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10-08-2014, 08:17 PM
Australian Financial Review
REVIEW
Well-rounded view of a contradictory pre-crisis China
Perry Link - 08 Aug 2014 06:16:00
Author Evan Osnos writes that Chairman Mao repressed sexual expression, but there are plenty of reports of unregulated sex among young people during the wild times of Maoâs Cultural Revolution. Photo: Getty Images
In the late 1970s, when the death of Mao made it possible for foreign journalists to work in China for the first time in three decades, the first reporters there wrote wide-ranging books that addressed nearly everything they could learn. Later, books by journalists tended to be more specialised. Age of Ambition by Evan Osnos, which has just been published in Australia, returns to the panoramic tradition, and now, as Chinese society seems to be edging towards a crisis, may be a good time to do it.
Osnos begins by noticing a bifurcation in popular Western views of China â roughly, a good China of rising material standards and a bad China of repressive government â and he wants to reconcile the two. He cites ironies in his prologue:
China has .â.â. more people online than the United States, even as it redoubles its investment in historyâs largest effort to censor human expression. China has never been more pluralistic, urban and prosperous, yet it is the only country in the world with a winner of the Nobel Peace Prize in prison.
He is right about the split in Western perceptions, but this is mainly a Western problem. No serious Chinese writer is puzzled by a split. Inside the country, the wealth and repression are all one bundle. Authoritarian government makes possible an easy exploitation of unfree labour; workers in huge numbers generate vast wealth; most of the wealth goes back to the authoritarians, who become objects of resentment and thus feel a need to repress even more. The scene displays interlocking causalities, not a schism.
It is not clear in the first few chapters of Osnosâs book that he understands this, but when we reach the bookâs powerful end, it is obvious he does. He seems to have followed a writing strategy of trying to engage Westerners at their starting point â the innocent âwhich is the real China?â question â then bringing them gradually forward. Fair enough, I suppose. But Orville Schell writes on the dust cover that this is âthe one book about Chinaâ a traveller should read in advance. That is true only if the traveller has time for it all. Stopping halfway could do more harm than good.
Remote standpoint
Western imagination of China has a rich history. The 17th centuryâs Gottfried Leibniz thought the mystical ancient Book of Changes contained âthe rule of true wisdomâ; Voltaire called China âthe wisest and most civilised nation in the worldâ. Other projections have been less sanguine and sometimes demonising, but in every case they are done from a remote standpoint. China is far away and strange. In recent decades a tinge of cuteness has mixed with the strangeness in journalistic accounts, and Osnos inherits some of this. He uses examples such as stylish eyeglass frames that are offered under the brand name âHelen Kellerâ. An entrepreneur invents a way to teach âCrazy Englishâ by shouting sentences, word by word, to assemblies of students who shout back in unison â but when someone else tries the method, âI didnât obtain my goal. All I obtained was chronic pharyngitis.â
The cartoonish flavour sometimes stems from frantic movement of a kind mildly reminiscent of Charlie Chaplin. Osnos introduces Hu Shuli, the famous editor of the magazine Caijing, known for its bold investigative reports, this way:
I heard Hu Shuli before I saw her .â.â. I heard an urgent click-clack of heels down the hallway. She approached the door and then kept on going, sweeping into the newsroom spouting a series of decrees and ideas, before spinning around and heading back in my direction.
I have no doubt this is an accurate description, and it shows a side of Hu that is worth knowing. But the cumulative effect of selecting details from the funny, too-busy side of life runs the risk of putting a curtain between the reader and the humanity of the people on the other side. That, in turn, leaves too much room to imagine that human nature on the other side might be different from our own.
Osnos writes, for example, that âlove stories didnât become popular in China until the 20th centuryâ and that Mao so repressed sexual expression that after he died, some couples âstruggled to conceive because they lacked a firm grasp of the mechanicsâ. But many PhD dissertations have been written on pre-modern Chinese love stories, and there was much unregulated sex among young people during the wild times of Maoâs Cultural Revolution. In this respect, Chinese people, on average, are normal.
Western ideas of an exotic China have been useful to Chinaâs ruling authorities. The notion that Chinese people are different buttresses their claim that human rights and other âso-called universal valuesâ are not suitable in China. Images of the Chinese people as crazily busy â but without minds â were widespread in the fiction and film of the Mao era and are still used today when Beijing presents âthe Chinese peopleâ to the outside world.
