Dokar muhalli

dokar muhalli
area of law (en) da academic discipline (en)
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na	Doka, natural resources law and international environmental law (en) da environmental regulation (en)
Amfani	kare muhalli

lSouth Africa

Dokokin muhalli dokoki ne masu kare muhalli. Wannan ya hada da tsarin muhalli ; dokokin mulki shugabancin kasa, na hanyoyin Halitta kamar daji; ma adanai ko kifaye da masu alaƙa batun kamar kiman tasirin muhalli .

Tarihi

Misalai na farko na dokokin da aka tsara don kiyaye muhalli don kansa ko don jin daɗin ɗan adam ana samun su cikin tarihi. A cikin ka'idar gama gari, an sami kariya ta farko a cikin ka'idar ɓarna, amma wannan kawai ya ba da izinin ayyuka masu zaman kansu don lalacewa ko umarni idan akwai cutar da ƙasa. Don haka, warin da ke fitowa daga alade, tsananin alhaki game da zubar da shara, ko lalacewa daga fashewar madatsun ruwa. Yin tilastawa masu zaman kansu, duk da haka, yana da iyakancewa kuma an gano cewa ba su da isasshen isa don magance manyan barazanar muhalli, musamman barazana ga albarkatun gama gari. A lokacin " Babban wari " na 1858, zubar da magudanar ruwa a cikin Kogin Thames ya fara wari sosai a lokacin zafi mai zafi wanda dole ne a kwashe majalisar. Abin ban mamaki, Dokar Metropolitan Commission of Sewers Act 1848 ta ba da izinin Hukumar Metropolitan don Magudanar ruwa don rufe wuraren da ke kusa da birnin a ƙoƙari na "tsabta" amma wannan kawai ya sa mutane su gurɓata kogin. A cikin kwanaki 19, majalisar ta zartar da wata doka don gina tsarin magudanar ruwa a London . Har ila yau, London ta sha wahala daga mummunar gurɓataccen iska, kuma wannan ya ƙare a cikin " Babban Smog " na 1952, wanda hakan ya haifar da nata martani na majalisa: Dokar Tsabtace iska ta 1956 . Tushen tsarin tsari shine saita iyaka akan hayaki ga gidaje da kasuwanci (musamman kona kwal ) yayin da jami'in tsaro zai tilasta bin doka.

Kula da Gurbacewar ingancinyar iska

Industrial air pollution now regulated by air quality law

Ingacin Ruwa

A typical stormwater outfall, subject to water quality law

tsaftacewa mai gurɓataccen abu

Amsar gaggawar malalar mai, wanda dokar tsaftace muhalli ke tafiyar da ita

Tsaron sinadarai

Chemical safety laws govern the use of chemicals in human activities, particularly human-made chemicals in modern industrial applications. As contrasted with media-oriented environmental laws (e.g., air or water quality laws), chemical control laws seek to manage the (potential) pollutants themselves. Regulatory efforts include banning specific chemical constituents in consumer products (e.g., Bisphenol A in plastic bottles), and regulating pesticides.

Dorewa albarkatun

Albarkatun gandun daji

Aikin katako, wanda dokar gandun daji ta tsara

Dabbobin daji da tsirrai

Dokokin namun daji suna gudanar da yuwuwar tasirin ayyukan ɗan adam akan namun daji, kai tsaye akan daidaikun mutane ko yawan jama'a, ko a kaikaice ta hanyar lalata muhalli. Irin waɗannan dokoki na iya aiki don kare nau'in shuka. Ana iya aiwatar da irin waɗannan dokokin gaba ɗaya don kare rayayyun halittu, ko kuma a matsayin hanyar kare nau'ikan da ake ganin suna da mahimmanci don wasu dalilai. Ƙoƙarin tsari na iya haɗawa da ƙirƙirar matakan kiyayewa na musamman, haramcin kisa, cutarwa, ko tada hankali nau'ikan da aka kayyade, yunƙurin jawowa da tallafawa farfadowar nau'ikan, kafa mafakar namun daji don tallafawa kiyayewa, da haramcin fataucin nau'ikan ko sassan dabbobi don yaƙi da farauta . .

