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Natural disaster

Daga Wikipedia, Insakulofidiya ta kyauta.
Hadarin asarar tattalin arziki ga bala'o'i shida: Guguwa ta wurare masu zafi, fari, girgizar ƙasa, ambaliyar ruwa, rushewar ƙasa, da tsaunuka masu fashewa.

Bala’i na halitta shi ne mummunan tasiri da wani [abin halitta] ko [haɗarin halitta] ke haifarwa ga [al’umma] ko [jama’a]. Wasu misalan haɗurran halitta sun haɗa da [dusashewar dusar ƙanƙara], [fari], [girgizar ƙasa], [ambaliyar ruwa], [zafin rana mai tsanani], [zamewar ƙasa] — ciki har da [zamewar ƙasa a ƙarƙashin teku] — [guguwar wurare masu zafi], [ayyukan aman wuta] da [gobarar daji]. Ƙarin haɗurran halitta sun haɗa da [guguwar dusar ƙanƙara], [guguwar ƙura], [gobarar iska], [ƙanƙara], [guguwar kankara], [ramukan nutsewar ƙasa], [tsawa da hadari], [mahaukaciyar guguwa] da [tsunami].[1]

Bala’in halitta na iya haifar da [asarar rayuka] ko [lalacewar dukiya]. Yawanci yana haifar da asarar tattalin arziƙi. Girman barnar da bala’in ya haifar ya danganta da yadda mutane suka yi [shiri don fuskantar bala’o’i] da kuma ƙarfi da ingancin gine-gine, hanyoyi da sauran [ababen more rayuwa].[2]

Masana sun yi jayayya cewa kalmar " bala'i na halitta" bai dace ba kuma ya kamata a watsar da ita.[3] Maimakon haka, ana iya amfani da kalmar bala'i mai sauƙi. A lokaci guda, za a ƙayyade nau'in haɗari .[4] Bala'i yana faruwa ne lokacin da haɗari na halitta ko Hadarin da mutum ya yi tasiri ga al'umma mai rauni. Ya samo asali ne daga haɗuwa da haɗari da fallasa al'umma mai rauni.

A zamanin yau yana da wahala a rarrabe tsakanin bala'o'i "na halitta" da "na mutum".[3][5][6] An riga an kalubalanci kalmar "babban bala'i" a shekara ta 1976. [4] Zaɓuɓɓukan ɗan adam a cikin gine-gine, haɗarin wuta, da kuma kula da albarkatu na iya haifar ko kara muni da bala'o'i.[7][8][9] Canjin yanayi kuma yana shafar sau da yawa bala'o'i saboda matsanancin haɗarin yanayi ke faruwa. Wadannan "Hadarin yanayi" sune ambaliyar ruwa, raƙuman zafi, gobarar daji, guguwa ta wurare masu zafi, da sauransu.[10] Wasu abubuwa na iya sa bala'o'i suka fi muni. Misalan su ne rashin isasshen ka'idojin gini, warewa ga mutane da zaɓuɓɓuka marasa kyau game da tsara amfani da ƙasa. Kasashe masu tasowa da yawa ba su da tsarin rage haɗarin bala'i. Wannan ya sa su fi fuskantar bala'o'i fiye da ƙasashe masu samun kudin shiga. Wani mummunan abu ne kawai ya zama bala'i idan ya faru a yankin da ke da yawan jama'a masu rauni.[11][12]

Kalmomin

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bala'i na halitta shine tasirin da ke da lahani sosai a kan al'umma ko al'umma bayan wani haɗari na halitta. Kalmar "babban bala'i" kanta an bayyana ta kamar haka: "Babban bala'o'i sune mummunar rushewa ga aikin al'umma wanda ya wuce iyawarsa don magance ta amfani da albarkatun kansa. Bala'o'in na iya haifar da haɗari na halitta, na mutum da na fasaha, da kuma dalilai daban-daban waɗanda ke tasiri ga fallasawa da rauni na al'umma [13]

Hukumar Kula da Gaggawa ta Tarayya Amurka (FEMA) ta bayyana alaƙar da ke tsakanin bala'o'i da haɗarin halitta kamar haka: "Haɗarin yanayi da bala'o-li'i suna da alaƙa amma ba iri ɗaya ba ne. Hadarin halitta shine barazanar wani abu wanda zai iya haifar da mummunar tasiri. Bala'i na halitta shine mummunan tasiri bayan ainihin haɗarin yanayi a yayin da ya cutar da al'umma sosai.[1] Misali na bambancin tsakanin haɗari halitta da bala'i shine cewa girgizar ƙasa ita ce haɗarin da ya haifar da bala'in girgizar ƙasar San Francisco na 1906.