Seeing the Chinese from a distance can lead to the further conclusion â also welcome in Beijing â that âweâ and âtheyâ are very different and both have faults, so moral relativism is in order. Osnos is generally free from this flaw, but occasionally he is not. He writes, for example, that after the June 4, 1989 massacre, when the Communist Party wanted to design a campaign to âeducateâ the people in loyalty, it turned to âthe holy land of public relations, Americaâ, drawing on techniques pioneered by Walter Lippmann and by Coca-Cola.
Anything Deng Xiaoping and his propaganda staff learnt from Coke was fluff compared to the techniques of threat and coercion already in their repertoire. Their methods came not from the West but age-old Chinese thinking about how humans calculate their personal interests, plus an overlay of âengineering of the soulâ borrowed from Stalin.
A more realistic depiction
In its later chapters, Age of Ambition leaves the exotic view behind and provides a closer, much more realistic appreciation of Chinese life. This curve in the book can be illustrated in the way the author treats the question of âhow do we know what most Chinese people think?â Twice he mentions a 2010 survey by the Pew Research Centre that found 87 per cent of Chinese liked the way things were going in their country. At the second mention, he adds âit was easy to overlook a routine budget report that revealed a surprising milestone: .â.â. [that the government] was spending more on domestic security than on foreign defenceâ. Later he concludes that âasking citizens of an authoritarian country for their views on politics over the phone did not produce candid answersâ â a point that would have been appropriate when he first mentioned the Pew report.
With the help of China Digital Times, he monitors the daily instructions that Chinese authorities send to domestic media about how to present â or expunge â news stories. The expunged items include ones like âIn China, 94 Per Cent Unhappy with Wealth Disproportionately Concentrated at the Topâ and âUN Releases World Happiness Report, and China Ranks No. 112â. Osnos is able to find, before it is suppressed, a Peopleâs Daily survey in which 80 per cent said they did not support one-party rule and did not believe in socialism.
As he reveals more about what Chinese people think, Osnos is able, much to his credit, to take the further step of estimating what they would think if they lived with a free press. His expatriate friends criticise him for paying too much attention to dissidents who are âfamous in New York or Paris [but] unknown to ordinary Chinese citizensâ. This leads him to reflect that âpopularity always struck me as an odd way to measure the importance of an idea in a country that censored ideasâ. He could have supported his point by citing the Chinese authorities. The intensity with which they censor a writer such as Liu Xiaobo is evidence of their judgment that Liuâs ideas would have strong appeal if they were allowed out.
The curve in Age of Ambition is further evident in the way Osnos follows the quixotic figure of Justin Lin, who in 1979, as a young Taiwanese military officer, swam to mainland China from a small island controlled by Taiwan. Lin left behind his pregnant wife and a toddler without letting them know where he was going so that they could honestly say they knew nothing when the police came knocking.
Lin was answering âthe callâ, as Osnos puts it, to be a heroic patriot. In the year Lin took his swim, I was living at Zhongshan University in Guangzhou, and all around the campus were government posters that read âResist the Secret-Escape Tideâ. The years 1957, 1962, 1972, and 1979 were high points in a flow that saw perhaps 2 million people steal into Hong Kong, many by swimming. But Lin swam in the opposite direction from his compatriots in 1979 and, metaphorically speaking, from then on, as he built a party-sponsored career as an economist and wrote papers about âthe China miracleâ that attributed Chinaâs boom more to gifted authoritarians than to the exploitation of a huge pool of low-paid, unprotected labour.
Osnos begins with a sympathetic portrait of Lin. By the end of the book, though, Osnos senses âhow isolatedâ he seems, and Lin, quoted by Osnos, seems a bit chastened: âIncome distribution became an issue .â.â. corruption became an issue. So ÂŹpeople tend to look at it more negatively. Theyâre frustrated.â
Corruption and inequality
The potent chapters near the end of Age of Ambition show how deep these problems of corruption, inequality, and frustration have become. Corruption was already a large problem in China in the 1980s â it was a leading complaint among the protesters of 1989 â but corruption and inequality vaulted sharply upward in the 1990s under Deng Xiaopingâs policies of emphasising money-making and âletting a part of the population get rich firstâ. Corruption eventually became standardised. Osnos refers to a municipal party secretary position that was on sale for $US101,000 ($108,000); to be chief city planner cost $US103,000. The appointed person receives bribes and gifts in order to recoup his investment before turning a profit. Osnos writes that âa one-star general could reportedly expect to receive 10 million dollars in gifts and business deals; a four-star commander stood to earn at least 50 million.â Greed aside, corruption is actually required.
