ruga

See also: Appendix:Variations of "ruga"

English

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *h₁roug-h₂-der.

Proto-Italic *rougā

Latin rūgabor.

English ruga

Borrowed from Latin rūga (“a crease in the face, wrinkle”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈɹuː.ɡə/

  • Audio (US):

    (file)

• Rhymes: -uːɡə

Noun

ruga (plural rugae)

1. (anatomy, zootomy, botany, usually in the plural) A fold, crease or wrinkle.
   • 1980, Joseph Kenneth Jonathan, The Isotima-complex (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), page 83:

     Female: Face subpolished, weakly rugose, rugae somewhat diverging, at sides sparsely and shallowly punctate; […]

   • 1997, Thomas Pynchon, Mason & Dixon:

     the deadly water-snakes coil’d together like the Rugæ of a single great Brain, the gray and even illumination from the Sky

Derived terms

• rugate (adjective)

Translations

crease, wrinkle

• Bulgarian: гънка (bg) f (gănka)
• Finnish: poimu (fi)

References

• “ruga”, in Lexico, Dictionary.com; Oxford University Press, 2019–2022.
• “ruga”, in Merriam-Webster.com Online Dictionary, Springfield, Mass.: Merriam-Webster, 1996–present.

Anagrams

• Guar., Gura, Urga, gaur, guar, ragu, ragù

Afar

Ruga (1).

Pronunciation 1

• IPA^(key): /ˈruɡa/ [ˈɾʊɡʌ]
• Hyphenation: ru‧ga

Noun

rúga m (plural rugaagí f)

1. male calf

Declension

Declension of rúga
absolutive	rúga
predicative	rúga
subjective	rugí
genitive	rugí
Postpositioned forms l-case rúgal k-case rúgak t-case rúgat h-case rúgah

Derived terms

• (diminutive) rugáytu

Pronunciation 2

• IPA^(key): /ruˈɡa/ [ɾʊˈɡʌ]
• Hyphenation: ru‧ga

Noun

rugá f (plural rugaagí f)

1. female calf

Declension

Declension of rugá
absolutive	rugá
predicative	rugá
subjective	rugá
genitive	rugá
Postpositioned forms l-case rugál k-case rugák t-case rugát h-case rugáh

References

• E. M. Parker; R. J. Hayward (1985), An Afar-English-French dictionary (with Grammatical Notes in English), University of London, →ISBN, page 183
• Mohamed Hassan Kamil (2015), L’afar: description grammaticale d’une langue couchitique (Djibouti, Erythrée et Ethiopie)‎^[2], Paris: Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (doctoral thesis)

Catalan

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): (Northern, Balearic, Central) [ˈru.ɣə]
• IPA^(key): (Valencia, Northwestern) [ˈru.ɣa]

Noun

ruga f (plural rugues)

1. alternative form of arruga (“wrinkle”)

Derived terms

• boca-rugat
• cara-rugat

Italian

Etymology

Inherited from Latin ruga, from Proto-Indo-European *krewp- (“to become encrusted”), extension of *krew- (“scab”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈru.ɡa/
• Rhymes: -uɡa
• Hyphenation: rù‧ga

Noun

ruga f (plural rughe)

1. wrinkle, line

Derived terms

• rugoso

Anagrams

• ragù, urga

Kikuyu

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɾù.ɣá/

Verb

ruga (infinitive kũruga)

1. to cook

Derived terms

(Nouns)

• mũrugi class 1

(Verbs)

• kũrugĩra

(Proverbs)

• mũndũ ũtathiaga oigaga no nyina ũrugaga wega

References

• Armstrong, Lilias E. (1940). The Phonetic and Tonal Structure of Kikuyu, p. 363. Rep. 1967. (Also in 2018 by Routledge).

Latin

Etymology

From Proto-Italic *rougā, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁roug-h₂- (“wrinkle”), related to *h₁rewg- (“to roar, belch”), where the sense development would be "to belch" → "to undulate" → "to be rugged" → "crease, wrinkle". Compare ructō (“to belch, bring up noisily”). For the development to “street”, compare also rupta via (literally “path made by force”).

