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Wildfire
fire incident type (en) Fassara
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare naGobara da matsanancin yanayi
Karatun taMuhalli na wuta
EntitySchema for this class (mul) FassaraEntity schema not supported yet (E529)
Wutar daji da ke ƙonewa a cikin gandun daji na Kaibab, Arizona, Amurka, a cikin 2020. Wutar Mangum ta ƙone fiye da kadada 70,000 ( ) na gandun daji.

Gobar daji, gobar gandun daji, gobar ciyayi, ko gobar jeji wata gobara ce da ba a shirya ta ba kuma ba a sarrafa ta, wadda ke faruwa a wani yanki mai dauke da tsirrai masu saurin kamawa da wuta. Wasu tsarin halittun gandun daji na dabi'a suna dogaro da gobarar daji domin ci gaba da wanzuwarsu.[1]

A zamanin yau, kula da gandun daji sau da yawa ya ƙunshi yin ƙonawa da aka tsara (prescribed burns) domin rage haɗarin gobara da kuma taimakawa wajen ci gaba da zagayowar dabi'ar gandun daji. Sai dai, ƙonawar da ake sarrafawa na iya rikidewa ta zama gobarar daji idan ta tsallake iyakokin da aka tanada domin hana ta yaɗuwa.

Ana iya rarrabe gobarar daji (wildfires) bisa dalilin da ya haddasa tashinta, siffofinta na zahiri, irin kayan da ke iya kamawa da wuta da ke wurin, da kuma tasirin yanayi ga gobarar.[2] Girman gobarar daji ya samo asali ne daga haɗuwa da dalilai kamar man fetur, yanayin jiki, da yanayi.[3][4] Tsarin yanayi tare da lokutan rigar da ke haifar da man fetur mai yawa, sannan fari da zafi, sau da yawa suna gaba da mummunan gobarar daji.[5] Wadannan zagayen sun kara karfi ta hanyar Canjin yanayi, ::247 kuma ana iya kara tsanantawa ta hanyar rage matakan ragewa (kamar kasafin kuɗi ko kudade na kayan aiki), ko kuma girman taron.

Wutar daji bala'i ne na yau da kullun a sassa da yawa na duniya, misali a Rasha (Siberia), Amurka (alal misali a California, Washington, Oregon, Texas, Florida), Kanada da Ostiraliya.[6][7][8][9][10] Gobarar daji na iya yin mummunan tasiri ga mutane da kuma matsugunansu. Tasirin ya haɗa da illolin kai tsaye ga lafiya da hayaki da wuta ke haifarwa, da kuma lalata dukiya, musamman a yankunan da wuraren daji ke haɗuwa da birane. Haka kuma, gobarar daji na iya haifar da asarar tattalin arziki da kuma gurɓatar ruwa da ƙasa.Samfuri:OwidsliderSamfuri:OwidsliderA matakin duniya, ayyukan ɗan Adam sun ƙara tsananta tasirin gobarar daji, inda adadin yankunan da gobarar daji ke ƙonawa ya ninka har sau biyu idan aka kwatanta da matakin da zai faru a yanayi na dabi'a.: Mutane 247 sun shafi gobarar daji ta hanyar Canjin yanayi (misali raƙuman zafi da fari), canjin amfani da ƙasa, da kuma murkushe gobarar dajin.[11]:247Carbon da aka saki daga gobarar daji na iya ƙarawa ga carbon dioxide a cikin yanayi kuma ta haka ne ya ba da gudummawa ga tasirin greenhouse. Wannan yana haifar da ra'ayoyin canjin yanayi.[12]:20

Wutar daji da ke faruwa na halitta na iya samun sakamako mai fa'ida a kan waɗancan yanayin halittu waɗanda suka samo asali tare da wuta.[13][14] A zahiri, nau'ikan shuke-shuke da yawa sun dogara da tasirin wuta don girma da haifuwa.[15]

Rashin wuta

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Two illustrations of the earth, one above the other. The seas are dark gray in color and the continents a lighter gray. Both images have red, yellow, and white markers indicating where fires occurred during the months of August (top image) and February (bottom image) of the year 2008.
Wutar duniya a cikin shekara ta 2008 don watanni na Agusta (hoton sama) da Fabrairu (hoton ƙasa), kamar yadda aka gano ta hanyar Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) akan tauraron dan adam na Terra na NASA.