âIf you donât take bribes,â an insider tells Osnos, âyou have to get out.â This is because corruption is officially illegal and anyone who might want to blow a whistle can easily do so, so a good way to guard against whistleblowers is to make sure that everyone takes bribes or embezzles. I want you to be corrupt, and want you to know that I know that you are; only then am I safe.
Osnos shows some of the ways in which corruption is disguised. One can learn how to lose at poker and make it look like an accident. One can answer the ads, delivered as text-message spam, that offer fake invoices for sale. But things get much more sophisticated than this. Osnos befriends a man named Hu Gang, an expert on bribing judges, who explains the necessity of building long-term relationships â with cigarettes, then banquets, then trips to massage parlours for sex, and by attention to details such as when childrenâs tuition comes due â for many months before expecting anything in return.
The fruits of corruption need to be disguised as carefully as the process, and a standard way of doing this is to send money overseas. Based on an internal report from Chinaâs central bank in 2011, Osnos writes that âsince 1990, 18,000 corrupt officials had fled the country, having stolen $US120 billion.â
Reports in the Western press in recent years have revealed fortunes in the families of Chinaâs top leaders â Xi Jinping, Wen Jiabao, Zhou Yongkang, and others â that reach into the hundreds of millions of dollars each. Osnos notes that âby 2012 the richest 70 members of Chinaâs national legislature had a net worth of almost 90 billion dollars â more than 10 times the combined net worth of the entire US Congressâ and that âin 2010, high rollers in Macau wagered about $US600 billion, roughly the amount of cash withdrawn from all the ATMs in America in a yearâ. Meanwhile, on a per capita basis, Chinaâs income is still âsomewhere between Turkmenistanâs and Namibiaâs.â In 2012 the government suspended publication of its figure for Chinaâs âGini coefficientâ, the standard measure of income inequality, but Osnos cites an independent estimate that puts it in 2013 at 0.61, higher than Zimbabweâs.
With the rise of the internet, such inequality is increasingly visible to the Chinese people, and this is a main reason for the increase in recent years of âmass incidentsâ â strikes, demonstrations, road blockages â to about 500 per day. Research has shown that popular anger is less about inequality per se than about the unjust means by which the wealthy are seen to have obtained their wealth.
Corruption has also contributed to a general decline in public ethics. Osnos points out that the poor as well as the rich are obliged to give bribes â to get treatment in a hospital, for example, or to get a child into a school. Such bribes are given standard labels like âsponsorship feesâ in order to spare ordinary people the need to master the art of sophisticated subornation. But the principle of duplicity remains. And duplicity pops up everywhere â in fake food, forged receipts, false promises, doctored photos and much more. People begin to withdraw inward, trusting less and less of what they see and hear.
Osnos relates a famous episode from ÂŹOctober 2011, when a toddler named Wang Yueyue was crushed, but not immediately killed, by a passing van on a street in the southern city of Foshan. The van moved on, and Yueyue was ignored by the first 17 passers-by, who seemed to be examples of the new amoral Chinese. A security camera captured the events and the recording reached the internet, where it went viral. A deluge of denunciation fell upon the passers-by. People sent money and gifts to Yueyueâs parents. So morality, in another form, is very much alive. Osnos astutely observes, though, that the reaction itself was a bit intemperate. It seemed an eruption of ÂŹaccumulated gall of the kind Justin Lin, the party economist, gently called âfrustrationâ. Some cynics on the internet even imagined that the whole thing had been faked â a scam to attract donations.
Drawing on the research of the anthropologist Yan Yunxiang, Osnos shows the suspicion of a scam, although preposterous in the Yueyue case, is not preposterous in general. Yan studied 26 cases in China of âGood Samaritans who had been the victims of extortionâ, people who stopped to help the injured â or the ostensibly injured â then were accused of having caused the injury and asked to pay for it. In each case, police began by assuming the accused to be guilty.
