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Ikhonombhalo

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Amazinga ekhonombhalo kubantu abadala ngowezi-2023[1]

Ikhonombhalo (literacy) lichazwa ngokuthi isivamelo noma ikhono lokufunda umbhalo nokubhala umbhalo.[2] Leli gama lihlanganisa ukwazi ukuhlonza, ukuqonda, ukuhlakahla, ukudala, ukuxhumana, nokusebenzisa umbhalo obhaliwe ngezindlela ezenza abantu bakwazi ukuhlanganyela ngokukhabangulayo emphakathini futhi bafezekise izimpokophelo zabo.[3]

Ukwanda kwekhonombhalo kuyamaniswa eduze nokuqanjwa nokwanda kwezimiso zokubhala, ukwanda kwemfundo, nokuguquka kwezobuchwepheshe. Amazinga ekhonombhalo ayaqhubeka nokukhula emhlabeni wonke kusukela ngekhulu lama-20, nakuba kunokungalingani phakathi kwamazwe, izifunda namaqembezizwe, ngokukhethekile lapho kuthintwa ubulili nofikelelo kwezemfundo.

Ngenxa yokuthi ikhonombhalo liyisisekelo kwezemfundo, ekuhlanganyeleni kwezomnotho nasemphakathini, liyisihloko socwaningo oluxubuqeqesho olubanzi, futhi incasiselo yalo nesilinganiso salo, yizihloko izifundiswa eziphikisana ngazo.

Amanye amakhono ahlobene nekhonombhalo ahlanganisa Ikhonombhalo elisebenzayo[4][5] kanye nekhonombhaloningi (multiliteracies), kuyilapho kunamakhona akhethekile ahilela ulwazi ahlanganisa ikhonolwazi lezezibhangqiwe (digital literacy), ikhonolwazi lezinsizakuxhumana (media literacy), nekhonolwazi lezempilo (health literacy).

Incasiselo

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Template:Reading

Ukuswela ikhonombhalo kwancipha bgesigamu emhlabeni phakathi kowe-1970 nowezi-2015.
Inani labantu emhlabeni abanekhonombhalo nabangenalo, emva kwesikhathi esithile

Izinhlobonhlobo zezincasiselo zekhonombhalo ezisetshenziswa izinhlangano ezingenzi nzuzo, izikhungo zenqobumqomo, kusukela ngowe-1990 zisikisela ukuthi ukuqonda okuguqukayo okusukela "kwikhono lokuhlukanisa" kuya "kumkhuba wezenhlalo" kuyaqhubeka futhi akulingani. Ezinye izincasiselo ziyamaniswa eduze nomqondo evamile othi "ikhono lokufunda nokubhala", kuyilapho ezinye zinombono obanzi:

