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ǽ: 2026-08-28 00:27

2011-01-24 Mon

#637. 륬ʸĸ [indo-european][archeology][kurgan][substratum_theory][tocharian][map][reconstruction]

[2011-01-20-1]εǿ줿褦ˡĸ ( Proto-Indo-European ) ε˴ؤƤϽ⤬ƤƤߤǤϡ饤ʡեΥƥåӤ˱ɤ륬ʸ ( the Kurgan culture ) ô꤬ĸüԤäȤ⤬ŪͥǤ롥ǽˤγ򾧤ΤϹ͸ųؼ Gimbutas ǡ1963ǯʸǽΰ衼åѵ˰ۤ򾧤饫ԳФƥ볤Ϥ륹ƥåӤθζǤϤʤ󵯤͸ųؤˤĤƤϤޤ糰ʸɤǤߤ׻ݤϰʲ̤Ǥ롥

(1) ӸؾȤơĸθζ Finno-Ugric, Caucasian, Semitic ²ζ٤ˤä˰㤤ʤ
(2) ΤʤǶ򼨤ɤʬۤθȡĸθζŪ¤줿ϰƱꤵ롥
(3) 衼åѤζȲꤷ硤ʬۤ Indic ɤ Tocharian ( see [2009-08-06-1], [2009-08-14-1] ) ΤؤưȤʤ뤬򼨤͸ųŪʾڵϤʤ
(4) Фơ3ǯȾΥ桼饷ƥåӤˤϳȯʸήΤäȤ͸ųŪ˳ξڤƤ롥
(5) ˥桼饷ƥåӤ˱ɤ륬ʸ¸ߤ⤫Ӿ夬äƤ롥Kurgan Ȥϥǡ͡ʯ "barrow" ̣롥ʸι͸ųؾκħϡԤڤäͤ򤷤Ǥꡤܤ̹ʸ ( the North Pontic culture ) ȤоȤʤ

Steppes

(6) 륬ʸôĹƬؾ椬⤯㤷äȤ롥3ǯˤϡǤˤĤѼʬƤꡤϤʽĤǵ֤ξȾͷŪĤǤȹͤ롥Ϥʲ²ˤäȿŪʽĤǡ֤äƤꡤ3ǯȾˤϥ衼åѳϤƤϼ򲡤ĤƤä  *  

That the Kurgan people succeeded in conquering almost two-thirds of the European continent was probably largely due to their social organization and to the possession of vehicles. (827)

(7) 衼åΤ˽ʸͻ礬ꡤϤ͡ʸʬƤä

For about two or three centuries after the Kurgan appearance in Europe, archeology shows a coexistence of different cultural elements, a process of hybridization, a degeneration and a gradual disappearance of local elements. The old cultural patterns tapered off, but the influence of the substratum cultures remained as a strong undercurrent which led to an increased differentiation of the culture and to the formation of a variety of separate groups. (827)

(8) Υ륬ʬôꤳĸζ̤ʤΤǤϤʤ

I would like to see in the expanding Kurgan people the common ancestors of all Indo-European groups that formed in the successive centuries in Europe and the Near East. (829)


ä˽פϡ륬ʸᤤʳʬ򵯤ƤȿꤵƤ뤳ȤǤ롥衼åˤ̹ʸ䥫եʸͻ礷ƤꡤʹߤϤޤޤʸͻ礷ƤɬͤʽĤǤϤʤäȤȤϡӸؾθκƷɤΤ褦˲᤹٤Ȥˤ礭ؤäƤ롥
˰ưͤǤʤʸ---ϲǤʤߤΰ²ˤ⤢ƤϤޤɽǤ롥

There never was a period of "definitive development and of a final linguistic crystallization"---either in prehistoric, or in historic times. All was fluid, all was and still is changing. (833)


Gimbutas, Marija. "Indo-Europeans: Archeological Problems." American Anthropologist 65 (1963): 815--36.

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2009-08-14 Fri

#109. ӸؤΥޥ --- Tocharian (2) [indo-european][comparative_linguistics][tocharian][map][buddhism]

