	lugana	alugani	olungagani	lungagani
class 14	buyagana, bugana	obuganayo, obugana	bugana	abugani	obungagani	bungagani
class 15	kuyagana, kugana	okuganayo, okugana	kugana	akugani	okungagani	kungagani
class 17	kuyagana, kugana	okuganayo, okugana	kugana	akugani	okungagani	kungagani
recent past
	positive absolute	positive relative	positive participial	negative absolute	negative relative	negative participial
1st singular	ngiganile, ngiganē	engiganile, engiganē	ngiganile, ngiganē	angigananga	engingagananga	ngingagananga
2nd singular	uganile, uganē	oganile, oganē	uganile, uganē	awugananga	ongagananga	ungagananga
1st plural	siganile, siganē	esiganile, esiganē	siganile, siganē	asigananga	esingagananga	singagananga
2nd plural	niganile, niganē	eniganile, eniganē	niganile, niganē	anigananga	eningagananga	ningagananga
class 1	uganile, uganē	oganile, oganē	eganile, eganē	akagananga	ongagananga	engagananga
class 2	baganile, baganē	abaganile, abaganē	beganile, beganē	abagananga	abangagananga	bengagananga
class 3	uganile, uganē	oganile, oganē	uganile, uganē	awugananga	ongagananga	ungagananga
class 4	iganile, iganē	eganile, eganē	iganile, iganē	ayigananga	engagananga	ingagananga
class 5	liganile, liganē	eliganile, eliganē	liganile, liganē	aligananga	elingagananga	lingagananga
class 6	aganile, aganē	aganile, aganē	eganile, eganē	awagananga	angagananga	engagananga
class 7	siganile, siganē	esiganile, esiganē	siganile, siganē	asigananga	esingagananga	singagananga
class 8	ziganile, ziganē	eziganile, eziganē	ziganile, ziganē	azigananga	ezingagananga	zingagananga
class 9	iganile, iganē	eganile, eganē	iganile, iganē	ayigananga	engagananga	ingagananga
class 10	ziganile, ziganē	eziganile, eziganē	ziganile, ziganē	azigananga	ezingagananga	zingagananga
class 11	luganile, luganē	oluganile, oluganē	luganile, luganē	alugananga	olungagananga	lungagananga
class 14	buganile, buganē	obuganile, obuganē	buganile, buganē	abugananga	obungagananga	bungagananga
class 15	kuganile, kuganē	okuganile, okuganē	kuganile, kuganē	akugananga	okungagananga	kungagananga
class 17	kuganile, kuganē	okuganile, okuganē	kuganile, kuganē	akugananga	okungagananga	kungagananga
remote past
	positive absolute	positive relative	positive participial	negative absolute	negative relative	negative participial
1st singular	ngāgana	engāgana	ngāgana	angigananga	engingagananga	ngingagananga
2nd singular	wāgana	owāgana	wāgana	awugananga	ongagananga	ungagananga
1st plural	sāgana	esāgana	sāgana	asigananga	esingagananga	singagananga
2nd plural	nāgana	enāgana	nāgana	anigananga	eningagananga	ningagananga
class 1	wāgana	owāgana	āgana	akagananga	ongagananga	engagananga
class 2	bāgana	abāgana	bāgana	abagananga	abangagananga	bengagananga
class 3	wāgana	owāgana	wāgana	awugananga	ongagananga	ungagananga
class 4	yāgana	eyāgana	yāgana	ayigananga	engagananga	ingagananga
class 5	lāgana	elāgana	lāgana	aligananga	elingagananga	lingagananga
class 6	āgana	āgana	āgana	awagananga	angagananga	engagananga
class 7	sāgana	esāgana	sāgana	asigananga	esingagananga	singagananga
class 8	zāgana	ezāgana	zāgana	azigananga	ezingagananga	zingagananga
class 9	yāgana	eyāgana	yāgana	ayigananga	engagananga	ingagananga
class 10	zāgana	ezāgana	zāgana	azigananga	ezingagananga	zingagananga
class 11	lwāgana	olwāgana	lwāgana	alugananga	olungagananga	lungagananga
class 14	bāgana	obāgana	bāgana	abugananga	obungagananga	bungagananga
class 15	kwāgana	okwāgana	kwāgana	akugananga	okungagananga	kungagananga
class 17	kwāgana	okwāgana	kwāgana	akugananga	okungagananga	kungagananga
potential
	positive absolute	positive relative	positive participial	negative absolute	negative relative	negative participial
1st singular	ngingagana	—	ngingagana	ngingegane	—	ngingegane
2nd singular	ungagana	—	ungagana	ungegane	—	ungegane
1st plural	singagana	—	singagana	singegane	—	singegane
2nd plural	ningagana	—	ningagana	ningegane	—	ningegane
class 1	angagana	—	engagana	angegane	—	engegane
class 2	bangagana	—	bengagana	bangegane	—	bengegane
class 3	ungagana	—	ungagana	ungegane	—	ungegane
class 4	ingagana	—	ingagana	ingegane	—	ingegane
class 5	lingagana	—	lingagana	lingegane	—	lingegane
class 6	angagana	—	engagana	angegane	—	engegane
class 7	singagana	—	singagana	singegane	—	singegane
class 8	zingagana	—	zingagana	zingegane	—	zingegane
class 9	ingagana	—	ingagana	ingegane	—	ingegane
class 10	zingagana	—	zingagana	zingegane	—	zingegane
class 11	lungagana	—	lungagana	lungegane	—	lungegane