Kifi da wasa

Dokokin Kifi da na wasa sun tsara yancin bi da ɗauka ko kashe wasu nau'ikan kifaye da namun daji ( wasa ). Irin waɗannan dokokin na iya ƙuntata kwanakin girbin kifi ko nama, adadin dabbobin da mutum ya kama, nau'in da aka girbe, ko makaman ko kayan kamun kifi da ake amfani da su. Irin waɗannan dokokin na iya neman daidaita buƙatun ƙirƙira don adanawa da girbi da sarrafa yanayi da yawan kifaye da naman dabbobi. Dokokin wasan za su iya ba da tsarin doka don tattara kuɗin lasisi da sauran kuɗi waɗanda ake amfani da su don tallafawa ƙoƙarin kiyayewa tare da samun bayanan girbi da aka yi amfani da su a aikin sarrafa namun daji .

Ka'idoji

Dokar muhalli ta haɓaka don mayar da martani ga wayewar kai da damuwa game da batutuwan da suka shafi duniya baki ɗaya. Yayin da dokoki suka ɓullo da ɗan gajeren lokaci kuma saboda dalilai daban-daban, wasu ƙoƙarin sun shiga gano mahimman ra'ayoyi da ƙa'idodin jagororin gama gari ga dokar muhalli gabaɗaya. Ka'idodin da aka tattauna a ƙasa ba cikakke ba jeri ba ne kuma ba a san ko'ina ko karɓa ba. Duk da haka, suna wakiltar mahimman ka'idoji don fahimtar dokokin muhalli a duniya.

Ci gaba mai dorewa

Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNEP) ta ayyana a matsayin "ci gaban da ya dace da bukatun yau da kullun ba tare da lalata karfin al'ummomin da ke gaba ba don biyan bukatun kansu," ana iya la'akari da ci gaba mai dorewa tare da manufar "haɗin kai" (ci gaba ba zai yiwu ba. a yi la'akari da shi a ware daga dorewa) da "dogara" (ci gaban zamantakewa da tattalin arziki, da kare muhalli, suna dogara ne da juna). Dokokin da ke ba da izinin tantance tasirin muhalli da buƙatar ko ƙarfafa haɓaka don rage tasirin muhalli ana iya tantance su bisa wannan ƙa'ida.

Tunanin zamani na ci gaba mai dorewa ya kasance batun tattaunawa a taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Muhalli na 1972 (Taron Stockholm), da kuma karfin da ke bayan Hukumar Kula da Muhalli da Ci gaban Duniya ta 1983 (WCED, ko Hukumar Bruntland). A cikin 1992, taron koli na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na farko ya haifar da sanarwar Rio, ƙa'ida ta 3 wadda ta ce: "Dole ne a cika 'yancin ci gaba ta yadda za a iya biyan bukatun ci gaba da muhalli na zamani da na gaba." Ci gaba mai dorewa ya kasance babban ra'ayi na tattaunawa game da muhalli na kasa da kasa tun daga lokacin, ciki har da taron koli na duniya kan ci gaba mai dorewa (Taron Duniya 2002), da taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan ci gaba mai dorewa (Taron Duniya 2012, ko Rio+20).

Daidaito

UNEP ta ayyana don haɗa da daidaito tsakanin tsararraki - "'yancin tsararraki masu zuwa don jin daɗin matakin adalci na ubangida ɗaya" - da daidaito tsakanin zuriyar juna - "'yancin dukan mutane a cikin tsarar yanzu don samun damar yin adalci ga tsararraki na yanzu ga haƙƙin duniya. albarkatun kasa" - daidaiton muhalli yana la'akari da tsararrakin yanzu a ƙarƙashin wajibcin yin la'akari da tasirin ayyuka na dogon lokaci, da kuma yin aiki don kiyaye muhallin duniya da tushen albarkatu don tsararraki masu zuwa. Ana iya kimanta tsarin kula da gurbatar yanayi da dokokin sarrafa albarkatu bisa wannan ka'ida.

