Makarantar jariri
 Makarantar jariri | |
|---|---|
type of educational institution (en)  | |
 | |
| Bayanai | |
| Ƙaramin ɓangare na | Makarantar sakandare |
| Bangare na | educational system (en) da early childhood education (en) |
| Ta biyo baya | Makarantar Firamare |
| Intended public (en) | preschool student (en) |
Makarantar firamare ta yara (wanda kuma ake kira pre-K ko PK ) wani shiri ne na makarantar firamare ta yara 'yan ƙasa da shekara biyar da aka shirya a kasar Amurka, Kanada, Turkiyya da Girka (lokacin da makarantar firamare ta fara). [1] Ana iya yin sa ta hanyar makarantar firamare ko kuma a cikin shekarar karɓar baƙi a makarantar firamare . Yara kafin zuwan yara ƙanana suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a ilimin yara ƙanana . Sun wanzu a Amurka tun daga shekarar 1922, waɗanda ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu ke gudanarwa akai-akai. An kafa shirin US Head Start, shirin farko na gwamnatin tarayya da aka ba wa tallafin gwamnati kafin a fara karatun yara, a shekarar 1967. Wannan yunƙurin shirya yara (musamman yara marasa galihu) don samun nasara a makaranta. [2]
Amurka
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Tun daga shekarar 2016–17, jihohi 44, tare da Gundumar Columbia, suna ba da aƙalla wasu kuɗaɗen jiha don shirye-shiryen pre-K. Jihohi tara ( Colorado, Iowa, Kentucky, Maine, Oklahoma, Texas, Vermont, West Virginia, da Wisconsin ) tare da DC sun haɗa da tallafin pre-K a cikin dabarun tallafin makaranta . Akasin haka, tun daga shekarar 2016–17, jihohi shida ( Idaho, Montana, New Hampshire, South Dakota, North Dakota, da Wyoming ) ba su ba da tallafin jiha ga pre-K ba. [3]
A shekarar 2013, Alabama, Michigan, Minnesota, da kuma birnin San Antonio, Texas, sun kafa ko kuma sun faɗaɗa shirye-shiryen pre-K. A birnin New York, an zaɓi magajin gari Bill de Blasio bisa alƙawarin da ya yi na cewa duk yaran birni za su yi pre-kindergarten. Wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekarar 2014 ga wani mai fafutukar kare hakkin yara kanana a fannin ilimin farko ya gano cewa kashi 60 cikin 100 na 'yan Republican da aka yi wa rijista da kuma kashi 84 cikin 100 na 'yan Democrat sun goyi bayan fadada makarantun firamare na gwamnati ta hanyar kara harajin taba sigari na tarayya.
Tallafin kuɗi ga pre-K ya tabbatar da babban cikas ga ƙirƙirar da faɗaɗa shirye-shirye. Matsalar ta haifar da hanyoyi daban-daban. Gwamnoni da magajin gari da dama sun yi niyya ga kasafin kuɗin da ake da su. San Antonio ta ƙara harajin tallace-tallace, yayin da Virginia da Maine ke neman yin caca. A Oregon, a halin yanzu kashi 20% na yara suna da damar samun tallafin gwamnati na pre-K na kowane iri, kuma wani kamfen na Shekaran 2016 yana aiki don samar da cikakken kuɗin tallafin karatu na pre-K zuwa 12, ga duk yaran da iyayensu ke son su sami zaɓin pre-K.
Wani bita na shekarar 2012 da Cibiyar Nazarin Ilimi ta Ƙasa ta Jami'ar Rutgers ta gudanar ya gano Oklahoma, Georgia da West Virginia a matsayin jagorori a fannin ingancin shirye-shiryen gwamnati da kuma ƙaramin adadin yaran da suka yi rajista. Florida ce ta fi yawan waɗanda suka yi rajista a shekarar 2012—kusan kashi huɗu cikin biyar na dukkan yara 'yan shekara huɗu. Kimanin kashi 84 cikin 100 suna cikin cibiyoyin sirri, na addini ko na iyali. Shirye-shiryen makarantun firamare na wannan jihar ba su yi kyau ba idan aka yi la'akari da ma'aunin inganci. Sauran jihohin da suka yi rajista sama da kashi 50 cikin 100 sun haɗa da Wisconsin, Iowa, Texas da Vermont.