[2009-08-06-1]εǡ100ǯۤˡ² centum 롼פ°Ⱦ줿ȥ ( Tocharian ) ˤĤƴñ˿줿ȥˤĤơĴ٤Ƥߤ
1890ǯ˵6?8ΤΤȤȥε줿ʩʸοť뼫 ( Uygur Autonomous Region of Xinjiang ) ȯ줿ʿť뼫ȤСۤ絬˽ưäФʤΤǵ˿
ϤǤϡߤǤϼȤƥ륿² ( Altaic ) Υ륯 ( Turkic ) θǤ륦 ( Uighur ) äƤ롥ɤ⡤Υ줬10餤ޤǤ˥ȥǤܤ褦
ϤΥȥʸȯϡĤƤ˰²ô꤬サƤȤ򼨺ŪѤ˶̣ȯǤ뤬ӸŪˤƱ餤̣󶡤ƤƤ롥ΰĤϡǤϺǤפ˰֤Ƥʤ顤ŪˤϡŪħ򼨤 centum 롼פ°Ƥ뤳ȤǤ롥Ūˤ satem 롼פΥɤ䥵󥹥åȸαƶƤʤ⡤Ūˤ餫 centum 롼פȴϢŤ뤳Ȥϡɴפɽ줬 Tocharian A Ǥ käntTocharian B Ǥ kante Ǥ뤳ȤΤ([2009-08-05-1])centum 롼פΤɤθɤطΤϤ褯狼äƤʤ

Despite its historical position on the eastern frontier of the Indo-European world and the obvious lexical influence of Indo-Aryan and Iranian, Tocharian seems more closely allied linguistically with languages of the Indo-European northwest, particularly Italic and Germanic, in the matter of common vocabulary and certain verbal categories. To a lesser extent Tocharian appears to share certain features with Balto-Slavic and Greek. ( Tocharian languages. Encyclopaedia Britannica. Encyclopaedia Britannica 2008 Ultimate Reference Suite. Chicago: Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2008. )


˵󤲤 Tocharian ATocharian B ȤΤϡ줾̾ East TocharianWest Tocharian ȸƤФ뤬 ( Tarim Basin ) ˰֤ȥե ( Turfan ) ˰֤륯 ( Kucha ) Τ줾ȯ줿ʸθͿ줿Ū̾ΤǤ롥ϿޤϡTurfan Kucha Τ褽ΰ֤򼨤ΤǤ롥

Turfan and Kucha

Tocharian A B ϸߤطˤȤ뤬̤ͭϤˤСA ʩŵˤΤѤŪηϲƤ뤿ʩŵѤʸǤꡤB ʩŵʳξʸˤѤƤ뤳ȤǤȤ⤵롥A ǽ񤫤줿ܤ B ǽ񤫤줿ܤ碌αȯƤꡤ¦пȤΤŤξ˾ǡ۶Ƴǽ򼨺롥
Ĥȯˤäơ͡ʳ٤鸡ڤä졤ˤƤ椯ޤˡӸؤΥޥǤ롥

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2009-08-06 Thu

#101. ӸؤΥޥ --- Tocharian Anatolian [indo-european][comparative_linguistics][tocharian][hittite][buddhism]

ε[2009-08-05-1]ǡ² satem 롼פ centum 롼פ礭ʬ뤳ȤҲ𤷤centum 롼פϱѸޤ᤿衼åѤμ׸Ⱦޤ॰롼פɤ̾Ȥƥꥹȥåפ Tocharian ֥ȥɡפ Anatolian ֥ʥȥꥢɡפʹʤΤǤϤʤºݤˡܥ֥ǤĤƷǺܤηޡ[2009-06-17-1]Flashͷ٤ˤˤ⡤ĤθɤϴޤޤƤʤ
¤ϡĤθɤŪǶˤʤäƤȯ졤˰²̤ԤǤ롥ȥϡ19ȯ줿6?8ΤΤȤʩʸΤʤǡ󥹥åȸ ( Sanskrit ) ¤ɮƤǤ롥ȯ줿ϡʤȸߤο϶Ǥ롥ȯ줿ϡ줫Ĥʤä褦θǤθ˰²ΰä centum 롼פΰǤ뤳Ȥ줿λ¹ȤʤϸߤǤ¸ߤ⤽ɤʿ͡äƤΤޤʬäƤʤƲⶽ̣Τϡ餫Ūˤϡפ˰֤뤬ӸŪˤϡפ centum 롼פ°뤳ȤǤ롥 satem -- centum Ȥ²ʬ˰Фꤸ뤳ȤˤʤΤ뤤ϤȤʬۤƤȥô꤬̱²ưȤȤʤΤӸء˳ء͸ųؤ򴬤Ǥ򤭤ϤޤäƤ롥
ʥȥꥢɤˤĤƤСǤͭ̾ʸϡҥåȤθ줿ҥåȸ ( Hittite ) 20ƬߤΥȥ륳Υܥ祤ʸҥåȤμԡˤˤơ²°륢åɸ ( Akkadian ) ȤȤˡǴĤˤӷʸǵ줿줬ȯ줿θϡ centum 롼פΰǤ뤳Ȥ줿ҥåȤϵ1900?1200ǯ˱ɤǤꡤۤɸŤʳΰξڵʸȤƸ¸Ƥ¾ˤʤ
ҥåȸǤϡֿפ <wa-ta-ra> ɽƤȤޤäӸؤθ⤿餹ޥָ롥

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