
khelfʷѸ˥եˤΥСǤꡤѸֻˤȤ߷顤ʤȤФƶä٤˥塼Ϥޤ
ǯ51餴ȤΥ֥ȤǸƤϢܴ֡رѸ츻ŵ٤ǤɤѸֻˡĤ˥ե٥åȤκǽʸǤ A ιܤ٤ɤ߽̤ȤΤȤǤޤϻ߷A ΥץȡǤȤޤ
δ褬ɤۤɴ̵ͭšʡˤʤΤǤ뤫ϡ hellog ΥȡˤǤ⼨Ƥޤ䤬αѸ츻ŵפȸƿ䤷˿䤷ƤرѸ츻ŵ (kdee) 1ڡܤɤ褦ȻߡֻŪ˶̣ȥԥå夲Ʋ⤹Ȥޤ˶ԤȤ⤤Ǥ
ͽǤ3ǯۤɤɤܻؤƤȤΤȤǤƤߤ A 1ǯפȤ¤ˡμŵαȡ߷γصŪʼǰħƤޤȤ415դ note 1ǯơرѸ츻ŵ٤AǻϤޤɤƤߤǤƻΤ֤äƤޤA 307 εѤ߾夲ƤȤΤϡ˶äǤ
䤫߷ǿ note ˴ȤǤⶦͭȻפޤ
1ǯä A ΥץȡǤȤޤhelοʿۤ줿Ȥ˴Ǥ⡤ĤҤȤĤ꤬⤷Ǥ͡ɽֻפˤ⡤ĤܤƤޤ˥뤴Ȥ͡ʤڤߤǤ줫ΥȥԥåڤߤˤƤޤ
߷β̥Ϥϡñʤ뼭ŵˤȤɤޤ餺ȤȤƤλäˤ褯Ƥ륹ڥѤˤޤ¬뤫餳ĤҤȤĤε˽ŤߤФΤȻפޤ
hellog ɼԤγˤϡҤεͭϢܤɤƤФȻפޤ٤⤤ǤɤिӤ˿ȯϤǤ߷Ϣܥ RSS եƤФȻפޤޤ߷ note 碌ƥå
رѸ츻ŵɤȤСheldio/helwa ΥꥹʡǤ lacolaco ˤ ֱѸ츻ŵɥΡȡ ܤǤŪֻˤò߷ȡŪʤ⤷ɵ᤹ lacolaco Τ2ͤζˤäơߡرѸ츻ŵ٤ᤰhelϡĤƤʤ夬Ƥޤ2̲ͤȤơ#1718. رѸ츻ŵ٤ɤƤ뤢2ͤ --- helwa ǯ⡤ҤİѸθ礭ѤȻפޤ
ŵϡְפΤǤϤʤɤפΤȤʸۤɺդƤ륳ߥ˥ƥȻפޤǸθҤ⡤äդαʤԽǴǤäƤΤǤϤʤǤ礦
khelf helwa ̤helؤɤɤäƤޤɼԤγ⡤Ҥγư礷ꡤ뤤ϼ黲äꤷơѸˤȤ夲Ƥޤ礦
߷ϡ B ΰƤޤ͡B ν308. B, b ʸǤޤǡǤ줫ڤߤǤ
ʲϢ뵭碌Ƥɤߤ
߷ note helwaϤޤˡֱѸˤءפä~helwaղ~2025ǯ518
߷ note 1ǯơرѸ츻ŵ٤AǻϤޤɤƤߤ2026ǯ415
hellog #5861. khelf ߷֡رѸ츻ŵ٤ǤɤѸֻˡץϤƤޤ ([2025-05-14-1])
hellog #6034. khelf ߷Ρ֡رѸ츻ŵ٤ǤɤѸֻˡפϤȾǯ ([2025-11-03-1])
߷ ˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵٿǡҡ2024ǯ
١#979. Ѹֻ <e> ([2012-01-01-1]) Ǽ夲ǵ10˿Ԥ櫓ǤϤʤCarney ɤǤʬäȤɲûब롥ޤ Carney ϢսѤ (42)
Empty letters are naturally a target for the spelling reformers, but one should not rush in with the scissors too hastily. A favourite target is final <-e>. The instances of <-e> at the end of copse, bottle, file, giraffe, are often referred to as 'silent' letters, but they are very different. The <-e> of copse marks the word as different from the plural cops. The word bottle cannot sensibly be spelt as *<bottl>, since syllabic consonants are always spelt with a vowel letter and a consonant letter, except for <sm> in sarcasm, prism. Similarly it might be thought that file could be spelt *<fil>. It would still be different from fill, as it is in filing, filling. However, some degree of redundancy is essential to human language and that justifies taking the unit of correspondence to be <i..e>/aɪ/. Even the <-e> at the end of giraffe has something to be said in its favour. It can be said to mark the unusual final stress of the noun as in the <-CCe> of brunette, cassette, corvette, largesse, bagatelle, gazelle.
