pra-

See also: Appendix:Variations of "pra"

Czech

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *per-der.?

Proto-Indo-European *pér

Proto-Indo-European *-o

Proto-Indo-European *pró

Proto-Indo-European *pro-der.

Proto-Slavic *pra-

Old Czech pra-

Czech pra-

Inherited from Old Czech pra- (“before (in time)”), from Proto-Slavic *pra-.^[1]

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [pra ]

Prefix

pra-

great- (removed by one generation from)
‎pra- + ‎dědeček → ‎pradědeček (“great-grandfather”)

‎pra- + ‎babička → ‎prababička (“great-grandmother”)
fore- (ancestor)
‎pra- + ‎otec → ‎praotec (“forefather”)

‎pra- + ‎máti → ‎pramáti (“foremother”)
primaeval, primary
‎pra- + ‎les → ‎prales (“primaeval forest”)

‎pra- + ‎člověk → ‎pračlověk (“primaeval man”)

‎pra- + ‎hmota → ‎prahmota (“primary matter”)
(linguistics) proto-
Synonym: proto-

‎pra- + ‎čeština → ‎pračeština (“Proto-Czech”)

‎pra- + ‎slovanština → ‎praslovanština (“Proto-Slavic”)
very, extremely (intensifying the meaning of the original adjective)
‎pra- + ‎podivný → ‎prapodivný (“very strange”)

‎pra- + ‎malý → ‎pramalý (“extremely small”)

Derived terms

Related terms

(very): prach-

References

^ Rejzek, Jiří (2015), “pra-”, in Český etymologický slovník [Czech Etymological Dictionary] (in Czech), 3rd (revised and expanded) edition, Praha: LEDA, →ISBN, page 545

Esperanto

Etymology

Etymology tree

Russian пра- (pra-)bor.

Proto-Indo-European *per-der.?

Proto-Indo-European *pér

Proto-Indo-European *-o

Proto-Indo-European *pró

Proto-Indo-European *pro-der.

Proto-Slavic *pra-

Polish pra-bor.

Esperanto pra-

Borrowed from Russian пра- (pra-) and Polish pra-.^[1] Compare Czech and Lithuanian pra-.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /pra/
Audio: (file)
Rhymes: -a
Syllabification: pra-

Prefix

pra-

ur-; primitive; primordial; prehistoric
‎pra- + ‎arbaro (“forest”) → ‎praarbaro (“primordial forest”)

‎pra- + ‎besto (“animal”) → ‎prabesto (“prehistoric animal”)

‎pra- + ‎homo (“human being”) → ‎prahomo (“primitive man”)
fore-
‎pra- + ‎patroj (“fathers”) → ‎prapatroj (“forefathers”)

‎pra- + ‎ulo (“person”) → ‎praulo (“ancestor”)
great-
‎pra- + ‎avo (“grandfather”) → ‎praavo (“great-grandfather”)

‎pra- + ‎onklino (“aunt”) → ‎praonklino (“great-aunt”)

‎pra- + ‎nepo (“grandson”) → ‎pranepo (“great-grandson”)

Derived terms

References

^ Ebbe Vilborg, “pra-”, in Etimologia Vortaro de Esperanto [Etymological Dictionary of Esperanto], volume 5, →ISBN, page 151

Indonesian

Etymology

From Malay pra- (see there for further theories), ultimately from Sanskrit प्र- (pra-), from Proto-Indo-Aryan *pra-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *pra-, from Proto-Indo-European *pro-.

Prefix

pra-

pre-, before; earlier in time; beforehand
prasekolah ― preschool

prasejarah ― prehistory

prakata ― preface

Derived terms

Malay

Etymology

There are two theories as to whence the prefix came, neither of which are of the same origin:

From pera- from Sanskrit प्र- (pra-) (either via Thai ประ (bprà)^[1] or Old Javanese pra-) from Proto-Indo-Aryan *pra-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *pra-, from Proto-Indo-European *pro-; later callibration of spelling in post-independent Malayan and Malaysian standard with Indonesian counterpart which directly borrowed from modern Javanese ꦥꦿ- (pra-)
Learned borrowing from Latin prae-.^[2]

Older Sanskrit loans like perdana (from प्रधान pradhāna) and perkara (from प्रकार prakāra) are more likely to suffix with per-.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [pra-]
Hyphenation: pra-

Prefix

pra- (Jawi spelling ڤرا‌‌ -)

Before; earlier in time; beforehand; pre-.
Antonym: pasca-

prasekolah ― preschool

Derived terms

Malay terms prefixed with pra-

References

^ Wilkinson, Richard James (1932), “pĕra”, in A Malay-English dictionary (romanised), volume II, Mytilene, Greece: Salavopoulos & Kinderlis, page 507
^ Asmah Haji Omar (1978), “The Role of Language Standardisation in the Coining of Technical Terms in Bahasa Malaysia”, in Papers from the Conference on the Standardisation of Asian Languages, Manila, Philippines, December 16-21, 1974‎^[1], page 235: “In this way, such affixes prove that their existence can be regarded as indispensable regardless of their language contexts. Examples of this are -ism, pra- (Latin prae-), pro-, anti-, sub-, supra-, super- etc.”

Old Javanese

Etymology 1

Borrowed from Sanskrit प्र- (pra-), from Proto-Indo-Aryan *pra-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *pra-, from Proto-Indo-European *pro-.

Prefix

pra-

a part of.

Alternative forms

par-

Etymology 2

Prefix

pra-

alternative spelling of para-

Derived terms

Old Javanese terms prefixed with pra-

pranūsa

prajurit

Polish

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *per-der.?

Proto-Indo-European *pér

Proto-Indo-European *-o

Proto-Indo-European *pró

Proto-Indo-European *pro-der.

Proto-Slavic *pra-

Polish pra-

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *pra-.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /pra/
Audio: (file)
Rhymes: -a
Syllabification: pra-

Prefix

pra-

proto-, pre-, ur-
‎pra- + ‎porządek → ‎praporządek (“preorder”)

‎pra- + ‎język → ‎prajęzyk (“proto-language”)

‎pra- + ‎stary → ‎prastary (“ancient”)
prepended to ancestors before grandparents; great-
‎pra- + ‎dziadek → ‎pradziadek (“great-grandfather”)

‎pra- + ‎babcia → ‎prababcia (“great-grandmother”)
prepended to descendants after grandchildren; great-
‎pra- + ‎wnuk → ‎prawnuk (“great-grandson”)

‎pra- + ‎wnuczka → ‎prawnuczka (“great-granddaughter”)