Kasolite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Kasolite
Formula:
Pb(UO2)(SiO4) · H2O
Colour:
Ocher yellow to brownish yellow, amber brown, lemon yellow, to green or reddish orange
Lustre:
Sub-Adamantine, Greasy
Hardness:
4 - 5
Specific Gravity:
5.83 - 6.5
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Name:
For the type occurrence.
Possibly the Pb analogue of unnamed phase 'UM1956-02-SiO:CaHU'. The only accepted Pb-U silicate mineral. Chemically similar to 'orlite'.
Crystal structure details:
- uranyl silicate layers of the uranophane sheet anion-topology
- Pb atoms and water molecules are in the interlayer space; water coordinates interlayer Pb
- hydrogen bonding is strong, with pair distribution of water molecules
Crystal structure details:
- uranyl silicate layers of the uranophane sheet anion-topology
- Pb atoms and water molecules are in the interlayer space; water coordinates interlayer Pb
- hydrogen bonding is strong, with pair distribution of water molecules
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
2165
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:2165:0
Similar Names
IMA Classification of Kasolite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
First published:
1921
Classification of Kasolite
9.AK.15
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
A : Nesosilicates
K : Uranyl neso- and polysilicates
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
A : Nesosilicates
K : Uranyl neso- and polysilicates
53.3.1.1
53 : NESOSILICATES Insular SiO4 Groups and Other Anions or Complex Cations
3 : Insular SiO4 Groups and Other Anions of Complex Cations with (UO2)
53 : NESOSILICATES Insular SiO4 Groups and Other Anions or Complex Cations
3 : Insular SiO4 Groups and Other Anions of Complex Cations with (UO2)
14.16.17
14 : Silicates not Containing Aluminum
16 : Silicates of U
14 : Silicates not Containing Aluminum
16 : Silicates of U
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
| Symbol | Source | Reference for Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Kso | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Physical Properties of Kasolite
Sub-Adamantine, Greasy
Transparency:
Transparent, Translucent, Opaque
Comment:
Dull to earthy if massive
Colour:
Ocher yellow to brownish yellow, amber brown, lemon yellow, to green or reddish orange
Streak:
Pale yellow brown
Hardness:
4 - 5 on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Perfect
Perfect on {001}
Indistinct on {100} {010}
Perfect on {001}
Indistinct on {100} {010}
Density:
5.83 - 6.5 g/cm3 (Measured) 6.256 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Kasolite
Type:
Biaxial (+)
RI values:
nα = 1.89 nβ = 1.91 nγ = 1.95
2V:
Measured: 43° , Calculated: 72°
Max. Birefringence:
δ = 0.060
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars.
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars.
Surface Relief:
Moderate
Dispersion:
strong
Pleochroism:
Weak
Comments:
X=Y= pale yellow
Z= colorless to slightly grayish
Z= colorless to slightly grayish
Chemistry of Kasolite
Mindat Formula:
Pb(UO2)(SiO4) · H2O
Element Weights:
Common Impurities:
As,P,Ba,Fe,Mg,Ca
Crystallography of Kasolite
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Class (H-M):
2/m - Prismatic
Space Group:
P21/b
Setting:
P21/a
Cell Parameters:
a = 13.24 Å, b = 6.94 Å, c = 6.70 Å
β = 104.33°
β = 104.33°
Ratio:
a:b:c = 1.908 : 1 : 0.965
Unit Cell V:
596.48 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
4
Morphology:
Stout prismatic, lath-like crystals.
Comment:
"the structure is mechanically stable and very isotropic"
Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0012338 | Kasolite | Rosenzweig A, Ryan R R (1977) Kasolite, Pb(UO2)(SiO4)*H2O Crystal Structure Communications 6 617-621 | 1977 | 0 | 293 | ||
| 0015549 | Kasolite | Mokeeva V I (1965) The crystal structure of kasolite Soviet Physics Crystallography 9 621-622 | 1965 | 0 | 293 | ||
| 0011895 | Kasolite | Huynen A M, Piret-Meunier J, Van Meerssche M (1963) Structure de la kasolite Academie Royale de Belgique, Classe des Sciences: Bulletin 49 192-201 | 1963 | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 3.26 Å | (100) |
| 2.93 Å | (90) |
| 4.19 Å | (80b) |
| 3.53 Å | (70) |
| 6.61 Å | (60) |
| 3.07 Å | (50) |
| 1.962 Å | (50) |
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Near-surface Processes | |
| 27 : Radioactive decay; auto-oxidation | |
| Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event | <2.4 |
| 47a : [Near-surface hydration of prior minerals] | |
| 47f : [Uranyl (U⁶⁺) minerals] |
Geological Setting:
Oxidation product of uraninite
Type Occurrence of Kasolite
General Appearance of Type Material:
Radiating needles, crystalline granular, and compact-massive.
