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Ubuso

Hlela izixhumanisi
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Playing_face_by_Rasheedhrasheed

Ubuso yilunga lomzimba ngaphambili kwekhanda olunolwangu olungamehlo, ikhala, nomlomo, futhi ngalo izilwane zikwazi ukuveza imizwa yazo. Ubuso bumqoka kakhulu ebuhlonzini bomuntu, futhi ukulimala okufana nokuhuzuka noma ukugogeka kungaba nomthelela ongemuhle engqondweni.

ubuso bomuntu

[hlela | Hlela umthombo]


Ukwakheka

[hlela | Hlela umthombo]

Ingxenye engaphambili ikhanda lomuntu ibizwa ngokuthi ubuso. Ihlanganisa izindawo eziningana ezihlukile, izici zazo eziyinhloko yilezi:

  • isiphongo, sihlanganisa isikhumba esingaphansi kokhula lwezinwele, esikleliswe emaceleni ngamahlonza kanti ngezansi kwamashiya nezindlebe
  • Amehlo, ahleli emgodini wawo futhi avikelwe yizinkophe zezinkophe ezingaphezulu nangezansi
  • Ukuma kwekhala lomuntu okuhlukile, imisele, kanye ne-septum yamakhalai-nasal septum
  • izihlathi, esizibekela ithambo lomhlathi elingaphezulu nelingaphansi, kanti ingxenye esekugcineni kwalo okuyisilevu
  • umlomo, onodebe olungaphezulu oluhlukaniswe umsele ongaphezulu komlomo, kwesinye isikhathi uveza amazinyo

ukubukeka kobuso kubalulekile ekwazini nasekuxhumaneni kwabantu. Imisipha yobuso kubantu ivumela ukuboniswa kwemizwa.[1]

Ubuso ngokwabo buyingxenye ezwela kakhulu emzimbeni womuntu futhi indlela obubukeka ngayo ingase ishintshe laoho ubuchopho bunesisusa esivela kunoma yiziphi izinzwa eziningi zomuntu, njengokuthinta, izinga lokushisa, ukuhogela, ukunambitha, ukuzwa, ukunyakaza, indlala, noma izinto ezibonwayo.

Ukuhlukahlukana

[hlela | Hlela umthombo]

Ubuso buyisici esihlukanisa umuntu nabanye. Izindawo ezikhethekile zobuchopho bomuntu, njenge- fusiform face afre (FFA), zenza kube lula ukubona ubuso, uma lezi zindawo zilimele, kungaba yinto engenzekaukubona ubuso ngisho nobamalungu omndeni oseduze kakhulu. iphethini yezitho ezithile, njengamehlo, noma izingxenye zawo, isetshenziswa ekuhlonzeni kwe-biometric ukuhlonza abantu ngokukhethekile.Ukuma kobuso kuthonywa Ukwakheka kwamathambo ikhanda, futhi ubuso ngabunye buhlukile ngokuhlukahluka komzimba okukhona emathanjeni e-viscerocranium (ne-I-neurocranium).[2] Amathambo ahilelekile ekwakheni ubuso ngokuyinhloko umhlathi, umhlathi (nasal bone), Ithambo le-zygomatic, kanye Ithambo langaphambili. Okunye okubalulekile izicubu ezihlukahlukene ezithambile, njengamafutha, izinwele isikhumba (lapho umbala ungahlukahluka khona).[2]

Ubuso bushintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, futhi ezinye izici ezivamile ezinganeni noma ezinganeni ziyaphela ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ngenkathi amafutha omlomo evame ukuncipha ngobukhulu, ukuvelela kwamathambo kuyakhula njengoba ekhula futhi ekhula.[2]

ukuma kobuso - njengokuma kobuso-kuyinto ebalulekile enquma ubuhle.

