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. 2020 Sep 11:8:549353.
doi: 10.3389/fcell.2020.549353. eCollection 2020.

The Spindle-Associated Microcephaly Protein, WDR62, Is Required for Neurogenesis and Development of the Hippocampus

Affiliations

The Spindle-Associated Microcephaly Protein, WDR62, Is Required for Neurogenesis and Development of the Hippocampus

Belal Shohayeb et al. Front Cell Dev Biol. .

Abstract

Primary microcephaly genes (MCPH) are required for the embryonic expansion of the mammalian cerebral cortex. However, MCPH mutations may spare growth in other regions of the developing forebrain which reinforces context-dependent functions for distinct MCPH genes in neurodevelopment. Mutations in the MCPH2 gene, WD40-repeat protein 62 (WDR62), are causative of primary microcephaly and cortical malformations in humans. WDR62 is a spindle microtubule-associated phosphoprotein that is required for timely and oriented cell divisions. Recent studies in rodent models confirm that WDR62 loss or mutation causes thinning of the neocortex and disrupted proliferation of apical progenitors reinforcing critical requirements in the maintenance of radial glia. However, potential contributions for WDR62 in hippocampal development had not been previously defined. Using CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing, we generated mouse models with patient-derived non-synonymous missense mutations (WDR62V66M and WDR62R439H) and a null mutation (herein referred to as WDR62Stop) for comparison. We find that WDR62 deletion or mutation resulted in a significant reduction in the thickness of the hippocampal ventricular zone and the area of the dentate gyrus (DG). This was associated with the mitotic arrest and depletion of radial glia and intermediate progenitors in the ammonic neuroepithelium. As a consequence, we find that the number of mitotic dentate precursors in the migratory stream and granule neurons in the DG was reduced with WDR62 mutation. These findings reveal that WDR62 is required for neurogenesis and the growth of the hippocampus during embryonic development.

Keywords: hippocampus; microcephaly; neural migration; neural proliferation; radial glia.

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Figures

FIGURE 1
FIGURE 1
WDR62 regulates the formation of the hippocampus. (A) Coronal brain sections from WDR62+/+, WDR62Stop/stop, WDR62V66M/V66M, and WDR62R439H/R439H embryos at E17.5 were stained with hematoxylin. Sections containing the rostral midline telencephalon are depicted. Hippocampal regions are shown in zoomed-in images (dash boxes) and regions for measuring VZ thickness and DG area indicated. (B) Quantification of VZ thickness, (C) area of the hippocampus, and (D) area of the dentate gyrus (DG). (E) Sections containing the caudal midline telencephalon from WDR62+/+, WDR62Stop/stop, WDR62V66M/V66M, and WDR62R439H/R439H embryos at E17.5 are depicted. Hippocampal regions are shown in zoomed-in images (dash boxes) and regions for measuring VZ thickness and DG area indicated. (F) Quantification of VZ thickness, (G) area of the hippocampus, and (H) area of the dentate gyrus (DG) from caudal sections. Scale bars represent 500 μm.
FIGURE 2
FIGURE 2
Reductions in granule neurons in the dentate gyrus with WDR62 mutations. (A–D) Coronal brain sections from WDR62+/+, WDR62Stop/stop, WDR62V66M/V66M and WDR62R439H/R439H embryos at E17.5 showing the hippocampus were stained with Prox1 (green) and DAPI (gray). (E) Quantification of the number of granule neurons (Prox1+ve) within 100 mm lineal surface of dentate neuroepithelium. Scale bars represent 100 μm.
FIGURE 3
FIGURE 3
WDR62 mutation decreases radial glia and progenitor pools in the hippocampus VZ. (A–D) Coronal brain sections from WDR62+/+, WDR62Stop/stop, WDR62V66M/V66M and WDR62R439H/R439H embryos at E17.5 were stained with Pax6 (red), Tbr2 (green), Tbr1 (magenta), and DAPI (gray). (A’–D’) White dashed boxes more closely depict Pax6 and Tbr2 + ve cells in hippocampus VZ. (A”–D”) White dashed boxes more closely depict Tbr1+ve cells in the hippocampal CA region. (A”’–D”’) White dashed boxes more closely depict Tbr1+ve cells in the DG. (E) Quantification of radial glial (Pax6+ve Tbr2ve) cells per 100 mm of hippocampal ventricular surface. (F) Quantification of intermediate progenitor (Tbr2+ve) cells per 100 mm of ventricular surface. (G) Quantification of the immature neurons (Tbr1+ve) per 100 mm lineal surface in the hippocampal CA region. (H) Quantification of the immature neurons (Tbr1+ve) per 100 mm lineal surface in the DG. Scale bars represent 100 μm. *p < 0.05 and **p < 0.01.
FIGURE 4
FIGURE 4
WDR62 depletion/mutations reduce mitotic cells in the dentate migratory stream. (A–D) Coronal brain sections from WDR62+/+, WDR62Stop/stop, WDR62V66M/V66M and WDR62R439H/R439H embryos at E17.5 showing the hippocampus were stained with phospho-histone H3 (pH3, Gray) and DAPI (blue) (A’–D’) White dashed boxes more closely depict pH3+ve cells in the hippocampus VZ, The dentate migratory stream is indicated by the irregular white dashed region. (E) Quantification of mitotic (pH3+ve) cells per 200 mm hippocampal ventricular surface. (F) Quantification of mitotic cells in the dentate migratory stream denoted by irregular white dashed lines. Scale bars represent 100 μm. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, and ***p < 0.001.
FIGURE 5
FIGURE 5
WDR62 regulate glial cell populations in the hippocampus. (A–D) Coronal brain sections from WDR62+/+, WDR62Stop/stop, WDR62V66M/V66M and WDR62R439H/R439H embryos at E17.5 were stained for GFAP (gray) to mark glia. White arrowheads indicate the glial fimbrial bundles, red arrowheads indicate the subgranular bundle and hippocampus VZ are highlighted between the 2 dashed yellow lines. (E) Quantification of the hippocampus positively stained with GFAP expressed as a percentage to total hippocampal area. (F) Quantification of GFAP intensity within a region (50 μm2) in the hippocampal VZ. Scale bars represent 100 μm. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, and ***p < 0.001.

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