Rhizaria

Taxonavigation

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Diaphoretickes
Cladus: TSAR
Cladus: Sar
Cladus: Rhizaria
Cladi: Cercozoa – Endomyxa – Retaria

Overview of classes

Acantharia – Ascetosporea – Chlorarachnea – Globothalamea – Granofilosea – Gromiidea – Imbricatea – Metromonadea – Monothalamea – Phytomyxea – Polycystina – Proteomyxidea – Sarcomonadea – Skiomonadea – Sticholonchea – Thecofilosea – Tubothalamea

Name

Rhizaria Cavalier-Smith, 2002

References

• Archibald, J.M.; Keeling, P.J. 2004: Actin and ubiquitin protein sequences support a cercozoan/foraminiferan ancestry for the plasmodiophorid plant pathogens. Journal of eukaryotic microbiology, 51(1): 113–118. [1]
• Cavalier-Smith, T. 2003: Protist phylogeny and the high-level classification of Protozoa. European journal of protistology, 39: 338–348.
• Parfrey, L.W., Barbero, E., Lasser, E., Dunthorn, M., Bhattacharya, D., Patterson, D.J. & Katz, L.A. 2006. Evaluating Support for the Current Classification of Eukaryotic Diversity. PLoS Genetics 2(12): e220. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.0020220 . Reference page. 

Links

• Rhizaria in the World Register of Marine Species

Vernacular names

• français: Rhizaires
• 中文: 有孔虫下界

Alternative classifications

Cavalier-Smith (2002)

Cavalier-Smith, T 2002: The phagotrophic origin of eukaryotes and phylogenetic classification of Protozoa. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, 52:297-354.

Protozoa

• Gymnomyxa
  • Sarcomastigota
  • Rhizaria
    • Apusozoa
      • Ancyromonadida
      • Apusomonadida
      • Hemimastigida
    • Cercozoa
      • Monadofilosa
      • Reticulofilosa
      • Endomyxa
    • Retaria
      • Foraminifera
      • Radiolaria
    • Heliozoa
      • Centrohelea
      • Nucleohelea

Nikolaev et al. (2005)

From The twilight of Heliozoa and rise of Rhizaria, an emerging supergroup of amoeboid eukaryotes, [2].

Eukaryota

• Bikonta
  • Rhizaria
    • core Cercozoa
      • Phaeodarea ["Radiolaria"]
      • Desmothoracida ["Heliozoa"]
      • other core Cercozoa
    • Phytomyxea
    • Haplosporidia
    • Foraminifera
    • Gromiidae
    • [unnamed]
      • Acantharea ["Radiolaria"]
      • Taxopodida ["Heliozoa"]
      • Polycystinea ["Radiolaria"]
  • Stramenopiles
    • Actinophryida ["Heliozoa"]
  • Centrohelida ["Heliozoa"]

Adl et al. (2005)

Adl, S.M. et al. 2005: The new higher level classification of eukaryotes with emphasis on the taxonomy of protists. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology, 52: 399–451. DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2005.00053.x PDF

Eukaryota Chatton, 1925

• Rhizaria Cavalier-Smith, 2002
  • Cercozoa Cavalier-Smith, 1998, emend. Adl et al., 2005
    • Cercomonadida Poche, 1913, emend. Vickerman, 1983, emend. Mylnikov, 1986
    • Silicofilosea Adl et al., 2005 (Imbricatea Cavalier-Smith and Chao, 2003)
    • Chlorarachniophyta Hibberd and Norris, 1984
    • Phytomyxea Engler and Prantl, 1897, emend. Cavalier-Smith, 1993
    • Phaeodarea Haeckel, 1879 (Tripylea Hertwig, 1879)
    • Nucleohelea Cavalier-Smith, 1993
    • Incertae sedis
  • Haplosporidia Caullery and Mesnil, 1899
  • Foraminifera d’Orbigny, 1826
  • Gromia Dujardin, 1835
  • Radiolaria Müller, 1858, emend. Adl et al., 2005
    • Polycystinea Ehrenberg, 1838, emend. Haeckel, 1887
    • Sticholonche Hertwig, 1877 (Taxopodida Fol, 1883)
    • Acantharia Haeckel, 1881, emend. Mikrjukov, 2000

Adl et al. (2012)

• Adl, S.M., Simpson, A.G.B., Lane, C.E., Lukeš, J., Bass, D., Bowser, S.S., Brown, M.W., Burki, F., Dunthorn, M., Hampl, V., Heiss, A., Hoppenrath, M., Lara, E., Le Gall, L., Lynn, D.H., McManus, H., Mitchell, E.A.D., Mozley-Stanridge, S.E., Parfrey, L.W., Pawlowski, J., Rueckert, S., Shadwick, L., Schoch, C.L., Smirnow, A. & Spiegel, F.W. 2012. The revised classification of eukaryotes. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 59(5): 429–514. DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2012.00644.x [Erratum: 60(3): 321. DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12033 ] Reference page. 

Eukaryota Chatton, 1925

• Sar Burki et al. 2007
  • Stramenopiles Patterson 1989, emend. Adl et al. 2005
  • Alveolata Cavalier-Smith 1991
  • Rhizaria Cavalier-Smith, 2002
    • Cercozoa Cavalier-Smith 1998, emend. Adl et al. 2005 (R)
    • Retaria Cavalier-Smith 2002
    • Incertae sedis Rhizaria: Gymnosphaerida Poche 1913, emend. Mikrjukov 2000
      • Actinocoryne, Gymnosphaera, Hedraiophrys
    • Incertae sedis Rhizaria: Actinolophus, Biomyxa, Cholamonas, Dictiomyxa, Helkesimastix, Katabia, Myxodictyium [= Myxodictyum], Penardia, Pontomyxa, Protomyxa, Protogenes, Pseudospora, Rhizoplasma, Sainouron, Wagnerella

[Notes: M, monotypic group with only one described species; P, paraphyletic group; R, ribogroup assembled from phylogenetic studies.]

Ruggiero et al. (2015)

Ruggiero, M.A., Gordon, D.P., Orrell, T.M., Bailly, N., Bourgoin, T., Brusca, R.C., Cavalier-Smith, T., Guiry, M. D. & Kirk, P. M. (2015). A Higher Level Classification of All Living Organisms. PLoS ONE 10(4): e0119248, [3].

• Superkingdom Eukaryota
  • Kingdom Chromista
    • Subkingdom Hacrobia
    • Subkingdom Harosa [= "Supergroup SAR"]
      • Infrakingdom Halvaria
        • Superphylum Alveolata
        • Superphylum Heterokonta [= "Supergroup Stramenopiles"]
      • Infrakingdom Rhizaria
        • Phylum Cercozoa
        • Phylum Retaria

For more multimedia, look at Rhizaria on Wikimedia Commons.