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
Natural History Museum, Paris, France, 121.287.
Geological Setting of Type Material:
Oxidation zone of uranium deposit.
Associated Minerals at Type Locality:
Synonyms of Kasolite
Other Language Names for Kasolite
Common Associates
Associations Based on Photo Data:
| 130 photos of Kasolite associated with Malachite | Cu2(CO3)(OH)2 |
| 129 photos of Kasolite associated with Torbernite | Cu(UO2)2(PO4)2 · 12H2O |
| 42 photos of Kasolite associated with Wulfenite | Pb(MoO4) |
| 40 photos of Kasolite associated with Cuprosklodowskite | Cu(UO2)2(SiO3OH)2 · 6H2O |
| 38 photos of Kasolite associated with Metatorbernite | Cu(UO2)2(PO4)2 · 8H2O |
| 35 photos of Kasolite associated with Uranophane | Ca(UO2)2(SiO3OH)2 · 5H2O |
| 30 photos of Kasolite associated with Curite | Pb3(H2O)2[(UO2)4O4(OH)3]2 |
| 27 photos of Kasolite associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
| 21 photos of Kasolite associated with Uraninite | UO2 |
| 21 photos of Kasolite associated with Vandenbrandeite | Cu(UO2)(OH)4 |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 9.AK. | Orlite | Pb3(UO2)3(Si2O7)2 · 6H2O |
| 9.AK.05 | Soddyite | (UO2)2SiO4 · 2H2O |
| 9.AK.10 | Sklodowskite | Mg(UO2)2(SiO3OH)2 · 6H2O |
| 9.AK.10 | Cuprosklodowskite | Cu(UO2)2(SiO3OH)2 · 6H2O |
| 9.AK.10 | Oursinite | Co(UO2)2(SiO3OH)2 · 6H2O |
| 9.AK.15 | Parauranophane | Ca(UO2)2(SiO3OH)2 · 5H2O |
| 9.AK.15 | Uranophane | Ca(UO2)2(SiO3OH)2 · 5H2O |
| 9.AK.15 | Natroboltwoodite | Na(UO2)(SiO3OH) · H2O |
| 9.AK.15 | Boltwoodite | (K,Na)(UO2)(SiO3OH) · 1.5H2O |
| 9.AK.20 | Swamboite-(Nd) | Nd0.333[(UO2)(SiO3OH)](H2O)~2.5 |
| 9.AK.25 | Haiweeite | Ca(UO2)2[Si5O12(OH)2] · 6H2O |
| 9.AK.25 | Metahaiweeite | Ca(UO2)2Si6O15 · nH2O |
| 9.AK.30 | Weeksite | K2(UO2)2(Si5O13) · 4H2O |
| 9.AK.30 | Coutinhoite | ThxBa(1-2x)(UO2)2Si5O13 · (H2O)1+y (0 < x < 0.5 and 0 < y < (2+x)) |
| 9.AK.30 | Barronite | (◻0.5Ba0.5)(UO2)2Si5O12(OH) · 2H2O |
| 9.AK.35 | Magnioursilite | Mg4(UO2)4(Si2O5)5(OH)6 · 20H2O |
| 9.AK.35 | Calcioursilite | Ca4(UO2)4(Si2O5)5(OH)6 · 15H2O |
| 9.AK.40 | Uranosilite | UO3 · 7SiO2 |
Radioactivity
Radioactivity:
| Element | % Content | Activity (Bq/kg) | Radiation Type |
|---|---|---|---|
| Uranium (U) | 40.5276% | 10,131,900 | α, β, γ |
| Thorium (Th) | 0.0000% | 0 | α, β, γ |
| Potassium (K) | 0.0000% | 0 | β, γ |
For comparison:
- Banana: ~15 Bq per fruit
- Granite: 1,000–3,000 Bq/kg
- EU exemption limit: 10,000 Bq/kg
Note: Risk is shown relative to daily recommended maximum exposure to non-background radiation of 1000 µSv/year. Note that natural background radiation averages around 2400 µSv/year so in reality these risks are probably extremely overstated! With infrequent handling and safe storage natural radioactive minerals do not usually pose much risk.