Pronunciation

• (Classical Latin) IPA^(key): [ˈruː.ɡa]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): [ˈruː.ɡa]

Noun

rūga f (genitive rūgae); first declension

1. (usually in the plural) a crease in the face, wrinkle
2. (transferred sense) a crease, fold, plait, wrinkle, corrugation of any kind
   1. a female screw (nut (that fits on a bolt)) (Can we verify⁽⁺⁾ this sense?)
3. (Early Medieval Latin) a street

Inflection

First-declension noun.

	singular	plural
nominative	rūga	rūgae
genitive	rūgae	rūgārum
dative	rūgae	rūgīs
accusative	rūgam	rūgās
ablative	rūgā	rūgīs
vocative	rūga	rūgae

Derived terms

• corrūgis
• rūgō (verb)
• rūgōsus (adjective)

Descendants

Descendants

• Insular Romance:
  • Sardinian: ruga
• Balkano-Romance:
  • Aromanian: rugã, ⇒ arugã
• Italo-Dalmatian:
  • Italian: ruga, rua
  • Venetan: ruga
    • → Albanian: rrugë
• Gallo-Italic:
  • Piedmontese: rùa
• Gallo-Romance:
  • Catalan: ruga, rua, ⇒ arruga
  • Old French: rue
    • French: rue
    • Norman: rue
    • →? Old Galician-Portuguese: rua
      • Galician: rúa
      • Portuguese: rua
  • Old Occitan:
    • Occitan: rua
• Ibero-Romance:
  • Old Spanish: rua
    • Spanish: rúa
• ⇒ Vulgar Latin: rūgidus
  • Italian: ruvido
  • Piedmontese: rùvid
• Borrowings:
  • → English: ruga
  • → Portuguese: ruga
  • → Spanish: ruga

Further reading

• “ruga”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• “ruga”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891), An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
• "ruga", in Charles du Fresne du Cange, Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
• “ruga”, in Harry Thurston Peck, editor (1898), Harper’s Dictionary of Classical Antiquities, New York: Harper & Brothers

Polish

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈru.ɡa/
• Rhymes: -uɡa
• Syllabification: ru‧ga

Etymology 1

Etymology tree

Proto-Slavic *rǫgati

Russian руга́ть (rugátʹ)bor.

Polish rugaćdeverb.

Polish ruga

Deverbal from rugać.

Noun

ruga f

1. (colloquial) scolding, slating (criticism)

   Synonym: reprymenda

Declension

Declension of ruga

	singular	plural
nominative	ruga	rugi
genitive	rugi	rug
dative	rudze	rugom
accusative	rugę	rugi
instrumental	rugą	rugami
locative	rudze	rugach
vocative	rugo	rugi

Related terms

verbs

• rugać impf
• rugnąć pf
• zrugać pf

Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Verb

ruga

1. third-person singular present of rugać

Further reading

• “ruga”, in Polish dictionaries at PWN‎^[3] (in Polish)

Portuguese

Etymology 1

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *h₁roug-h₂-der.

Proto-Italic *rougā

Latin rugader.

Portuguese ruga

Derived from Latin ruga. Doublet of rua (“street”).

Pronunciation

 

• (Brazil) IPA^(key): /ˈʁu.ɡɐ/ [ˈhu.ɡɐ]

• (Brazil) IPA^(key): /ˈʁu.ɡɐ/ [ˈhu.ɡɐ]
  • (Rio de Janeiro) IPA^(key): /ˈʁu.ɡɐ/ [ˈχu.ɡɐ]

 

• (Portugal) IPA^(key): /ˈʁu.ɡɐ/ [ˈʁu.ɣɐ]

• (Portugal) IPA^(key): /ˈʁu.ɡɐ/ [ˈʁu.ɣɐ]
  • (Southern Portugal) IPA^(key): /ˈʁu.ɡɐ/

• Hyphenation: ru‧ga

Noun

ruga f (plural rugas)

1. wrinkle
2. crease

Related terms

• rugoso

Etymology 2

Verb

ruga

1. inflection of rugar:
   1. third-person singular present indicative
   2. second-person singular imperative

Further reading

• “ruga”, in Dicionário Aulete Digital (in Portuguese), Rio de Janeiro: Lexikon Editora Digital, 2008–2026
• “ruga”, in Dicionário Priberam da Língua Portuguesa (in Portuguese), Lisbon: Priberam, 2008–2026

Romanian

Etymology

Inherited from Latin rogāre, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃roǵ-, ablaut of *h₃reǵ-.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ruˈɡa/

• Audio:

  (file)

• Audio:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -a
• Hyphenation: ru‧ga

Verb

a ruga (third-person singular present roagă, past participle rugat, third-person subjunctive roage) 1st conjugation

1. (transitive or (obsolete) reflexive) to ask politely, to say please

   Rugăm pasagerii să își pună centurile de siguranță.

