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ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2017-04-10 Mon

#2905. Benjamin Franklin ˱ƶ Noah Webster [spelling_reform][spelling_pronunciation_gap][webster][franklin][ame][orthography]

ε#2904. Ѹˤˤ Benjamin Franklin ([2017-04-09-1]) ˰³Benjamin Franklin ꡥFranklin ֻױư˴Ϣ Noah Webster ˱ƶڤܤݤˤҤ٤ˤĤƤ Baugh and Cable (359--60) εҤͥƤ롥

Spelling reform was one of the innumerable things that Franklin took an interest in. In 1768, he devised A Scheme for a New Alphabet and a Reformed Mode of Spelling and went so far as to have a special font of type cut for the purpose of putting it into effect. Years later, he tried to interest Webster in his plan but without success. According to the latter, "Dr. Franklin never pretended to be a man of erudition---he was self-educated; and he wished to reform the orthography of our language, by introducing new characters. He invited me to Philadelphia to aid in the work; but I differed from him in opinion. I think the introduction of new characters neither practicable, necessary nor expedient." Indeed, Webster was not in the beginning sympathetic to spelling reform. . . . But, by 1789, Franklin's influence had begun to have its effect. In the Dissertations on the English Language, published in that year, Webster admitted: "I once believed that a reformation of our orthography would be unnecessary and impracticable. This opinion was hasty; being the result of a slight examination of the subject. I now believe with Dr. Franklin that such a reformation is practicable and highly necessary."


̤ȤƤߤСWebster οѤϡѸ˾˵ֻפ⤿餷ȤϤäƤ⡤ֻηϤ礭Ѳ櫓ǤϤʤޥʡ󥸤ȸƤ֤٤Τä櫓οǤβפǤ顤ޤǤϤۤȤã줿ȤʤäΤǤ롥ơWebster ϡʱѸ춵˾Τߤʤ餺˱Ѹ˾ˤ̾ĤȤˤʤäFranklin ΡֿξפΤ褦˸夫ƤȤаޤˡμ㤭ꥫȤ Webster Υͥ륮򴶤ʤ

Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.

Referrer (Inside): [2024-07-24-1]

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2017-04-09 Sun

#2904. Ѹˤˤ Benjamin Franklin [spelling_reform][spelling_pronunciation_gap][webster][franklin][ame][orthography]

ε#2903. Benjamin Franklin 13ˤ drink not to elevation β ([2017-04-08-1]) Ǽ夲ĤǤˡBenjamin Franklin (1706--90) αѸ˾ι׸ˤĤƾҲ𤹤롥Franklin ϥꥫηػ۲ȤȤƿΰζȤ뤲ƤʪѸˤˤƤפ̤Ƥ롥2ŦƤ
1Ĥֻ׼ԤȤƤδǤ롥Franklin ϼ㤤ƤꡤѸֻȯˤ¡ʤ̴ؿ󤻤Ƥֻפ֤1768ǯˤ A Scheme for a New Alphabet and a Reformed Mode of Spelling 񤤤ϿʸƳޤ᤿ɽθ§äװƤäꥹˤ16 William Bullokar 17 Charles Butler λߤ18˥ꥫϤǷ֤줿Τ褦ʪǤꡤˤʤäƼԤ뱿̿äʡ#1939. 16ˡᤰ ([2014-08-18-1]) 򻲾ȡˡ (271) ϡּˤȤ Franklin ԤǤ뤬ѸֻμˤϹ䤹벿ΤǤפɾƤ롥Franklin Webster Ͷäֻפؤλٱ᤿ΤȤ Webster Ͽ˼ʤäȤˤƤ褦ˡ Webster ֻפ¿ʴؿ򼨤䤫ʤֻװƤΤĤιܤ¸뤳ȤΤ褦ˡFranklin ϥꥫѸֻηˡŪʤפ̤ΤǤ롥
⤦1ĤϡFranklin ꥫˤʸˡλ¾ϻϼԤȤʤäȤǤ롥Franklin 1750ǯ Pennsylvania English Academy ʸ University of PennsylvaniaˤΩǸŵʸˡƱ˱ʸˡζ뤳ȤĥǤλߤɬ̤ʤä춵λƳǰ¾¾ˤȤäƤ䤬ƥꥫ夹褦ˤʤ롥1756ǯ Lindley Murray 뤬1795ǯ English Grammar ꥫΤߤʤ餺ѸŪʸˡˤʤäƤ椯Ȥˤⶽ̣ʡ#2592. Lindley Murray, English Grammar ([2016-06-01-1])ˡˤ Franklin ή褬äΤpp. 491--92ˡ
ʤߤˡ㤤 Franklin ʸˡءؤȽΤ James Greenwood An Essay Towards a Practical English Grammar, Describing the Genius and Nature of the English Tongue. Giving Rational and Plain Account of GRAMMAR in General, with a familiar Explanation of its Terms (1711) ѤƤȤ˽񤫤ƤƱʸˡ1753ǯǤˡΤۤFranklin ϡ嵭Ʊǯ˽ǤƤ John Brightland A Grammar of the English Tongue, with Notes, Giving the Grounds and Reason of Grammar in General. To which is added, A New Prosodia; Or, The Art of English Numbers. All adapted to the Use of Gentlemen and Ladies, as well as of the Schools of Great Britain ʸˡο޽ȤƵ󤲤Ƥ롥
Τ褦ˡFranklin ϷŪʶȤȤƱѸʳء˻ˤ̾ĤƤΤǤ롥