Hadarin halitta wani abu ne na halitta wanda zai iya haifar da mummunar tasiri ga mutane da sauran Dabbobi, ko muhalli. Za'a iya rarraba abubuwan haɗarin halitta zuwa manyan rukunoni biyu: geophysical da biological. Ana iya haifar da haɗarin halitta ko ya shafi Hanyoyin ɗan adam, misali canjin amfani da ƙasa, magudanar ruwa da gini.[14]

Akwai hail halitta 18 da aka haɗa a cikin Ƙididdigar Hadarin Kasa na FEMA: ambaliyar ruwa, Ambaliyar bakin teku, raƙuman sanyi, fari, girgizar ƙasa, ƙanƙara, raƙarar zafi, Guguwa kankara, rushewar ƙasa, walƙiya, ambaliwar kogi, iska mai ƙarfi, guguwa, Tsunami, aikin dutsen wuta, hunturu.[1] Bugu da ƙari, akwai kuma guguwar ƙura.

Bala'o'i da suka haifar da haɗarin ƙasa

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Rushewar ƙasa

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Rugujewar ƙasa a San Clemente, California a cikin 1966
Ruwan dusar ƙanƙara a cikin Himalayas kusa da Dutsen Everest.

Rushewar bakin teku

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Rushewar bakin teku tsari ne na zahiri wanda bakin teku a yankunan bakin teku a duniya ke canzawa da canzawa, da farko don mayar da martani ga raƙuman ruwa da raƙuman da raƙuma zasu iya rinjayar raƙuman raƙuman guguwa. Rushewar bakin teku na iya haifar da matakai na dogon lokaci (duba kuma juyin halitta na rairayin bakin teku) da kuma abubuwan da suka faru kamar Guguwa ta wurare masu zafi ko wasu abubuwan da suka shafi guguwa. Rushewar bakin teku tana daya daga cikin manyan haɗarin bakin teku. Yana haifar da barazana ga ababen more rayuwa, dukiya da dukiya.

Fashewar dutse

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Bidiyo na tsaunuka da ke girgiza da fashewa a cikin fashewar dutsen Litli-Hrútur, 2023

Dutsen wuta na iya haifar da lalacewa mai yawa da kuma bala'i a hanyoyi da yawa. Ɗaya daga cikin haɗari shine fashewar dutsen wuta da kansa, tare da ƙarfin fashewar da dutsen da ke fadowa wanda zai iya haifar da lahani. Hakanan ana iya sakin Lava a lokacin fashewar dutsen mai fitattun wuta; yayin da yake barin dutsen mai fashewa, zai iya lalata gine-gine, tsire-tsire da dabbobi saboda matsanancin zafi. Bugu da kari, toka na dutsen wuta na iya samar da girgije (yawanci bayan sanyaya) kuma ya zauna sosai a wuraren da ke kusa. Lokacin da aka gauraya da ruwa, wannan yana samar da kayan aiki. A cikin isasshen adadi, toka na iya haifar da rufin da ya rushe a ƙarƙashin nauyinsa. Ko da ƙananan yawa zasu cutar da mutane idan an sha su - yana da daidaito na gilashin ƙasa sabili da haka yana haifar da rauni ga makogwaro da huhu. Har ila yau, toka na dutsen wuta na iya haifar da lalacewar abrasion ga injuna masu motsi kamar injuna. Babban mai kisan mutane a kusa da fashewar dutsen wuta shine kwararar pyroclastic, wanda ya kunshi girgije na toka mai zafi wanda ke ginawa a cikin iska sama da dutsen wuta kuma yana sauka a kan gangaren lokacin da fashewa ba ya tallafawa ɗaga iskar gas. An yi imanin cewa Pompeii ta lalace ta hanyar kwararar wuta. lahar yaduwar laka ce ta dutsen wuta ko rushewar ƙasa. Bala'in Tangiwai na 1953 ya haifar da lahar, kamar yadda Bala'in Armero na 1985 ya kasance inda aka binne garin Armero kuma an kashe kimanin mutane 23,000.  [ana buƙatar hujja][<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span>]

Bala'o'i da ke haifar da haɗarin yanayi mai tsanani

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Wasu daga cikin haɗarin halitta 18 da aka haɗa a cikin Ƙididdigar Hadarin Kasa na FEMA [1] yanzu suna da yiwuwar faruwa, kuma a mafi girman ƙarfi, saboda tasirin canjin yanayi. Wannan ya shafi raƙuman zafi, fari, gobarar daji da ambaliyar bakin teku.[15]

Wutar daji

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Wutar daji a California.