A shekara ta 2002, masu jefa ƙuri'a a Florida sun zartar da wani gyara ga kundin tsarin mulkin jihar wanda ya buƙaci jihar ta kafa wani shirin sa-kai na kafin zuwan yara ƙanana (VPK) kyauta ga dukkan yara 'yan shekara huɗu kafin kaka ta Shekaran 2005. Shirin Florida shine babban shirin makarantun gaba da firamare na matakin jiha a ƙasar. [4] Yana da kowa da kowa, ma'ana duk yara sun cancanci matuƙar sun cika shekaru da buƙatun zama. [4] A shekarar makaranta ta 2013-14, kashi 80% na shirye-shiryen VPK an gina su ne a cibiyoyin masu zaman kansu, kashi 18% an gina su ne a makarantun gwamnati, kashi 1% an gina su ne a gidajen kula da yara na iyali, sannan kashi 1% an gina su ne a makarantun masu zaman kansu. [4] Shirin ya haifar da ƙaruwar shiga makarantar pre-k, wanda ya kai kusan kashi 80% a shekarar 2014. [4] Shirin ya fuskanci raguwar kuɗaɗen shiga; a shekarar 2019, kwamitin edita na Orlando Sentinel ya rubuta cewa Majalisar Dokokin Florida "ta yi watsi da shirin pre-K kusan tun lokacin da masu zaɓe suka amince da shi."
Tasiri
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A cewar wani bita na Shekaran 2024 da aka buga a cikin Science, [5] bincike kan ingancin shirye-shiryen pre-K ya sami sakamako iri-iri. [5] Duk da cewa wasu bincike sun yi iƙirarin cewa suna nuna sakamako mai kyau, waɗannan sun dogara ne akan hanyoyin da ba a ba da izini ba kuma suna da iyaka. Nazarin da aka yi bisa caca ya gano cewa shirye-shiryen pre-K ba su da sakamako mara kyau. [5]
Wani bincike da aka gudanar ya gano cewa yaran da aka ba su izinin yin cikakken karatun pre-K suna da sakamako mafi girma a fannin fahimta, karatu da rubutu, lissafi, da ci gaban jiki, a ƙarshen pre-K, fiye da takwarorinsu waɗanda aka ba su izinin yin rabin karatun pre-K na tsawon kwana ɗaya. Wani bincike mai zurfi kan kula da yara 2,990 masu ƙarancin kuɗi a Tennessee ya gano cewa "yara da aka sanya su zuwa pre-K ba zato ba tsammani suna da ƙananan maki na gwajin nasara a jihar a azuzuwan uku zuwa shida fiye da yaran da ke kula da su, tare da mafi girman tasirin mummunan sakamako a aji shida. An kuma gano mummunan sakamako ga keta hakki na ladabtarwa, halarta, da karɓar ayyukan ilimi na musamman, tare da rashin tasirin riƙewa." [6]
Aikin Makarantar Firamare ta Perry bincike ne kan tasirin shirye-shiryen kafin zuwan yara kan sakamako ga matasa marasa galihu. An gano cewa samuwar ingantaccen ilimin kafin zuwan yara yana da alaƙa mai mahimmanci da yawan kammala karatun sakandare, ƙarancin laifuka, ƙarancin ɗaukar ciki ga matasa, da kuma ingantaccen sakamako na tattalin arziki a lokacin girma. [7]
'Ya'yan baƙi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Hukumar Kididdiga ta Amurka ta yi hasashen cewa al'ummar da aka haifa a ƙasashen waje a Amurka za su kai kashi 19% na al'ummar Amurka nan da shekarar 2060 (sama da kashi 13% a shekarar 2014). Yaran iyalan baƙi suna fuskantar ƙalubale na musamman.
