justice

See also: Justice

English

Etymology

From Middle English justice, from Old French justise, justice (Modern French justice), from Latin iūstitia (“righteousness, equity”), from iūstus (“just”), from iūs (“right”), from Proto-Italic *jowos, perhaps literally "sacred formula", a word peculiar to Latin (not general Italic) that originated in the religious cults, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂yew-. Doublet of Justitia.

Partly displaced native Old English rihtwīsnes (Modern English righteousness < rightwiseness).

Pronunciation

• (Received Pronunciation, General American, Canada) IPA^(key): /ˈd͡ʒʌs.tɪs/

• Audio (General American):

  (file)

• (Australia) IPA^(key): /ˈd͡ʒɐs.tɪs/
• (New Zealand) IPA^(key): /ˈd͡ʒɐs.təs/
• Hyphenation: jus‧tice

Noun

justice (countable and uncountable, plural justices)

1. The state or characteristic of being just or fair.

   the justice of a description

   • c. 1606 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of Macbeth”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act I, scene vii]:

     This even-handed justice / Commends the ingredients of our poisoned chalice / To our own lips.

   • 2001, David L. Lieber, Jules Harlow, Etz Hayim: Torah and Commentary, page 8:

     God recognized the justice of the moon's plea and compensated for its diminution by promising that only the moon would be seen both day and night.

2. The ideal of fairness, impartiality, etc., especially with regard to the punishment of wrongdoing.

   Justice was served.

   • 1978 [1976], Leszek Kołakowski, translated by P[aul] S[teven] Falla, Main Currents of Marxism, volume II: The Golden Age, Oxford: Clarendon Press, translation of Główne nurty marksizmu: rozwój (in Polish), →ISBN, →OCLC, page 145:

     The perfect society is not to be an embodiment of the idea of justice, but one in which that idea has no meaning, since it is bound up with private property and the regulation of property relationships.

3. Judgment and punishment of a party who has allegedly wronged another.

   to demand justice

4. The civil power dealing with law.

   Ministry of Justice

   the justice system

5. A title given to judges of certain courts (usually supreme courts); capitalized when placed before a name.

   Synonyms: (judge of a superior court) justiciar, justiciary; see also Thesaurus:judge

   Mr. Justice Krever presides over the appellate court

   • 2024 March 4, Gail Collins, Bret Stephens, “Trump Is the Leading Man”, in The New York Times‎^[1], →ISSN:

     Gee, I guess that’s up to the justices. Can’t imagine this court — which I find too conservative but not crazy — is going to issue a ruling that says a president can break any law in the land as an “official act” without consequence.

6. Correctness, conforming to reality or rules.
   • 1726 October 28, [Jonathan Swift], “Of the Inhabitants of Lilliput; […]”, in Travels into Several Remote Nations of the World. […] [Gulliver’s Travels], volume I, London: […] Benj[amin] Motte, […], →OCLC, part I (A Voyage to Lilliput), pages 106–107:

     As to Perſons of Quality, they give Security to appropriate a certain Sum for each Child, ſuitable to their Condition; and theſe Funds are always managed with good Husbandry and the moſt exact Juſtice.

Antonyms

• injustice

Derived terms

• activist justice
• bed of justice
• bring to justice
• chief justice
• climate justice
• commutative justice
• court of justice
• cyberjustice
• distributive justice
• divine justice
• do justice
• ecojustice
• economic justice
• e-justice
• examining justice
• flat is justice
• fugitive from justice
• in the furtherance of justice
• in the interest of justice
• Jedburgh justice
• Jeddart justice
• Jedwood justice
• Jersey justice
• jungle justice
• Justice
• justiceable
• justice delayed is justice denied
• justice-impacted
• justice-involved
• justice is blind
• Justice League
• justiceless
• justice-like
• justicement
• justice of the peace
• justicer
• justiceship
• justices' justice
• Justice Society
• justiceward
• minister of justice
• miscarriage of justice
• misjustice
• no justice no peace
• obstruction of justice
• open justice
• original justice
• palm tree justice
• poetical justice
• poetic justice
• prison justice
• puisne justice
• reproductive justice
• restorative justice
• rough justice
• scales of justice
• single justice procedure
• social justice
• social justice warrior
• spatial justice
• street justice
• strict justice
• telejustice
• territorial justice
• Texas justice
• transformative justice
• transitional justice
• unjustice
• unwhipped of justice
• victor's justice