Can the government do anything to reduce such cynicism? It does spread words like ÂŹâharmonyâ and âsocialist civility,â but in its actions does more to generate cynicism than to curtail it. On the internet it hires people to âguide opinionâ, and no tactic is too cynical so long as a job gets done.
For example, if citizens are criticising leaders for high gas prices, the opinion-guider can toss in the comment that âif youâre too poor to drive, then it serves you right!â The web chat then turns to an attack on the nasty comment, and complaints about gas prices are temporarily forgotten. The government consistently says âChina is a country of lawsâ but as Hu Gang, the bribery expert, frankly allows, âwhen the rules favour the rule-makers, they are applied; when they do not, they are ignoredâ. The laws pretend to serve justice but in fact are tools of power. As people learn this, their cynicism increases.
If anything is as widespread as cynicism, it is insecurity. Osnos quotes a television host who dares at one point to break away from his script to ask, âCan we drink a glass of milk that is safe? Can we stay in an apartment that will not fall apart? Can we travel roads in our cities that will not collapse?â Another citizen says, âEveryone has some cash in his pocket, but the money isnât safe. You need a sense of security to be comfortable.â Insecurity appears at every level of society. It underlies the outbursts of extreme nationalism among âangry youthâ; it is the reason for the huge amounts of money the government spends on domestic stability; and it is what causes the wealthy, including top leaders, to send their money and children abroad.
Despite the cynicism and insecurity, though, a basic human longing for something better keeps showing itself. When Osnos asks a writer friend why young Chinese are so animated in their protests against Japan, she answers that âgrowing up in China, there are very few chances for you to feel like thatâto be lifted spiritually, to be working on something bigger than yourselfâ. Osnos discusses the oft-noted âspiritual voidâ in China, and the resurgence of religion. He shows how the government, too, has taken note of the void and sought to fill it by refurbishing Confucius, a thinker Mao had roundly denounced. When Liu Xiaoboâs 2010 Nobel Peace Prize infuriated the regime, it answered by inventing the Confucius Peace Prize and awarding it to Vladimir Putin.
By the end of his book Osnos has moved a considerable distance from China as an amusing place to China as a distressed place. He invites the question of how long the Chinese people are going to put up with their situation. He quotes Hu Shuli, the editor of whom his first impression was the busy click-clack of heels, saying âit is autocracy that creates chaos, while democracy breeds peaceâ.
He quotes Ai Weiwei, the activist artist, who observes that almost everyone in China is aware that the country âis facing a great crisis in terms of trust, ideology, moral standards, and many, many other waysâ, then says: âItâs not going to last.â
A fan of Ai Weiwei sends him some money with a note that says: âDonât hurry to repay it. You can repay it when there is a new currencyâ [ie, a different government]. And how might such a thing happen? Osnos wonders whether âsegments within the partyâ might someday decide that they have âmore to gain by siding with the peopleâ.
Those are the sorts of words that burn oneâs bridges with the Communist Party of China. So are the words in another passage, where Osnos relates how a woman with connections near the top of the party approached his wife Sarabeth, asking that the Osnos couple relay to Michael Forsythe, then a Bloomberg News reporter who had revealed that the family of Chinaâs president Xi Jinping was worth hundreds of millions of dollars, this message: Forsythe and his family âcanât stay in China .â.â. Something will happen. It will look like an accident .â.â. Heâll just be found dead.â The ÂŹmessage was obviously meant to intimidate Forsythe, Osnos and other journalists. It -certainly was not meant to be published.
In pondering these examples, I was struck that Osnos is publishing Age of Ambition as he leaves China to write for The New Yorker from Washington DC. Would he have written the same way if he had wanted to stay longer in China? I reflected that many of the China correspondents I have admired over the years had, like Osnos, done their tour in China, written frankly, then moved on.
Academics donât do that; China scholars are wedded to China for life. Then I thought again about the question of âthe one bookâ a traveller to China should read and realised that none â or almost none â of the books that I might nominate were by scholars. Some were by Chinese writers in translation. Among Westerners, non-fiction writers like Osnos and Peter Hessler, author of River Town, can offer more. Part of the problem is language. Osnos and Hessler, as non-academics, write clear, charming sentences.
But the deeper problem is that scholars cannot risk a burning bridge. Their access to China for research is at stake. People who are moving on can be more ÂŹplain-spoken.
Š 2014 The New York Review of Books. Distributed by the New York Times Syndicate.
