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Viola (shuka)

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Viola (shuka)
Scientific classification
KingdomPlantae
OrderMalpighiales (mul) Malpighiales
DangiViolaceae (mul) Violaceae
SubfamilyVioloideae (mul) Violoideae
genus (en) Fassara Viola
Linnaeus, 1753
General information
Tsatsoviolet leaf fragrance (en) Fassara

Viola, wanda aka fi sani da violet, nau'in tsire-tsire ne na fure a cikin dangin Violaceae . Ita ce mafi girman nau'in halittar a cikin iyali, tana ɗauke da nau'ikan sama da 680. Yawancin nau'ikan suna samuwa a cikin yankin Arewacin Hemisphere mai yanayi mai zafi ; duk da haka, wasu kuma ana samun su a yankuna daban-daban kamar Hawaii, Australasia, da Andes .

Wasu nau'ikan Viola tsire-tsire ne na dindindin, wasu tsire-tsire ne na shekara-shekara, wasu kuma ƙananan bishiyoyi ne. Ana noma nau'ikan iri, iri, da nau'ikan iri da yawa a cikin lambuna don furannin adonsu. A fannin noman lambu, kalmar pansy yawanci ana amfani da ita ga waɗannan nau'ikan furanni masu launuka daban-daban waɗanda ake nomawa kowace shekara ko kuma a kowace shekara biyu daga iri kuma ana amfani da su sosai a cikin kayan gado .

Bayani

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Opened seed capsule of Viola arvensis (field pansy, Melanium), showing the seeds

Nau'in Viola na iya zama na shekara-shekara ko na dindindin, kuma suna iya kama da ganye, shrubs ko kuma bishiyoyi masu wuya. A cikin yanayin acaulescent, ganyaye da furanni suna fitowa daga ƙasa. Sauran suna da gajerun rassan da ganye da furanni da aka samar a cikin axils na ganyen (axillary). [1]

Yawanci suna da ganyen scallop masu siffar zuciya ko reniform (mai siffar koda), kodayake akwai wasu da ke da ganyen palmate ko layi. [1] Ganyen tsire-tsire masu sauƙi waɗanda ke da kowace irin al'ada ana shirya su a madadin juna; nau'in acaulescent yana samar da rosettes na basal. Tsire-tsire koyaushe suna da ganye masu siffa mai kama da ganye.

Furannin mafi yawancin nau'ikan suna da ƙarfi sosai tare da daidaiton biyu kuma suna da siffa ɗaya, amma lokaci-lokaci suna samar da cymes . An samar da furanni daga furanni biyar; huɗu an goge su sama ko kuma an yi musu siffar fanka da biyu a kowane gefe, kuma akwai fure ɗaya mai faɗi, mai lobes na ƙasa wanda ke nuna ƙasa. Wannan furen zai iya zama ɗan gajere ko kaɗan fiye da sauran kuma an bambanta shi da rauni. Siffar furanni da wurin da aka sanya su suna bayyana nau'ikan da yawa, misali, wasu nau'ikan suna da "spur" a ƙarshen kowace fure yayin da yawancinsu suna da spur a ƙasan fure. Ƙarfin na iya bambanta daga wanda ba a taɓa yin amfani da shi ba (wanda ke fitowa) zuwa mai tsayi sosai, kamar a cikin Viola rostrata . [1]

Furanni masu kaɗaici suna ƙare dogayen sanduna da nau'i biyu na bracteoles . Furannin suna da sepals guda biyar da ke dawwama bayan sun yi fure, kuma a wasu nau'ikan sepals suna girma bayan sun yi fure. Corolla tana kama daga fari zuwa rawaya, lemu ko launuka daban-daban na shuɗi da shunayya ko launuka masu launuka iri-iri, sau da yawa shuɗi da rawaya, tare da ko ba tare da makogwaro mai rawaya ba. [1]

