Topaz
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
This page kindly sponsored by Griffin Dowdy
About Topaz
Formula:
Al2(SiO4)(F,OH)2
Colour:
Colourless, white, pale blue, light green, yellow, yellowish brown, or red
Lustre:
Vitreous
Hardness:
8
Specific Gravity:
3.4 - 3.6
Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Name:
Named after Topazios Island (currently called Zabargad Island or St. John's Island) in the Red Sea. In antique times, the name was probably used for the gemstone that is now known as peridot.
Occurs in pegmatites and high-temperature quartz veins, also in cavities in granites and rhyolites.
A maximum of ~30 % of the F site is occupied by OH in natural topaz, although in some very rare cases OH-dominant members have been described in high-pressure rocks, see Unnamed (OH-analogue of Topaz) (Zhang et al., 2002). A pure synthetic OH analogue of topaz has been synthesised under conditions of high pressures (between 55 and 100 kbar) and high temperatures (up to 1000 °C) (Wunder et al., 1993).
Note that topaz is either orthorhombic or triclinic, depending on the F:OH ratio.
Visit gemdat.org for gemological information about Topaz.
A maximum of ~30 % of the F site is occupied by OH in natural topaz, although in some very rare cases OH-dominant members have been described in high-pressure rocks, see Unnamed (OH-analogue of Topaz) (Zhang et al., 2002). A pure synthetic OH analogue of topaz has been synthesised under conditions of high pressures (between 55 and 100 kbar) and high temperatures (up to 1000 °C) (Wunder et al., 1993).
Note that topaz is either orthorhombic or triclinic, depending on the F:OH ratio.
Visit gemdat.org for gemological information about Topaz.Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
3996
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:3996:9
Similar Names
| Topaz-OH | A synonym of 'Unnamed (OH-analogue of Topaz)' | Al2SiO4(OH,F)2 |
IMA Classification of Topaz
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA Formula:
Al2SiO4F2
Classification of Topaz
9.AF.35
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
A : Nesosilicates
F : Nesosilicates with additional anions; cations in [4], [5] and/or only [6] coordination
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
A : Nesosilicates
F : Nesosilicates with additional anions; cations in [4], [5] and/or only [6] coordination
52.3.1.1
52 : NESOSILICATES Insular SiO4 Groups and O,OH,F,H2O
3 : Insular SiO4 Groups and O, OH, F, and H2O with cations in [6] coordination only
52 : NESOSILICATES Insular SiO4 Groups and O,OH,F,H2O
3 : Insular SiO4 Groups and O, OH, F, and H2O with cations in [6] coordination only
17.2.1
17 : Silicates Containing other Anions
2 : Silicates with fluoride
17 : Silicates Containing other Anions
2 : Silicates with fluoride
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
| Symbol | Source | Reference for Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Tpz | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
| Toz | Kretz (1983) | Kretz, R. (1983) Symbols of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 68, 277–279. |
| Toz | Siivolam & Schmid (2007) | Siivolam, J. and Schmid, R. (2007) Recommendations by the IUGS Subcommission on the Systematics of Metamorphic Rocks: List of mineral abbreviations. Web-version 01.02.07. IUGS Commission on the Systematics in Petrology. download |
| Tpz | Whitney & Evans (2010) | Whitney, D.L. and Evans, B.W. (2010) Abbreviations for names of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 95, 185–187 doi:10.2138/am.2010.3371 |
| Toz | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
Pronunciation of Topaz
Pronunciation:
| Play | Recorded by | Country |
|---|---|---|
| Jolyon Ralph | United Kingdom |
Physical Properties of Topaz
Vitreous
Transparency:
Transparent, Translucent
Colour:
Colourless, white, pale blue, light green, yellow, yellowish brown, or red
Comment:
Predominantly colorless in natural crystals. Hence, the trade relies almost entirely on irradiated blue topaz with an unstable color center, which has been shown to fade over time. The cobalt (Co) diffusion treatment is a stable alternative process for converting colorless topaz to blue by a solid-state diffusion mechanism.