The New York Review of BooksThe Australian Financial Review
REVIEW
Well-rounded view of a contradictory pre-crisis China
Perry Link - 08 Aug 2014 06:16:00
Author Evan Osnos writes that Chairman Mao repressed sexual expression, but there are plenty of reports of unregulated sex among young people during the wild times of Maoâs Cultural Revolution. Photo: Getty Images
In the late 1970s, when the death of Mao made it possible for foreign journalists to work in China for the first time in three decades, the first reporters there wrote wide-ranging books that addressed nearly everything they could learn. Later, books by journalists tended to be more specialised. Age of Ambition by Evan Osnos, which has just been published in Australia, returns to the panoramic tradition, and now, as Chinese society seems to be edging towards a crisis, may be a good time to do it.
Osnos begins by noticing a bifurcation in popular Western views of China â roughly, a good China of rising material standards and a bad China of repressive government â and he wants to reconcile the two. He cites ironies in his prologue:
China has .â.â. more people online than the United States, even as it redoubles its investment in historyâs largest effort to censor human expression. China has never been more pluralistic, urban and prosperous, yet it is the only country in the world with a winner of the Nobel Peace Prize in prison.
He is right about the split in Western perceptions, but this is mainly a Western problem. No serious Chinese writer is puzzled by a split. Inside the country, the wealth and repression are all one bundle. Authoritarian government makes possible an easy exploitation of unfree labour; workers in huge numbers generate vast wealth; most of the wealth goes back to the authoritarians, who become objects of resentment and thus feel a need to repress even more. The scene displays interlocking causalities, not a schism.
It is not clear in the first few chapters of Osnosâs book that he understands this, but when we reach the bookâs powerful end, it is obvious he does. He seems to have followed a writing strategy of trying to engage Westerners at their starting point â the innocent âwhich is the real China?â question â then bringing them gradually forward. Fair enough, I suppose. But Orville Schell writes on the dust cover that this is âthe one book about Chinaâ a traveller should read in advance. That is true only if the traveller has time for it all. Stopping halfway could do more harm than good.
Remote standpoint
Western imagination of China has a rich history. The 17th centuryâs Gottfried Leibniz thought the mystical ancient Book of Changes contained âthe rule of true wisdomâ; Voltaire called China âthe wisest and most civilised nation in the worldâ. Other projections have been less sanguine and sometimes demonising, but in every case they are done from a remote standpoint. China is far away and strange. In recent decades a tinge of cuteness has mixed with the strangeness in journalistic accounts, and Osnos inherits some of this. He uses examples such as stylish eyeglass frames that are offered under the brand name âHelen Kellerâ. An entrepreneur invents a way to teach âCrazy Englishâ by shouting sentences, word by word, to assemblies of students who shout back in unison â but when someone else tries the method, âI didnât obtain my goal. All I obtained was chronic pharyngitis.â
The cartoonish flavour sometimes stems from frantic movement of a kind mildly reminiscent of Charlie Chaplin. Osnos introduces Hu Shuli, the famous editor of the magazine Caijing, known for its bold investigative reports, this way:
I heard Hu Shuli before I saw her .â.â. I heard an urgent click-clack of heels down the hallway. She approached the door and then kept on going, sweeping into the newsroom spouting a series of decrees and ideas, before spinning around and heading back in my direction.
I have no doubt this is an accurate description, and it shows a side of Hu that is worth knowing. But the cumulative effect of selecting details from the funny, too-busy side of life runs the risk of putting a curtain between the reader and the humanity of the people on the other side. That, in turn, leaves too much room to imagine that human nature on the other side might be different from our own.
Osnos writes, for example, that âlove stories didnât become popular in China until the 20th centuryâ and that Mao so repressed sexual expression that after he died, some couples âstruggled to conceive because they lacked a firm grasp of the mechanicsâ. But many PhD dissertations have been written on pre-modern Chinese love stories, and there was much unregulated sex among young people during the wild times of Maoâs Cultural Revolution. In this respect, Chinese people, on average, are normal.
Western ideas of an exotic China have been useful to Chinaâs ruling authorities. The notion that Chinese people are different buttresses their claim that human rights and other âso-called universal valuesâ are not suitable in China. Images of the Chinese people as crazily busy â but without minds â were widespread in the fiction and film of the Mao era and are still used today when Beijing presents âthe Chinese peopleâ to the outside world.