Furannin suna da ƙananan stamens guda biyar tare da gajerun filaments masu 'yanci waɗanda aka matse a kan kwai, tare da wani abu mai haɗin gwiwa na baya wanda yake babba, cikakke kuma mai tsayi don yin kwai. Ƙananan stamens guda biyu ne kawai ke da calcarate (masu ɗauke da ƙwayoyin nectar da aka saka a kan ƙaramin fure a cikin spur ko jaka). Salonnin suna da siffar filiform (kamar zare) ko clavate (mai siffar kulli), suna da kauri a ƙarshensu, suna zama kamar dunƙule zuwa rostellate (mai siffar baki). Alamun suna kama da na kai, suna da ƙunci ko kuma galibi suna da baki. Furanni suna da mafi kyawun kwai tare da ƙwayar halitta ɗaya, wadda ke da mahaifa uku, waɗanda ke ɗauke da ƙwayoyin halitta da yawa. [1]

Bayan fure, ana samar da ƙwayoyin 'ya'yan itace waɗanda ke da kauri a bango, tare da 'yan tsaba kaɗan zuwa da yawa a kowace carpel, kuma a cire su (a buɗe su) ta hanyar bawuloli uku. [2] Idan aka busar da su, ƙwayoyin za su iya fitar da tsaba da ƙarfi mai yawa zuwa nisan mita da yawa. [3] Iri masu kama da goro, waɗanda suke da siffar obovoid zuwa globose, galibi suna da siffar arilate (tare da tsiro na musamman) kuma suna da tayi madaidaiciya, cotyledons masu faɗi, da kuma endosperm mai laushi mai laushi mai mai. [4] [1]

Phytochemistry

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Ɗaya daga cikin halayen wasu Viola shine ƙamshin furanninsu da ba a iya gani ba; tare da terpenes, babban ɓangaren ƙamshin shine ketone compound da ake kira ionone, wanda ke rage jin daɗin masu karɓar hanci na ɗan lokaci, don haka yana hana a gano wani ƙanshi daga furen har sai jijiyoyi sun warke. [5]

Tsarin Haraji

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First page of Linnaeus' 1753 description of Viola
Bayanin Linnaeus na asali (1753)

Tarihi

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Carl Linnaeus ne ya fara bayyana shi a hukumance a shekarar 1753 [6] tare da nau'ikan Viola guda 19, kuma asalin halittar Viola yana da ikon shuka, L. [7] Lokacin da Jussieu ya kafa tsarin iyali na tsari (1789), ya sanya Viola a cikin Cisti (fure-fure na dutse), [8] kodayake a shekara ta 1811 ya ba da shawarar a raba Viola da waɗannan. [9] Duk da haka, a shekara ta 1802 Batsch ya riga ya kafa wani iyali daban, wanda ya kira Violariae bisa ga Viola a matsayin nau'in halittar, tare da wasu nau'ikan halittar guda bakwai. [10] [11] Duk da cewa wasu marubuta sun ci gaba da amfani da Violariae, kamar Bentham da Hooker a shekarar 1862 (a matsayin Violarieae), [12] yawancin marubuta sun ɗauki sunan Violaceae, wanda de Lamarck da de Candolle suka fara gabatar da shi a shekarar 1805, [13] da Gingins (1823) [14] da Saint-Hilaire (1824). [15] Duk da haka de Candolle kuma ya yi amfani da Violarieae a cikin 1824 Prodromus . [16]

Phylogeny

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Viola ɗaya ce daga cikin nau'ikan halittu 25 da kuma nau'ikan halittu 600 a cikin babban dangin eudicott Violaceae, waɗanda aka raba zuwa ƙananan iyalai da ƙabilu. Duk da cewa yawancin nau'ikan halittu iri ɗaya ne, Viola babbar nau'in halitta ce, wacce aka yi la'akari da ita a matsayin tana da nau'ikan halittu tsakanin 500 zuwa 600. A tarihi, an sanya shi a cikin ƙabilar Violoideae, wacce ke da alaƙa da dangin Violeae. Amma an nuna cewa waɗannan rarrabuwar ba ta wucin gadi ba ce kuma ba ta da tsari ɗaya . Nazarin kwayoyin halitta ya nuna cewa Viola yana faruwa a Clade I na iyali, kamar Viola, Schweiggeria, Noisettia da Allexis, inda Schweiggeria da Noisettia suke kama ɗaya kuma suna samar da ƙungiyar 'yan'uwa ga Viola .

