[2011-01-20-1]εǿ줿褦ˡĸ ( Proto-Indo-European ) ε˴ؤƤϽ⤬ƤƤߤǤϡ饤ʡեΥƥåӤ˱ɤ륬ʸ ( the Kurgan culture ) ô꤬ĸüԤäȤ⤬ŪͥǤ롥ǽˤγΤϹųؼ Gimbutas ǡ1963ǯʸǽΰ衼åѵ˰ۤ饫ԳФƥ볤Ϥ륹ƥåӤθζǤϤʤųؤˤĤƤϤޤ糰ʸɤǤߤݤϰʲ̤Ǥ롥
(1) ӸؾȤơĸθζ Finno-Ugric, Caucasian, Semitic ²ζ٤ˤä˰㤤ʤ
(2) ΤʤǶɤʬۤθȡĸθζŪ¤줿ϰƱꤵ롥
(3) 衼åѤζȲꤷ硤ʬۤ Indic ɤ Tocharian ( see [2009-08-06-1], [2009-08-14-1] ) ΤؤưȤʤ뤬ųŪʾڵϤʤ
(4) Фơ3ǯȾΥ桼饷ƥåӤˤϳȯʸήΤäȤųŪ˳ξڤƤ롥
(5) ˥桼饷ƥåӤ˱ɤ륬ʸ¸ߤ⤫Ӿ夬äƤ롥Kurgan Ȥϥǡ͡ʯ "barrow" ̣롥ʸιųؾκħϡԤڤäͤǤꡤܤ̹ʸ ( the North Pontic culture ) ȤоȤʤ

(6) 륬ʸôĹƬؾ椬⤯㤷äȤ롥3ǯˤϡǤˤĤѼʬƤꡤϤʽĤǵ֤ξȾͷŪĤǤȹͤ롥Ϥʲ²ˤäȿŪʽĤǡ֤äƤꡤ3ǯȾˤϥ衼åѳϤƤϼĤƤä *
That the Kurgan people succeeded in conquering almost two-thirds of the European continent was probably largely due to their social organization and to the possession of vehicles. (827)
(7) 衼åΤ˽ʸͻ礬ꡤϤ͡ʸʬƤä
For about two or three centuries after the Kurgan appearance in Europe, archeology shows a coexistence of different cultural elements, a process of hybridization, a degeneration and a gradual disappearance of local elements. The old cultural patterns tapered off, but the influence of the substratum cultures remained as a strong undercurrent which led to an increased differentiation of the culture and to the formation of a variety of separate groups. (827)
(8) Υ륬ʬôꤳĸζ̤ʤΤǤϤʤ
I would like to see in the expanding Kurgan people the common ancestors of all Indo-European groups that formed in the successive centuries in Europe and the Near East. (829)
ä˽פϡ륬ʸᤤʳʬƤȿꤵƤ뤳ȤǤ롥衼åˤ̹ʸ䥫եʸͻ礷ƤꡤʹߤϤޤޤʸͻ礷ƤɬͤʽĤǤϤʤäȤȤϡӸؾθκƷɤΤ褦˲᤹٤Ȥˤ礭ؤäƤ롥
˰ưͤǤʤʸ---ϲǤʤߤΰ²ˤ⤢ƤϤޤɽǤ롥
There never was a period of "definitive development and of a final linguistic crystallization"---either in prehistoric, or in historic times. All was fluid, all was and still is changing. (833)
Gimbutas, Marija. "Indo-Europeans: Archeological Problems." American Anthropologist 65 (1963): 815--36.