bottle ˴ؤ⤬ˤȤäƤܿΤäñβ粻 l ˤĤơ粻ŪҲѤȤˤϡɬ <e> տ魯Ȥ㳰Ȥ <-sm> Ƥ뤬ʳϤɤ <e> ɬܤΤ褦
⤦1Ķ̣Τ giraffe θ <e> Ǥ롥brunette, cassette, corvette ʤɤ㤫狼̤ꡤ <-VCCe> ֻȤʤˤϡ<V> ޤ˶롥ϡ<e> ǤȤ <CCe> ΤǼȤ٤Τΰ˻ͿƤȤǡ <e> 1ĤȲ᤹뤳ȤϲǽǤ롥
ۤˤ eye θ <e> Τ褦ˡ3ʸ§ (three-letter_rule) 뤿Υߡ <e> ⡤1ĤȤƥꥹȤ˲äƤ褤
ͤ³Ƥȡ<e> ϤäȵäƤܵƱݤǡ330 heldio ˤ#1765. Ѹֻˤ <e> ۿƤΤǡ⤪İС
Carney, Edward. A Survey of English Spelling. Abingdon: Routledge, 1994.
ε#6163. ȯteach ˡ§ --- a ޤޤưԵ§ -ought ǤϤʤ -aught Ȥʤ ([2026-03-12-1]) ˤĤơ塤Ѹֻˤδ鿼ꤷƤȹͤƤ뤬Ϥˡưβ˸¤餺<ough(t)> <augh(t)> ֻˤĤơȯбȤȤ˸Ƥ
ޤ<ought> ˤĤ Carney (345--46) ꡥ
O.15 <ought>/ɔː/ | <t>
Examples: bought, brought, fought, nought, ought, sought, thought, wrought.
Exceptions with /aʊ/ --- doughty, drought. Names such as Boughton, Broughton, Houghton, Oughton, Oughtred, Stoughton have /ɔː/ --- /aʊ/ variation and occasionally /u;ː/ or /əʊ/. Some are only given with one variant by EPD --- Loughton /aʊ/, Moughton /əʊ/, but with the pronunciation of a name one can never be fully certain.
³ Carney (285) ꡤ<augh(t)> ˤĤɤǤߤ褦
A.9 <augh>/ɔː/
Examples: aught, caught, daughter, distraught, fraught, haughty, naught, naughty, slaught, slaughter, taught; Baugh, Bradlaugh, Connaught, Haughtn, Laughton, McNaught, Shaughnessy, Waugh. The names Baughan, Maugham, Vaughan are single syllables (/bɔːn/, etc.). This correspondence is one straightforward part of the name Featherstonehaugh, pronounced /ˈfænʃɔː/.
Exceptions: with /ɑːf/ (AmE /æf/) in draught, laugh and derived forms.
Efficiency: in words 89 per cent; in names 77 per cent; a marginal rule with very strong bias toward high TF words and strong bias towards shorter words.
ñ֤餫ѤƯƤȵ졤ֻȯδطεҤϰǤϤʤ̸Τߤʤ餺̾ˤ褯Ƥ뤳Ȥˤդ
Carney, Edward. A Survey of English Spelling. Abingdon: Routledge, 1994.