Seeing the Chinese from a distance can lead to the further conclusion â also welcome in Beijing â that âweâ and âtheyâ are very different and both have faults, so moral relativism is in order. Osnos is generally free from this flaw, but occasionally he is not. He writes, for example, that after the June 4, 1989 massacre, when the Communist Party wanted to design a campaign to âeducateâ the people in loyalty, it turned to âthe holy land of public relations, Americaâ, drawing on techniques pioneered by Walter Lippmann and by Coca-Cola.
Anything Deng Xiaoping and his propaganda staff learnt from Coke was fluff compared to the techniques of threat and coercion already in their repertoire. Their methods came not from the West but age-old Chinese thinking about how humans calculate their personal interests, plus an overlay of âengineering of the soulâ borrowed from Stalin.
A more realistic depiction
In its later chapters, Age of Ambition leaves the exotic view behind and provides a closer, much more realistic appreciation of Chinese life. This curve in the book can be illustrated in the way the author treats the question of âhow do we know what most Chinese people think?â Twice he mentions a 2010 survey by the Pew Research Centre that found 87 per cent of Chinese liked the way things were going in their country. At the second mention, he adds âit was easy to overlook a routine budget report that revealed a surprising milestone: .â.â. [that the government] was spending more on domestic security than on foreign defenceâ. Later he concludes that âasking citizens of an authoritarian country for their views on politics over the phone did not produce candid answersâ â a point that would have been appropriate when he first mentioned the Pew report.
With the help of China Digital Times, he monitors the daily instructions that Chinese authorities send to domestic media about how to present â or expunge â news stories. The expunged items include ones like âIn China, 94 Per Cent Unhappy with Wealth Disproportionately Concentrated at the Topâ and âUN Releases World Happiness Report, and China Ranks No. 112â. Osnos is able to find, before it is suppressed, a Peopleâs Daily survey in which 80 per cent said they did not support one-party rule and did not believe in socialism.
As he reveals more about what Chinese people think, Osnos is able, much to his credit, to take the further step of estimating what they would think if they lived with a free press. His expatriate friends criticise him for paying too much attention to dissidents who are âfamous in New York or Paris [but] unknown to ordinary Chinese citizensâ. This leads him to reflect that âpopularity always struck me as an odd way to measure the importance of an idea in a country that censored ideasâ. He could have supported his point by citing the Chinese authorities. The intensity with which they censor a writer such as Liu Xiaobo is evidence of their judgment that Liuâs ideas would have strong appeal if they were allowed out.
The curve in Age of Ambition is further evident in the way Osnos follows the quixotic figure of Justin Lin, who in 1979, as a young Taiwanese military officer, swam to mainland China from a small island controlled by Taiwan. Lin left behind his pregnant wife and a toddler without letting them know where he was going so that they could honestly say they knew nothing when the police came knocking.
Lin was answering âthe callâ, as Osnos puts it, to be a heroic patriot. In the year Lin took his swim, I was living at Zhongshan University in Guangzhou, and all around the campus were government posters that read âResist the Secret-Escape Tideâ. The years 1957, 1962, 1972, and 1979 were high points in a flow that saw perhaps 2 million people steal into Hong Kong, many by swimming. But Lin swam in the opposite direction from his compatriots in 1979 and, metaphorically speaking, from then on, as he built a party-sponsored career as an economist and wrote papers about âthe China miracleâ that attributed Chinaâs boom more to gifted authoritarians than to the exploitation of a huge pool of low-paid, unprotected labour.
Osnos begins with a sympathetic portrait of Lin. By the end of the book, though, Osnos senses âhow isolatedâ he seems, and Lin, quoted by Osnos, seems a bit chastened: âIncome distribution became an issue .â.â. corruption became an issue. So ÂŹpeople tend to look at it more negatively. Theyâre frustrated.â
Corruption and inequality
The potent chapters near the end of Age of Ambition show how deep these problems of corruption, inequality, and frustration have become. Corruption was already a large problem in China in the 1980s â it was a leading complaint among the protesters of 1989 â but corruption and inequality vaulted sharply upward in the 1990s under Deng Xiaopingâs policies of emphasising money-making and âletting a part of the population get rich firstâ. Corruption eventually became standardised. Osnos refers to a municipal party secretary position that was on sale for $US101,000 ($108,000); to be chief city planner cost $US103,000. The appointed person receives bribes and gifts in order to recoup his investment before turning a profit. Osnos writes that âa one-star general could reportedly expect to receive 10 million dollars in gifts and business deals; a four-star commander stood to earn at least 50 million.â Greed aside, corruption is actually required.