Streak:
White
Hardness:
8 on Mohs scale
Hardness Data:
Mohs hardness reference species
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Perfect
(001)
(001)
Fracture:
Irregular/Uneven, Sub-Conchoidal
Density:
3.4 - 3.6 g/cm3 (Measured)
Optical Data of Topaz
Type:
Biaxial (+)
RI values:
nα = 1.606 - 1.629 nβ = 1.609 - 1.631 nγ = 1.616 - 1.638
2V:
Measured: 48° to 68°, Calculated: 58° to 68°
Max. Birefringence:
δ = 0.009 - 0.010
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars.
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars.
Surface Relief:
Moderate
Dispersion:
noticable r > v
Optical Extinction:
X = a; Y = b; Z = c.
Pleochroism:
Weak
Comments:
In thick sections:
X = yellow
Y = yellow, violet, reddish
Z = violet, bluish, yellow, pink
X = yellow
Y = yellow, violet, reddish
Z = violet, bluish, yellow, pink
Chemistry of Topaz
Mindat Formula:
Al2(SiO4)(F,OH)2
Element Weights:
Crystallography of Topaz
Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Class (H-M):
mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) - Dipyramidal
Cell Parameters:
a = 4.65 Å, b = 8.8 Å, c = 8.4 Å
Ratio:
a:b:c = 0.528 : 1 : 0.955
Unit Cell V:
343.73 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Morphology:
Long to short prismatic.
Comment:
Crystallography (orthorhombic or triclinic) depends upon the ratio of F and OH in the mineral.
Crystallographic forms of Topaz
Crystal Atlas:
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Topaz no.188 - {100} - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
Topaz no.208 - {110} - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
Topaz no.215 - {120} - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0004244 | Topaz | Diego Gatta G, Nestola F, Bromiley G D, Loose A (2006) New insight into crystal chemistry of topaz: a multi-methodological study American Mineralogist 91 1839-1846 |  | 2006 | Ouro Preto, Minas Gerias, Brazil | 0 | 298 |
| 0004243 | Topaz | Diego Gatta G, Nestola F, Bromiley G D, Loose A (2006) New insight into crystal chemistry of topaz: a multi-methodological study American Mineralogist 91 1839-1846 | | 2006 | Ouro Preto, Minas Gerias, Brazil | 0 | 298 |
| 0004517 | Topaz | Komatsu K, Kagi H, Marshall W G, Kuribayashi T, Parise J B, Kudoh Y (2008) Pressure dependence of the hydrogen-bond geometry in topaz-OD from neutron powder diffraction American Mineralogist 93 217-227 | | 2008 | synthetic | 0.0001 | 293 |
| 0004516 | Topaz | Komatsu K, Kagi H, Marshall W G, Kuribayashi T, Parise J B, Kudoh Y (2008) Pressure dependence of the hydrogen-bond geometry in topaz-OD from neutron powder diffraction American Mineralogist 93 217-227 | | 2008 | synthetic | 0.0001 | 293 |
| 0009026 | Topaz | Gatta G D, Nestola F, Ballaran T B (2006) Elastic behaviour and structural evolution of topaz at high pressure Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 33 235-242 | 2006 | Ouro Preto, Minas Gerias, Brazil | 0.0001 | 293 | |
| 0010464 | Topaz | Chen J, Lager G A, Kunz M, Hansen T C, Ulmer P (2005) A Rietveld refinement using neutron powder diffraction data of a fully deuterated topaz, Al2SiO4(OD)2 Acta Crystallographica E61 i253-i255 |  | 2005 | synthetic | 0 | 293 |
| 0007017 | Topaz | Alberico A, Ferrando S, Ivaldi G, Ferraris G (2003) X-ray single-crystal structure refinement of an OH-rich topaz from Sulu UHP terrane (Eastern China) - Structural foundation of the correlation between cell parameters and fluorine content European Journal of Mineralogy 15 875-881 | 2003 | Sulu UHP terrane, Eastern China | 0 | 293 | |
| 0004245 | Topaz | Diego Gatta G, Nestola F, Bromiley G D, Loose A (2006) New insight into crystal chemistry of topaz: a multi-methodological study American Mineralogist 91 1839-1846 | | 2006 | Ouro Preto, Minas Gerias, Brazil | 0 | 10 |
| 0004518 | Topaz | Komatsu K, Kagi H, Marshall W G, Kuribayashi T, Parise J B, Kudoh Y (2008) Pressure dependence of the hydrogen-bond geometry in topaz-OD from neutron powder diffraction American Mineralogist 93 217-227 | | 2008 | synthetic | 0.7 | 293 |