Sashen

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Viola babban nau'in halitta ne wanda aka saba amfani da shi a sassa daban-daban . [17] Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine na Gingins (1823), [14] bisa ga yanayin ƙazanta, tare da sassa biyar ( Nomimium, Dischidium, Chamaemelanium, Melanium, Leptidium ). [18] Nazarin da aka yi wa Wilhelm Becker mai zurfi a fannin nazarin tsarin mulki, wanda ya ƙare a cikin nazarinsa na 1925, ya haifar da sassa 14 da ƙungiyoyin da ba su da alaƙa da juna. Mafi girma kuma mafi bambancin ra'ayi, shine sashe na Viola, tare da ƙananan sassa 17. Baya ga ƙananan sassa, an kuma bayyana jerin . [19] A madadin haka, wasu marubuta sun fi son raba nau'in halittar zuwa ƙananan jinsi. Gershoy (1934) [20] da Clausen (1964), [21] sun yi amfani da ƙananan sassa da jerin. Duk waɗannan sun dogara ne akan halayen siffa. Nazarin da aka yi a baya ta amfani da hanyoyin halittar kwayoyin halitta, kamar na Ballard et al. (1998) sun nuna cewa da yawa daga cikin waɗannan rarrabuwar gargajiya ba su da tsari ɗaya, matsalar tana da alaƙa da babban matakin haɗakar abubuwa . Musamman ma an raba Nomimium zuwa sabbin sassa da dama sannan aka mayar da wani ɓangare na shi zuwa sashe na Viola . Sashe na Viola s. lat. an wakilta shi da sassa huɗu, Viola sensu stricto, Plagiostigma s. str. , Nosphinium sensu lato . da kuma ƙungiyar V. spathulata . A cikin wannan binciken, sassan S American sun bayyana a matsayin ƙungiyoyin basal, farawa da Rubellium, sannan Leptidium . Duk da haka, ainihin dangantakar phylogenetic har yanzu ba a warware ta ba, saboda haka ana amfani da sunayen taxonomic daban-daban, gami da ƙungiyoyi da aka sani da Grex . [22] Marcussen da sauransu sun sanya sassan S American guda biyar, Andinium, Leptidium, Tridens, Rubellium da Chilenium a gindin bishiyar phylogenetic, a cikin wannan tsari. Waɗannan sai sashen Ostiraliya guda ɗaya, Erpetion, a matsayin ƙungiyar 'yan'uwa ga Chilenium, sassan arewacin duniya sannan a ƙarshe sashen Afirka guda ɗaya, V. abyssinica . Waɗannan sassan sun bambanta ta fuskar siffar jiki, ta hanyar chromosom, da kuma ta fuskar ƙasa. [23] [24] [25]

Sassan

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An gane sassa goma sha bakwai, an jera su ta hanyar haruffa (kimanin nau'in nau'in); [26] [23] [27]

  • Sect. Andinium W.Becker (113) S America[27]
  • Sect. Chamaemelanium Ging. s.lat. (61) N America, northeast Asia (includes Dischidium, Orbiculares)
    • Subsect. Chamaemelanium
    • Subsect. Nudicaules
    • Subsect. Nuttalianae
  • Sect. Chilenium W.Becker (8) southern S America[28]
  • Sect. Danxiaviola W. B. Liao et Q. Fan (1) China[24]
  • Sect. Delphiniopsis W.Becker (3) western Eurasia: southern Spain; Balkans[29]
  • Sect. Erpetion (Banks) W.Becker (11–18) eastern Australia; Tasmania
  • Sect. Leptidium Ging. (19) S America[30]
  • Sect. Melanium Ging. (125) western Eurasia (pansies)[17][31]
  • Sect. Nosphinium W.Becker s.lat. (31–50) N, C and northern S America; Beringia; Hawaii[26]
  • Sect. nov. A (V. abyssinica group) (1–3) Africa: equatorial high mountains
  • Sect. nov. B (V. spathulata group) (7–9) western and central Asia: northern Iraq to Mongolia[24]
  • Sect. Plagiostigma Godr. (120) northern hemisphere (includes Diffusae)[32][33][34]
    • Grex Primulifolia
  • Sect. Rubellium W.Becker (3–6) S America: Chile[22]
  • Sect. Sclerosium W.Becker (1–4) northeastern Africa to southwestern Asia[35]
  • Sect. Tridens W.Becker (2) southern S America
  • Sect. Viola  s.str. (Rostellatae nom. illeg.) (75) northern hemisphere (violets) (includes Repentes)[25]
    • Subsect. Rostratae Kupffer (W.Becker)[36]
    • Subsect. Viola
  • Sect. Xylinosium W.Becker (3–4) Mediterranean region