Related terms

• just
• justiciable
• justiciar
• unjust

Translations

state of being just or fair

• Albanian: drejtësi (sq) f
• Arabic: عَدْل (ar) m (ʕadl), إِنْصَاف (ar) m (ʔinṣāf)
• Armenian: արդարություն (hy) (ardarutʻyun)
• Aromanian: dichii f
• Asturian: xusteza f, xusticia f
• Azerbaijani: ədalət (az)
• Basque: zuzentasun
• Belarusian: справядлі́васць f (spravjadlívascʹ), справядлі́васьць f (spravjadlívasʹcʹ)
• Bengali: আদল (bn) (adol), ইনসাফ (bn) (inośaph), দাদ (bn) (dad)
• Bulgarian: справедли́вост (bg) f (spravedlívost), пра́вда (bg) f (právda)
• Burmese: သမာသမတ် (my) (sa.masa.mat), တရား (my) (ta.ra:)
• Catalan: justesa f, justícia (ca) f
• Cherokee: ᏚᏳᎪᏛ (duyugodv)
• Chinese:

  Mandarin: 正義 / 正义 (zh) (zhèngyì), 公道 (zh) (gōngdào), 公平 (zh) (gōngpíng)

• Czech: spravedlnost (cs) f
• Danish: ret (da) c, retfærdighed (da) c
• Dutch: gerechtigheid (nl) f, rechtvaardigheid (nl) f
• Esperanto: justeco
• Estonian: õiglus (et)
• Faroese: rættvísi f
• Finnish: oikeudenmukaisuus (fi)
• French: justice (fr) f
• Friulian: justizie f
• Galician: xusteza f, xustiza (gl) f
• Georgian: სამართლიანობა (samartlianoba)
• German: Gerechtigkeit (de) f
• Greek: δικαιοσύνη (el) f (dikaiosýni)
• Guarani:

  Paraguayan Guarani: ^{(please verify)} tekojoja

• Gujarati: ન્યાય m (nyāya), ઇનસાફ m (inasāph)
• Hausa: adalci (ha)
• Hawaiian: kaulike
• Hebrew: צֶדֶק (he) m (tsédek)
• Hindi: न्याय (hi) m (nyāy), इनसाफ़ m (insāf)
• Hungarian: igazságosság (hu), pártatlanság (hu)
• Icelandic: réttlæti n, sanngirni f
• Ido: equitato (io)
• Igbo: mkpezi, ikpe ziri ezi
• Indonesian: keadilan (id)
• Irish: ceartas m
• Italian: giustizia (it) f
• Japanese: 正義 (ja) (せいぎ, seigi), 公正 (ja) (こうせい, kōsei), 公平 (ja) (こうへい, kōhei)
• Kannada: ನ್ಯಾಯ (kn) (nyāya)
• Kapampangan:

  Baculud: catalaruan

  Wawa: katalaruan

• Kazakh: әділеттілік (ädilettilik), әділдік (ädildik)
• Khmer: យុត្តិធម៌ (km) (yuttethɔə)
• Korean: 정의(正義) (ko) (jeong'ui), 공정(公正) (ko) (gongjeong), 공평(公平) (ko) (gongpyeong)
• Kurdish:

  Central Kurdish: داد (dad)

  Northern Kurdish: dad (ku)

• Kyrgyz: адилдик (ky) (adildik), адилеттик (ky) (adilettik)
• Lao: ຍຸດຕິທັມ (nyut ti tham)
• Latin: iūstitia f
• Latvian: taisnīgums m
• Lithuanian: teisingumas m
• Macedonian: правда (mk) f (pravda)
• Malay: adalat (ms)
• Māori: huatika
• Marathi: न्याय m (nyāy)
• Mirandese: please add this translation if you can
• Mongolian:

  Cyrillic: шударга ёс (šudarga jos), үнэн (mn) (ünen)

• Norwegian:

  Bokmål: rettferd m or f, rettferdighet (no) c

  Nynorsk: rettferd f

• Occitan: justesa (oc) f, justícia (oc) f

  Old Occitan: justicia f

• Old English: rihtwīsnes f
• Old Norse: jafnaðr m
• Oromo: qajeelummaa
• Pashto: نياو (ps) m (nyāw), عدل (ps) m (adəl), عدالت (ps) m (adālat)
• Persian:

  Iranian Persian: داد (fa) (dâd), عَدْل (adl), عَدالَت (adâlat)

• Polish: sprawiedliwość (pl) f
• Portuguese: justiça (pt) f, justeza (pt) f
• Romanian: justiție (ro) f, dreptate (ro) f, justețe (ro) f
• Russian: справедли́вость (ru) f (spravedlívostʹ)
• Sanskrit: धर्मः (sa) m (dharmaḥ), धर्म (sa) m (dharma), धर्मित्व (sa) m (dharmitva)
• Scottish Gaelic: còir f
• Serbo-Croatian:

  Cyrillic: пра́во n, пра̑вда f

  Latin: právo (sh) n, prȃvda (sh) f

• Slovak: spravodlivosť (sk) f
• Slovene: pravica (sl) f, pravičnost (sl) f
• Spanish: justicia (es) f, justedad f, justeza f
• Swedish: rättvisa (sv)
• Tagalog: katarungan (tl)
• Tajik: адолат (adolat)
• Tatar: гадәләт (ğädälät), гаделлек (tt) (ğädellek)
• Thai: ความยุติธรรม (th) (kwaam-yút-dtì-tam), ยุติธรรม (th) (yút-dtì-tam), ความถูกต้อง (th) (kwaam-tùuk-dtɔ̂ng)
• Tibetan: དྲང་བདེན (drang bden)
• Turkish: adalet (tr)

  Ottoman Turkish: عدالت (ʼadalet), انصاف (insâf), قسط (kıst), عدل (ʼadl)

• Turkmen: adalatlylyk (tk), adalat (tk)
• Ukrainian: справедли́вість f (spravedlývistʹ)
• Urdu: عَدْل (ur) m ('adl), اِنْصَاف m (insāf), عَدالَت f ('adālat)
• Uyghur: ئادالەت (adalet)
• Uzbek: adolatlilik, adolat (uz)
• Yiddish: גערעכטיקייט f (gerekhtikeyt)
• Yoruba: idajọ

fairness, especially with regard to punishment

• Arabic: عَدْل (ar) (ʕadl), عَدَالَة f (ʕadāla)
• Armenian: արդարություն (hy) (ardarutʻyun)
• Azerbaijani: ədalət (az)
• Belarusian: справядлі́васць f (spravjadlívascʹ), справядлі́васьць f (spravjadlívasʹcʹ)
• Bulgarian: справедли́вост (bg) f (spravedlívost)
• Burmese: တရားမျှတမှု (ta.ra:hmya.ta.hmu.)
• Catalan: justícia (ca) f
• Cherokee: ᏚᏳᎪᏛ (duyugodv)
• Chinese:

  Mandarin: 正義 / 正义 (zh) (zhèngyì), 公道 (zh) (gōngdào), 公平 (zh) (gōngpíng), 公義 / 公义 (zh) (gōngyì), 公義 / 公义 (zh) (gōngyì)

• Comorian:

  Ngazidja Comorian: uâdilifu class 11

• Czech: spravedlnost (cs) f
• Danish: retfærdighed (da) c
• Dutch: gerechtigheid (nl) f, recht (nl) n, rechtvaardigheid (nl) f
• Finnish: oikeus (fi)
• French: justice (fr) f, équité (fr) f
• Galician: xustiza (gl) f
• Georgian: სამართალი (samartali), სამართლიანობა (samartlianoba)
• German: Gerechtigkeit (de) f
• Greek:

  Ancient Greek: δικαιοσύνη f (dikaiosúnē)

• Hebrew: צֶדֶק (he) m (tsédek)
• Hindi: न्याय (hi) m (nyāy)
• Hungarian: igazság (hu), igazságosság (hu)
• Irish: cóir f
• Italian: giustizia (it) f
• Japanese: 正義 (ja) (せいぎ, seigi)
• Kannada: ನ್ಯಾಯ (kn) (nyāya)
• Khmer: តុលាការ (km) (tolaakaa)
• Korean: 정의(正義) (ko) (jeong'ui)
• Kurdish:

  Northern Kurdish: edalet (ku), dad (ku)

• Latin: iūstitia f
• Latvian: justīcija f
• Lithuanian: justicija f
• Malay: keadilan
• Māori: manatika
• Marathi: न्याय m (nyāy)
• Mirandese: please add this translation if you can
• Old English: rihtwīsnes f
• Pashto: نياو (ps) m (nyāw)
• Persian:

  Iranian Persian: عَدالَت (adâlat)

• Polish: sprawiedliwość (pl) f
• Portuguese: justiça (pt) f
• Romanian: dreptate (ro) f, justiție (ro) f
• Russian: справедли́вость (ru) f (spravedlívostʹ)
• Scottish Gaelic: còir f
• Serbo-Croatian:

  Cyrillic: пра̑вда f

  Latin: prȃvda (sh) f

• Slovene: pravica (sl) f
• Tagalog: hustisya
• Tatar: гаделлек (tt) (ğädellek)
• Turkish: adalet (tr)

  Ottoman Turkish: عدالت (ʼadalet), انصاف (insâf), عدل (ʼadl)

• Ukrainian: справедли́вість f (spravedlývistʹ)
• Urdu: عَدالَت f ('adālat), اِنْصَاف m (insāf)
• Yiddish: גערעכטיקייט f (gerekhtikeyt)

judgment and punishment of who wronged another

• Arabic: عَدْل (ar) m (ʕadl)
• Azerbaijani: ədalət (az)
• Belarusian: справядлі́васць f (spravjadlívascʹ), справядлі́васьць f (spravjadlívasʹcʹ)
• Bulgarian: пра́вда (bg) f (právda)
• Dutch: gerechtigheid (nl) f, recht (nl) n, rechtsbedeling, berechting (nl)
• Finnish: oikeus (fi)
• French: justice (fr) f
• Galician: xustiza (gl) f
• Georgian: სამართლიანობა (samartlianoba), სამართალი (samartali), მართლმსაჯულება (martlmsaǯuleba)
• German: Gerechtigkeit (de) f, Genugtuung (de) f
• Hebrew: צֶדֶק (he) m (tsédek)
• Hungarian: igazság (hu)
• Indonesian: peradilan (id)
• Khmer: សាលក្រម (km) (saal krɑm)
• Marathi: न्याय m (nyāy)
• Oromo: haqa
• Polish: sprawiedliwość (pl) f
• Portuguese: justiça (pt) f
• Russian: справедли́вость (ru) f (spravedlívostʹ)
• Scottish Gaelic: còir f
• Serbo-Croatian:

  Cyrillic: пра̑вда f

  Latin: prȃvda (sh) f

• Turkish: adalet (tr)
• Ukrainian: справедли́вість f (spravedlývistʹ)

the civil power dealing with law

• Albanian: drejtësi (sq) f
• Altai:

  Southern Altai: јаргы (ǰargï)

• Arabic: عَدْل (ar) m (ʕadl), عَدَالَة f (ʕadāla)
• Armenian: արդարադատություն (hy) (ardaradatutʻyun)
• Azerbaijani: ədalət (az)
• Belarusian: правасу́ддзе n (pravasúddzje), юсты́цыя f (justýcyja)
• Bengali: আদালত (bn) (adalot)
• Bulgarian: правосъ́дие (bg) n (pravosắdie)
• Burmese: တရားစီရင်ရေး (ta.ra:cirang-re:)
• Catalan: justícia (ca) f
• Chinese:

  Mandarin: 司法 (zh) (sīfǎ), 法官 (zh) (fǎguān), 正義 / 正义 (zh) (zhèngyì)

