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. 2005 Feb 11:5:1.
doi: 10.1186/1471-2415-5-1.

Little evidence for an epidemic of myopia in Australian primary school children over the last 30 years

Barbara M Junghans  1 , Sheila G Crewther
Affiliations

Little evidence for an epidemic of myopia in Australian primary school children over the last 30 years

Barbara M Junghans et al. BMC Ophthalmol. .

Abstract

Background: Recently reported prevalences of myopia in primary school children vary greatly in different regions of the world. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of refractive errors in an unselected urban population of young primary school children in eastern Sydney, Australia, between 1998 and 2004, for comparison with our previously published data gathered using the same protocols and other Australian studies over the last 30 years.

Methods: Right eye refractive data from non-cycloplegic retinoscopy was analysed for 1,936 children aged 4 to 12 years who underwent a full eye examination whilst on a vision science excursion to the Vision Education Centre Clinic at the University of New South Wales. Myopia was defined as spherical equivalents equal to or less than -0.50 D, and hyperopia as spherical equivalents greater than +0.50 D.

Results: The mean spherical equivalent decreased significantly (p < 0.0001) with age from +0.73 +/- 0.1D (SE) at age 4 to +0.21 +/- 0.11D at age 12 years. The proportion of children across all ages with myopia of -0.50D or more was 8.4%, ranging from 2.3% of 4 year olds to 14.7% of 12 year olds. Hyperopia greater than +0.50D was present in 38.4%. A 3-way ANOVA for cohort, age and gender of both the current and our previous data showed a significant main effect for age (p < 0.0001) but not for cohort (p = 0.134) or gender (p = 0.61).

Conclusions: Comparison of our new data with our early 1990s data and that from studies of over 8,000 Australian non-clinical rural and urban children in the 1970's and 1980's provided no evidence for the rapidly increasing prevalence of myopia described elsewhere in the world. In fact, the prevalence of myopia in Australian children continues to be significantly lower than that reported in Asia and North America despite changing demographics. This raises the issue of whether these results are a reflection of Australia's stable educational system and lifestyle over the last 30 years.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Histogram of mean right eye spherical equivalent refractive error by age and gender ('2000s' data). Error bars represent standard error.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Line graphs of the percentage Sydney children with myopia by age using the alternate criteria of more minus than -0.50 D spherical equivalence (blue line) or more minus than -0.25DS spherical equivalence (orange line), and, the percentage of Taiwanese children seen in the year 2000 more minus than -0.25D (aqua dashed line) taken from Lin et al, Ann Acad Med 2004 33:27–33.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Histogram of the number of children in each age group for data from the current study (2000s) and the previously reported early 1990s data [30].
Figure 4
Figure 4
The mean right eye spherical equivalent refractive error by age for data from the current study and the previously reported early 1990s data [30]. Error bars represent standard error.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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