[2009-08-06-1]εǡ100ǯۤˡ² centum 롼פ°Ⱦ줿ȥ ( Tocharian ) ˤĤƴñ˿줿ȥˤĤơĴ٤Ƥߤ
1890ǯ˵6?8ΤΤȤȥε줿ʩʸοť뼫 ( Uygur Autonomous Region of Xinjiang ) ȯ줿ʿť뼫ȤСۤ絬˽ưäФʤΤǵ˿
ϤǤϡߤǤϼȤƥ륿² ( Altaic ) Υ륯 ( Turkic ) θǤ륦 ( Uighur ) äƤ롥ɤ⡤Υ줬10餤ޤǤ˥ȥǤܤ褦
ϤΥȥʸȯϡĤƤ˰²ô꤬サƤȤŪѤ˶̣ȯǤ뤬ӸŪˤƱ餤̣ƤƤ롥ΰĤϡǤϺǤפ˰֤Ƥʤ顤ŪˤϡŪħ centum 롼פ°Ƥ뤳ȤǤ롥Ūˤ satem 롼פΥɤ䥵åȸαƶƤʤ⡤Ūˤ餫 centum 롼פȴϢŤ뤳Ȥϡɴפɽ줬 Tocharian A Ǥ käntTocharian B Ǥ kante Ǥ뤳ȤΤ([2009-08-05-1])centum 롼פΤɤθɤطΤϤ褯狼äƤʤ
Despite its historical position on the eastern frontier of the Indo-European world and the obvious lexical influence of Indo-Aryan and Iranian, Tocharian seems more closely allied linguistically with languages of the Indo-European northwest, particularly Italic and Germanic, in the matter of common vocabulary and certain verbal categories. To a lesser extent Tocharian appears to share certain features with Balto-Slavic and Greek. ( Tocharian languages. Encyclopaedia Britannica. Encyclopaedia Britannica 2008 Ultimate Reference Suite. Chicago: Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2008. )
˵ Tocharian ATocharian B ȤΤϡ줾̾ East TocharianWest Tocharian ȸƤФ뤬 ( Tarim Basin ) ˰֤ȥե ( Turfan ) ˰֤륯 ( Kucha ) Τ줾ȯ줿ʸθͿ줿Ū̾ΤǤ롥ϿޤϡTurfan Kucha Τ褽ΰ֤ΤǤ롥

Tocharian A B ϸߤطˤȤ뤬̤ͭϤˤСA ʩŵˤΤѤŪηϲƤ뤿ʩŵѤʸǤꡤB ʩŵʳξʸˤѤƤ뤳ȤǤȤ⤵롥A ǽ줿ܤ B ǽ줿ܤ碌αȯƤꡤ¦пȤΤŤξ˾ǡ۶Ƴǽ롥
Ĥȯˤäơ͡ʳ٤鸡ڤä졤ˤƤ椯ޤˡӸؤΥޥǤ롥
ε[2009-08-05-1]ǡ² satem 롼פ centum 롼פ礭ʬ뤳ȤҲ𤷤centum 롼פϱѸޤ衼åѤμȾޤ॰롼פɤ̾Ȥƥꥹȥåפ Tocharian ֥ȥɡפ Anatolian ֥ʥȥꥢɡפʹʤΤǤϤʤºݤˡܥ֥ǤĤƷǺܤηޡ[2009-06-17-1]Flashͷ٤ˤˤ⡤ĤθɤϴޤޤƤʤ
¤ϡĤθɤŪǶˤʤäƤȯ졤˰²̤ԤǤ롥ȥϡ19ȯ줿6?8ΤΤȤʩʸΤʤǡåȸ ( Sanskrit ) ¤ɮƤǤ롥ȯ줿ϡʤȸߤο϶Ǥ롥ȯ줿ϡ줫Ĥʤä褦θǤθ˰²ΰä centum 롼פΰǤ뤳Ȥ줿λ¹ȤʤϸߤǤ¸ߤ⤽ɤʿ͡äƤΤޤʬäƤʤƲⶽ̣Τϡ餫Ūˤϡפ˰֤뤬ӸŪˤϡפ centum 롼פ°뤳ȤǤ롥 satem -- centum Ȥ²ʬ˰Фꤸ뤳ȤˤʤΤ뤤ϤȤʬۤƤȥô꤬̱²ưȤȤʤΤӸء˳ءųؤǤϤޤäƤ롥
ʥȥꥢɤˤĤƤСǤͭ̾ʸϡҥåȤθ줿ҥåȸ ( Hittite ) 20ƬߤΥȥ륳Υܥ祤ʸҥåȤμԡˤˤơ²°륢åɸ ( Akkadian ) ȤȤˡǴĤˤӷʸǵ줿줬ȯ줿θϡ centum 롼פΰǤ뤳Ȥ줿ҥåȤϵ1900?1200ǯ˱ɤǤꡤۤɸŤʳΰξڵʸȤƸ¸Ƥ¾ˤʤ
ҥåȸǤϡֿפ <wa-ta-ra> ɽƤȤޤäӸؤθ⤿餹ޥָ롥
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