졡رѸػˡ١Ѹ13罤۽Ź1975ǯ

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2017-04-08 Sat

#2903. Benjamin Franklin 13ˤ drink not to elevation β [popular_passage][franklin]

ɽŪꥫͤȤ Benjamin Franklin (1706--90) ˤ The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin (1818) ϡǺǤͭ̾ʼ1ĤǤ롥ΤʤǾҲ𤵤Ƥ٤13פȤζʸǤ롥

 1. Temperance.
    Eat not to dullness; drink not to elevation.
 2. Silence.
    Speak not but what may benefit others or yourself; avoid trifling conversation.
 3. Order.
    Let all your things have their places; let each part of your business have its time.
 4. Resolution.
    Resolve to perform what you ought; perform without fail what you resolve.
 5. Frugality.
    Make no expense but to do good to others or yourself; i.e., waste nothing.
 6. Industry.
    Lose no time; be always employ'd in something useful; cut off all unnecessary actions.
 7. Sincerity.
    Use no hurtful deceit; think innocently and justly, and, if you speak, speak accordingly.
 8. Justice.
    Wrong none by doing injuries, or omitting the benefits that are your duty.
 9. Moderation.
    Avoid extreams; forbear resenting injuries so much as you think they deserve.
10. Cleanliness.
    Tolerate no uncleanliness in body, cloaths, or habitation.
11. Tranquillity.
    Be not disturbed at trifles, or at accidents common or unavoidable.
12. Chastity.
    Rarely use venery but for health or offspring, never to dulness, weakness, or the injury of your own or another's peace or reputation.
13. Humility.
    Imitate Jesus and Socrates.


ܡˤʸˤ (157--59) Ǥϡ줾켡Τ褦ܸȤʤäƤ롥

졡˰ۤɿʤ졥줦ޤǰʤ졥
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载ӥƥ˸٤


Franklin 1֤˿ȤˤĤƤ椯Τ褤⤤Ƥ뤬ˤȤäƤϡ⤦ǽιܤ餷ƶԤΤΤǤ롥ǡTemperance θˤ붵 "Eat not to dullness; drink not to elevation." ðǰ˲ᡦ̣ʤФʤʤ
Ⱦʬϡ˰ۤɿʤפƤ뤬 dullness ϡ˰뤳ȡĤޤʤȡפǤϤʤͤΡֶߤפɽ魯ª٤ȤΤϡʸˤˤĤưʲΤ褦ʲ⤬뤫

Temperance first, as it tends to procure that coolness and clearness of head, which is so necessary where constant vigilance was to be kept up, and guard maintained against the unremitting attraction of ancient habits, and the force of perpetual temptations.


Ĥޤꡤ"Eat not to dullness" "Don't eat to be slow in understanding" ۤɤ˥ѥե졼ΤȤɤɬפ롥
ήɤʤСȾʬ "drink not to elevation" ֿ줦ޤǰʤפǤϸ­餺Τ褦˻פ롥Ⱦʬˤʤ餤"Don't drink to be elevated" ȥѥե졼ΤȤɤǤ褤 elevation elevated ɤΤ褦ʾ֤ؤݥȤȤʤ롥
֥ϥˤʤפ֥᡼ȥ뤬夬פ˶ᤤ촶ľ줿ޤ꼫ʤαѱѼŵƤΤʸ촶ʤäΤǡOED Ĵ٤Ƥߤȡư elevate 7b θȤơʲΤ褦ˤä

b. spec. of the effects of liquor. Now humorous or slang.
a1704 T. Brown Lett. from Dead (new ed.) in Wks. (1707) II. ii. 87 We were all elevated above the use of our Legs as well as our Reason.
1763 Brit. Mag. 4 372, I, being elevated with liquor.
1816 'Quiz' Grand Master viii. 230 But with the jumping-powder heated, He got completely---elevated.
1843 Dickens Martin Chuzzlewit (1844) ix. 112 His depth of feeling is misunderstood. He is supposed to be a little elevated; and nobody heeds him.


1ܤʸϡelevated ʤۤɤˡĤ֤ؤƤ褦ɤ롥̾θǤϡelevated "having a high moral or intellectual level" (OALD8) "having an intelligent and usually formal tone or quality" (MWALED) Τ褦ˡषΥ٥뤬⤤׾֤ؤΤ顤ȿФΰ̣ elevated ѤƤȤСΤ OED Υ졼٥˼Ƥ̤ "humorous or slang" δްդȼȤȤ롥ȾʬΡֶߡפȤжŪʴطͤСȾʬʤۤɤˡפªΤͤޤǤˡJohnson μǤ⡤To elevate ˤϡ˴ؤȤϸꤷƤʤΤΡ"To elate the mind with vicious pride" ȤŪʸͿƤ롥
ʾ塤ȾʬβޤȤСְǤ褤ŪʪͤʤʤۤɤޤǤ˰ΤϤ褯ʤפȤʤʾ塤ߥեȤμ۸ΤβǤ

졤 ȡˡإե󥯥١ȽŹ1957ǯ

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