Hakki na ƙetare iyaka

An ayyana shi a cikin mahallin dokokin kasa da kasa a matsayin wajibcin kare muhallin mutum, da kuma hana lalacewar muhallin da ke makwabtaka da su, UNEP ta dauki alhakin wuce gona da iri a matakin kasa da kasa a matsayin wani abu mai yuwuwa tauye hakkin kasa mai iko . Dokokin da ke aiki don iyakance abubuwan waje da aka sanya akan lafiyar ɗan adam da muhalli ana iya ƙididdige su da wannan ƙa'ida.

Kasancewar jama'a da nuna gaskiya

An gano shi a matsayin muhimman sharuɗɗa don "gwamnoni masu lissafi,... damuwar masana'antu," da ƙungiyoyi gabaɗaya, shigar da jama'a da nuna gaskiya UNEP ke gabatar da su kamar yadda ake buƙatar "kyakkyawan kariyar 'yancin ɗan adam na riƙewa da bayyana ra'ayoyi da nema, karɓa da ba da ra'ayoyi. ,... haƙƙin samun damar samun bayanan da suka dace, fahimta da kuma lokacin da gwamnatoci da matsalolin masana'antu suka yi game da manufofin tattalin arziki da zamantakewa game da dorewar amfani da albarkatun kasa da kare muhalli, ba tare da sanya nauyin kudi mara kyau ba ga masu nema da kuma tare da isasshiyar kariya ta sirri da sirrin kasuwanci," da "tsarin shari'a da gudanarwa mai inganci." Waɗannan ƙa'idodin suna nan a cikin kimanta tasirin muhalli, dokokin da ke buƙatar bugawa da samun damar yin amfani da bayanan muhalli masu dacewa, da tsarin gudanarwa .

Ka'idar taka tsantsan

Ɗaya daga cikin ƙa'idodin ƙa'idodin muhalli da aka fi ci karo da su, sanarwar Rio ta tsara ƙa'idar yin taka tsantsan kamar haka:

Domin kare muhalli, dole ne Jihohi su yi amfani da tsarin yin taka tsantsan gwargwadon iyawarsu. Idan akwai barazanar mummunar lalacewa ko kuma ba za a iya jurewa ba, rashin cikakkiyar tabbacin kimiyya ba za a yi amfani da shi azaman dalili na jinkirta matakan tsada don hana lalata muhalli ba.

Ka'idar na iya taka rawa a kowane muhawara game da buƙatar tsarin muhalli.

Rigakafi

Manufar rigakafin ... ana iya la'akari da shi a matsayin babban manufa wanda ke haifar da ɗimbin hanyoyin shari'a, gami da ƙididdigewa na farko game da cutar da muhalli, ba da izini ko izini wanda ya tsara yanayin aiki da sakamakon keta sharuɗɗan., da kuma daukar dabaru da manufofi. Iyakokin fitarwa da sauran samfura ko ƙa'idodin tsari, amfani da mafi kyawun dabarun da ake samu da dabaru iri ɗaya ana iya ganin su azaman aikace-aikacen manufar rigakafin.

Polluter yana biyan ka'ida

Ka'ida ta biya mai gurɓatawa tana tsaye ga ra'ayin cewa "kuɗin muhalli na ayyukan tattalin arziƙi, gami da tsadar hana cutarwa, yakamata a sanya shi cikin gida maimakon sanya wa al'umma gabaɗaya." Duk batutuwan da suka shafi alhakin farashi don gyaran muhalli da bin ka'idojin kula da gurɓataccen yanayi sun haɗa da wannan ka'ida.

Ka'idar

Dokokin muhalli ci gaba da haifar da cece-kuce. Muhawara kan wajibci, adalci, da tsadar ka'idojin muhalli suna gudana, da kuma game da dacewa da ƙa'idodi da mafita na kasuwa don cimma ko da yarjejeniyar da aka amince da ita.

Zarge-zargen rashin tabbas na kimiyya ya rura wutar muhawarar da ake ci gaba da yi kan ka'idojin samar da iskar gas, kuma babban abin da ke haifar da cece-kuce kan ko za a haramta wasu magungunan kashe kwari. A cikin yanayin da ilimin kimiyya ya daidaita, ba sabon abu ba ne a gano cewa kamfanoni da gangan suna ɓoye ko karkatar da gaskiyar, ko shuka ruɗani.

