3.
政策としての医療援助：Medical Aid as an International Politics
3.2
応用医療人類学の萌芽：The Beginnings of Applied Medical Anthropology
ロックフェラー財団や戦前の米国政
府のプロジェクトがあるにもかかわらず、医療人類学なるものの起源は第二次大戦後であるとみる見方が一
般的である。米国人類学会連合(American Anthropological Association)に属する医療人類学会(Society
for Medical
Anthropology)は1969年に医療人類学の起源についてふれ、それを「第二次大戦終了直後に互いに収斂することになる保健科学と人類学におけ
る調査と応用のいくつかの系統」からなるとしている。もっともこの時期には医療人類学という用語はなく、この領域を国際公衆衛生
(international public
health)と呼ぶことができる。欧米の人類学者たちは戦争終結以前から、世界的な規模での危機が乗り越えられ、戦争終結後の新しい世界秩序に人類学が
実践的な貢献をもたらすと信じていた。そのひとりハロウェルは、文化変容にともなう治療システムの受容・非受容について分析をおこなった。彼は第二次大戦
によって未開社会の西洋文化への順応と伝統文化へのゆり戻し(再順応)がともに大きく起こったことを指摘した。そしてそのような状況把握のための知識とし
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