Dabi'un al'adu da zaɓuɓɓukan kula da yara
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Yaran baƙi ne ke wakiltar yawan jama'ar Amurka da ke ƙaruwa cikin sauri. 'Yan Asiya da Latinos su ne manyan ƙungiyoyin ƙabilu biyu. Kamar kowane iyalai, baƙi suna da zaɓi yayin neman zaɓuɓɓukan kula da yara. Bambancin al'adu yana tsara zaɓin kula da yara, kamar ra'ayoyi game da ci gaban ilimi na farko. Waɗannan bambance-bambancen suna taimakawa wajen bayyana wasu zaɓuɓɓukan kula da yara marasa tsari. Idan aka kwatanta da ƙungiyoyin baƙi na Latino, 'yan Asiya sun fi Latino iya shigar da 'ya'yansu a shirye-shiryen kafin zuwan yara saboda haɗakar da malamai. [8] Mayar da hankali kan shirye-shiryen makaranta kafin zuwa makaranta yana da mahimmanci ga iyaye 'yan Asiya. Iyaye 'yan gudun hijira daga Latino galibi suna zaɓar zaɓuɓɓukan kula da yara na yau da kullun, kamar kula da iyaye, dangi ko wanda ba dangi ba a gida. [9] Wannan ya faru ne saboda ra'ayin cewa za a koyar da ƙwarewar ilimi ta hanyar koyarwa ta hukuma bayan yara sun shiga makarantar firamare. [10] Duk da cewa iyalan Latino suna daraja samun ƙwarewar ilimi, zaɓin kula da yara a gida yana nuna mahimmancin dabi'un al'adu da harshe da kuma yanayin iyali na gargajiya. Iyaye waɗanda ba su da ƙwarewar Turanci sosai sun fi son zaɓar kulawar iyaye ko ta cikin gida maimakon shirye-shiryen kafin zuwan yara. [8]
Shingayen
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A cewar bayanai daga Binciken Samun Kuɗi da Shiga Shirye-shirye (SIPP) da Cibiyar Kula da Lafiyar Yara da Ci Gaban Dan Adam ta Ƙasa (NICHD), iyalai masu ƙarancin kuɗi ba sa amfani da kulawar yara ta hanyar cibiyoyin kula da yara, kamar kafin zuwa makarantar yara, fiye da yaran da ba 'yan gudun hijira ba. [11] Duk da cewa wasu iyalai 'yan Latino sun fi son kula da yara a gida, da yawa sun ba da rahoton cewa suna son sanya 'ya'yansu a cikin shirin kafin zuwan yara. Hira da iyaye mata 'yan cirani sun bayyana dalilai da dama da suka sa yaransu ke neman wurin zama kafin zuwan yara, ciki har da aikin iyaye mata, damar koyon Turanci da kuma ci gaban zamantakewa da motsin rai. [12] Matsalolin da iyaye mata 'yan cirani suka ruwaito suna fuskanta sun haɗa da tsadar kuɗi, jerin jira na dogon lokaci, buƙatar samar da takardu (musamman ga baƙi ba bisa ƙa'ida ba da waɗanda ba su da ƙwarewar Turanci) da kuma rashin bayanai game da cancantar samun shirye-shiryen tallafi. A matsakaici, baƙi suna fuskantar ƙaruwar talauci saboda ƙarancin albashi, ƙarancin ilimi da kuma rashin ƙwarewar Turanci.
