Rugujewar halittu
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Bioerosion describes the breakdown of hard ocean substrates – and less often terrestrial substrates – by living organisms. Marine bioerosion can be caused by mollusks, polychaete worms, phoronids, sponges, crustaceans, echinoids, and fish; it can occur on coastlines, on coral reefs, and on ships; its mechanisms include biotic boring, drilling, rasping, and scraping. On dry land, bioerosion is typically performed by pioneer plants or plant-like organisms such as lichen, and mostly chemical (e.g. by acidic secretions on limestone) or mechanical (e.g. by roots growing into cracks) in nature.[ana buƙatar hujja][]
Bioerosion of coral reefs generates the fine and white coral sand characteristic of tropical islands. The coral is converted to sand by internal bioeroders such as algae, fungi, bacteria (microborers) and sponges (Clionaidae), bivalves (including Lithophaga), sipunculans, polychaetes, acrothoracican barnacles and phoronids, generating extremely fine sediment with diameters of 10 to 100 micrometres. External bioeroders include sea urchins (such as Diadema) and chitons. These forces in concert produce a great deal of erosion. Sea urchin erosion of calcium carbonate has been reported in some reefs at annual rates exceeding 20 kg/m2.[ana buƙatar hujja][]
Kifi kuma yana lalata murjani yayin cin algae. Parrotfish yana haifar da yaduwar halittu ta amfani da tsokoki masu tasowa, ƙuƙwalwar hakora, da kuma ma'adinin pharyngeal, don niƙa kayan da aka cinye a cikin ƙwayoyin yashi. A cikin wani binciken, an kiyasta cewa lalacewar coral reef 3" href="./Aragonite" id="mwQg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Aragonite">Aragonite ta wani kifi na parrotfish ya faru a cikin adadin 1017.7±186.3 kg / shekara (0.41±0.07 m3/ shekara) don Chlorurus gibbus da 23.6±3.4 kg / shekara (9.7*10−3.3*10− 3 m3/ shekara). [1]
Bioerosion kuma sananne ne a cikin burbushin burbushin halittu a kan harsashi da hardgrounds, tare da alamun wannan aikin da ke komawa cikin Precambrian. Macrobioerosion, wanda ke samar da burin da ake gani da ido, yana nuna radiation biyu na juyin halitta. Ɗaya ya kasance a cikin Ordovician na Tsakiya (Ordovician Bioerosion Revolution ) ɗayan kuma a cikin Jurassic.[2] Microbioerosion kuma yana da dogon burbushin burbushin halittu da nasa radiation.[3][4]
Gidan wasan kwaikwayo
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Trypanites borings in an Upper Ordovician hardground, southeastern Indiana.
Petroxestes borings in an Upper Ordovician hardground, southern Ohio.
Gastrochaenolites borings in a Middle Jurassic hardground, southern Utah.
Numerous borings in a Cretaceous cobble, Faringdon, England.
Cross-section of a Jurassic rockground; borings include Gastrochaenolites (some with boring bivalves in place) and Trypanites; Mendip Hills, England; scale bar = 1 cm.
Teredolites borings in a modern wharf piling; the work of bivalves known as "shipworms".
Ordovician hardground cross-section with Trypanites borings filled with dolomite; southern Ohio.
Gastrochaenolites boring in a recrystallized scleractinian coral, Matmor Formation (Middle Jurassic) of southern Israel.
Osprioneides borings in a Silurian stromatoporoid from Saaremaa, Estonia.
Gnathichnus pentax echinoid trace fossil on an oyster from the Cenomanian of Hamakhtesh Hagadol, southern Israel.
Geopetal structure in bivalve boring in coral; bivalve shell visible; Matmor Formation (Middle Jurassic), southern Israel.
Borings in an Upper Ordovician bryozoan, Bellevue Formation, northern Kentucky; polished cross-section.
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Bellwood, D. R. (1995). "Direct estimate of bioerosion by two parrotfish species, Chlorurus gibbus and C. sordidus, on the Great Barrier Reef, Australia". Marine Biology. 121 (3): 419–429. Bibcode:1995MarBi.121..419B. doi:10.1007/BF00349451. S2CID 85045930.
- ↑ Taylor, P. D.; Wilson, M. A. (2003). "Palaeoecology and evolution of marine hard substrate communities" (PDF). Earth-Science Reviews. 62 (1–2): 1–103. Bibcode:2003ESRv...62....1T. doi:10.1016/S0012-8252(02)00131-9. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-03-25.
- ↑ Glaub, I.; Vogel, K. (2004). "The stratigraphic record of microborings". Fossils & Strata. 51: 126–135. doi:10.18261/9781405169851-2004-08. ISBN 9781405169851. ISSN 0300-9491.