Ezinye izici

[hlela | Hlela umthombo]

imicu ezibonakalayo eziguquguqukayo zobuso ngaphandle kokuma kanye nezilinganiso zihlanganisa umbala (ububi, ukufiphala kanye nombala wezakhi zofuzo), izinwele (ubude, umbala, ukulahleka, ukuphaphatheka), [3] [4] izinwele zobuso (isib. izinwele), ukuncishiswa kwemibala, [5] (Amabala amnyama, amabala namehlo [4]), izimbobo eziguquki zesikhumba (amabala, izimpawu zokusha).[6] Eziningi zalezi zici zingahlukahluka ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ngenxa ukuguga, ukunakekelwa kwesikhumba, ukudla okunomsoco, [3] [4] [5] [7] i-exposome (njengezinto eziyingozi zendawo ezungezile, [5] indawo yomsebenzi nezimonyo), izici ezingokwengqondo, [5] kanye nokuziphatha (njengokubhema, butho, [8] ukusebenza ngokomzimba kanye nokulimala kwelanga [3] [5]).[9][10][11][12][13]

Izinqubo ezibangela lokhu zihlanganisa izinguquko ezihlobene nama-peptide (ikakhulukazi i-collagen),[5][8] ukuvuvukala,[11] ukukhiqizwa kwamaprotheni ahlukahlukene (ikakhulu i-elastin namanye Amaprotheni e-ECM),[11] ukwakheka kwezicubu ezingaphansi kwesikhumba, [3] ama-hormone, [4] [13] imicu (njenge-elastic fibers noma i-elasticity) [5] kanye nomgoqo wesikhumba.

Isifiso sabaningi sokubukeka besebancane ngenxa yobudala babo kanye / noma ekhangayo [4] siye saholela ekumisweni kwemboni enkulu yezimonyo, [3] ekhathazeke kakhulu ngemiklamo efakwa phezu kwesikhumba (ngokuphezulu) ukuze ishintshe okwesikhashana ukubukeka kodwa noma i-dermatology nayo yakha imikhiqizo yokulwa nokuguga (nemikhiqizo nezinqubo ezihlobene) kwezinye izimo ezithinta isayensi yezinto eziphilayo eyisisekelo futhi zisetshenziswa ngokwengxenye ekuvimbeleni.[10] Izici zobuso nazo zisetshenziswa ku-i-biometrics[14][15] futhi kuye kwaba nemizamo yokuqhathanisa okuphindaphindiwe.[5][6] Impilo Isikhumba ibhekwa njengesici esiyinhloko inhlalakahle yabantu kanye nombono wempilo kubantu.[10]

Izakhi zofuzo

[hlela | Hlela umthombo]

Izakhi zofuzo ziyisici esiyinhloko ekubukekeni kobuso bomuntu ngokufana okukhulu kobuso bamawele afanayo okubonisa ukuthi iningi lokuhlukahluka kobuso kunqunywa ngezakhi zofuzo.[16]

Ucwaningo luthole izakhi zofuzo nezindawo zezakhi zofuzo ezinquma ukuma kobuso kanye nokwehluka kwezici ezihlukahlukene zobuso. Ucwaningo lwango-2021 luthole ukuthi inguqulo yezakhi zofuzo ehlobene nokuqina kwezindebe - mhlawumbe ekhethelwe ukujwayela isimo sezulu esibandayo ngokusabalala kwamafutha - yangena kubantu basendulo - AmaDenisovan - kubantu banamuhla baseMelika bomdabu.[17][18][19] Olunye ucwaningo luthole ukuthi abantu ababukeka njengabafana (Ama-doppelgänger) banokufana kwezakhi zofuzo, abahlanganyela izakhi zofuzo ezingathinti ubuso kuphela kodwa futhi nezinye izinhlobo zomzimba ukuziphatha.[20][21] Ucwaningo lwathola izakhi zofuzo ezilawula ukuma kwekhala nesihlahla.[22] Ama-database ezinto eziphilayo angasetshenziselwa ukuhlanganisa nokuthola ukuhlangana phakathi kwe-phenotypes yobuso nezakhi zofuzo.[23][24]