| 0004519 | Topaz | Komatsu K, Kagi H, Marshall W G, Kuribayashi T, Parise J B, Kudoh Y (2008) Pressure dependence of the hydrogen-bond geometry in topaz-OD from neutron powder diffraction American Mineralogist 93 217-227 | | 2008 | synthetic | 1.9 | 293 |
| 0009027 | Topaz | Gatta G D, Nestola F, Ballaran T B (2006) Elastic behaviour and structural evolution of topaz at high pressure Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 33 235-242 | 2006 | Ouro Preto, Minas Gerias, Brazil | 3.14 | 293 | |
| 0004520 | Topaz | Komatsu K, Kagi H, Marshall W G, Kuribayashi T, Parise J B, Kudoh Y (2008) Pressure dependence of the hydrogen-bond geometry in topaz-OD from neutron powder diffraction American Mineralogist 93 217-227 | | 2008 | synthetic | 3.6 | 293 |
| 0004521 | Topaz | Komatsu K, Kagi H, Marshall W G, Kuribayashi T, Parise J B, Kudoh Y (2008) Pressure dependence of the hydrogen-bond geometry in topaz-OD from neutron powder diffraction American Mineralogist 93 217-227 | | 2008 | synthetic | 4.7 | 293 |
| 0009028 | Topaz | Gatta G D, Nestola F, Ballaran T B (2006) Elastic behaviour and structural evolution of topaz at high pressure Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 33 235-242 | 2006 | Ouro Preto, Minas Gerias, Brazil | 5.79 | 293 | |
| 0004522 | Topaz | Komatsu K, Kagi H, Marshall W G, Kuribayashi T, Parise J B, Kudoh Y (2008) Pressure dependence of the hydrogen-bond geometry in topaz-OD from neutron powder diffraction American Mineralogist 93 217-227 | | 2008 | synthetic | 6.2 | 293 |
| 0004523 | Topaz | Komatsu K, Kagi H, Marshall W G, Kuribayashi T, Parise J B, Kudoh Y (2008) Pressure dependence of the hydrogen-bond geometry in topaz-OD from neutron powder diffraction American Mineralogist 93 217-227 | | 2008 | synthetic | 7.5 | 293 |
| 0009029 | Topaz | Gatta G D, Nestola F, Ballaran T B (2006) Elastic behaviour and structural evolution of topaz at high pressure Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 33 235-242 | 2006 | Ouro Preto, Minas Gerias, Brazil | 8.39 | 293 | |
| 0017560 | Topaz | Kanzaki M (2010) Crystal structure of a new high-pressure polymorph of topaz-OH American Mineralogist 95 1349-1352 | | 2010 | synthetic | 14 | 1673 |
| 0001643 | Topaz | Northrup P A, Leinenweber K, Parise J B (1994) The location of H in the high-pressure synthetic Al2SiO4(OH)2 topaz analogue Sample OH synthetic American Mineralogist 79 401-404 | | 1994 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0001642 | Topaz | Northrup P A, Leinenweber K, Parise J B (1994) The location of H in the high-pressure synthetic Al2SiO4(OH)2 topaz analogue Sample fluor-topaz from a Mexican rhyolite American Mineralogist 79 401-404 | | 1994 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0001552 | Topaz | Wunder B, Rubie D C, Ross C R, Medenbach O, Seifert F, Schreyer W (1993) Synthesis, stability, and properties of Al2SiO4(OH)2: A fully hydrated analogue of topaz American Mineralogist 78 285-297 | | 1993 | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Loading XRD data...
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 3.693 Å | (60) |
| 3.195 Å | (66) |
| 3.037 Å | (37) |
| 2.937 Å | (100) |
| 2.3609 Å | (45) |
| 2.1049 Å | (44) |
| 1.6706 Å | (27) |
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Stage 4a: Earth’s earliest continental crust | >4.4-3.0 |
| 19 : Granitic intrusive rocks | |
| 20 : Acidic volcanic rocks | |
| Near-surface Processes | |
| 23 : Subaerial aqueous alteration by non-redox-sensitive fluids (see also #47) | |
| 26 : Hadean detrital minerals | |
| Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks | >3.0 |
| 34 : Complex granite pegmatites | |
| Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event | <2.4 |
| 46 : Near-surface hydrothermal alteration of minerals (see also #22) | |
| Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere | <0.6 |
| 48 : Soil leaching zone minerals | <0.6 |
Geological Setting:
As a rock-forming mineral in igneous rocks, pegmatites, and rhyolites, hydrothermal veins, metamorphic rocks, and greisens.