Interactive Simulator:
Note: The mass selector refers to the mass of radioactive mineral present, not the full specimen, also be aware that the matrix may also be radioactive, possibly more radioactive than this mineral!
Activity: –
| Distance | Dose rate | Risk |
|---|---|---|
| 1 cm | ||
| 10 cm | ||
| 1 m |
The external dose rate (D) from a radioactive mineral is estimated by summing the gamma radiation contributions from its Uranium, Thorium, and Potassium content, disregarding daughter-product which may have a significant effect in some cases (eg 'pitchblende'). This involves multiplying the activity (A, in Bq) of each element by its specific gamma ray constant (Γ), which accounts for its unique gamma emissions. The total unshielded dose at 1 cm is then scaled by the square of the distance (r, in cm) and multiplied by a shielding factor (μshield). This calculation provides a 'worst-case' or 'maximum risk' estimate because it assumes the sample is a point source and entirely neglects any self-shielding where radiation is absorbed within the mineral itself, meaning actual doses will typically be lower. The resulting dose rate (D) is expressed in microsieverts per hour (μSv/h).
D = ((AU × ΓU) + (ATh × ΓTh) + (AK × ΓK)) / r2 × μshield
Other Information
Notes:
1015, 977 and 813 cm−1 Raman bands are combination bands; large number of Raman bands exists for the species
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Kasolite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-2165.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
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External Links:
Mineral Dealers:
References for Kasolite
Reference List:
Billiet, Valère (1926) Détermination des indices de réfraction de la becquerélite, de la curite, de la kasolite, de la fourmariérite, de la parsonsite, de la dumontite, et de l'ianthinite. Bulletin de la Société française de Minéralogie, 49 (3). 136-140 doi:10.3406/bulmi.1926.4309
Hogarth, D. D. (1951) Studies of radioactive compounds: II - Meta-zeunerite, uranophane, kasolite and cuprosklodowskite in Canada. American Mineralogist, 36 (5-6) 411-414
(1980) International Mineralogical Association: Commission on New Minerals and Mineral Names. Mineralogical Magazine, 43 (332) 1053-1055 doi:10.1180/minmag.1980.043.332.17
Stohl, Frances V., Smith, Deane K. (1981) The crystal chemistry of the uranyl silicate minerals. American Mineralogist, 66 (5-6) 610-624
Vochten, R., Blaton, N., Peeters, O., Van Springel, K., Van Haverbeke, L. (1997) A new method of synthesis of boltwoodite and of formation of sodium boltwoodite, uranophane, sklodowskite and kasolite from boltwoodite. The Canadian Mineralogist, 35 (3) 735-741
Burns, Peter C. (2005) U6+ minerals and inorganic compounds: insights into an expanded structural hierarchy of crystal structures. The Canadian Mineralogist, 43 (6) 1839-1894 doi:10.2113/gscanmin.43.6.1839
Frost, Ray L., Čejka, Jiří, Weier, Matt L, Martens, Wayde (2006) Molecular structure of the uranyl silicates—a Raman spectroscopic study. Journal of Raman Spectroscopy, 37 (4). 538-551 doi:10.1002/jrs.1430
Plášil, J., Sejkora, J., Čejka, J., Škoda, R., Goliáš, V. (2009) Supergene mineralization of the Medvědín uranium deposit, Krkonoše Mountains, Czech Republic. Journal of GEOsciences, 54 (1) 15-56
Fejfarová, Karla, Dušek, Michal, Plášil, Jakub, Čejka, Jiří, Sejkora, Jiří, Škoda, Radek (2013) Reinvestigation of the crystal structure of kasolite, Pb[(UO2)(SiO4)](H2O), an important alteration product of uraninite, UO2+x. Journal of Nuclear Materials, 434 (1) 461-467 doi:10.1016/j.jnucmat.2010.11.064
Colmenero, Francisco, Plášil, Jakub, Cobos, Joaquín, Sejkora, Jiří, Timón, Vicente, Čejka, Jiří, Bonales, Laura J. (2019) Crystal structure, hydrogen bonding, mechanical properties and Raman spectrum of the lead uranyl silicate monohydrate mineral kasolite. RSC Advances, 9 (27). 15323-15334 doi:10.1039/c9ra02931a
Localities for Kasolite
Showing 248 localities.
