Noeggerathiales

External image
External image
	Life restoration of Paratingia wuhaia Art by Yugao Ren and Sijia Tang

Noeggerathiales; Temporal range: Upper Carboniferous–Late Permian PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
	Noeggerathia expansa
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Class:	†Progymnospermopsida
Order:	†Noeggerathiales
Families
	Noeggerathiaceae; Tingyostachyaceae;

Noeggerathiales is a now-extinct order of vascular plants. The fossil range of the order extends from the Upper Carboniferous to the upper Permian (Lopingian). Noeggerathiales have been previously linked to horsetails and ferns, but are currently believed to be progymnosperms, being woody like seed plants, but still producing spores rather than seeds.^[1] Noeggerathiales are thought to have grown as cycad-like plants with relatively thick unbranched, vertical stems, that were leafless except for a crown at the top of the stem, composed of pinnate (fern-like) leaves.^[2]^[3]^[4] They were primarily confined to the wet tropical regions where there was no frost. Noeggerathiales are rare in European and North American floras, but are common components of Cathaysian Chinese floras.^[2]

References

↑ Palmer, Douglas; et al. (2009). Prehistoric life: the definitive visual history of life on earth (1st American ed.). New York: Dorling Kindersley. p. 152. ISBN 978-0-7566-5573-0.
1 2 Pfefferkorn, Hermann W.; Wang, Jun (April 2016). "Paleoecology of Noeggerathiales, an enigmatic, extinct plant group of Carboniferous and Permian times". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 448: 141–150. Bibcode:2016PPP...448..141P. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2015.11.022.
↑ Wang, Jun; Hilton, Jason; Pfefferkorn, Hermann W.; Wang, Shijun; Zhang, Yi; Bek, Jiri; Pšenička, Josef; Seyfullah, Leyla J.; Dilcher, David (2021-03-16). "Ancient noeggerathialean reveals the seed plant sister group diversified alongside the primary seed plant radiation". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 118 (11) e2013442118. doi:10.1073/pnas.2013442118. PMC 7980368. PMID 33836571.
↑ Qin, Yi-Fei; He, Xiao-Yuan; Wang, Shi-Jun; Cheng, Xinshi; Hilton, Jason; Rothwell, Gar W (2026-06-01). "Convergent evolution in the late Permian megaphyllous leaves of the Noeggerathiales progymnosperm Paratingia and the cycad Plagiozamites". Annals of Botany. 137 (6): 1745–1757. doi:10.1093/aob/mcaf272. ISSN 1095-8290.

External links

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[dk-1] Palmer, Douglas; et al. (2009). Prehistoric life: the definitive visual history of life on earth (1st American ed.). New York: Dorling Kindersley. p. 152. ISBN 978-0-7566-5573-0.

[:1-2] 1 2 Pfefferkorn, Hermann W.; Wang, Jun (April 2016). "Paleoecology of Noeggerathiales, an enigmatic, extinct plant group of Carboniferous and Permian times". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 448: 141–150. Bibcode:2016PPP...448..141P. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2015.11.022.

[3] Wang, Jun; Hilton, Jason; Pfefferkorn, Hermann W.; Wang, Shijun; Zhang, Yi; Bek, Jiri; Pšenička, Josef; Seyfullah, Leyla J.; Dilcher, David (2021-03-16). "Ancient noeggerathialean reveals the seed plant sister group diversified alongside the primary seed plant radiation". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 118 (11) e2013442118. doi:10.1073/pnas.2013442118. PMC 7980368. PMID 33836571.

[4] Qin, Yi-Fei; He, Xiao-Yuan; Wang, Shi-Jun; Cheng, Xinshi; Hilton, Jason; Rothwell, Gar W (2026-06-01). "Convergent evolution in the late Permian megaphyllous leaves of the Noeggerathiales progymnosperm Paratingia and the cycad Plagiozamites". Annals of Botany. 137 (6): 1745–1757. doi:10.1093/aob/mcaf272. ISSN 1095-8290.

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