To start off with, you need to know that in the early days of US coinage, some coins expressed their value as a fraction of a dollar. For example, here's the reverse of an early half-cent:

See where it says 1/200? That means (1/200)th of a dollar, or half a cent.
Similarly, the old large cents said (1/100) on the reverse, meaning (1/100)th of a dollar.
Except that in 1801 and 1802, somebody wasn't paying attention and didn't engrave the dies properly. So you got some large cents in 1801 and 1802 with the following reverse:

See where it says 1/000 ?!?
So the answer to my quiz is, the largest denomination on any US coin was infinite.
Sorry - but I warned you it was a trick question.