Synonyms of Topaz
Other Language Names for Topaz
Arabic:زبرجد
Basque:Topazio
Bosnian:Topaz
Bulgarian:Топаз
Croatian:Topaz
Czech:Topaz
Danish:Topas
Dutch:Topaas
Estonian:Topaas
Farsi/Persian:زبرجد هندی
Finnish:Topaasi
French:Topaze
German:Topas
Hebrew:טופז
Hungarian:Topáz
Italian:Topazio
Japanese:トパーズ
Korean:황옥
Lithuanian:Topazas
Norwegian:Topas
Polish:Topaz
Portuguese:Topázio
Romanian:Topaz
Russian:Топаз
Slovak:Topás
Slovenian:Topaz
Spanish:Topacio
Swedish:Topas
Pyrofysalit
Pyrofysalit
Turkish:Topaz
Ukrainian:Топаз
Varieties of Topaz
| Imperial Topaz | The name 'Imperial Topaz' is a varietal/marketing term that has been used in different ways by different people over time. It was originally used (according to the GIA) for a pink gem topaz mined in Russia. Later the name was applied to topaz from Ouro Pr... |
| Killiecrankie Diamond | A name used for a variety of Topaz mostly found near Killiecrankie, Flinders Island, Tasmania. The stones were first collected and sold as diamonds in Europe back in the early 1800's. The name is still in common usage, for the location is a popular collec... |
| Pyknite | Fine-grained topaz, occurring in dense aggregates of prismatic to acanthine crystals. |
| Saxonian chrysolite | A pale wine-yellow topaz. Ref: Fay |
Common Associates
Associations Based on Photo Data:
| 869 photos of Topaz associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
| 481 photos of Topaz associated with Albite | Na(AlSi3O8) |
| 400 photos of Topaz associated with Bixbyite-(Mn) | Mn3+2O3 |
| 394 photos of Topaz associated with 'Smoky Quartz' | SiO2 |
| 375 photos of Topaz associated with Muscovite | KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| 329 photos of Topaz associated with 'Cleavelandite' | Na(AlSi3O8) |
| 257 photos of Topaz associated with Fluorite | CaF2 |
| 194 photos of Topaz associated with Schorl | NaFe2+3Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3(OH) |
| 160 photos of Topaz associated with Hematite | Fe2O3 |
| 148 photos of Topaz associated with Microcline | K(AlSi3O8) |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 9.AF. | Chegemite | Ca7(SiO4)3(OH)2 |
| 9.AF. | Jingwenite-(Y) | YAlV4+(SiO4)O2(OH)2 |
| 9.AF. | Barwoodite | Mn2+6Nb5+(SiO4)2O3(OH)3 |