Nau'o'i

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Wannan nau'in ya haɗa da furannin kare, ƙungiyar nau'ikan Viola marasa ƙamshi waɗanda suka fi yawa a yankuna da yawa, sweet violet ( Viola odorata ) (wanda aka sanya masa suna saboda ƙamshinsa mai daɗi), da kuma wasu nau'ikan da yawa waɗanda sunansu ya haɗa da kalmar "violet". Amma ba sauran "violet" ba: Ko dai ƙungiyar <i id="mwAdM">Streptocarpus</i> . <i id="mwAdQ">Saintpaulia</i> ("'yan violet na Afirka", Gesneriaceae ) ko Erythronium dens-canis ("'yan violet na dogtooth", Liliaceae ) suna da alaƙa da Viola .

Jerin nau'ikan da aka zaɓa
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Viola canina flower and leaves
Viola canina
Sashe na Andinium
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Tare da nau'ikan Viola kusan 113, Andinium na Kudancin Amurka shine mafi girma a cikin sassan Viola . Yana ɗaya daga cikin sassa huɗu da aka rarraba musamman ko kuma musamman a Kudancin Amurka, kuma rukunin tushen Viola . Ana ci gaba da gano sabbin nau'ikan halittu. [37] Nau'o'in sun haɗa da; [38]

Viola biflora flower and leaves
Biflora na Viola
Sashe na Chamaemelanium
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Chamaemelanium yana ɗaya daga cikin sassa da dama da aka fara rarrabawa bisa ga siffar ƙazanta, a wannan yanayin wanda yake da siffar fuska, yana da baki mara shi kuma yana da gemu a gefe. Amma daga baya an nuna cewa wannan sashe yana da illa ga lafiya, wanda ke buƙatar gyara. Yana faruwa a wurare masu tsayi (sama da 600) m) a Arewacin Amurka da arewa maso gabashin Asiya, gami da Siberia da Koriya, kuma nau'in yana da dawwama, mai kauri da kuma ciyawa. [40] Tare da nau'ikan halittu kimanin 61, ciki har da;

  • Viola biflora - fure mai launin rawaya, fure mai launin shuɗi biyu
  • Viola glabella - Viola violet
  • Piola pedunculata - furanni masu launin rawaya
  • Viola praemorsa - Canary violet
  • Viola pubescens - violet mai launin rawaya mai launin shuɗi

manazarta

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  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Ballard et al 2013.
  2. ↑ Cullen 2001.
  3. ↑ Rendle 1925.
  4. ↑ Cronquist 1981.
  5. ↑ Maxwell 2017.
  6. ↑ Linnaeus 1753.
  7. ↑ WFO 2019.
  8. ↑ Jussieu 1789.
  9. ↑ Lindley 1853.
  10. ↑ Batsch 1802.
  11. ↑ IPNI 2020.
  12. ↑ Bentham & Hooker 1862.
  13. ↑ de Lamarck & de Candolle 1815.
  14. 1 2 Gingins 1823.
  15. ↑ Saint-Hilaire 1824.
  16. ↑ Candolle 1824.
  17. 1 2 Yockteng et al 2003.
  18. ↑ Yoo & Jang 2010.
  19. ↑ Becker 1925.
  20. ↑ Gershoy 1934.
  21. ↑ Clausen 1964.
  22. 1 2 Ballard et al 1998.
  23. 1 2 Marcussen et al 2015.
  24. 1 2 3 Fan et al 2015.
  25. 1 2 Malobecki et al 2016.
  26. 1 2 Marcussen et al 2012.
  27. 1 2 Watson et al 2019.
  28. ↑ BioLib 2019.
  29. ↑ CSIC 2020.
  30. ↑ Freitas & Sosa 2002.
  31. ↑ Magrini & Scoppola 2015.
  32. ↑ Ning 2012.
  33. ↑ Zhou 2008.
  34. ↑ Tikhomirov 2015.
  35. ↑ Shahrestani et al 2014.
  36. ↑ Danihelka 2010.
  37. ↑ Gonzáles & Cano 2016.
  38. 1 2 Ballard & Iltis 2012.
  39. ↑ Watson & Flores 2003.
  40. ↑ Whang 2002.
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