Fara gobara na faruwa ne ta hanyar dalilan halitta ko kuma ayyukan ɗan Adam, ko dai da gangan ko ba da gangan ba. A ƙasar Amurka, sama da kashi 85% na gobarar daji ayyukan ɗan Adam ne ke haddasawa.[16]

Wutar daji da ke cike da walƙiya tana faruwa akai-akai a lokacin rani a Nevada.

Dalilan halitta

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Abubuwan da suka faru na halitta waɗanda zasu iya ƙone gobarar daji ba tare da sa hannun mutane ba sun haɗa da walƙiya, fashewar dutse, hasken wuta daga faduwar dutse ba, da konewa ta kai tsaye.[17][18]

Tushen gobarar da mutum ya haifar na iya haɗawa da ƙonewa, ƙonewa ta haɗari, ko amfani da wuta ba tare da sarrafawa ba a cikin tsabtace ƙasa da aikin gona kamar aikin gona. A cikin wurare masu zafi, manoma galibi suna yin amfani da hanyar slash-and-burn na share filayen a Lokacin fari.

A tsakiyar latitudes, abubuwan da suka fi haifar da gobarar daji sune kayan aikin da ke samar da hasken wuta (chainsaws, grinders, mowers, da dai sauransu), layin wutar lantarki na sama, da ƙonewa.[19][20][21][22]

Arson na iya zama alhakin sama da kashi 20% na gobarar da ta haifar da mutane, [23] kodayake ayyukan ɗan adam, gami da gobarar sansani, gazawar layin wutar lantarki, da amfani da kayan aiki, suna da alhakin kusan kashi 85% na gobarar daji. [24] Haɗin waɗannan tushen ƙonewa tare da yanayin bushewa yana haifar da gobara mai tsanani da yawa. Koyaya, a cikin Lokacin gobarar daji na Australiya na 2019-20 "wani binciken mai zaman kansa ya sami bots da trolls na kan layi suna wuce gona da iri game da rawar da ƙonewa ke takawa a cikin gobarar. "A cikin gobarar daji ta Kanada ta 2023 da'awar ƙarya game da ƙonewa ta sami ƙarfi a kan kafofin sada zumunta; duk da haka, ƙonewa gabaɗaya ba shine babban dalilin gobarar daji a Kanada ba. A California, gabaɗaya 6-10% na gobarar daji a kowace shekara ƙonewa ne.[25]

Wutar kwal tana ƙonewa a cikin dubban a duniya, kamar waɗanda ke cikin Burning Mountain, New South Wales; Centralia, Pennsylvania; da kuma gobarar kwal da yawa a China. Hakanan zasu iya haskakawa ba zato ba tsammani kuma su ƙone kayan wuta da ke kusa.[26]