| 9.AF.05 | Sillimanite | Al2(SiO4)O |
| 9.AF.05 | 'Xenolite' | Al10Si8O31 |
| 9.AF.10 | Kanonaite | Mn3+Al(SiO4)O |
| 9.AF.10 | Andalusite | Al2(SiO4)O |
| 9.AF.15 | Kyanite | Al2(SiO4)O |
| 9.AF.20 | Krieselite | Al2(GeO4)F2 |
| 9.AF.20 | Mullite | Al4+2xSi2-2xO10-x |
| 9.AF.23 | Boromullite | Al9BSi2O19 |
| 9.AF.25 | Yoderite | Mg(Al,Fe3+)3(SiO4)2O(OH) |
| 9.AF.30 | Zincostaurolite | Zn2Al9Si4O23(OH) |
| 9.AF.30 | Staurolite | Fe2+2Al9Si4O23(OH) |
| 9.AF.30 | Magnesiostaurolite | Mg(Mg,Li)3(Al,Mg)18Si8O44(OH)4 |
| 9.AF.40 | Norbergite | Mg3(SiO4)F2 |
| 9.AF.45 | Chondrodite | Mg5(SiO4)2F2 |
| 9.AF.45 | Kumtyubeite | Ca5(SiO4)2F2 |
| 9.AF.45 | Reinhardbraunsite | Ca5(SiO4)2(OH,F)2 |
| 9.AF.45 | Hydroxylchondrodite | Mg5(SiO4)2(OH)2 |
| 9.AF.45 | Alleghanyite | Mn2+5(SiO4)2(OH)2 |
| 9.AF.50 | 'Unnamed (Ca-analogue of Humite)' | Ca7(SiO4)4F2 |
| 9.AF.50 | Humite | Mg7(SiO4)3F2 |
| 9.AF.50 | Manganhumite | (Mn2+,Mg)7(SiO4)3(OH)2 |
| 9.AF.50 | 'Unnamed (OH-analogue of humite)' | Mg7(SiO4)3(OH)2 |
| 9.AF.50 | Fluorchegemite | Ca7(SiO4)3F2 |
| 9.AF.55 | Hydroxylclinohumite | Mg9(SiO4)4(OH)2 |
| 9.AF.55 | Clinohumite | Mg9(SiO4)4F2 |
| 9.AF.55 | Sonolite | Mn2+9(SiO4)4(OH)2 |
| 9.AF.60 | Leucophoenicite | Mn2+7(SiO4)3(OH)2 |
| 9.AF.65 | Ribbeite | Mn2+5(SiO4)2(OH)2 |
| 9.AF.70 | Jerrygibbsite | Mn2+9(SiO4)4(OH)2 |
| 9.AF.75 | Franciscanite | Mn2+6(V5+,◻)2(SiO4)2(O,OH)6 |
| 9.AF.75 | Scorticoite | Mn6(Sb,◻)Σ2(SiO4)2O3(OH)3 |
| 9.AF.75 | Welinite | Mn2+6(W6+,Mg)2(SiO4)2(O,OH)6 |
| 9.AF.75 | Örebroite | Mn2+3(Sb5+,Fe3+)(SiO4)(O,OH)3 |
| 9.AF.80 | Ellenbergerite | Mg6(Mg,Ti,Zr,◻)2(Al,Mg)6Si8O28(OH)10 |
| 9.AF.85 | Magnesiochloritoid | MgAl2O(SiO4)(OH)2 |
| 9.AF.85 | Ottrélite | Mn2+Al2O(SiO4)(OH)2 |
| 9.AF.85 | Chloritoid | Fe2+Al2O(SiO4)(OH)2 |
| 9.AF.90 | Olmiite | CaMn2+[SiO3(OH)](OH) |
| 9.AF.90 | Poldervaartite | CaCa[SiO3(OH)](OH) |
| 9.AF.95 | Pilawite-(Y) | Ca2Y2Al4(SiO4)4O2(OH)2 |
Fluorescence of Topaz
Rarely yellow, white, orange, greenish-yellow
Other Information
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Industrial Uses:
Gemstone
Topaz in petrology
An essential component of rock names highlighted in red, an accessory component in rock names highlighted in green.
