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²⁵ Wolf, Eric, “Types of Latin American Peasantry,” American Anthropologist, LVII (June 1955), 452–71CrossRefGoogle Scholar, and “Closed Corporate Peasant Community in Mesoamerica and Central Java,” Southwestern Journal of Anthropology, xiii (Spring 1957), 1–18.Google Scholar

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³² I differ with Fallers (“African Cultivators,” 109) and Service (Primitive Social Organization, 175) in this regard. Both these writers tend to see what I have called the primitive state and the classical state to be essentially the same. Fallers, in particular, considers the village-state relationship in pagan Africa and in civilizational Europe and Asia to be quite alike.

³³ Political Systems of Empires, 368.

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³⁹ Governments following the model of the West attempt to introduce self-government institutions in the village, requiring village officials to be elected by villagers and rules and regulations to be decided by vote. These attempts should not lead us to believe that there is fundamental political autonomy at the village level. The semblance of autonomy is actually something imposed on villages from the central government, and the sphere of life in which the village government can exercise control is rather rigidly circumscribed. Thus what is remarkable about self-government in villages of modern states is the extent to which they lack basic autonomy, a point well illustrated by Fraser (pp. 108–9) ^m discussing Malay village organization.

⁴⁰ See Wittfogel, 122–26.

⁴¹ P. 180.

⁴² Clifford Geertz, “Studies in Peasant Life,” in Siegel, Biennial Review, 6.

⁴³ See Anderson and Anderson for an example from France.