âIf you donât take bribes,â an insider tells Osnos, âyou have to get out.â This is because corruption is officially illegal and anyone who might want to blow a whistle can easily do so, so a good way to guard against whistleblowers is to make sure that everyone takes bribes or embezzles. I want you to be corrupt, and want you to know that I know that you are; only then am I safe.
Osnos shows some of the ways in which corruption is disguised. One can learn how to lose at poker and make it look like an accident. One can answer the ads, delivered as text-message spam, that offer fake invoices for sale. But things get much more sophisticated than this. Osnos befriends a man named Hu Gang, an expert on bribing judges, who explains the necessity of building long-term relationships â with cigarettes, then banquets, then trips to massage parlours for sex, and by attention to details such as when childrenâs tuition comes due â for many months before expecting anything in return.
The fruits of corruption need to be disguised as carefully as the process, and a standard way of doing this is to send money overseas. Based on an internal report from Chinaâs central bank in 2011, Osnos writes that âsince 1990, 18,000 corrupt officials had fled the country, having stolen $US120 billion.â
Reports in the Western press in recent years have revealed fortunes in the families of Chinaâs top leaders â Xi Jinping, Wen Jiabao, Zhou Yongkang, and others â that reach into the hundreds of millions of dollars each. Osnos notes that âby 2012 the richest 70 members of Chinaâs national legislature had a net worth of almost 90 billion dollars â more than 10 times the combined net worth of the entire US Congressâ and that âin 2010, high rollers in Macau wagered about $US600 billion, roughly the amount of cash withdrawn from all the ATMs in America in a yearâ. Meanwhile, on a per capita basis, Chinaâs income is still âsomewhere between Turkmenistanâs and Namibiaâs.â In 2012 the government suspended publication of its figure for Chinaâs âGini coefficientâ, the standard measure of income inequality, but Osnos cites an independent estimate that puts it in 2013 at 0.61, higher than Zimbabweâs.
With the rise of the internet, such inequality is increasingly visible to the Chinese people, and this is a main reason for the increase in recent years of âmass incidentsâ â strikes, demonstrations, road blockages â to about 500 per day. Research has shown that popular anger is less about inequality per se than about the unjust means by which the wealthy are seen to have obtained their wealth.
Corruption has also contributed to a general decline in public ethics. Osnos points out that the poor as well as the rich are obliged to give bribes â to get treatment in a hospital, for example, or to get a child into a school. Such bribes are given standard labels like âsponsorship feesâ in order to spare ordinary people the need to master the art of sophisticated subornation. But the principle of duplicity remains. And duplicity pops up everywhere â in fake food, forged receipts, false promises, doctored photos and much more. People begin to withdraw inward, trusting less and less of what they see and hear.
Osnos relates a famous episode from ÂŹOctober 2011, when a toddler named Wang Yueyue was crushed, but not immediately killed, by a passing van on a street in the southern city of Foshan. The van moved on, and Yueyue was ignored by the first 17 passers-by, who seemed to be examples of the new amoral Chinese. A security camera captured the events and the recording reached the internet, where it went viral. A deluge of denunciation fell upon the passers-by. People sent money and gifts to Yueyueâs parents. So morality, in another form, is very much alive. Osnos astutely observes, though, that the reaction itself was a bit intemperate. It seemed an eruption of ÂŹaccumulated gall of the kind Justin Lin, the party economist, gently called âfrustrationâ. Some cynics on the internet even imagined that the whole thing had been faked â a scam to attract donations.
Drawing on the research of the anthropologist Yan Yunxiang, Osnos shows the suspicion of a scam, although preposterous in the Yueyue case, is not preposterous in general. Yan studied 26 cases in China of âGood Samaritans who had been the victims of extortionâ, people who stopped to help the injured â or the ostensibly injured â then were accused of having caused the injury and asked to pay for it. In each case, police began by assuming the accused to be guilty.