Wutar daji babbar gobara ce wacce galibi tana farawa a yankunan daji. Abubuwan da suka faru na yau da kullun sun haɗa da walƙiya da fari amma ana iya fara gobarar daji ta hanyar sakaci ko ƙonewa. Za su iya yaduwa zuwa yankunan da ke da yawan jama'a kuma don haka su zama barazana ga mutane da dukiya, da kuma namun daji. Ɗaya daga cikin misalai na sanannen gobarar daji shine gobarar Peshtigo ta 1871 a Amurka, wanda ya kashe akalla mutane 1700.[16][17] Wani kuma shi ne gobarar daji ta Victorian a Ostiraliya (wanda aka fi sani da "Black Asabar bushfires"). [18][19][20] A wannan shekarar, guguwar zafi ta bazara a Victoria, Ostiraliya, ta haifar da yanayi wanda ya haifar da manyan gobarar daji a cikin 2009. Melbourne ta sami kwanaki uku a jere na yanayin zafi wanda ya wuce 40 ° C (104 ° F), tare da wasu yankuna da ke kumburi ta hanyar yanayin zafi mafi girma.  

Guguwa da ruwan sama mai yawa

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Kogin Limpopo a lokacin ambaliyar Mozambique ta 2000Ambaliyar ruwa ta Mozambique ta 2000

ambaliyar ruwa ruwa ce da ke 'rufe' ƙasa. Umurnin Ambaliyar Tarayyar Turai ya bayyana ambaliyar ruwa a matsayin rufe ƙasa na wucin gadi wanda yawanci ya bushe da ruwa.[21] A cikin ma'anar 'ruwa mai gudana', ana iya amfani da kalmar ga shigowar raƙuman ruwa. Ambaliyar ruwa na iya haifar da girman ruwa, kamar kogin ko tafkin, ya zama mafi girma fiye da yadda aka saba, yana sa wasu daga cikin ruwa su tsere wa iyakokinta na yau da kullun. Duk da yake girman tafkin ko wani ruwa zai bambanta tare da canje-canje na yanayi a cikin hazo da narkewar dusar ƙanƙara, ambaliyar ruwa ba a dauke ta da mahimmanci sai dai idan ruwa ta rufe ƙasar da mutane ke amfani da ita, kamar ƙauye, birni ko wani yanki mai zama, hanyoyi ko faɗin gonaki.

Wani nau'i mai kama da kwalliya, kuma a bayyane yake Cumulonimbus incus

Guguwa mai tsanani, ƙura da fashewar dutse na iya haifar da walƙiya. Baya ga lalacewar da ke da alaƙa da guguwa, kamar iska, ƙanƙara da ambaliyar ruwa, walƙiya kanta na iya lalata gine-gine, ƙone wuta da kashewa ta hanyar tuntuɓar kai tsaye. Yawancin mutuwar daga walƙiya suna faruwa a cikin ƙasashe mafi talauci na Amurka da Asiya, inda walƙiya ta zama ruwan dare kuma gidajen tubali na adobe suna ba da kariya kaɗan.

Guguwa mai zafi

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Hoton tauraron dan adam na Guguwar Melissa da ke sauka a Jamaica a matsayin guguwa ta 5 a watan Oktoba 2025.

Guguwa

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Wani guguwa mai kisa a Alabama da aka ɗauka a lokacin Super Outbreak na 2011, mafi girman fashewar guguwa a rubuce.

Guguwa wani guguwa ne mai karfi da haɗari na iska wanda ke hulɗa da fuskar Duniya da girgije na cumulonimbus, ko, a lokuta masu wuya, tushen girgije na kumulus. Hakanan ana kiranta da twister ko cyclone, [22] kodayake ana amfani da kalmar cyclone a cikin yanayin yanayi a cikin ma'anar da ta fi dacewa don komawa ga duk wani rufewar matsin lamba. Guguwa ta zo a cikin siffofi da girma da yawa amma yawanci suna ɗaukar nau'in bututun da ake gani, wanda ƙanƙanin ƙarshen ya taɓa Duniya kuma sau da yawa ana kewaye shi da girgije na tarkace da ƙura. Guguwa na iya faruwa daya a lokaci, ko kuma yana iya faruwa a cikin manyan fashewar guguwa da ke da alaƙa da supercells ko a wasu manyan yankuna na ci gaban tsawa.

Abubuwan da suka faru a yanayin sanyi

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Ruwan sama

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guguwa a Maryland a cikin 2009

Girgizar ƙanƙara

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Babban dutse mai ƙanƙara, game da + 1⁄2 in) a diamita6 cm (2.4 in)

Hail shine hazo a cikin nau'in kankara wanda ba ya narkewa kafin ya buga ƙasa. Girgizar ƙasa tana haifar da tsawa. Dutsen ƙanƙara yawanci ana auna tsakanin da 6 in) a diamita. 5 and 150 millimetres (0.20 and 5.91 in)Wadannan na iya lalata wurin da suka fadi. Girgizar ƙanƙara na iya zama mai lalacewa ga gona gona, lalata amfanin gona da kayan aiki masu lalacewa. Wani mummunar guguwa ya mamaye Munich, Jamus, a ranar 12 ga Yuli, 1984, wanda ya haifar da kusan dala biliyan 2 a cikin ikirarin inshora.

