C语言移位汇编探究

原创已于 2022-01-24 12:56:19 修改 · 302 阅读

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于 2020-02-25 17:12:06 首次发布

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本文探讨了C语言中移位操作在汇编层面的表现，通过实例源码`shift.c`生成汇编代码`shift.s`进行分析。文章指出，左移操作低位会被补0，而右移则会根据数值类型（有符号或无符号）补符号位或0。文章还提到，gcc在某些情况下会使用算术左移代替逻辑左移，尽管两者在结果上相同。

环境：

orz@ubuntu:~/code/cpp$ uname -a
Linux ubuntu 5.4.0-80-generic #90~18.04.1-Ubuntu SMP Tue Jul 13 19:40:02 UTC 2021 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux

gcc版本：

orz@ubuntu:~/code/cpp$ gcc -v
Using built-in specs.
COLLECT_GCC=gcc
COLLECT_LTO_WRAPPER=/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/7/lto-wrapper
OFFLOAD_TARGET_NAMES=nvptx-none
OFFLOAD_TARGET_DEFAULT=1
Target: x86_64-linux-gnu
Configured with: ../src/configure -v --with-pkgversion='Ubuntu 7.5.0-3ubuntu1~18.04' --with-bugurl=file:///usr/share/doc/gcc-7/README.Bugs --enable-languages=c,ada,c++,go,brig,d,fortran,objc,obj-c++ --prefix=/usr --with-gcc-major-version-only --program-suffix=-7 --program-prefix=x86_64-linux-gnu- --enable-shared --enable-linker-build-id --libexecdir=/usr/lib --without-included-gettext --enable-threads=posix --libdir=/usr/lib --enable-nls --enable-bootstrap --enable-clocale=gnu --enable-libstdcxx-debug --enable-libstdcxx-time=yes --with-default-libstdcxx-abi=new --enable-gnu-unique-object --disable-vtable-verify --enable-libmpx --enable-plugin --enable-default-pie --with-system-zlib --with-target-system-zlib --enable-objc-gc=auto --enable-multiarch --disable-werror --with-arch-32=i686 --with-abi=m64 --with-multilib-list=m32,m64,mx32 --enable-multilib --with-tune=generic --enable-offload-targets=nvptx-none --without-cuda-driver --enable-checking=release --build=x86_64-linux-gnu --host=x86_64-linux-gnu --target=x86_64-linux-gnu
Thread model: posix
gcc version 7.5.0 (Ubuntu 7.5.0-3ubuntu1~18.04)

测试源码：shift.c

#include <stdio.h>

void unsigned_shift_test(void)
{
    unsigned int i = 0xFFFFFFFF;
    printf("0x%08X\n", i << 2); //0xFFFF FFFC
    printf("0x%08X\n", i >> 2); //0x3FFF FFFF
}

void signed_shift_test(void)
{
    signed int i = 0xFFFFFFFF;
    printf("0x%08X\n", i << 2); //0xFFFF FFFC
    printf("0x%08X\n", i >> 2); //0xFFFF FFFF
}

int main()
{
    unsigned_shift_test();
    signed_shift_test();
    return 0;
}

生成汇编代码命令：

orz@ubuntu:~/code/csdn$ gcc -S shift.c

shift.s

        .file   "shift.c"
        .text
        .section        .rodata
.LC0:
        .string "0x%08X\n"
        .text
        .globl  unsigned_shift_test
        .type   unsigned_shift_test, @function
unsigned_shift_test:
.LFB0:
        .cfi_startproc
        pushq   %rbp
        .cfi_def_cfa_offset 16
        .cfi_offset 6, -16
        movq    %rsp, %rbp
        .cfi_def_cfa_register 6
        subq    $16, %rsp
        movl    $-1, -4(%rbp)
        movl    -4(%rbp), %eax
        sall    $2, %eax              //算术左移，低位补0
        movl    %eax, %esi
        leaq    .LC0(%rip), %rdi
        movl    $0, %eax
        call    printf@PLT
        movl    -4(%rbp), %eax
        shrl    $2, %eax           //逻辑右移， 高位补0
        movl    %eax, %esi
        leaq    .LC0(%rip), %rdi
        movl    $0, %eax
        call    printf@PLT
        nop
        leave
        .cfi_def_cfa 7, 8
        ret
        .cfi_endproc
.LFE0:
        .size   unsigned_shift_test, .-unsigned_shift_test
        .globl  signed_shift_test
        .type   signed_shift_test, @function
signed_shift_test:
.LFB1:
        .cfi_startproc
        pushq   %rbp
        .cfi_def_cfa_offset 16
        .cfi_offset 6, -16
        movq    %rsp, %rbp
        .cfi_def_cfa_register 6
        subq    $16, %rsp
        movl    $-1, -4(%rbp)
        movl    -4(%rbp), %eax
        sall    $2, %eax           //算术左移，低位补0
        movl    %eax, %esi
        leaq    .LC0(%rip), %rdi
        movl    $0, %eax
        call    printf@PLT
        movl    -4(%rbp), %eax
        sarl    $2, %eax        //算术右移，高位补符号位
        movl    %eax, %esi
        leaq    .LC0(%rip), %rdi
        movl    $0, %eax
        call    printf@PLT
        nop
        leave
        .cfi_def_cfa 7, 8
        ret
        .cfi_endproc
.LFE1:
        .size   signed_shift_test, .-signed_shift_test
        .globl  main
        .type   main, @function
main:
.LFB2:
        .cfi_startproc
        pushq   %rbp
        .cfi_def_cfa_offset 16
        .cfi_offset 6, -16
        movq    %rsp, %rbp
        .cfi_def_cfa_register 6
        call    unsigned_shift_test
        call    signed_shift_test
        movl    $0, %eax
        popq    %rbp
        .cfi_def_cfa 7, 8
        ret
        .cfi_endproc
.LFE2:
        .size   main, .-main
        .ident  "GCC: (Ubuntu 7.5.0-3ubuntu1~18.04) 7.5.0"
        .section        .note.GNU-stack,"",@progbits

第一次写博客，真不知道怎么组织语言，就不多逼逼了。
总结就两句话，左移低位补0，右移高位补符号位（有符号数，符号位为0或1。无符号数，符号位为0 ）。

更新：2022-01-24
gcc偷懒，使用算数左移代替逻辑左移，这两个指令结果一样