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Argentina | |
| Zappettini et al. (2014) |
| Raúl Jorge Tauber Larry +1 other reference | |
| Raúl Jorge Tauber Larry´s collection |
Australia | |
| Isobe et al. (1992) +1 other reference |
| Henry et al. (1999) |
| Econ Geol (1987) +1 other reference | |
| Henry et al. (2005) |
| American Mineralogist: 46: 12-25. |
| Plimer et al. (2002) |
| Brugger et al. (2003) +3 other references |
| Ferguson (1999) |
| Ferguson (1999) |
Austria | |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| - (n.d.) +1 other reference | |
| Meixner et al. (1979) +1 other reference |
| - (n.d.) |
| Strasser (1989) |
Brazil | |
| Pires et al. (2014) |
Bulgaria | |
| Kalaidjiev et al. (2009) |
Canada | |
| Peatfield (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Peatfield (n.d.) |
| Cowan (1962) |
| G.S.C. Bulletin 330. +1 other reference |
| Traill (1983) |
| Pouliot et al. (1964) | |
| Sabina (1986) | |
| Reiner Mielke 2013 | |
| Ontario Geological Survey Miscellaneous ... +2 other references |
| Sabina (1991) |
| Satterly (1956) |
| SASSANO et al. (1987) |
| Jeremy Zolan |
| Hogarth (1951) |
| Sabina (1972) |
Chad | |
| Olivier et al. (2021) |
Chile | |
| SEM-EDS by Joy Desor and Gerhard Möhn |
China | |
| Gu et al. (2025) |
| Dahlkamp (2009) |
Czech Republic | |
| Plášil et al. (2010) |
| [Bull.N.M.Praha 2002 | |
| Journal of Geosciences 54:15-56 +2 other references |
| Hloušek et al. (2002) |
| Desor (04/2022) |
| Sejkora et al. (1994) +1 other reference |
| Pauliš et al. (2004) |
| Sejkora (1994) +1 other reference |
| Pauliš P. et al. (Kutna Hora, issue 1) |
| Škácha et al. (2024) |
| Uranové minerály České republiky a ... |
| Škácha et al. (2017) | |
| Sejkora et al. (2007) +1 other reference |
DR Congo | |
| KMMA |
| Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des sciences de Paris (1922) +2 other references |
| KMMA +1 other reference | |
| KMMA |
| Am Min 36:394-410 +1 other reference |
| Deliens (1992) |
| Deliens +1 other reference | |
| Daltry (1992) +2 other references |
Egypt | |
| El-Naby (2009) |
| Abd El-Naby (2008) +1 other reference | |
| Nagar et al. (2020) | |
| Abd El Rahman et al. (2022) | |
| Raslan +3 other references | |
| Abed et al. (2022) | |
| B.H. Ali et al. (2008) | |
| Ismail (2017) +1 other reference | |
| Shalan (2021) |
| Yehia H. Dawood (2011) +2 other references | |
| Mouhareb (2017) | |
| Hussein et al. (1988) | |
| Raslan et al. (2010) | |
| Abdel Gawad et al. (2022) |
| Ibrahim (2014) +2 other references |
Europe | |
| |
Finland | |
| Vuorelainen |
France | |
| Kolitsch et al. (2009) |
| - (1998) |
| - (1998) | |
| J.-J. Périchaud: "Où trouver les minéraux d'Auvergne" et al. (Clermont-Ferrand) | |
| Agrinier et al. (1967) |
| - (1998) |
| J. Chervet | |
| Queneau (n.d.) | |
| Chollet Pascal Collection |
| De Ascençao Guedes (2000) |
| De Ascençao Guedes et al. (2000) |
| OLLIC Pascal Collection |
| OLLIC Pascal Collection | |
| OLLIC Pascal Collection +1 other reference | |
| OLLIC Pascal Collection +1 other reference |
| Pascal Chollet Collection - SEM-EDS ... |
| - (1998) |
| - (1998) |
| - (1998) |
| - (1998) |
| - (1998) |
| Georges Favreau specimens |
| - (1998) |
Gabon | |
| Mineralogical Society of America - ... |
Germany | |
| Walenta (1992) +1 other reference |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| |
| |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| https://www.mineralienatlas.de/?l=5281 |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| P Mostmans collection | |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Dill et al. (2010) | |
| Aufschluss 69/ (7+8) +1 other reference |
| Noll (1984) |
| Wittern (2001) | |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Desor (05/2020) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Gröbner et al. (2007) +1 other reference | |