Flat expanse of brown grasses and some green trees with black and some gray smoke and visible flames in the distance.
Wutar da ke saman a yammacin hamada ta Utah, Amurka
Mountainous region with blackened soil and trees due to a recent fire.
Yanayin da aka ƙone bayan gobarar kambi a Arewacin Cascades, Amurka
Wutar daji da ake gani daga nesa a cikin Dajti National Park, Tirana, Albania
  • Ana ciyar da gobarar Ƙasa ta hanyar tushen ƙasa, duff a kan gandun daji, da sauran abubuwan da aka binne. Wutar ƙasa yawanci tana ƙonewa ta hanyar ƙonewa, kuma tana iya ƙonewa sannu a hankali na kwanaki zuwa watanni, kamar gobarar peat a Kalimantan da Gabashin Sumatra, Indonesia, wanda ya haifar da Aikin kirkirar riceland wanda ba da gangan ba ya bushe kuma ya bushe peat.[27]
  • Ana amfani da wuta mai laushi ko wuta ta ƙasa ta hanyar kayan lambu masu laushi a ƙasa da gandun daji kamar ganye da katako, tarkace, ciyawa, da ƙananan shrubbery. Irin wannan wuta sau da yawa tana ƙonewa a ƙananan zafin jiki fiye da gobarar kambi (kasa da 400 °C (752 °F) ° ° F) kuma tana iya yaduwa a hankali, kodayake gangara masu tsawo da iska na iya hanzarta yawan yaduwa. Wannan nau'in man fetur yana da saukin kamuwa da ƙonewa saboda tabo. 
  • Wutar tsani tana cinye kayan tsakanin ƙananan ciyayi da bishiyoyi, kamar ƙananan bishiyoyi, katako da aka rushe, da inabi. Kudzu, Tsohon Duniya hawa fern, da sauran Tsire-tsire masu mamayewa waɗanda ke hawa bishiyoyi na iya ƙarfafa gobarar tsani.[28]
  • Crown, canopy, ko wuta ta sama tana ƙone kayan da aka dakatar a matakin canopy, kamar itatuwa masu tsayi, inabi, da mosses. Wutar da wuta ta kambi, wanda ake kira kambi, ya dogara da yawan kayan da aka dakatar, tsawo, ci gaba da rufin, isasshen wuta da tsani, abun ciki na danshi, da yanayin yanayi a lokacin gobarar. Wutar da ke maye gurbin mutane na iya yadawa cikin gandun daji na Amazon, yana lalata yanayin da ba ya dace da zafi ko yanayin busasshiyar yanayi.[29]
Hanyar datti ta yi aiki a matsayin shingen wuta a Afirka ta Kudu. Ana iya ganin tasirin shingen a bayyane a bangarorin da ba a ƙone su ba (hagu) da ƙonewa (dama) na hanya.

Gobarar daji tana faruwa ne lokacin da dukkan abubuwan da ake buƙata na triangle na gobara (fire triangle) suka haɗu a wani yanki mai sauƙin kamuwa da wuta. Wannan yana faruwa ne lokacin da tushen kunna wuta ya haɗu da wani abu mai saurin kamawa da wuta, kamar tsirrai, wanda ya sami isasshen zafi tare da isasshen iskar oxygen daga yanayin da ke kewaye.

Yawan danshi a cikin kayan da za su iya kamawa da wuta yawanci yana hana kunna wuta kuma yana rage yaɗuwar gobarar, saboda ana buƙatar zafi mai yawa domin fitar da ruwan da ke cikin kayan ta hanyar ƙafewa, sannan a ɗaga zafin kayan zuwa matakin kamawa da wuta (fire point).[3][30]

Kudancin gandun daji yawanci suna samar da inuwa, wanda ke haifar da yanayin zafi da zafi mafi girma, sabili da haka ba sa saukin kamuwa da gobarar daji. Abubuwan da ba su da yawa kamar ciyawa da ganye suna da sauƙin ƙonewa saboda suna ƙunshe da ruwa kaɗan fiye da kayan da suka fi yawa kamar rassa da kututture. Shuke-shuke suna ci gaba da rasa ruwa ta hanyar evapotranspiration, amma yawanci ana daidaita asarar ruwa ta hanyar ruwa da aka sha daga ƙasa, danshi, ko ruwan sama.[31] Lokacin da ba a kiyaye wannan ma'auni ba, sau da yawa sakamakon fari, tsire-tsire sun bushe kuma saboda haka sun fi ƙonewa.[32][33]