Ya zama ruwan dare gama-gari don masana'antu da aka tsara su yi jayayya da ƙa'idodin muhalli bisa farashi. Wahaloli sun taso wajen yin nazari akan abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli. Yana da wahala a ƙididdige ƙimar ƙimar muhalli kamar ingantaccen yanayin muhalli, iska mai tsafta, ko bambancin nau'in. Yawancin martanin masu muhalli game da tattalin arziki da yanayin muhalli an taƙaita su ta hanyar tsohon Sanata kuma wanda ya kafa Ranar Duniya Gaylord Nelson, "Tattalin Arziki wani yanki ne na muhalli gabaɗaya, ba akasin haka ba." Bugu da ƙari, al'amuran muhalli suna ganin mutane da yawa suna da yanayin ɗabi'a ko ɗabi'a, wanda zai wuce tsadar kuɗi. Duk da haka, akwai wasu ƙoƙarce-ƙoƙarce da ake yi don sanin ƙimar muhalli da kadarori bisa tsari, da lissafinsu yadda ya kamata ta fuskar tattalin arziki.

Yayin da masana'antun da abin ya shafa ke haifar da cece-kuce a cikin ƙa'idojin yaƙi, akwai kuma masu ra'ayin muhalli da yawa da ƙungiyoyin ra'ayin jama'a waɗanda suka yi imanin cewa ƙa'idodin yanzu ba su isa ba, kuma suna ba da shawarar ƙarin kariya. Taro na dokokin muhalli - kamar taron shekara-shekara na Dokokin Muhalli na Sha'awar Jama'a a Eugene, Oregon - yawanci suna da wannan mayar da hankali, kuma suna haɗa dokar muhalli tare da aji, launin fata, da sauran batutuwa.

Wani ƙarin muhawara shi ne yadda dokokin muhalli ke yin adalci ga duk ƙungiyoyin da aka tsara. Misali, masu bincike Preston Teeter da Jorgen Sandberg suna ba da haske kan yadda ƙananan ƙungiyoyi za su iya haifar da tsadar farashi mai ƙima sakamakon ƙa'idodin muhalli, wanda a ƙarshe zai iya haifar da ƙarin shinge ga shiga sabbin kamfanoni, don haka hana gasa da ƙima.

Dokokin muhalli na duniya

Al'amuran muhalli na duniya da na yanki suna ƙara zama batun dokokin duniya . Muhawara kan abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli suna haifar da ainihin ƙa'idodin dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa kuma sun kasance batun yarjejeniyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa da yawa da sanarwa.

Dokokin kasa da kasa na al'ada muhimmin tushe ne na dokokin muhalli na duniya. Wadannan su ne ka'idoji da ka'idoji da kasashe ke bi a matsayin al'ada kuma suna da yawa har suna daure duk jihohin duniya. Lokacin da ka'ida ta zama dokar al'ada ba a yanke hukunci ba kuma an gabatar da muhawara da yawa daga jihohin da ba sa son a daure su. Misalai na dokokin kasa da kasa na al'ada da suka dace da muhalli sun haɗa da aikin gargaɗi ga wasu jihohi da sauri game da gumakan yanayin muhalli da lalacewar muhalli wanda wata jiha ko jihohi za ta iya fallasa su, da ƙa'ida 21 na sanarwar Stockholm ('Kyakkyawan makwabtaka' ko sic). mahaifa).

Ganin cewa dokar al'ada ta kasa da kasa ba ta tsaya tsayin daka ba amma tana ci gaba da bunkasa da kuma karuwar gurbacewar iska (carbon dioxide) da ke haifar da sauyin yanayi, ya haifar da tattaunawa kan ko ka'idojin al'ada na dokokin kasa da kasa, kamar jus cogens (peremptory norms) da erga. Ka'idodin omnes na iya amfani da su don aiwatar da dokar muhalli ta ƙasa da ƙasa.