   We ask the passengers to fasten their seatbelts.

2. (reflexive) to pray [with dative or la ‘to’]
3. (reflexive, informal) to insistently, repeatedly or demeaningly ask, beg [with de ‘of’]

   Se roagă de colegi să îi dea tema.

   He is begging his classmates to give him the homework.

   Nu pot să îmi achit datoria acum; va trebui să mă rog de creditori să mă amâne.

   I cannot pay off my debt now; I will have to beg the creditors to grant me an extension.

Usage notes

The request is expressed with a secondary clause and never with a direct or indirect object.

Conjugation

    conjugation of ruga (first conjugation, no infix)

infinitive			a ruga
gerund			rugând
past participle			rugat
number		singular			plural
person		1st person	2nd person	3rd person	1st person	2nd person	3rd person
indicative		eu	tu	el/ea	noi	voi	ei/ele
	present	rog	rogi	roagă	rugăm	rugați	roagă
	imperfect	rugam	rugai	ruga	rugam	rugați	rugau
	simple perfect	rugai	rugași	rugă	rugarăm	rugarăți	rugară
	pluperfect	rugasem	rugaseși	rugase	rugaserăm	rugaserăți	rugaseră
subjunctive		eu	tu	el/ea	noi	voi	ei/ele
	present	să rog	să rogi	să roage	să rugăm	să rugați	să roage
imperative		—	tu	—	—	voi	—
	affirmative		roagă			rugați
	negative		nu ruga			nu rugați

Derived terms

• rugare

Related terms

• rugăciune
• rugăminte
• rugător

See also

• mă rog
• te rog
• vă rog

References

• “ruga”, in DEX online—Dicționare ale limbii române (Dictionaries of the Romanian language) (in Romanian), 2004–2026

Sardinian

Alternative forms

• rua, arruga, orruga

Etymology 1

From Latin rūga.

Noun

ruga f (plural rugas)

1. street

Alternative forms

• eruga, berruca, arruga, ferruga, orruca, verruga, ruda, rugaruga

Etymology 2

From Latin eruca.

Noun

ruga f (plural rugas)

1. caterpillar

See also

• mamaruga f, maniposa f, babbaliscu m, cabagasu m, mariavolavola m

Spanish

Verb

ruga

1. inflection of rugar:
   1. third-person singular present indicative
   2. second-person singular imperative

Veps

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *ruka

Noun

ruga

1. resin

Inflection

Inflection of ruga (inflection type 6/kuva)
nominative sing.	ruga
genitive sing.	rugan
partitive sing.	rugad
partitive plur.	rugid
	singular	plural
nominative	ruga	rugad
accusative	rugan	rugad
genitive	rugan	rugiden
partitive	rugad	rugid
essive-instructive	rugan	rugin
translative	rugaks	rugikš
inessive	rugas	rugiš
elative	rugaspäi	rugišpäi
illative	rugaha	rugihe
adessive	rugal	rugil
ablative	rugalpäi	rugilpäi
allative	rugale	rugile
abessive	rugata	rugita
comitative	ruganke	rugidenke
prolative	rugadme	rugidme
approximative I	ruganno	rugidenno
approximative II	rugannoks	rugidennoks
egressive	rugannopäi	rugidennopäi
terminative I	rugahasai	rugihesai
terminative II	rugalesai	rugilesai
terminative III	rugassai	—
additive I	rugahapäi	rugihepäi
additive II	rugalepäi	rugilepäi

References

• Zajceva, N. G.; Mullonen, M. I. (2007), “смола”, in Uz’ venä-vepsläine vajehnik / Novyj russko-vepsskij slovarʹ [New Russian–Veps Dictionary]‎^[4], Petrozavodsk: Periodika