A gaba gobarar daji shi ne ɓangaren da ke ci gaba da cin wuta, inda kayan da ba a ƙone su ba ya haɗu da harshen wuta mai aiki, ko kuma canjin wuta tsakanin kayan da ba su ƙonewa da ƙonewa. Yayin da gaba ke gabatowa, wuta tana dumama iska da kayan katako ta hanyar convection da radiation na zafi. Na farko, ana bushe itace yayin da ake narkar da ruwa a zafin jiki na 100 °C (212 °F) ° C (212 ° F). Bayan haka, pyrolysis na itace a 230 °C (446 °F) ° C (450 ° F) yana fitar da iskar gas mai cin wuta. A ƙarshe, itace na iya ƙonewa a 380 °C (716 °F) ° C (720 ° F) ko, lokacin da aka dumama sosai, ya ƙone a 590 °C (1,094 °F) ° C (1,000 ° F). [34] Ko da kafin harshen wuta ya isa wani wuri, canja wurin zafi daga gaban gobarar daji yana dumama iska zuwa 800 °C (1,470 °F) ° C (1,500 ° F), wanda ke riga ya bushe kayan wuta, yana haifar da kayan wuta da sauri kuma yana ba da damar wutar ta bazu da sauri.[35] Babban zafin jiki da wuta mai tsawo na iya ƙarfafa flashover ko ƙonewa: bushewar bishiyoyi da ƙonewa daga ƙasa.

Wutar daji tana da saurin yaduwa (FROS) lokacin da yake ƙonewa ta hanyar man fetur mai yawa.[36] Suna iya motsawa da sauri kamar kilomita 10.8 a kowace awa (6.7 a cikin gandun daji da kilomita 22 a kowace awa (14 a wuraren ciyawa.[37] Wutar daji na iya ci gaba ta hanyar tangentially zuwa babban gaba don samar da gaba mai flanking, ko ƙonewa a wata hanya ta gaba ta hanyar goyon baya. Hakanan suna iya yaduwa ta hanyar tsalle ko gani yayin da iskõki da ginshiƙan convection na tsaye ke ɗauke da firebrands (hot wood embers) da sauran kayan ƙonewa ta iska a kan hanyoyi, koguna, da sauran shingen da za su iya aiki a matsayin firebreaks.[38][39] Wutar wuta da wuta a cikin bishiyoyi suna ƙarfafa tabo, kuma man fetur mai bushewa a kusa da gobarar daji suna da haɗari ga ƙonewa daga wuta[40]Spotting na iya haifar da wuta mai haske kamar yadda gawayi masu zafi da wuta ke ƙone man fetur daga iska daga wuta. A cikin gobarar daji ta Australiya, an san gobarar ta faru har zuwa kilomita 20 (12 daga gaban wuta.[41]

Musamman manyan gobarar daji na iya shafar iska a kusa da su ta hanyar tasirin tarin: iska tana tashi yayin da ake dumama, kuma manyan gobarar da ke haifar da karfi wanda zai jawo sabon iska mai sanyi daga yankunan da ke kewaye da su a cikin ginshiƙan zafi.[42]Babban bambance-bambance na tsaye a cikin zafin jiki da danshi suna ƙarfafa girgije na pyrocumulus, iskõki masu ƙarfi, da ƙwanƙwasa wuta tare da ƙarfin guguwa a saurin fiye da kilomita 80 a kowace awa (50).[43][44][45] Saurin yaduwa, ƙwanƙwasawa ko tabo, kasancewar ƙwanƙolin wuta, da ginshiƙai masu ƙarfi suna nuna matsanancin yanayi.