fa'idodi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Duk da cewa yara da yawa suna cin gajiyar ilimin kafin zuwan yara ƙanana da kuma na yara ƙanana, yaran da suka yi ƙaura, musamman waɗanda suka fito daga ƙananan gidaje masu tattalin arziki, sun fi cin gajiyar hakan. Bincike ya nuna cewa baƙi na farko da na biyu sun yi ƙasa a baya ga yaran iyalan da ba 'yan gudun hijira ba ne a fannin fahimi da harshe. [13] Mayar da hankali kan ci gaban fahimta, zamantakewa, motsin rai da kuma jiki na Pre-K zai magance waɗannan ƙwarewa kuma ya rage rashin daidaito a shirye-shiryen makaranta tsakanin yara daga iyalai baƙi da waɗanda ba baƙi ba. Dole ne malamai su kasance masu kula da motsin zuciyar ƙungiyoyin baƙi game da koyon harshen Ingilishi idan aka kwatanta da harshensu na asali. Pre-K zai iya taimaka wa yara su gina ƙwarewa ɗaya ko duka biyun. Ga yawancin ɗaliban Amurka, iya magana da Turanci yana da matuƙar muhimmanci. [14]
Duba kuma
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- Balwadi
- Makarantar yara ta daji
- Makarantar renon yara ta canji
- Ƙungiyar wasan yara ta makaranta - wani nau'in cibiyar da ke da alaƙa da ita da aka samu a Burtaniya
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ "At What Age Can You Start Pre-K in Georgia?". Education - Seattle PI.
- ↑ Andrews, Shirley P.; Slate, John R. (March 2002). "Public and private prekindergarten programs: A comparison of student readiness". Educational Research Quarterly. 25 (3): 59–73.
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs named "Diffey". - 1 2 3 4 Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs named "Bassok". - 1 2 3 Burchina, Margaret; Whitaker, Anamarie; Jenkins, Jade; Bailey, Drew; Watts, Tyler; Duncan, Greg; Hart, Emma (2024). "Unsettled science on longer-run effects of early education". Science (in Turanci). 384 (6695): 506–508. Bibcode:2024Sci...384..506B. doi:10.1126/science.adn2141. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 38696579 Check
|pmid=value (help). Archived from the original on 2 May 2024. - ↑ Durkin, Kelley; Lipsey, Mark; Farran, Dale; Wiesen, Sarah (2022). "Effects of a statewide pre-kindergarten program on children's achievement and behavior through sixth grade". Developmental Psychology. 58 (3): 470–484. doi:10.1037/dev0001301. PMC 9716729 Check
|pmc=value (help). PMID 35007113 Check|pmid=value (help). - ↑ "Perry Preschool Project". youth.gov. Archived from the original on 2022-03-21. Retrieved 2026-08-26.
- 1 2 Miller, Portia; Votruba-Drzal, Elizabeth; Coley, Rebekah Levine (2013). "Predictors of early care and education type among preschool-aged children in immigrant families: The role of region of origin and characteristics of the immigrant experience". Children and Youth Services Review. 35 (9): 1342–1355. doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2013.04.024.
- ↑ Crosnoe, Robert (2018). "Early Child Care and the School Readiness of Children from Mexican Immigrant Families". International Migration Review. 41: 152–181. doi:10.1111/j.1747-7379.2007.00060.x. S2CID 146434326.
- ↑ Harris, Angel L.; Jamison, Kenneth M.; Trujillo, Monica H. (2008). "Disparities in the Educational Success of Immigrants: An Assessment of the Immigrant Effect for Asians and Latinos". The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. 620: 90–114. doi:10.1177/0002716208322765. S2CID 144186529.
- ↑ Brandon, Peter D. (2004). "The Child Care Arrangements of Preschool-Age Children in Immigrant Families in the United States". International Migration. 42: 65–87. doi:10.1111/j.0020-7985.2004.00274.x.
- ↑ Vesely, Colleen K. (2013). "Low-income African and Latina immigrant mothers' selection of early childhood care and education (ECCE): Considering the complexity of cultural and structural influences". Early Childhood Research Quarterly. 28 (3): 470–486. doi:10.1016/j.ecresq.2013.02.001.
- ↑ De Feyter, Jessica Johnson; Winsler, Adam (2009). "The early developmental competencies and school readiness of low-income, immigrant children: Influences of generation, race/ethnicity, and national origins". Early Childhood Research Quarterly. 24 (4): 411–431. doi:10.1016/j.ecresq.2009.07.004.
- ↑ Crosnoe, Robert; Ansari, Arya (2016). "Family Socioeconomic Status, Immigration, and Children's Transitions into School". Family Relations. 65 (1): 73–84. doi:10.1111/fare.12171. PMC 6405210. PMID 30853737.