  1. ↑ Wolf, Karsten (2015-12-31). "Measuring facial expression of emotion". Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience (in i-English). 17 (4): 457–462. doi:10.31887/DCNS.2015.17.4/kwolf. ISSN 1958-5969. PMC 4734883. PMID 26869846.
  2. 1 2 3 Moore, Keith L.; Dalley, Arthur F.; Agur, Anne M. R. (2010). Moore's clinical anatomy. United States of America: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 843–980. ISBN 978-1-60547-652-0. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Moore" defined multiple times with different content.
  3. 1 2 3 4 Gunn, David A.; Rexbye, Helle; Griffiths, Christopher E. M.; Murray, Peter G.; Fereday, Amelia; Catt, Sharon D.; Tomlin, Cyrena C.; Strongitharm, Barbara H.; Perrett, Dave I.; Catt, Michael; Mayes, Andrew E.; Messenger, Andrew G.; Green, Martin R.; Ouderaa, Frans van der; Vaupel, James W. (1 December 2009). "Why Some Women Look Young for Their Age". PLOS ONE (in i-English). 4 (12). Bibcode:2009PLoSO...4.8021G. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0008021. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 2779449. PMID 19956599. Unknown parameter |article-number= ignored (help) Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "10.1371/journal.pone.0008021" defined multiple times with different content.
  4. 1 2 3 4 Porcheron, A.; Latreille, J.; Jdid, R.; Tschachler, E.; Morizot, F. (August 2014). "Influence of skin ageing features on Chinese women's perception of facial age and attractiveness". International Journal of Cosmetic Science (in i-English). 36 (4): 312–320. doi:10.1111/ics.12128. ISSN 0142-5463. PMC 4283052. PMID 24712710. Unknown parameter |s2cid= ignored (help) Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "10.1111/ics.12128" defined multiple times with different content.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Buranasirin, Punnapath; Pongpirul, Krit; Meephansan, Jitlada (28 June 2019). "Development of a Global Subjective Skin Aging Assessment score from the perspective of dermatologists". BMC Research Notes (in i-English). 12 (1): 364. doi:10.1186/s13104-019-4404-z. ISSN 1756-0500. PMC 6599371 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 31253172. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "10.1186/s13104-019-4404-z" defined multiple times with different content.
  6. 1 2 Gartstein, Vladimir; Shaya, Steven A. (12 June 1986). "Image Analysis Of Facial Skin Features". Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (Spie) Conference Series. Application of Optical Instrumentation in Medicine XIV and Picture Archiving and Communication Systems. 0626: 284. Bibcode:1986SPIE..626..284G. doi:10.1117/12.975404. Unknown parameter |s2cid= ignored (help) Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "10.1117/12.975404" defined multiple times with different content.
  7. ↑ Cao, Changwei; Xiao, Zhichao; Wu, Yinglong; Ge, Changrong (March 2020). "Diet and Skin Aging—From the Perspective of Food Nutrition". Nutrients (in i-English). 12 (3): 870. doi:10.3390/nu12030870. ISSN 2072-6643. PMC 7146365 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 32213934 Check |pmid= value (help).
  8. 1 2 Passeron, T.; Krutmann, J.; Andersen, M.L.; Katta, R.; Zouboulis, C.C. (July 2020). "Clinical and biological impact of the exposome on the skin". Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology (in i-English). 34 (S4): 4–25. doi:10.1111/jdv.16614. ISSN 0926-9959. PMID 32677068 Check |pmid= value (help). Unknown parameter |s2cid= ignored (help) Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "10.1111/jdv.16614" defined multiple times with different content.