Bambancin ƙarfi a rana da dare

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Wutar daji a Venezuela a lokacin fari

Har ila yau, ƙarfin yana ƙaruwa a lokacin rana. Yawan ƙonewa na katako masu cin wuta sun kai sau biyar mafi girma a rana saboda ƙananan danshi, karuwar zafin jiki, da karuwar saurin iska. Hasken rana yana dumama ƙasa a rana wanda ke haifar da iska da ke tafiya a kan tudu. Da daddare ƙasar tana sanyaya, tana haifar da iska da ke tafiya zuwa ƙasa. Wadannan iskõki suna yada gobarar daji kuma galibi suna bin iska a kan tuddai da kwari. Wutar a Turai tana faruwa akai-akai a cikin sa'o'i na 12:00 na yamma da 2:00 na yamma. Ayyukan hana gobarar daji a Amurka suna kewaye da ranar wuta ta awa 24 wanda ke farawa da karfe 10:00 na safe saboda karuwar da za a iya hangowa a cikin tsananin da ya haifar da zafi na rana.    Dangane da raunin yanayi na ƙuntataccen yanayi na rana da dare, wani binciken da aka buga a cikin Science Advances ya kiyasta cewa daga 1975 zuwa 2024, lokutan ƙonewa na shekara-shekara don gobarar daji a Arewacin Amurka ya karu da kashi 36%.[46]

Tasirin canjin yanayi

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Ƙarin haɗari saboda canjin yanayi

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Canjin yanayi yana inganta irin yanayin da ke sa gobarar daji ta fi dacewa. A wasu yankuna, an danganta karuwar gobarar daji kai tsaye ga canjin yanayi.::247 Shaida daga baya na Duniya kuma ya nuna karin wuta a lokutan zafi.[47] Canjin yanayi yana ƙara yiwuwar evapotranspiration. Wannan na iya haifar da ciyayi da ƙasa su bushe lokacin da yiwuwar evaporation ya wuce hazo da kuma danshi mai samuwa daga tsarin halittu da aka ba shi. Rashin matsin tururi yana taimakawa wajen kara hadarin gobarar daji kuma yana kara muni a cikin yanayin zafi.[48] Lokacin da wuta ta fara a yankin da ke da tsiro sosai, zai iya yaduwa da sauri. Yanayin zafi mafi girma na iya tsawaita lokacin wuta. Wannan shine lokacin shekara wanda mummunan gobarar daji ya fi dacewa, musamman a yankunan da dusar ƙanƙara ke ɓacewa.[49]

Yanayin yanayi yana kara haɗarin gobarar daji. Amma jimlar yankin da gobarar daji ta ƙone ya ragu. Wannan galibi saboda an canza Savanna zuwa gonar amfanin gona, don haka akwai ƙananan bishiyoyi da za a ƙone.[49]

Kodayake gandun daji na Boreal ba su da babban ɓangare na yankin da aka ƙone a duniya, suna ba da gudummawa sosai ga hayakin carbon na duniya daga gobarar daji.[50] Wadannan gandun daji na iya fuskantar ƙarin haɗari a ƙarƙashin canjin yanayi saboda idan adadin walƙiya ya karu kamar yadda ake tsammani.[51]

Canjin yanayi ciki har da raƙuman zafi, fari, da El Niño, da kuma yanayin yanayi na yanki, kamar tsaunuka masu matsin lamba, na iya ƙara haɗari da canza halayyar gobarar daji sosai.[52][53][54] Shekaru na ruwan sama mai yawa na iya haifar da saurin girma na ciyayi, wanda idan ya biyo bayan lokutan zafi na iya ƙarfafa gobara da yawa da lokutan wuta masu tsawo.[55]Babban yanayin zafi ya bushe nauyin man fetur kuma ya sa su fi ƙonewa, yana ƙara mutuwar bishiyoyi kuma yana haifar da haɗari ga lafiyar gandun daji ta duniya.[56][57][58] Tun daga tsakiyar shekarun 1980, a Yammacin Amurka, dusar ƙanƙara da ke tattare da shi da kuma dumama da ke tattane da shi an haɗa su da karuwa a tsawon da tsananin lokacin gobarar daji, ko kuma lokacin da ya fi dacewa da wuta a shekara.[59] Binciken 2019 ya nuna cewa karuwar Hadarin wuta a California na iya zama wani bangare ne saboda Canjin yanayi da mutum ya haifar.[60]