Internet Links for Topaz
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-3996.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
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References for Topaz
Reference List:
Pardee, J. T., Glass, Jewell J., Stevens, R. E. (1937) Massive low-fluorine topaz from the Brewer Mine, South Carolina. American Mineralogist, 22 (10) 1058-1064
Rosenberg, T. E. (1967) Variations in the unit-cell dimensions of topaz and their significance. American Mineralogist, 52 (11-12) 1890-1894
Ribbe, P. H., Gibbs, G. V. (1971) The crystal structure of topaz and its relation to physical properties. American Mineralogist, 56 (1-2) 24-30
Ribbe, P. H., Rosenberg, P. E. (1971) Optical and X-ray determinative methods for fluorine in topaz. American Mineralogist, 56 (9-10) 1812-1821
Rosenberg, Philip E. (1972) Compositional variations in synthetic topaz. American Mineralogist, 57 (1-2) 169-187
Beny, J. M., Piriou, B. (1987) Vibrational spectra of single-crystal topaz. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals, 15 (2) 148-159 doi:10.1007/bf00308777
Wunder, B., Rubie, D. C., Ii, C. R. Ross, Medenbach, O., Seifert, F., Schreyer, W. (1993) Synthesis, stability, and properties of Al2SiO4(OH)2: A fully hydrated analogue of topaz. American Mineralogist, 78 (3-4) 285-297
Northrup, Paul A., Leinenweber, Kurt, Parise, John B. (1994) The location of H in the high-pressure synthetic Al2SiO4(OH)2 topaz analogue. American Mineralogist, 79 (3-4) 401-404
Shinoda, Keiji, Aikawa, Nobuyuki (1997) IR active orientation of OH bending mode in topaz. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals, 24 (8) 551-554 doi:10.1007/s002690050071
Ivanov, Yu. V., Belokoneva, E. L., Protas, J., Hansen, N. K., Tsirelson, V. G. (1998) Multipole Analysis of the Electron Density in Topaz Using X-ray Diffraction Data. Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Science, 54 (6) 774-781 doi:10.1107/s0108768198004108
Kloprogge, J.Theo, Frost, Ray L. (2000) Raman microscopic study at 300 and 77 K of some pegmatite minerals from the Iveland–Evje area, Aust-Agder, Southern Norway. Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, 56 (3) 501-513 doi:10.1016/s1386-1425(99)00141-9
Zhang, Ru Y., Liou, Juhn G., Shu, Jin F. (2002) Hydroxyl-rich topaz in high-pressure and ultrahigh-pressure kyanite quartzites, with retrograde woodhouseite, from the Sulu terrane, eastern China. American Mineralogist, 87 (4) 445-453 doi:10.2138/am-2002-0408[Topaz with 35-55% substitution of F by OH]
Pinheiro, M. V. B.; Fantini, C.; Krambrock, K.; Persiano, A. I. C.; Dantas, M. S. S.; Pimenta, M. A. (2002) OH/F substitution in topaz studied by Raman spectroscopy. Physical Review B, 65 (10). 104301 doi:10.1103/physrevb.65.104301
Souza, Divanizia N., Fernandes de Lima, José, Valerio, Mário Ernesto G., Fantini, Cristiano, Pimenta, Marcos A., Moreira, Roberto L., Caldas, Linda V.E. (2002) Influence of thermal treatment on the Raman, infrared and TL responses of natural topaz. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms, 191 (1). 230-235 doi:10.1016/s0168-583x(02)00566-9
Shannon, Robert D., Shannon, Ruth C., Medenbach, Olaf, Fischer, Reinhard X. (2002) Refractive Index and Dispersion of Fluorides and Oxides. Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data, 31 (4) 931-970 doi:10.1063/1.1497384
Gaft, M, Nagli, L, Reisfeld, R, Panczer, G, Brestel, M (2003) Time-resolved luminescence of Cr3+ in topaz Al2SiO4(OH,F)2. Journal of Luminescence, 102. 349-356 doi:10.1016/s0022-2313(02)00532-x
Alberico, Augusta, Ferrando, Simona, Ivaldi, Gabriella, Ferraris, Giovanni (2003) X-ray single-crystal structure refinement of an OH-rich topaz from Sulu UHP terrane (Eastern China) Structural foundation of the correlation between cell parameters and fluorine content. European Journal of Mineralogy, 15 (5) 875-881 doi:10.1127/0935-1221/2003/0015-0875
KOMATSU, Kazuki, KURIBAYASHI, Takahiro, KUDOH, Yasuhiro (2003) Effect of temperature and pressure on the crystal structure of topaz, Al2SiO4(OH,F)2. Journal of Mineralogical and Petrological Sciences, 98 (5) 167-180 doi:10.2465/jmps.98.167