Manazarta

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  1. 1 2 3 4 "Natural Hazards | National Risk Index". hazards.fema.gov. FEMA. Retrieved 2022-06-08. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":3" defined multiple times with different content.
  2. ↑ G. Bankoff; G. Frerks; D. Hilhorst, eds. (2003). Mapping Vulnerability: Disasters, Development and People. Routledge. ISBN 1-85383-964-7.[page needed]
  3. 1 2 "Why natural disasters aren't all that natural". openDemocracy. 2020-11-26. Archived from the original on 2020-11-29. Retrieved 2020-12-29. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":1" defined multiple times with different content.
  4. 1 2 "Why natural disasters aren't all that natural". preventionweb.net (in Turanci). 14 September 2017. Retrieved 2022-06-06. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":2" defined multiple times with different content.
  5. ↑ Gould, Kevin A.; Garcia, M. Magdalena; Remes, Jacob A.C. (1 December 2016). "Beyond 'natural-disasters-are-not-natural': the work of state and nature after the 2010 earthquake in Chile". Journal of Political Ecology. 23 (1): 93. doi:10.2458/v23i1.20181.
  6. ↑ Smith, Neil (2006-06-11). "There's No Such Thing as a Natural Disaster". Items. Archived from the original on 2021-01-22. Retrieved 2020-12-29.
  7. ↑ "Wildfire Causes and Evaluations". National Park Service. 2018-11-27. Archived from the original on 2021-01-01. Retrieved 2020-12-29.
  8. ↑ DeWeerdt, Sarah (2020-09-15). "Humans cause 96% of wildfires that threaten homes in the U.S." Anthropocene. Archived from the original on 2020-12-10. Retrieved 2020-12-29.
  9. ↑ Smil, Vaclav (18 December 1999). "China's great famine: 40 years later". The BMJ. 319 (7225): 1619–1621. doi:10.1136/bmj.319.7225.1619. PMC 1127087. PMID 10600969.
  10. ↑ McGuire, Bill (2012). Waking the Giant: How a changing climate triggers earthquakes, tsunamis, and volcanoes. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-959226-5. Archived from the original on 2022-04-18. Retrieved 2020-12-29.[page needed]
  11. ↑ D. Alexander (2002). Principles of Emergency planning and Management. Harpended: Terra publishing. ISBN 1-903544-10-6.
  12. ↑ B. Wisner; P. Blaikie; T. Cannon & I. Davis (2004). At Risk – Natural hazards, people's vulnerability and disasters. Wiltshire: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-25216-4.[page needed]
  13. ↑ "What is a disaster?". ifrc.org – IFRC (in Turanci). Retrieved 2023-05-24.
  14. ↑ Gill, Joel C.; Malamud, Bruce D. (2017-03-01). "Anthropogenic processes, natural hazards, and interactions in a multi-hazard framework". Earth-Science Reviews. 166: 246–269. Bibcode:2017ESRv..166..246G. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2017.01.002.
  15. ↑ IPCC, 2022: Summary for Policymakers [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, M. Tignor, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem (eds.)]. In: Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge and New York, pp. 3–33, doi:10.1017/9781009325844.001.
  16. ↑ US Department of Commerce, NOAA. "The Peshtigo Fire". weather.gov (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 2021-04-25. Retrieved 2021-04-25.
  17. ↑ "Massive fire burns in Wisconsin". History.com (in Turanci). 13 November 2009. Archived from the original on 2021-04-15. Retrieved 2021-04-25.
  18. ↑ "2009 Victorian Bushfires | Victorian Government". vic.gov.au (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 2021-04-28. Retrieved 2021-04-25.
  19. ↑ "Black Saturday bushfires". National Museum of Australia (in Turanci). 2023-02-07. Archived from the original on 2021-04-23. Retrieved 2021-04-25.
  20. ↑ "Bushfire – Black Saturday, Victoria, 2009". Australian Disaster Resilience Knowledge Hub. Archived from the original on 2021-03-26. Retrieved 2021-04-25.
  21. ↑ "Directive 2007/60/EC Chapter 1 Article2". Archived from the original on 2015-11-06. Retrieved 2011-11-14.
  22. ↑ "Definition of CYCLONE". Merriam-Webster. Archived from the original on 2021-01-05. Retrieved 2020-12-29.
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