A lokacin rani na 1974-1975 (kudancin kudancin), Ostiraliya ta sha wahala daga mummunar gobarar daji da aka rubuta, lokacin da 15% na ƙasar Ostiraliya suka sha wahala "rashin wuta mai yawa".[61] Wutar da ta yi a wannan lokacin rani ta ƙone kimanin miliyan 117 million hectares (290×10^6 acres; 1,170,000 km2; 450,000 sq mi) (acre miliyan 290; 1,170,000; murabba'i mil 450,000). [62] A Ostiraliya, yawan kwanakin zafi na shekara-shekara (sama da 35 °C (95 °F) ° ° F) da kwanakin zafi sosai (sama da 40 °C (104 °F) ° ° F) ya karu sosai a yankuna da yawa na ƙasar tun 1950. Kasar koyaushe tana da gobarar daji amma a cikin 2019, girman da tsananin waɗannan gobarar sun karu sosai. A karo na farko an ayyana yanayin gobarar daji a Greater Sydney. New South Wales da Queensland sun ayyana dokar ta baci amma gobara ma tana ƙonewa a Kudancin Australia da Yammacin Australia.

A cikin 2019, matsanancin zafi da bushewa sun haifar da manyan gobarar daji a Siberia, Alaska, Canary Islands, Australia, da kuma cikin gandun daji na Amazon. Wutar da ta faru a ƙarshen ta samo asali ne daga katako ba bisa ka'ida ba. Hayaki daga gobarar ya fadada a kan babban yanki ciki har da manyan birane, yana rage ingancin iska sosai.[63]

Ya zuwa watan Agustan 2020, gobarar daji a wannan shekarar ta kasance 13% mafi muni fiye da na 2019 saboda sauyin yanayi, sare daji da konewar noma. Rayuwar gandun daji na Amazon tana fuskantar barazanar gobara.[64][65][66][67]Wutar daji mai rikodin rikodin a cikin 2021 ta faru a Turkiyya, Girka da Rasha, ana zaton tana da alaƙa da canjin yanayi.[68]

Bidiyo don bayyana yadda karuwar Yanayin zafi na teku ke da alaƙa da tsananin lokacin wuta.

Carbon dioxide da sauran hayaki daga gobara

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Carbon da aka saki daga gobarar daji na iya ƙarawa ga yawan iskar gas. Misalai na yanayi har yanzu ba su nuna wannan ra'ayi ba.:20

Wutar daji tana fitar da adadi mai yawa na carbon dioxide, baƙar fata da launin ruwan kasa, da abubuwan da ke tattare da ozone kamar su kwayoyin halitta masu saurin canzawa da nitrogen oxides (NOx) a cikin yanayi.[69][70] Wadannan hayaki suna shafar radiation, girgije, da yanayi a kan yanki har ma da sikelin duniya.[10] Har ila yau, gobarar daji tana fitar da adadi mai yawa na nau'ikan kwayoyin halitta waɗanda zasu iya rabuwa daga matakin gas don samar da aerosol na biyu (SOA) sama da sa'o'i zuwa kwanaki bayan fitarwa. Bugu da kari, samar da sauran gurbataccen abu yayin da ake jigilar iska na iya haifar da haɗari ga jama'a a yankuna da ke nesa da gobarar daji. [71][10] Duk da yake fitarwa kai tsaye na gurɓataccen abu na iya shafar masu amsawa da mazauna farko, ana iya jigilar hayakin gobara a kan nesa mai tsawo kuma yana tasiri ga ingancin iska a fadin gida, yanki, da kuma duniya.[72]

Wutar daji a kusa da Yosemite National Park, Amurka, a cikin 2013. Wutar Rim ta ƙone fiye da kadada ,000 (1,000 ) na gandun daji.