Yawancin yarjejeniyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa masu ɗaure bisa doka sun ƙunshi fannoni daban-daban na batutuwa, daga gurɓacewar ƙasa, ruwa da na yanayi har zuwa namun daji da kariyar halittu. Yarjejeniyar muhalli ta ƙasa da ƙasa gabaɗaya yarjejeniya ce ta bangarori daban-daban (ko wasu lokuta na haɗin gwiwa ) (aka yarjejeniya, yarjejeniya, yarjejeniya, da sauransu. ). Ka'idoji sune yarjejeniyoyin rassan da aka gina daga yarjejeniya ta farko. Suna wanzu a wurare da yawa na dokokin duniya amma suna da amfani musamman a fagen muhalli, inda za a iya amfani da su don haɗa ilimin kimiyya na baya-bayan nan. Har ila yau, suna ba wa ƙasashe damar cimma yarjejeniya kan tsarin da zai haifar da cece-kuce idan an amince da kowane dalla-dalla tun da wuri. Shaharar da aka fi sani da ita a dokar muhalli ta duniya ita ce yarjejeniya ta Kyoto, wacce ta biyo bayan Yarjejeniya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan sauyin yanayi .

Duk da yake ƙungiyoyin da suka ba da shawara, masu jayayya, sun amince da su, kuma daga ƙarshe sun amince da yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa da ake da su sun bambanta bisa ga kowace yarjejeniya, wasu tarurruka, ciki har da taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 1972 game da Muhalli na 1983, Hukumar Kula da Muhalli da Ci gaba ta Duniya, 1992 na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da muhalli. da Ci gaba, da taron kolin duniya na 2002 kan ci gaba mai dorewa ya kasance mai mahimmanci musamman. Yarjejeniyar muhalli da yawa wani lokaci suna haifar da Ƙungiya, Cibiyoyi ko Jiki na Duniya da ke da alhakin aiwatar da yarjejeniyar. Manyan misalan su ne Yarjejeniyar Ciniki ta ƙasa da ƙasa a cikin nau'o'in dabbobin daji na daji da Flora (CITES) da Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Duniya don Kare Halitta (IUCN).

Dokar muhalli ta kasa da kasa kuma ta hada da ra'ayoyin kotuna da kotuna na kasa da kasa. Duk da yake akwai 'yan kaɗan kuma suna da iyakacin iko, yanke shawara yana ɗaukar nauyi sosai tare da masu sharhi na shari'a kuma suna da tasiri sosai kan haɓaka dokar muhalli ta ƙasa da ƙasa. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙalubale a cikin yanke shawara na ƙasa da ƙasa shine ƙayyade isassun diyya don lalacewar muhalli. Kotunan sun hada da Kotun Duniya ta Duniya (ICJ), Kotun Kasa da Kasa don Shari'ar Teku (ITLOS), Kotun Turai, Kotun Turai ta 'Yancin Dan Adam da sauran kotunan yarjejeniyar yanki.

A duk faɗin duniya

Afirka

A cewar kungiyar International Network for Environmental Compliance and Enforcement (INEC), manyan batutuwan da suka shafi muhalli a Afirka sune " fari da ambaliya, gurbacewar iska, sare dazuzzuka, hasarar rabe-raben halittu, samun ruwa mai tsafta, lalata kasa da ciyayi, da kuma talauci." Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka (EPA) ta mai da hankali ne kan "haɓaka gurɓatar birane da masana'antu, ingancin ruwa, sharar lantarki da iska na cikin gida daga tantunan dafa abinci." Suna fatan samar da isassun taimako kan matsalolin da suka shafi gurbatar yanayi kafin tasirinsu ya gurbata muhallin Afirka da ma duniya baki daya. Ta yin hakan, suna da niyyar "kare lafiyar ɗan adam, musamman ma masu rauni kamar yara da matalauta." Domin cimma waɗannan buƙatun a Afirka, shirye-shiryen EPA sun mayar da hankali kan ƙarfafa ikon aiwatar da dokokin muhalli da kuma bin jama'a a kansu. Wasu shirye-shirye suna aiki akan haɓaka ƙaƙƙarfan dokoki, ƙa'idodi, da ƙa'idodi.