37 heldio ˤ #1742. ۵ --- teach/taught ˴ؤŷŪŦᤰäơۿޤѸ춵˷Ȥ4Ԥˤ̲Ǥ
夲ϡѸ˸ȤˤȤäƤ礭ʾǤȯüϡعDZѸƤΥ饹Ρ̤ˤȯǤ
Ѹؽˤơ -ought Ե§ѲưϳؽԤǺߤμǤthink --- thoughtbuy --- bought, bring --- brought, fight -- fought ʤɡ¿ o ޤֻȤʤޤteach --- taught catch --- caught Τ褦ˡa ޤ -aught ֻˤʤΤ⤢ޤۤȤɤαѸؽԤϡ֤ΤפȤƴݰŵƤȤǤ礦ޤ̤4ԤƱͤǤ
ȤϥΡȤǡμݤζä٤ŦΤǤ teach a ޤޤƤ뤫顤 taught o ǤϤʤ a ˤʤΤǤϤʤȡ
λŦðŪʤΤϡñʤϤ碌䵭ѤμĶơѸֻ˸˻ǽˤޤѸˤδ餳 -aught ƸƤƤߤȡä٤¤⤭Ħˤʤޤtaught caught ʤɤθ¸ưǤʤˤβǵ§Ƥư굯ƤߤȡΡteach ˡ§פƤϤޤ㤬ĤĤΤǤ
ȤСߤϵ§ѲưȤʤäƤ reach ǤĤƤԵ§Ѳ raught Ȥ֤äƤޤ⸶ a ޤߡ -aught Ǥޤlatch ˤ⤫Ĥ laught Ȥ¸ߤޤ
ˡreck ȤưФƤ raught Ȥޤ a ޤޤƤޤe a Ʊ첻ǤϤޤˡ§ơָ a 뤤 e ޤޤưԵ§ -ought ǤϤʤ -aught ȤʤפȤлޤ
ŪˤߤСֻκϡĸ첻 (gradation) 䡤ޥΥ饦 (i-mutation)θ (analogy) ʣ߹ä̤ȹͤޤμ⤿ʤʴѻˤäƤΡˡ§פФȤϡƶä٤ȤǤ
ζ۵̤ǤϡλŦ˿ѸֻȤˤο¤ʹӤƤǽ뤫ޤޤǡͤΤۤ˶ʳ礭ʥͥ륮뤳ȤǤޤ
Ѹ˸ԤȤơĹǯȻפǸᤴƤˡۤɤޤǤ䤫ˡ§ƤȤ˲Фޤʾˡĥեåʻº˵դ졤˲Ǥ餢ޤteach ˡ§פŪդˤĤƤϡ夵ʤĴɬפǤƥʻߤˤʤȻפޤ
ѸؽԤγȶʱѸΡ֤ʤפñʤŵǺѤޤʬʤβΩƤƴѻƤߤƤˤϡȤäˡ§Ƥ뤫⤷ޤ
ʳ̤ƤϡҾ嵭 Voicy ꤪİ

ε#6128. 1 mond 10䤤˲ޤ ([2026-02-05-1]) ǿ줿̤ꡤ mond ǤϤֻȯЪΥ (spelling_pronunciation_gap) ˴ؤ꤬¿夲줿Τʤlanguage gu [gw] ȯޤե gu ϸΥƥμѸ [g] Ǥ often եȥƱפ֤ȯȤȤǤפȤ䤤ä
μФ127˲ƤΤΤˤĤĴ٤ȤΤǡ˷ǺܤƤޤ MED θФǧƤ
langāǧe (n.) Also langag, langaige, longage, language, languege, langwache, (errors) lanquage, langegage.