Can the government do anything to reduce such cynicism? It does spread words like ÂŹâharmonyâ and âsocialist civility,â but in its actions does more to generate cynicism than to curtail it. On the internet it hires people to âguide opinionâ, and no tactic is too cynical so long as a job gets done.
For example, if citizens are criticising leaders for high gas prices, the opinion-guider can toss in the comment that âif youâre too poor to drive, then it serves you right!â The web chat then turns to an attack on the nasty comment, and complaints about gas prices are temporarily forgotten. The government consistently says âChina is a country of lawsâ but as Hu Gang, the bribery expert, frankly allows, âwhen the rules favour the rule-makers, they are applied; when they do not, they are ignoredâ. The laws pretend to serve justice but in fact are tools of power. As people learn this, their cynicism increases.
If anything is as widespread as cynicism, it is insecurity. Osnos quotes a television host who dares at one point to break away from his script to ask, âCan we drink a glass of milk that is safe? Can we stay in an apartment that will not fall apart? Can we travel roads in our cities that will not collapse?â Another citizen says, âEveryone has some cash in his pocket, but the money isnât safe. You need a sense of security to be comfortable.â Insecurity appears at every level of society. It underlies the outbursts of extreme nationalism among âangry youthâ; it is the reason for the huge amounts of money the government spends on domestic stability; and it is what causes the wealthy, including top leaders, to send their money and children abroad.
Despite the cynicism and insecurity, though, a basic human longing for something better keeps showing itself. When Osnos asks a writer friend why young Chinese are so animated in their protests against Japan, she answers that âgrowing up in China, there are very few chances for you to feel like thatâto be lifted spiritually, to be working on something bigger than yourselfâ. Osnos discusses the oft-noted âspiritual voidâ in China, and the resurgence of religion. He shows how the government, too, has taken note of the void and sought to fill it by refurbishing Confucius, a thinker Mao had roundly denounced. When Liu Xiaoboâs 2010 Nobel Peace Prize infuriated the regime, it answered by inventing the Confucius Peace Prize and awarding it to Vladimir Putin.
By the end of his book Osnos has moved a considerable distance from China as an amusing place to China as a distressed place. He invites the question of how long the Chinese people are going to put up with their situation. He quotes Hu Shuli, the editor of whom his first impression was the busy click-clack of heels, saying âit is autocracy that creates chaos, while democracy breeds peaceâ.
He quotes Ai Weiwei, the activist artist, who observes that almost everyone in China is aware that the country âis facing a great crisis in terms of trust, ideology, moral standards, and many, many other waysâ, then says: âItâs not going to last.â
A fan of Ai Weiwei sends him some money with a note that says: âDonât hurry to repay it. You can repay it when there is a new currencyâ [ie, a different government]. And how might such a thing happen? Osnos wonders whether âsegments within the partyâ might someday decide that they have âmore to gain by siding with the peopleâ.
Those are the sorts of words that burn oneâs bridges with the Communist Party of China. So are the words in another passage, where Osnos relates how a woman with connections near the top of the party approached his wife Sarabeth, asking that the Osnos couple relay to Michael Forsythe, then a Bloomberg News reporter who had revealed that the family of Chinaâs president Xi Jinping was worth hundreds of millions of dollars, this message: Forsythe and his family âcanât stay in China .â.â. Something will happen. It will look like an accident .â.â. Heâll just be found dead.â The ÂŹmessage was obviously meant to intimidate Forsythe, Osnos and other journalists. It -certainly was not meant to be published.
In pondering these examples, I was struck that Osnos is publishing Age of Ambition as he leaves China to write for The New Yorker from Washington DC. Would he have written the same way if he had wanted to stay longer in China? I reflected that many of the China correspondents I have admired over the years had, like Osnos, done their tour in China, written frankly, then moved on.
Academics donât do that; China scholars are wedded to China for life. Then I thought again about the question of âthe one bookâ a traveller to China should read and realised that none â or almost none â of the books that I might nominate were by scholars. Some were by Chinese writers in translation. Among Westerners, non-fiction writers like Osnos and Peter Hessler, author of River Town, can offer more. Part of the problem is language. Osnos and Hessler, as non-academics, write clear, charming sentences.
But the deeper problem is that scholars cannot risk a burning bridge. Their access to China for research is at stake. People who are moving on can be more ÂŹplain-spoken.
Š 2014 The New York Review of Books. Distributed by the New York Times Syndicate.
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