Hungary | |
| Koch (1985) |
India | |
| Current Science |
| Saini +3 other references |
Italy | |
| |
| Roggiani A. G. (1974) |
| Caboni et al. (2019) |
| Orlandi (2011) |
| Ravagnani (1974) |
| Campostrini et al. (2006) |
| Venzo et al. (2017) |
| Campostrini et al. (2005) |
Japan | |
| Kato (1973) |
Mexico | |
| Andrew Haighton Collection |
| Museum of Natural History London ... |
Namibia | |
| Gebhard (1999) |
North Macedonia | |
| Radusinovic (1974) |
Norway | |
| Larsen (2025) |
| Åmli (1975) |
| Neumann (1985) | |
| Sverdrup (1959) |
| Neumann (1955) |
| Kristiansen (2007) |
| Husdal (2023) |
| Husdal (2008) |
| Sørlie (2003) |
| Kristiansen (2022) |
| Larsen (2025) |
| Sverdrup et al. (1967) |
Poland | |
| Siuda et al. (2008) |
Portugal | |
| Alves (n.d.) |
| Alves et al. (2017) |
Romania | |
| Szakáll:Minerals of Carpathians |
| Hîrtopanu P. et al. (2004) |
Russia | |
| Зубрев И.Н |
| Lyalina et al. (2014) |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) | |
| Voloshin A.V. et al. (1986) |
| |
| |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
Spain | |
| gr-mulhacen.foroactivo.com (2023) |
| Jose Francisco Castro collection +1 other reference |
| I. Ramos Márquez +3 other references |
| Castillo-Oliver et al. (2019) |
Sweden | |
| Wilke (1997) |
| Natural History Museum |
| |
| |
| Welin (1965) |
| |
| Löfvendahl (1981) |
| Sandström (2008) |
| |
| |
Switzerland | |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Meisser (1999) | |
| Cuchet et al. (2024) |
| Meisser (2012) |
| Meisser (2012) |
| Meisser (2012) |
| |
| Stalder et al. (1998) | |
| Meisser (2012) |
Tajikistan | |
| Гецева et al. (1956) |
| Pekov (1998) |
Tanzania | |
| Frondel et al. (1956) +1 other reference |
UK | |
| Elton and Hooper |
| Elton et al. (1995) | |
| Nicholas J. ELTON Tregears. Little ... +4 other references |
| von Backstrom (1974) |
| O. von Knorring and R. Dearnley (1960) |
USA | |
| Galbraith (1959) |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| MRDS database Dep. ID file #10095028 |
| Granger (1962) |
| Galbraith (1959) +1 other reference |
| Arthur L. Flagg Collection No. 4931A/B |
| US Atomic Energy Commission Prelim. Reconnaisance Report A-R-2 (1953) +4 other references |
| US Atomic Energy Commission Prelim. Reconnaisance Report D-441 (1952) +5 other references |
| Robinson (1954) +2 other references |
| Anthony et al. (1995) | |
| Frondel (1958) +1 other reference |
| Species confirmed by Dr. Robert Housley. (Personal communication March 2019) |
| Murdoch (1966) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Sims (1963) +1 other reference |
| USGS Bull 1032A | |
| Sims (1963) |
| USGS Bull 1032A +2 other references | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Pavel M. Kartashov data |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Carnegie Museum of Natural History ... |
| Thompson et al. (1998) |
| Travis Olds collection |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Page et al. (1956) +2 other references |
| Longwell et al. (1965) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology ... +1 other reference |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Frondel (1956) +1 other reference |
| King (n.d.) |
| Jerry Cone Collection | |
| Jensen (1978) |
| Seaman (1976) | |
| Finch et al. (1997) |
| Finch et al. (1997) | |
| American Mineralogist +1 other reference |
| Finch et al. (1997) |
| USGS: Geological Survey Circular 350 |
| USGS: Geological Survey Circular 350 |
| Lapham et al. (1965) |
| Smith and Hioff (1984) |
| Smith et al. (2000) |
| Rocks & Min.:10:147 & 60:112 |
| O'Neill (2014) |
| Hausel et al. (2001) |
Zimbabwe | |
| Gallagher (1967) |
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San Rafael Mine, Cardeña, Córdoba, Andalusia, Spain