Sakamakon kiwon lafiya na hayakin gobarar daji, kamar kara tabarbarewar yanayin zuciya da numfashi, ya wuce bayyanar nan take, yana ba da gudummawa ga kusan mutuwar shekara-shekara 16,000, adadin da ake sa ran zai karu zuwa 30,000 nan da shekara ta 2050. Har ila yau, tasirin tattalin arziki yana da mahimmanci, tare da farashin da aka tsara ya kai dala biliyan 240 a kowace shekara ta 2050, ya wuce sauran lalacewar da ke da alaƙa da yanayi.[73]

Tushen

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 Wannan labarin ya ƙunshi rubutu dagaabun ciki kyautaaiki. An ba da lasisi a ƙarƙashin CC BY 4.0 (Abin da ya fi dacewa da shi) Sanarwar lasisi / iziniRashin amfani da shi Rubutun da aka karɓa dagaBinciken albarkatun gandun daji na duniya 2025__hau____hau____hau__, Kungiyar Abinci da Aikin Gona ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (FAO).

 Wannan labarin ya ƙunshi rubutu dagaabun ciki kyautaaiki. An ba da lasisi a ƙarƙashin CC BY 4.0 (Abin da ya fi dacewa da shi) Sanarwar lasisi / iziniRashin amfani da shi Rubutun da aka karɓa dagaTasirin Bala'o'i akan Aikin Gona da Tsaron Abinci 2025__hau____hau____hau__, Kungiyar Abinci da Aikin Gona ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya.

Manazarta

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  1. ↑ "Drought, Tree Mortality, and Wildfire in Forests Adapted to Frequent Fire" (PDF). UC Berkeley College of Natural Resources. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 August 2022. Retrieved 15 March 2022.
  2. ↑ Flannigan, M. D.; Amiro, B. D.; Logan, K. A.; Stocks, B. J.; Wotton, B. M. (July 2006). "Forest Fires and Climate Change in the 21ST Century". Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change. 11 (4): 847–859. doi:10.1007/s11027-005-9020-7.
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  4. ↑ Trigo, Ricardo M.; Provenzale, Antonello; Llasat, Maria Carmen; AghaKouchak, Amir; Hardenberg, Jost von; Turco, Marco (6 March 2017). "On the key role of droughts in the dynamics of summer fires in Mediterranean Europe". Scientific Reports (in Turanci). 7 (1): 81. Bibcode:2017NatSR...7...81T. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-00116-9. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 5427854. PMID 28250442.
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  12. ↑ IPCC, 2021: Summary for Policymakers Archived 11 ga Augusta, 2021 at the Wayback Machine. In: Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Archived 26 Mayu 2023 at the Wayback Machine "Summary for Policymakers". Climate Change 2021 – the Physical Science Basis. 2023. pp. 3–32. doi:10.1017/9781009157896.001. ISBN 978-1-009-15789-6.
  13. ↑ Heidari, Hadi; Arabi, Mazdak; Warziniack, Travis (August 2021). "Effects of Climate Change on Natural-Caused Fire Activity in Western U.S. National Forests". Atmosphere (in Turanci). 12 (8): 981. Bibcode:2021Atmos..12..981H. doi:10.3390/atmos12080981.
  14. ↑ Hutto, Richard L. (1 December 2008). "The Ecological Importance of Severe Wildfires: Some Like It Hot". Ecological Applications (in Turanci). 18 (8): 1827–1834. Bibcode:2008EcoAp..18.1827H. doi:10.1890/08-0895.1. ISSN 1939-5582. PMID 19263880. Archived from the original on 9 July 2023. Retrieved 27 August 2019.
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  57. ↑ Brando, Paulo M.; Paolucci, Lucas; Ummenhofer, Caroline C.; Ordway, Elsa M.; Hartmann, Henrik; Cattau, Megan E.; Rattis, Ludmila; Medjibe, Vincent; Coe, Michael T.; Balch, Jennifer (30 May 2019). "Droughts, Wildfires, and Forest Carbon Cycling: A Pantropical Synthesis". Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences (in Turanci). 47 (1): 555–581. Bibcode:2019AREPS..47..555B. doi:10.1146/annurev-earth-082517-010235. ISSN 0084-6597. S2CID 189975585.
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