- ↑ Glaub, I.; Golubic, S.; Gektidis, M.; Radtke, G.; Vogel, K. (2007). "Microborings and microbial endoliths: geological implications". In Miller III, W (ed.). Trace fossils: concepts, problems, prospects. Amsterdam: Elsevier. pp. 368–381. ISBN 978-0-444-52949-7.
- Vert, Michel; Doi, Yoshiharu; Hellwich, Karl-Heinz; Hess, Michael; Hodge, Philip; Kubisa, Przemyslaw; Rinaudo, Marguerite; Schué, François (2012). "Terminology for biorelated polymers and applications (IUPAC Recommendations 2012)" (PDF). Pure and Applied Chemistry. 84 (2): 377–410. doi:10.1351/PAC-REC-10-12-04. S2CID 98107080. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-03-19. Retrieved 2013-07-27.
- Palmer, T. J. (1982). "Cambrian to Cretaceous changes in hardground communities". Lethaia. 15 (4): 309–323. Bibcode:1982Letha..15..309P. doi:10.1111/j.1502-3931.1982.tb01696.x.
- Bellwood, D. R. (1995). "Direct estimate of bioerosion by two parrotfish species, Chlorurus gibbus and C. sordidus, on the Great Barrier Reef, Australia". Marine Biology. 121 (3): 419–429. Bibcode:1995MarBi.121..419B. doi:10.1007/BF00349451. S2CID 85045930.
- Bromley, R. G (1970). "Borings as trace fossils and Entobia cretacea Portlock as an example". In Crimes, T.P.; Harper, J.C. (eds.). Trace Fossils. Geological Journal Special Issue 3. pp. 49–90.
- Taylor, P. D.; Wilson, M. A. (2003). "Palaeoecology and evolution of marine hard substrate communities" (PDF). Earth-Science Reviews. 62 (1–2): 1–103. Bibcode:2003ESRv...62....1T. doi:10.1016/S0012-8252(02)00131-9. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-03-25.
- Wilson, M. A.; Palmer, T. J. (2006). "Patterns and processes in the Ordovician Bioerosion Revolution" (PDF). Ichnos. 13 (3): 109–112. Bibcode:2006Ichno..13..109W. doi:10.1080/10420940600850505. S2CID 128831144. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-12-16.
- Bromley, R. G. (2004). "A stratigraphy of marine bioerosion". In D. McIlroy (ed.). The application of ichnology to palaeoenvironmental and stratigraphic analysis. Geological Society of London, Special Publications 228. London: Geological Society. pp. 455–481. ISBN 1-86239-154-8.
- Wilson, M. A. (2007). "Macroborings and the evolution of bioerosion". In Miller III, W (ed.). Trace fossils: concepts, problems, prospects. Amsterdam: Elsevier. pp. 356–367. ISBN 978-0-444-52949-7.
- Glaub, I.; Vogel, K. (2004). "The stratigraphic record of microborings". Fossils & Strata. 51: 126–135. doi:10.18261/9781405169851-2004-08. ISBN 9781405169851. ISSN 0300-9491.
- Glaub, I.; Golubic, S.; Gektidis, M.; Radtke, G.; Vogel, K. (2007). "Microborings and microbial endoliths: geological implications". In Miller III, W (ed.). Trace fossils: concepts, problems, prospects. Amsterdam: Elsevier. pp. 368–381. ISBN 978-0-444-52949-7.
- Wilson, M. A.; Palmer, T. J. (2001). "Domiciles, not predatory borings: a simpler explanation of the holes in Ordovician shells analyzed by Kaplan and Baumiller, 2000". PALAIOS. 16 (5): 524–525. Bibcode:2001Palai..16..524W. doi:10.1669/0883-1351(2001)016<0524:DNPBAS>2.0.CO;2. S2CID 130036115.
- Wilson, M. A.; Palmer, T. J. (1994). "A carbonate hardground in the Carmel Formation (Middle Jurassic, SW Utah, USA) and its associated encrusters, borers and nestlers". Ichnos. 3 (2): 79–87. Bibcode:1994Ichno...3...79W. doi:10.1080/10420949409386375.
- Wilson, M. A. (1986). "Coelobites and spatial refuges in a Lower Cretaceous cobble-dwelling hardground fauna". Palaeontology. 29: 691–703. ISSN 0031-0239.
- Vinn, O.; Wilson, M. A.; Mõtus, M.-A. (2014). "The Earliest Giant Osprioneides Borings from the Sandbian (Late Ordovician) of Estonia". PLOS ONE. 9 (6: e99455): e99455. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...999455V. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0099455. PMC 4047083. PMID 24901511.