Asiya

Cibiyar Kula da Muhalli ta Asiya (AECEN) yarjejeniya ce tsakanin kasashe 16 na Asiya da aka sadaukar don inganta hadin gwiwa tare da dokokin muhalli a Asiya. Wadannan ƙasashe sun haɗa da Cambodia, China, Indonesia, Indiya, Maldives, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Nepal, Philippines, Pakistan, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam, da Lao PDR.

Tarayyar Turai

Tarayyar Turai ta ba da dokoki na biyu game da batutuwan muhalli waɗanda ke aiki a duk faɗin EU (wanda ake kira ka'idoji) da kuma umarni da yawa waɗanda dole ne a aiwatar da su cikin dokokin ƙasa daga kasashe mambobi 27 (kasashe na ƙasa). Misalan su ne Dokar (EC) No. 338/97 akan aiwatar da CITES; ko cibiyar sadarwa ta Natura 2000 tsakiya don yanayi & manufofin bambancin halittu, wanda ya ƙunshi umarnin tsuntsaye (79/409/EEC / canza zuwa 2009/147/EC) da umarnin mazaunin (92/43/EEC). Wanda ya kunshi SACs da yawa (Zone na Musamman na Karewa, wanda ke da alaƙa da umarnin mazaunin) & SPAs (Zone masu Karewa na Musamman, wanda ke hade da umarnin tsuntsaye), a duk faɗin Turai.

Dokar Tarayyar Turai ta yi mulki a cikin Mataki na 249 Yarjejeniyar Ayyukan Tarayyar Tarayyar Duniya (TFEU). Batutuwa don dokokin EU na yau da kullun sune:

• Canjin yanayi
• Rashin gurɓata iska
• Kare ruwa da gudanarwa
• Gudanar da sharar gida
• Tsaro na ƙasa
• Kare yanayi, jinsuna da bambancin halittu
• Rashin gurɓataccen amo
• Haɗin kai don muhalli tare da ƙasashe na uku (ban da ƙasashen membobin EU)
• Tsaro na Jama'a

Gabas ta Tsakiya

Dokar muhalli tana girma cikin sauri a Gabas ta Tsakiya. Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka tana aiki tare da ƙasashe a Gabas ta Tsakiya don inganta "gwamnatin muhalli, gurɓataccen ruwa da tsaro na ruwa, mai tsabta da motoci, shiga jama'a, da rigakafin gurɓata".

Oceania

Babban damuwa game da batutuwan muhalli a Oceania sune "sakewar iska da gurɓataccen ruwa ba bisa ka'ida ba, cinikin katako / katako ba bisa ka- doka ba, jigilar sharar gida ba bisa ka 'yanci ba, gami da sharar gida da jiragen ruwa da aka tsara don hallakawa, da kuma rashin isasshen tsarin hukuma / rashin ikon tilasta aiki". Sakatariyar Shirin Muhalli na Yankin Pacific (SPREP) kungiya ce ta kasa da kasa tsakanin Australia, Tsibirin Cook, FMS, Fiji, Faransa, Kiribati, Tsibirin Marshall, Nauru, New Zealand, Niue, Palau, PNG, Samoa, Tsibirin Solomon, Tonga, Tuvalu, Amurka, da Vanuatu . An kafa SPREP don samar da taimako wajen ingantawa da kare muhalli da kuma tabbatar da ci gaba mai ɗorewa ga tsararraki masu zuwa.

Ostiraliya

Commonwealth da Tasmania (1983), wanda aka fi sani da "Tasmanian Dam Case", wani muhimmin shari'a ne a cikin dokar muhalli ta Australiya.

Dokar Kare Muhalli da Dokar Kare Muhimmanci ta 1999 ita ce tsakiya na dokokin muhalli a Ostiraliya. Ya kafa "tsarin doka don karewa da sarrafa muhimman tsire-tsire na ƙasa da na duniya, fauna, al'ummomin muhalli da wuraren al'adun gargajiya" kuma yana mai da hankali kan kare kadarorin al'adun duniya, kadarorin al-adun ƙasa, wuraren da ke da muhimmanci a duniya, nau'in da ke fuskantar barazanar ƙasa da al'ummomi na muhalli, nau'ikan ƙaura, Yankunan ruwa na Commonwealth, Babban Barrier Reef Marine Park, da kuma yanayin da ke kewaye da ayyukan nukiliya. Koyaya, ya kasance ƙarƙashin sake dubawa da yawa game da gazawarsa, na baya-bayan nan da ya faru a tsakiyar 2020. Rahoton wucin gadi na wannan bita ya kammala cewa dokokin da aka kirkira don kare jinsuna da wuraren zama na musamman ba su da tasiri.