  • Ngowezi-2015, ISigaba seZibalomininingo se-UN sachasisa amazinga ekhonombhalo lentsha ngokuthi "amaphesenti enanisamba esineminyaka eli 15–24 elikwazi ukufunda nokubhala ngokuqonda umushwana nsukuzonke."[6]
  • Ngowezi- 2016, INhlangano ebizwa European Literacy Policy Network yachasisa Ikhonombhalo ngokuthi "ikhono lokufunda nokubhala [...] kuzo zonke izinsizakuxhumana (ezinyatheliswayo noma zogesi), kuhlanganisa nkhonolwazi lezezibhangqiwe."[7]
  • Ngowezi-2018, i-UNESCO yahlanganisa "izisetshenziswa ezinyathelisiwe nezibhaliwe" "zomongo ongafani" kuncasiselo yayo yekhonombhalo, i.e., "ikhono lokuhlonza, ukuqonda, ukuhlakahla, ukudala, ukuxhumana nokucikiza, ngokusebenzisa izisetshenziswa ezinyathelisiwe nezibhaliwe eziyamaniswa nomongo ohlukahlukene."[8]
  • Ngowezi-2019, INhlangano ebizwa OECD, yenza inhlolovo yamakhono abantu abadala, ehlanganisa "iziqakaqo ezibhaliwe" encasiselweni yayo yekhonombhalo, i.e., "ikhono lokuqonda, ukucubungula, ukusebenzisa nokuhlaziya imibhalo ukuze umuntu ahlanganyele emphakathi, afezekise izimpokophelo, futhi akhulise ulwazi nodliki lwakhe."[9][10] Phezu kwalokho, ithi ubuphicinani nokuxazulula izinkinga kungamakhono aseceleni.[11]
  • Esikhundleni sokuchasisa "ikhonombhalo", uSarah Gudschinsky wachazisa umuntu obhekwa njengonekhonombhalo noma ofundile: "Lowo muntu ufundisiwe, uma, ngolimi alukhulumayo ekwazi ukufunda ngokuqonda noma yini abezoyiqonda Uma ikhulunywa kuye; futhi ekwazi ukubhala ukuze lifundwe, noma yini ayibhalayo".[12].
  • Ezinye Izinhlangano zingahlanganisa namakhono afana nobuphocinani namakhono wezobuchwepheshe eduze namakhono wekhonimbhalo;[13] noma kunjalo ezinye zigcizelela ukuzobandakanya okukhulayo kwezicikicizi nezobuchwepheshe bezezibhangqiwe kwezokuxhumana ezingamakhono engeziwe (e.g., Ukuxhakana ngeziphequluli nezinhlelo zokudludlungamazwi, ezihlelemba futhi ziguqule izihele zezichoyo, njll.).[14]
  • Abanye abacwaningi bachasisa Ikhonombhalo ngokuth "izindlela ezikhethekile zokucabanga nokufunda nokubhala" ngenhloso yokuqonda nokuveza imicabango noma amasu ngendlela ebhaliwe emongweni ethile.[15][16] Ngokwalombono, abantu bemiphakathi efundile inamaqoqo emikhuba yokukhiqiza nokusebenzisa imibhalo, futhi banezinkolelo ngalemikhuba.[17] Ukufunda, ngokwalombono, kusho ukufunda okuthile ngenjongo ethile; ukubhala kuhlezi kungukubhala okuthile okuzofundwa othile.[18] Izinkolelo nokubhala nokufunda nesizima sako emphakathini nakumuntu ngamunye kuzohlezi kunethonya endleleni ikhonombhalo elifundiswa ngayo, lifundwe ngayo, njll.[19]

Ukufunda imibhalo kuyisisekelo sezindlela zokuxhumana. Kusukela ngowe-1940, kwavela izinhlobo zekhonombhalo, ezibizwa ikhonolwazi, ngoba kudingeka ulwazi olwengeziwe noma ikhono elithile kulowo mkhakha, ezifana:

  • Ikhonolwazi lesicikizi[20][21]
  • Ikhonolwazi lenzululwazi
  • Ikhonolwazi lezibalomininingo[22]
  • Ikhonolwazi lokugxeka[23]
  • Ikhonolwazi lezinhlekelele – Unongo oluphakanyisiwe lekhono lokuqonda nokusebenzisa ukwaziswa okulusizo, oluhlanganisa nesivamelo sokusabela nokutakula lapho kunenhlekelele.[24][25]
  • Ikhonolwazi lempiliswano[26]
  • Ikhonolwazi lezezimali
  • Ikhonolwazi lezempilo[27][28][29]
  • Ikhonolwazi lezindimi – Ikhono lokufunda, ukubhala, ukuqonda nokukhuluma ezinye izindimi.[30]
  • Ikhonolwazi lezinsizakuxhumana[31]
  • Ikhonolwazi lezombusazwe
  • Ikhonolwazi lezenhlalo[32]
  • Ikhonolwazi lomchazazibalo, elibizwa Ubuphicinani[33]
  • Ikhonolwazi lokubukwayo, e.g., uLimi lomzimba, izithombe, amabalazwe, namavidiyo[28]
  • Ikhonolwazi lomculo – libhekisela ezinhelweni ezinqunyiwe zolwazi kwezomculo nobugagu.[34]

