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Anaphylaxis

From Wikipedia
anaphylaxis
Subclass ofhypersensitivity, allergic response, side effect Edit
Health specialtyemergency medicine, immunology Edit
Drug or therapy used for treatmentepinephrine Edit
Risk factorNucynta Edit

Anaphylaxis be a serious den potentially fatal allergic reaction wey fi progress rapidly.[1] E typically dey cause more dan one of de following: an itchy rash, throat wey dey close secof swelling wey fi obstruct anaa stop breathing; severe tongue swelling wey sanso fi interfere plus anaa stop breathing; shortness of breath, vomiting, lightheadedness, loss of consciousness, low blood pressure, den medical shock.[2][3]

Dese symptoms typically dey start in minutes to hours den then dey increase very rapidly to life-threatening levels.[3] Urgent medical treatment be required to prevent serious harm den death, even if de patient use an epinephrine autoinjector anaa dem take oda medications in response, den even if symptoms appear dem dey improve.[2]

Common causes dey include allergies to insect bites den stings, allergies to foods—wey dey include nuts, peanuts, milk, fish, eggs; allergies to medications – wey dey include sam antibiotics den non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs); anaa allergies to anaesthetics anaa latex.[2] Oda causes fi include physical exercise, den cases sanso fi occur insyd sam people secof escalating reactions to simple throat irritation anaa sanso fi occur widout an obvious reason.[2][4] De mast cell disease mastocytosis, along plus de mast cell disorder mast cell activation syndrome both be capable of triggering anaphylaxis.[5]

De mechanism dey involve de release of inflammatory mediators insyd a rapidly escalating cascade from certain types of white blood cells wey be triggered by either immunologic anaa non-immunologic mechanisms.[6] Diagnosis be based on de presenting symptoms den signs after exposure to a potential allergen anaa irritant.[2][4]

De primary treatment of anaphylaxis be epinephrine injection into a muscle, intravenous fluids, then placing de person insyd a reclining position plus feet elevated to help restore normal blood flow.[4][7] Additional doses of epinephrine fi be required.[4] Oda measures, such as antihistamines den steroids, be complementary.[4] Carrying an epinephrine autoinjector, dem commonly call an "epipen", den identification wey dey regard de condition be recommended insyd people plus a history of anaphylaxis.[4] Immediately contacting ambulance / EMT services be strongly recommended, regardless of any on-site treatment.[2] Getting to a doctor anaa hospital as soon as possible be important, even if de condition dey appear e dey get better.[2][8]

Worldwide, 0.05–2% of de population be estimated to experience anaphylaxis at sam point insyd life.[9] Globally, as underreporting decline into de 2010s, de rate appear e dey increase.[9] E dey occur most often insyd young people den females.[7][10] About 99.7% of people dem hospitalize plus anaphylaxis insyd de United States survive.[11]

Etymology

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De word be derived from Ancient Greek: ἀνά, romanized: ana, lit. 'up', den Ancient Greek: φύλαξις, romanized: phylaxis, lit. 'protection'.[12][13]

References

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  1. ↑ Dribin, Timothy E.; Muraro, Antonella; Camargo, Carlos A.; Turner, Paul J.; Wang, Julie; Roberts, Graham; Anagnostou, Aikaterini; Halken, Susanne; Liebermann, Jay; Worm, Margitta; Zuberbier, Torsten; Sampson, Hugh A.; Alvaro-Lozano, Montserrat; Arasi, Stefania; Ben-Shoshan, Moshe (2025). "Anaphylaxis definition, overview, and clinical support tool: 2024 consensus report—a GA2LEN project". Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 156 (2): 406–417.e6. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2025.01.021. ISSN 0091-6749. PMC 12301991. PMID 39880313.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 NHS (29 November 2019). "Overview – Anaphylaxis". NHS (National Health Service) (in English). United Kingdom: British government. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
  3. 1 2 "Anaphylaxis". National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. April 23, 2015. Archived from the original on 4 May 2015. Retrieved 4 February 2016.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Anaphylaxis". National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. April 23, 2015. Archived from the original on 4 May 2015. Retrieved 4 February 2016.
  5. ↑ Gülen, Theo (2023-10-25). "A Puzzling Mast Cell Trilogy: Anaphylaxis, MCAS, and Mastocytosis". Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland). 13 (21): 3307. doi:10.3390/diagnostics13213307. ISSN 2075-4418. PMC 10647312. PMID 37958203.
  6. ↑ Khan, BQ; Kemp, SF (August 2011). "Pathophysiology of anaphylaxis". Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 11 (4): 319–25. doi:10.1097/ACI.0b013e3283481ab6. PMID 21659865. S2CID 6810542.
  7. 1 2 The EAACI Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Guidelines Group (August 2014). "Anaphylaxis: guidelines from the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology". Allergy. 69 (8): 1026–45. doi:10.1111/all.12437. PMID 24909803. S2CID 11054771.
  8. ↑ Lieberman P (2003-08-01). "Use of epinephrine in the treatment of anaphylaxis". Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 3 (4): 313–318. doi:10.1097/00130832-200308000-00013. ISSN 1528-4050. PMID 12865777.
  9. 1 2 Simons, FE; Ardusso, LR; Bilò, MB; El-Gamal, YM; Ledford, DK; Ring, J; Sanchez-Borges, M; Senna, GE; Sheikh, A; Thong, BY; World Allergy, Organization. (February 2011). "World allergy organization guidelines for the assessment and management of anaphylaxis". The World Allergy Organization Journal. 4 (2): 13–37. doi:10.1097/wox.0b013e318211496c. PMC 3500036. PMID 23268454.
  10. ↑ Lee, JK; Vadas, P (July 2011). "Anaphylaxis: mechanisms and management". Clinical and Experimental Allergy. 41 (7): 923–38. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2222.2011.03779.x. PMID 21668816. S2CID 13218854.
  11. ↑ Ma, L; Danoff, TM; Borish, L (April 2014). "Case fatality and population mortality associated with anaphylaxis in the United States". The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 133 (4): 1075–83. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2013.10.029. PMC 3972293. PMID 24332862.
  12. ↑ "Definition of ANA-". www.merriam-webster.com (in English). Retrieved 2024-09-05.
  13. ↑ Gylys, Barbara (2012). Medical Terminology Systems: A Body Systems Approach. F.A. Davis. p. 269. ISBN 978-0-8036-3913-3. Archived from the original on 2016-02-05.
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