Brazil

Gwamnatin Brazil ta kirkiro Ma'aikatar Muhalli a cikin 1992 don haɓaka ingantaccen dabarun kare muhalli, ta amfani da albarkatun ƙasa yadda ya kamata, da aiwatar da manufofin muhalli na jama'a. Ma'aikatar Muhalli tana da iko a kan manufofi da suka shafi muhalli, albarkatun ruwa, adanawa, da shirye-shiryen muhalli da suka shafi Amazon.

Kanada

Ma'aikatar Dokar Muhalli ta kafa Ma'aikalin Muhalli a cikin gwamnatin Kanada da kuma matsayin Ministan Muhalli. Ayyukansu sun haɗa da "tsaron da haɓaka ingancin yanayin yanayi, gami da ruwa, iska da ingancin ƙasa; albarkatun sabuntawa, gami na tsuntsaye masu ƙaura da sauran tsire-tsire da dabbobi marasa gida; ruwa; yanayin yanayi;" Dokar Kare Muhalli ita ce babban ɓangaren dokokin muhalli na Kanada wanda aka sanya a ranar 31 ga Maris, 2000. Dokar ta mayar da hankali kan "girmama rigakafin gurɓataccen yanayi da kare muhalli da lafiyar ɗan adam don ba da gudummawa ga ci gaba mai ɗorewa". Sauran ka'idojin tarayya sun haɗa da Dokar Binciken Muhalli ta Kanada, da Dokar Dabbobi da ke cikin Hadari. Lokacin da dokokin lardin da na tarayya ke cikin rikici dokokin tarayya suna da fifiko, ana cewa kowane lardin na iya samun nasu dokoki kamar Dokar Kare Hakkin Muhalli ta Ontario, da Dokar Ruwa Mai Tsabtace.

China

A cikin Jamhuriyar Kongo, wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa gare shi ta hanyar samfurin Afirka na shekarun 1990, abin da ya faru na tsarin mulki na dokar muhalli ya bayyana a shekarar 1992, wanda ya kammala ci gaban tarihi na dokar mujalli da manufofi tun daga shekarun 'yancin kai har ma da daɗewa kafin mulkin mallaka. Yana ba da tushen tsarin mulki ga kariya ta muhalli, wanda a al'adance ya kasance wani ɓangare na tsarin doka. Kundin Tsarin Mulki guda biyu na 15 Maris 1992 da 20 Janairu 2002 sun tabbatar da wannan tsarin, ta hanyar bayyana wajibin doka na yanayi mai tsabta, ta hanyar kafa ka'idar diyya da tushe na aikata laifuka. Ta hanyar wannan sabon abu, dokar muhalli ta Kongo tana tsakanin rashin koma baya da neman inganci. "

Tare da aiwatar da Kundin Ecuador" id="mwAhI" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="2008 Constitution of Ecuador">Tsarin Mulki na 2008, Ecuador ta zama ƙasa ta farko a duniya da ta tsara haƙƙin yanayi. Kundin Tsarin Mulki, musamman Mataki na 10 da 71-74, ya amince da haƙƙoƙin da ba za a iya cirewa ba na yanayin halittu don wanzuwa da bunƙasa, yana ba mutane ikon yin korafi a madadin yanayin halittu, kuma yana buƙatar gwamnati ta magance keta waɗannan haƙƙoƙinsu. Hanyar haƙƙin ita ce raguwa daga tsarin tsarin kula da muhalli na gargajiya, wanda ke ɗaukar yanayi a matsayin dukiya kuma ya halatta da sarrafa lalacewar muhalli maimakon hana shi.

• Europa: Environmental rules of the European Union
• Europa: Summaries of Legislation - Environment