Komatsu, K., Kagi, H., Okada, T., Kuribayashi, T., Parise, J.B., Kudoh, Y. (2005) Pressure dependence of the OH-stretching mode in F-rich natural topaz and topaz-OH. American Mineralogist, 90 (1) 266-270 doi:10.2138/am.2005.1652
Gatta, G. Diego, Nestola, F., Ballaran, T. Boffa (2006) Elastic behaviour and structural evolution of topaz at high pressure. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals, 33 (4) 235-242 doi:10.1007/s00269-006-0075-0
Gatta, G. D., Nestola, F., Bromiley, G.D., Loose, A. (2006) New insight into crystal chemistry of topaz: A multi-methodological study. American Mineralogist, 91 (11) 1839-1846 doi:10.2138/am.2006.2223
Xue, X.; Kanzaki, M.; Fukui, H.; Ito, E.; Hashimoto, T. (2006) Cation order and hydrogen bonding of high-pressure phases in the Al2O3-SiO2-H2O system: An NMR and Raman study. American Mineralogist, 91 (5-6). 850-861 doi:10.2138/am.2006.2064
Kanzaki, M. (2010) Crystal structure of a new high-pressure polymorph of topaz-OH. American Mineralogist, 95 (8) 1349-1352 doi:10.2138/am.2010.3555
Xue, X., Kanzaki, M., Fukui, H. (2010) Unique crystal chemistry of two polymorphs of topaz-OH: A multi-nuclear NMR and Raman study. American Mineralogist, 95 (8) 1276-1293 doi:10.2138/am.2010.3471
Ulian, Gianfranco, Valdrè, Giovanni (2017) Effects of fluorine content on the elastic behavior of topaz [Al2SiO4(F,OH)2]. American Mineralogist, 102 (2) 347-356 doi:10.2138/am-2017-5668
Aradachi, Kako, Hamada, Morihisa, Tsuge, Kiyoshi, Watanabe, Tohru (2022) The influence of OH content on elastic constants of topaz [Al2SiO4(F,OH)2]. American Mineralogist, 107 (11) 2075-2083 doi:10.2138/am-2022-8159
Loges, Anselm; Scholz, Gudrun; de Sousa Amadeu, Nader; Shao, Jingjing; Schultze, Dina; Fuller, Jeremy; Paulus, Beate; Emmerling, Franziska; Braun, Thomas; John, Timm (2022) Studies on the local structure of the F ∕ OH site in topaz by magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance and Raman spectroscopy. European Journal of Mineralogy, 34 (5). 507-521 doi:10.5194/ejm-34-507-2022
Zhao, Mingsheng; Cai, Nao; Wang, Duojun; Liu, Qiong (2023) Thermal expansivity and high-pressure sound velocities of natural topaz and implications for seismic velocities and H2O and fluorine recycling in subduction zones. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals, 50 (2). 14 doi:10.1007/s00269-023-01238-5
Filosa, Raffaele, Elettivo, Giuseppe S., Ferraro, Mario, Procopio, Salvatore, Nicolino, Antonella, Crocco, Maria C., Beltrano, Joseph J., Barberi, Riccardo C., Formoso, Vincenzo, Guzzi, Rita, De Luca, Antonio, Agrosì, Giovanna, Tempesta, Gioacchino, Agostino, Raffaele G. (2023) Nonlinear optical effects in natural topaz. Journal of Luminescence, 263. 120076 doi:10.1016/j.jlumin.2023.120076
Schaub, D.R., Northrup, Paul, Nekvasil, Hanna, Catalano, Tristan, Tappero, Ryan (2023) Gas-mediated trace element incorporation into rhyolite-hosted topaz: A synchrotron microbeam XAS study. American Mineralogist, 108 (12) 2153-2163 doi:10.2138/am-2022-8417
Setkova, Tatiana V., Balitsky, Vladimir S., Spivak, Anna V., Kuzmin, Alexey V., Borovikova, Elena Yu., Kvas, Pavel S., Balitskaya, Lyudmila V., Nekrasov, Alexey N., Zakharchenko, Egor S., Pushcharovsky, Dmitry Yu. (2024) Crystal Growth, composition, structure, and Raman spectroscopy of novel Ga,Ge-rich topaz. Journal of Crystal Growth, 637. 127723 doi:10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2024.127723
Elettivo, G.S.; Ferraro, M.; Filosa, R.; Nicolino, A.; Marmiroli, B.; Turchet, A.; Agostino, R.G. (2025) On the role of secondary electrons in the color change of high-dose X-ray irradiated topaz. Physica B: Condensed Matter, 716. doi:10.1016/j.physb.2025.417717
Localities for Topaz
Showing 1,888 localities.
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Little Three Mine, Little Three Mine area, Ramona, Ramona Mining District, San Diego County, California, USA