  9. ↑ Mekić, Selma; Jacobs, Leonie C.; Hamer, Merel A.; Ikram, M. Arfan; Schoufour, Josje D.; Gunn, David A.; Kiefte-de Jong, Jessica C.; Nijsten, Tamar (1 May 2019). "A healthy diet in women is associated with less facial wrinkles in a large Dutch population-based cohort". Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology (in i-English). 80 (5): 1358–1363.e2. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2018.03.033. ISSN 0190-9622. PMID 29601935. Unknown parameter |s2cid= ignored (help)
  10. 1 2 3 Zouboulis, Christos C.; Ganceviciene, Ruta; Liakou, Aikaterini I.; Theodoridis, Athanasios; Elewa, Rana; Makrantonaki, Eugenia (1 July 2019). "Aesthetic aspects of skin aging, prevention, and local treatment". Clinics in Dermatology (in i-English). 37 (4): 365–372. doi:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2019.04.002. ISSN 0738-081X. PMID 31345325. Unknown parameter |s2cid= ignored (help) Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "10.1016/j.clindermatol.2019.04.002" defined multiple times with different content.
  11. 1 2 3 Lupu, Mihaela-Adi; Gradisteanu Pircalabioru, Gratiela; Chifiriuc, Mariana-Carmen; Albulescu, Radu; Tanase, Cristiana (1 July 2020). "Beneficial effects of food supplements based on hydrolyzed collagen for skin care (Review)". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine. 20 (1): 12–17. doi:10.3892/etm.2019.8342. ISSN 1792-0981. PMC 7271718 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 32508986 Check |pmid= value (help). Unknown parameter |s2cid= ignored (help) Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "10.3892/etm.2019.8342" defined multiple times with different content.
  12. ↑ Marcílio Cândido, Thalita; Bueno Ariede, Maíra; Vieira Lima, Fabiana; de Souza Guedes, Luciana; Robles Velasco, Maria Valéria; Rolim Baby, André; Rosado, Catarina (16 March 2022). "Dietary Supplements and the Skin: Focus on Photoprotection and Antioxidant Activity—A Review". Nutrients (in i-English). 14 (6): 1248. doi:10.3390/nu14061248. ISSN 2072-6643. PMC 8953599 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 35334905 Check |pmid= value (help).
  13. 1 2 Krutmann, Jean; Bouloc, Anne; Sore, Gabrielle; Bernard, Bruno A.; Passeron, Thierry (1 March 2017). "The skin aging exposome". Journal of Dermatological Science (in i-English). 85 (3): 152–161. doi:10.1016/j.jdermsci.2016.09.015. ISSN 0923-1811. PMID 27720464. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "10.1016/j.jdermsci.2016.09.015" defined multiple times with different content.
  14. ↑ Reid, D.A.; Samangooei, S.; Chen, C.; Nixon, M.S.; Ross, A. (2013). "Soft Biometrics for Surveillance: An Overview" (PDF). Handbook of Statistics (in i-English). Elsevier. 31: 327–352. doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-53859-8.00013-8. ISBN 978-0-444-53859-8.
  15. ↑ Arbab-Zavar, Banafshe; Wei, Xingjie; Bustard, John D.; Nixon, Mark S.; Li, Chang-Tsun (18 December 2015). "On Forensic Use of Biometrics". Handbook of Digital Forensics of Multimedia Data and Devices (in i-English). John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. pp. 270–304. doi:10.1002/9781118705773.ch7. ISBN 978-1-118-70577-3.
  16. ↑ Crouch, Daniel J. M.; Winney, Bruce; Koppen, Willem P.; Christmas, William J.; Hutnik, Katarzyna; Day, Tammy; Meena, Devendra; Boumertit, Abdelhamid; Hysi, Pirro; Nessa, Ayrun; Spector, Tim D.; Kittler, Josef; Bodmer, Walter F. (23 January 2018). "Genetics of the human face: Identification of large-effect single gene variants". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (in i-English). 115 (4): E676–E685. Bibcode:2018PNAS..115E.676C. doi:10.1073/pnas.1708207114. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 5789906. PMID 29301965.
  17. ↑ "Genes for face shape identified". phys.org (in i-English). Kulandwe ngomhlaka 6 March 2021.