ֻȤ <u> <w> ޤΤ⤢ä褦
OED Notes εҤꡥ
Both in Anglo-Norman (where they are much more frequent than in continental French) and in English, spellings with insertion of u or w after g are due to the influence of classical Latin lingua, as is the standard pronunciation of the English word. In Middle English the word was usually pronounced without /w/ ; the 16th-cent. orthoepists Hart and Bullokar still record this pronunciation as the usual one, and it survives in Scots and Irish English, as shown e.g. by the spellings langidge, langige. See further E. J. Dobson Eng. Pronunc. 1500--1700 (ed. 2, 1968) vol. II. §421 note 7.
ǸڤƤ Dobson (Vol. 2, §421, n. 7) äƤߤȡΤ褦ˤ롥
Note 7: Language, being an adoption of OF langage, normally lacks [w] in ME; so Hart and Bullokar (normally). But it is early affected, in spelling and pronunciation, by Latin lingua (cf. the fourteenth-century spelling langwag recorded by OED); hence [gw] in Bullokar (as a rarer variant), Mulcaster, Gil (who actually gives u), Butler, Hodges, The English Schole-master, Strong, Young, Cooper, and Brown. Similarly banquet (OF banc + et) should have [k], as in Levins, Laneham, Hodges, Strong, and Young; but Coles gives the 'phonetic' spelling bang-quet (contrast blang-ket 'blanket'), which shows the beginning of the PresE spelling-pronunciation. Cooper says that the word is spelt either banquet or banket.
Ǥ language Ȥ banquet Ƥ롥mond βǤ banquet ˤϿʤäθŪʿĴ٤Ƥߤȶ̣
Dobson, E. J. English Pronunciation 1500--1700. 2nd ed. 2 vols. Oxford: OUP, 1968.
#4384. goodbye ȡ֤褦ʤס ([2021-04-28-1]) ǡɽ goodbye θ츻夲ĤޤߤɽǤ뤳Ȥߤֻδϡʤ e դƤΤˤʤ롥
Carney (153) Ǥϡe 켫ΤȤ ye ȤȤ߹碌ܤĤġΤ褦ʲ⤬ä
Final <-ye> occurs irregularly in a few §Basic words. Dye, lye ('soda'), rye, compared with sky, dry, wry, etc. are bulked up with <e> to three letters (the 'short word rule', p. 131). Similarly lexical bye is differentiated from the function word by. Dye and lye are differentiated from the much more common die and lie in present-day spelling, but in earlier centuries there was some free variation between the <ie> and <ye> spellings.
Carney θˤȡbye θ e ղäϡѸˡˤ#2235. 3ʸ§ ([2015-06-10-1]) ȤƸϺ3ʸ֤ʤФʤʤȤ롼ɽˤ bye ñȤǤθ츻̣ǤȤ⡤good ȤƻθƤǤˤ̾餷ʤƸ餷Ʊ۵ by ֻǤꡤǽǤ롥κФˤ⡤ԤˤĤ3ʸ§ʤˤ⡤Ԥ˥ߡ e դΤŬڤʲȤʤ롥
뤤ϡΰɽθȤ God be with you/ye. ye ˴ bye ˱ƤĤޤƤߤǤΤϼͳdzڤǤ͡
Carney, Edward. A Survey of English Spelling. Abingdon: Routledge, 1994.
ܥ֥Ǥ doubt <b> sign <g> ʤɤˤȤۻ (silent_letter) ȤѸΤ褦˻ȤäƤʬ䤹ѸǤ롥ŬʤΤѸǤȤơѤʤֻԤ⤤롥
ѸΤɤ꤬ΤõäƤȻפΤޤ Carney "2.6.5 Auxiliary, inert and empty letters" ꤹƬȤϤ (40)
All letters are 'silent', but some are more silent than others
Opinions are sharply divided on whether to allow the use of 'silent letters' in a description of English orthography so as to cater for spellings such as the <b> in debt, doubt. If we are to find our way in this controversy, we clearly need to clarify our terminology. The term 'silent letters' is an extension of a metaphor commonly used in the teaching of reading, where letters are often supposed to 'speak' to the reader. When a simple vowel letter, as the <a> in latent has its long value /eɪ/, 'the vowel says its name'. A commonly-used classroom rule for reading vowel digraphs, such as <oa>, <ea>, is: 'when two vowels go walking, it's the first that does the talking' --- a comment on the greater phonetic transparency of the first element in a complex graphic unit. But, as Albrow (1972: 11) pints out, all letters are silent: 'the sounds are not written and the symbols are not sounded; the two media are presented as parallel to each other'. He suggests the term 'dummy letters' for letters with no direct phonetic counterpart but, as far as possible, tries to do without them in his analysis.