• Czech: spravedlnost (cs) f, spravedlivost f
• Danish: retfærdighed (da) c
• Dutch: gerecht (nl) n, justitie (nl), gerechtigheid (nl) f
• Estonian: õiglus (et)
• Finnish: oikeus (fi)
• French: justice (fr) f
• Galician: xustiza (gl) f
• Georgian: მართლმსაჯულება (martlmsaǯuleba), სამართალი (samartali), იუსტიცია (iusṭicia)
• German: Justiz (de) f, Gerechtigkeit (de) f
• Greek: δικαιοσύνη (el) f (dikaiosýni)
• Hebrew: מִשְׁפָּט (he) m (mishpát)
• Hindi: न्याय (hi) m (nyāy), न्यायालय (hi) (nyāyālay)
• Hungarian: igazságszolgáltatás (hu), igazságügy (hu)
• Icelandic: réttlæti n
• Italian: giustizia (it) f
• Japanese: 司法 (ja) (しほう, shihō), 法官 (ja) (ほうかん, hōkan)
• Kazakh: әділет (ädilet)
• Khmer: យុត្តិធម៌ (km) (yuttethɔə)
• Korean: 사법(司法) (ko) (sabeop), 법관(法官) (ko) (beopgwan)
• Kurdish:

  Central Kurdish: داد (dad)

  Northern Kurdish: dad (ku), edalet (ku)

• Kyrgyz: юстиция (ky) (yustitsiya), адилеттик (ky) (adilettik)
• Lao: ຍຸດຕິທັມ (nyut ti tham), ຄວາມຍຸດຕິທຳ (lo) (khuām nyut ti tham)
• Latvian: taisnīgums m, justīcija f
• Lithuanian: teisingumas m, justicija f
• Macedonian: правда (mk) f (pravda), правосудство n (pravosudstvo)
• Malay: adalat (ms)
• Māori: manatika
• Marathi: न्याय m (nyāy)
• Norwegian:

  Bokmål: rettferdighet (no) m or f

  Nynorsk: rettferd f

• Pashto: عدالت (ps) m ('adālat), نياو (ps) m (nyāw)
• Persian:

  Dari: عَدَالَت (adālat)

  Iranian Persian: عَدالَت (adâlat)

• Polish: sprawiedliwość (pl) f
• Portuguese: justiça (pt) f
• Romanian: justiție (ro) f
• Russian: правосу́дие (ru) n (pravosúdije), юсти́ция (ru) f (justícija)
• Serbo-Croatian:

  Cyrillic: пра̑вда f

  Latin: prȃvda (sh) f

• Slovak: spravodlivosť (sk) f
• Slovene: pravosodje n, pravičnost (sl) f
• Spanish: justicia (es) f, gura f (slang)
• Swedish: rättvisa (sv) c, rättfärdighet (sv) c, rätt (sv) c
• Tajik: адолат (adolat)
• Tatar: гадәләт (ğädälät)
• Thai: ยุติธรรม (th) (yút-dtì-tam), ความยุติธรรม (th) (kwaam-yút-dtì-tam)
• Turkish: adalet (tr)
• Turkmen: adalat (tk)
• Ukrainian: правосу́ддя (uk) n (pravosúddja), юсти́ція (uk) f (justýcija)
• Urdu: عَدالَت f ('adālat), اِنْصَاف m (insāf)
• Uyghur: ئادالەت (adalet)
• Uzbek: adolat (uz), haqqoniyat (uz)
• Vietnamese: tư pháp (vi)

a judge of certain courts

• Bulgarian: съдия́ (bg) m (sădijá)
• Catalan: justícia (ca) m
• Cherokee: ᏗᎫᎪᏗᏍᎩ (digugodisgi)
• Chinese:

  Mandarin: 法官 (zh) (fǎguān), 裁判官 (zh) (cáipànguān), 大法官 (zh) (dà fǎguān)

• Dutch: raadsheer (nl) m (rough equivalent)
• Finnish: tuomari (fi)
• French: conseiller (fr) m (rough equivalent), juge (fr) m or f (Canada)
• Georgian: მოსამართლე (mosamartle)
• Gujarati: ન્યાયમૂર્તિ f (nyāyamūrti), જસ્ટિસ m (jasṭis), ન્યાયાધીશ m (nyāyādhīś)
• Hebrew: שׁוֹפֵט (he) m (shofét)
• Hindi: न्यायाधीश (hi) m (nyāyādhīś), न्यायमूर्ति (nyāymūrti)
• Hungarian: bíró (hu)
• Irish: giúistís m
• Japanese: 裁判官 (ja) (さいばんかん, saibánkan), 法官 (ja) (ほうかん, hōkan)
• Kannada: ನ್ಯಾಯಾಧೀಶ (kn) (nyāyādhīśa)
• Khmer: ចៅក្រម (caw krɑɑm)
• Marathi: जस्टिस m (jasṭis)
• Persian:

  Iranian Persian: قاضی (fa) (ġâzi)

• Polish: sędzia (pl) f
• Portuguese: chefe de justiça m, ministro (pt) m (rough equivalent)
• Romanian: judecător (ro) m
• Russian: судья́ (ru) m (sudʹjá)
• Spanish: juez (es) m
• Swedish: domare (sv) c, justitieråd (sv) n (in the supreme courts of Sweden and Finland)

correctness

• Bulgarian: правди́вост (bg) f (pravdívost)
• Dutch: recht (nl) n
• Finnish: oikeus (fi)
• French: justice (fr) f
• Georgian: სამართლიანობა (samartlianoba)
• Hebrew: צֶדֶק (he) m (tsédek)
• Hindi: न्याय (hi) m (nyāy)
• Khmer: ភាពត្រឹមត្រូវ (phiəptrəmtrəw)
• Pashto: نياو (ps) m (nyāw)
• Portuguese: justiça (pt) f
• Romanian: justețe (ro) f
• Russian: справедли́вость (ru) f (spravedlívostʹ)
• Scottish Gaelic: còir f

The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables. See instructions at Wiktionary:Entry layout § Translations.

Translations to be checked

• Albanian: ^{(please verify)} drejtë (sq) f
• Basque: ^{(please verify)} zuzentasun
• Catalan: ^{(please verify)} justícia (ca) f
• Esperanto: ^{(please verify)} justico (administration of law)
• Latin: ^{(please verify)} iustitia f
• Norwegian:

  Bokmål: ^{(please verify)} rettferdighet (no) c

• Romanian: ^{(please verify)} drept (ro) n
• Spanish: ^{(please verify)} justicia (es) f
• Swedish: ^{(please verify)} rätt (sv), ^{(please verify)} rättvisa (sv)
• Telugu: ^{(please verify)} న్యాయం (te) (nyāyaṁ)

See also

• fairness

Further reading

• justice on Wikipedia.Wikipedia
• justice on Wikiquote.Wikiquote

Czech

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈjustɪt͡sɛ]

Noun

justice f

1. justice

   Synonym: spravedlnost

2. judicial system
3. administration of justice
4. (dated) gallows

Declension

Declension of justice (soft feminine)

	singular	plural
nominative	justice	justice
genitive	justice	justic, justicí
dative	justici	justicím
accusative	justici	justice
vocative	justice	justice
locative	justici	justicích
instrumental	justicí	justicemi

French

Etymology

Inherited from Old French justise, justice, borrowed from Latin jūstitia. Doublet of justesse.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ʒys.tis/

• Audio:

  (file)

• Audio (France (Paris)):

  (file)

• Audio (France (Vosges)):

  (file)

• Audio (France (Vosges)):

  (file)

• Audio (France (Somain)):

  (file)

Noun

justice f (plural justices)

1. justice

Derived terms

• bois de justice
• huissier de justice
• justice originelle
• justice sociale
• justiciable
• justicier
• lit de justice
• palais de justice
• parodie de justice
• poursuivre en justice
• raide comme la justice
• rendre justice
• repris de justice

Related terms

• injuste
• injustement
• injustice
• juste
• justement
• justesse

Descendants

• → Dutch: justitie
  • → Caribbean Javanese: yustisi
  • → Indonesian: yustisi
  • → Javanese: ꦪꦸꦱ꧀ꦠꦶꦱꦶ (yustisi)
• ⇒ Haitian Creole: lajistis
• → Swedish: justis

References

• Etymology and history of “justice”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012

Further reading

• “justice”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012

Norman

Etymology

From Old French justise, justice, borrowed from Latin iūstitia, jūstitia (“righteousness, equity”), from iūstus (“just”), from iūs (“right”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂yew-.

Noun

justice f (plural justices)

1. (Jersey) justice

Old French

Noun

justice oblique singular, f (oblique plural justices, nominative singular justice, nominative plural justices)

1. alternative form of justise