class 14	bungagana	—	bungagana	bungegane	—	bungegane
class 15	kungagana	—	kungagana	kungegane	—	kungegane
class 17	kungagana	—	kungagana	kungegane	—	kungegane
immediate future
	positive absolute	positive relative	positive participial	negative absolute	negative relative	negative participial
1st singular	ngizogana	engizogana	ngizogana	angizugana	engingezugana	ngingezugana
2nd singular	uzogana	ozogana	uzogana	awuzugana	ongezugana	ungezugana
1st plural	sizogana	esizogana	sizogana	asizugana	esingezugana	singezugana
2nd plural	nizogana	enizogana	nizogana	anizugana	eningezugana	ningezugana
class 1	uzogana	ozogana	ezogana	akazugana	ongezugana	engezugana
class 2	bazogana	abazogana	bezogana	abazugana	abangezugana	bengezugana
class 3	uzogana	ozogana	uzogana	awuzugana	ongezugana	ungezugana
class 4	izogana	ezogana	izogana	ayizugana	engezugana	ingezugana
class 5	lizogana	elizogana	lizogana	alizugana	elingezugana	lingezugana
class 6	azogana	azogana	ezogana	awazugana	angezugana	engezugana
class 7	sizogana	esizogana	sizogana	asizugana	esingezugana	singezugana
class 8	zizogana	ezizogana	zizogana	azizugana	ezingezugana	zingezugana
class 9	izogana	ezogana	izogana	ayizugana	engezugana	ingezugana
class 10	zizogana	ezizogana	zizogana	azizugana	ezingezugana	zingezugana
class 11	luzogana	oluzogana	luzogana	aluzugana	olungezugana	lungezugana
class 14	buzogana	obuzogana	buzogana	abuzugana	obungezugana	bungezugana
class 15	kuzogana	okuzogana	kuzogana	akuzugana	okungezugana	kungezugana
class 17	kuzogana	okuzogana	kuzogana	akuzugana	okungezugana	kungezugana
remote future
	positive absolute	positive relative	positive participial	negative absolute	negative relative	negative participial
1st singular	ngiyogana	engiyogana	ngiyogana	angiyugana	engingeyugana	ngingeyugana
2nd singular	uyogana	oyogana	uyogana	awuyugana	ongeyugana	ungeyugana
1st plural	siyogana	esiyogana	siyogana	asiyugana	esingeyugana	singeyugana
2nd plural	niyogana	eniyogana	niyogana	aniyugana	eningeyugana	ningeyugana
class 1	uyogana	oyogana	eyogana	akayugana	ongeyugana	engeyugana
class 2	bayogana	abayogana	beyogana	abayugana	abangeyugana	bengeyugana
class 3	uyogana	oyogana	uyogana	awuyugana	ongeyugana	ungeyugana
class 4	iyogana	eyogana	iyogana	ayiyugana	engeyugana	ingeyugana
class 5	liyogana	eliyogana	liyogana	aliyugana	elingeyugana	lingeyugana
class 6	ayogana	ayogana	eyogana	awayugana	angeyugana	engeyugana
class 7	siyogana	esiyogana	siyogana	asiyugana	esingeyugana	singeyugana
class 8	ziyogana	eziyogana	ziyogana	aziyugana	ezingeyugana	zingeyugana
class 9	iyogana	eyogana	iyogana	ayiyugana	engeyugana	ingeyugana
class 10	ziyogana	eziyogana	ziyogana	aziyugana	ezingeyugana	zingeyugana
class 11	luyogana	oluyogana	luyogana	aluyugana	olungeyugana	lungeyugana
class 14	buyogana	obuyogana	buyogana	abuyugana	obungeyugana	bungeyugana
class 15	kuyogana	okuyogana	kuyogana	akuyugana	okungeyugana	kungeyugana
class 17	kuyogana	okuyogana	kuyogana	akuyugana	okungeyugana	kungeyugana
present subjunctive
	positive	negative
1st singular	ngigane	ngingagani
2nd singular	ugane	ungagani
1st plural	sigane	singagani
2nd plural	nigane	ningagani
class 1	agane	angagani
class 2	bagane	bangagani
class 3	ugane	ungagani
class 4	igane	ingagani
class 5	ligane	lingagani
class 6	agane	angagani
class 7	sigane	singagani
class 8	zigane	zingagani
class 9	igane	ingagani
class 10	zigane	zingagani
class 11	lugane	lungagani
class 14	bugane	bungagani
class 15	kugane	kungagani
class 17	kugane	kungagani
past subjunctive
	positive	negative
1st singular	ngagana	ngangagana, angagana, angangagana
2nd singular	wagana	wangagana, awagana, awangagana
1st plural	sagana	sangagana, asagana, asangagana
2nd plural	nagana	nangagana, anagana, anangagana
class 1	wagana	wangagana, akagana, akangagana
class 2	bagana	bangagana, abagana, abangagana
class 3	wagana	wangagana, awagana, awangagana
class 4	yagana	yangagana, ayagana, ayangagana
class 5	lagana	langagana, alagana, alangagana
class 6	agana	angagana, awagana, awangagana
class 7	sagana	sangagana, asagana, asangagana
class 8	zagana	zangagana, azagana, azangagana
class 9	yagana	yangagana, ayagana, ayangagana
class 10	zagana	zangagana, azagana, azangagana
class 11	lwagana	lwangagana, alwagana, alwangagana
class 14	bagana	bangagana, abagana, abangagana
class 15	kwagana	kwangagana, akwagana, akwangagana
class 17	kwagana	kwangagana, akwagana, akwangagana

References

• C. M. Doke; B. W. Vilakazi (1972), “gana”, in Zulu-English Dictionary, →ISBN: “gana (6.3)”