  18. ↑ "Genes for face shape identified | Scienmag: Latest Science and Health News". ScienceMag. Archived from the original on 16 January 2022. Kulandwe ngomhlaka 6 March 2021.
  19. ↑ Bonfante, Betty; Faux, Pierre; Navarro, Nicolas; Mendoza-Revilla, Javier; Dubied, Morgane; Montillot, Charlotte; Wentworth, Emma; Poloni, Lauriane; Varón-González, Ceferino; Jones, Philip; Xiong, Ziyi; Fuentes-Guajardo, Macarena; Palmal, Sagnik; Chacón-Duque, Juan Camilo; Hurtado, Malena (1 February 2021). "A GWAS in Latin Americans identifies novel face shape loci, implicating VPS13B and a Denisovan introgressed region in facial variation". Science Advances (in i-English). 7 (6). Bibcode:2021SciA....7.6160B. doi:10.1126/sciadv.abc6160. ISSN 2375-2548. PMC 7864580 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 33547071 Check |pmid= value (help). Unknown parameter |article-number= ignored (help)
  20. ↑ Golembiewski, Kate; Brunelle, François (23 August 2022). "Your Doppelgänger Is Out There and You Probably Share DNA With Them". The New York Times. Kulandwe ngomhlaka 15 September 2022.
  21. ↑ Joshi, Ricky S.; Rigau, Maria; García-Prieto, Carlos A.; Moura, Manuel Castro de; Piñeyro, David; Moran, Sebastian; Davalos, Veronica; Carrión, Pablo; Ferrando-Bernal, Manuel; Olalde, Iñigo; Lalueza-Fox, Carles; Navarro, Arcadi; Fernández-Tena, Carles; Aspandi, Decky; Sukno, Federico M. (23 August 2022). "Look-alike humans identified by facial recognition algorithms show genetic similarities". Cell Reports (in English). 40 (8). doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111257. hdl:10230/54047. ISSN 2211-1247. PMID 36001980 Check |pmid= value (help). Unknown parameter |article-number= ignored (help)CS1 maint: Unrecognized language (link)
  22. ↑ Adhikari, Kaustubh; Fuentes-Guajardo, Macarena; et al. (19 May 2016). "A genome-wide association scan implicates DCHS2, RUNX2, GLI3, PAX1 and EDAR in human facial variation". Nature Communications. 7 (1). Bibcode:2016NatCo...711616A. doi:10.1038/ncomms11616. PMC 4874031. PMID 27193062. Unknown parameter |s2cid= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |article-number= ignored (help)
  23. ↑ Hassani-Pak, Keywan; Rawlings, Christopher (1 March 2017). "Knowledge Discovery in Biological Databases for Revealing Candidate Genes Linked to Complex Phenotypes". Journal of Integrative Bioinformatics (in i-English). 14 (1). doi:10.1515/jib-2016-0002. ISSN 1613-4516. PMC 6042805. PMID 28609292. Unknown parameter |article-number= ignored (help)
  24. ↑ "Defining a Face: What Can DNA Phenotyping Really Tell Us About An Unknown Sample?". National Institute of Justice (in i-English). Kulandwe ngomhlaka 4 April 2021. Based on Walsh's phenotype analysis, King determined that one of the earliest paintings of Richard III, the 1510 "Arched Framed Portrait," best matched the genetic information. "We were still dealing with categories [of color] because we're not at the quantitative level yet," Walsh said of her determination of Richard III's hair and eye color. "[King] wanted something physical to see, and that's what spurred me to move toward the quantitative so strongly. Because I could always say to someone, 'blue' or 'blonde,' and they would say, 'I need to see this physically.' So that is what I'm working on now. I want to produce that result." Walsh has gathered DNA phenotype data from 2,000 Irish, Greek and U.S. individuals and is currently collecting data from 3,000 additional individuals from those same countries in order to create a phenotype-genotype database and prediction model. For forensic purposes, she would like to be able to start with a "blank person" and with a sample of DNA, determine the actual eye, hair and skin pigmentation.
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