Amaphatho

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  1. ↑ "Adult literacy rate". Our World in Data. Kulandwe ngomhlaka 5 September 2025.
  2. ↑ Webster's New World Dictionary, New York: Warner Books, Inc., 1984, ISBN 0-446-31450-1
  3. ↑ Gee, James (1991). "Socio-Cultural Approaches to Literacy (Literacies)". Annual Review of Applied Linguistics. 12: 31–48. doi:10.1017/S0267190500002130. Unknown parameter |s2cid= ignored (help)
  4. ↑ Dijanošić, B. (2009). "Prilozi definiranju pojma funkcionalne pismenosti" [Contributions to the definition of functional literacy] (PDF). Journal of the Croatian Andragogy Society (in Croatian): 25–35.CS1 maint: Unrecognized language (link)
  5. ↑ Réka, Vágvölgyi; Bergström, Aleksandar; Bulajić, Maria Klatte; Falk, Huettig (May 2019). "Understanding functional illiteracy from a policy, adult education, and cognition point of view: Towards a joint referent framework". Zeitschrift für Neuropsychologie. 30 (2): 111. doi:10.1024/1016-264X/a000255. Unknown parameter |s2cid= ignored (help)
  6. ↑ "Millennium Goals Indicator 2015". Archived from the original on 16 August 2021. Kulandwe ngomhlaka 2 March 2021.
  7. ↑ "EUROPEAN DECLARATION OF THE RIGHT TO LITERACY, European Literacy Policy Network" (PDF). 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 August 2021. Kulandwe ngomhlaka 19 February 2021.
  8. ↑ "Defining literacy, UNESCO" (PDF). 2018-10-18.
  9. ↑ "Skills matter, PIAAC, OECD" (PDF). 2019.
  10. ↑ Skills Matter: Additional Results from the Survey of Adult Skills, OECD Skills Studies, OECD. OECD. 2019. ISBN 978-9-264-79900-4.
  11. ↑ "About The Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies".
  12. ↑ Gudschinsky, Sarah. (1976). Literacy: the Growing Influence of Linguists. The Hague: Mouton.
  13. ↑ "Literacy and numeracy". Alberta Education. 2021.
  14. ↑ Kress, Gunther R. (2003). Literacy in the new media age. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-25356-7.
  15. ↑ Street, Brian (2001). "Introduction". Literacy and Development: Ethnographic Perspectives. London: Routledge. p. 11.
  16. ↑ Rowsell, Jennifer; Pahl, Kate (2020). The Routledge Handbook of Literacy Studies. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-367-50172-3.
  17. ↑ Calvet, Louis-Jean (1999). Towards an Ecology of World Languages. Polity. ISBN 978-0-745-62956-8.
  18. ↑ Lankshear, Colin; Knobel, Michelle (2007). "Sampling the 'New' in New Literacies". A New Literacies Sampler. New York: Peter Lang. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-820-49523-1.
  19. ↑ Lindquist, Julie (2015). "Literacy". Keywords in Writing Studies. Logan: Utah State UP. pp. 99–102.
  20. ↑ "Definition of computer literacy". PCMAG.
  21. ↑ "COMPUTER-LITERACY".
  22. ↑ "ISLP". www.stat.auckland.ac.nz. Archived from the original on 27 December 2008. Kulandwe ngomhlaka 19 December 2008.
  23. ↑ Selber, Stuart (2004). Multiliteracies for a Digital Age. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press. ISBN 978-0-809-32551-1.
  24. ↑ Brown, Lisa M.; Haun, Jolie N.; Peterson, Lindsay (2014). "A Proposed Disaster Literacy Model". Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness. 8 (3): 267–275. doi:10.1017/dmp.2014.43. ISSN 1935-7893. PMID 24992944. Unknown parameter |s2cid= ignored (help)
  25. ↑ Brown, L. M.; Haun, J. N.; Peterson, L. (2014-06-08). "A proposed disaster literacy model". Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness. 8 (3): 267–275. doi:10.1017/dmp.2014.43. PMID 24992944.
  26. ↑ Ecological Literacy: Education and the Transition to a Postmodern World. State University of New York Press. 1991. ISBN 978-0-791-40874-2.
  27. ↑ "What Is Health Literacy, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2021-01-28.
  28. 1 2 Zarcadoolas, C.; Pleasant, A.; Greer, D. (2006). Advancing health literacy: A framework for understanding and action. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
  29. ↑ Reid, Gavin; Soler, Janet; Wearmouth, Janice, eds. (2002). Addressing Difficulties in Literacy Development: Responses at Family School Pupil and Teacher Levels. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-315-01571-2.
  30. ↑ Ravid, Dorit; Tolchinsky, Liliana (2002). "Developing Linguistic Literacy: a Comprehensive Model". Journal of Child Language. 29 (2): 417–447. doi:10.1017/S0305000902005111. PMID 12109379. Unknown parameter |s2cid= ignored (help)
  31. ↑ "National Association for Media Literacy Education". namle.net.
  32. ↑ "9 Ways to Teach Social Skills in Your Classroom, Reading Rockets". December 2019.
  33. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "Carnegie-2021".
  34. ↑ p. 3. Csíkos, Csaba, and Gabriella Dohány. "Connections between music literacy and music-related background variables: An empirical investigation." Visions of Research in Music Education 28, no. 1 (2016): 2.
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