Albrow θʬϡʸȯʤ椨ˤ٤ƤʸۻפȤȤϤΥ硼Τ褦ˤʹ뤬ΡʸȯפȤǰեɽʸǤ륢ե٥åȤȤʸȤԤο˿߹ޤƤ뤳ȤƤȤϡ¤϶ˤƽפǤ롥ȤΤϡʸֻεäƤϡȯʸäդȽդ§ȤưۤʤǥǤ뤳ȤǧƤɬפ뤫ξǥϡѼԤ͡ˡǸߤϢ礪ȤƤΤϻ¤ܼŪ˰ۤʤ2ĤΥǥؤ餻褦ȤĤߤʤΤǤꡤˤޤԤ櫓ǤϤʤषбطޤԤʤΤȤΩ줫饹ȤƤߤۤͭפ⤷ʤΤ
silent letter ȤѸˤĤƤϡͤ³Ƥ
Carney, Edward. A Survey of English Spelling. Abingdon: Routledge, 1994.
Albrow, K.H. The English Writing System: Notes toward a Description. London: Longman, 1972.

1228Τˡμͭץåȥե mond ƤX 礭ȿƤǤޤդǥץå100ĶīޤǤ358ãƤޤѸʸκ˴ؤʸǡ츫̣ʥơޤǤ夬äƤޤäȤȤˡʬؤŪʴؿι⤵Ƽ´Ƥޤ
ȤʤäƤΤϡmond ˴줿1ĤμǤܸǤϡʹƲʬäɽʬʤ硤Ȥꤢ̾ǽȤˡȤ뤳ȤǤޤѸǤ֤꤬ʬʤȤ⤽ƻĤȤǤޤʬ뤬֤꤬ʬʤȤϡɤн褷ƤΤǤȤ䤤Ǥ
Фǡϡ֥ե٥åȤ̾Τ褦˻ȤФפȤȡֱѸΥڥϴΤ褦ʤΤפȤŸޤ
βФ X Υץ饤̤˳ȯʵ蘆ƤޤȿƤƵŤ줿ΤϡΡ䤤Τ˹¿ŪǤȤǤʸǤϡŪˤɤξ̤ꤷƤΤ1ޤޤ餳ּʬʤ餳פȤ¿ͤʰոФƤ櫓Ǥ
ΡֱѸ˲̾ϤʤΤᤰƤΤǡǸȻפޤΰտޤʤ٤դ뤿ˡʤȤʲ6ĤۤɤΥѥθɬפȸǤϹͤƤޤ
1. ïнˡҤͤƤΤ
A. ѸüԡʤϤɤн褷Ƥޤ
B. ܸüԤDZѸؽԤγʤϤɤн褷Ƥޤ
2. ֻӤϡ
A. ¾ͤȶͭʤǤΥեޥʥΤ
B. ¾ͤȶͭǤΥեޥʸΤ
3. ɤޤˡˤ뤫Ϥ˽Ȥפ뤤ϤȤꤢãǤнʬ
A. §ȤƤñƥȡعΥݡȡʸʤɡ
B. ۤɤʤʥ⡤ƤǤʤɡ
4. ֻΤꤿñμϡ
A. ̸̾
B. ̾
5. ñȯֻˤɤ夯ˡϡ
6. ñΰ̣ʬäƤ롤뤤Ϥٿ¬Ǥ뤫
ʸȤϲȤϲεǮ䤵³ƤФȻפޤ
Ϣơ29θˡʶꤹ heldio ˤۿ֡152Ķmond ΡֱѸ˲̾ϤʤΤޤޤ
ޤ30Τˤϡ³ԤȤʤ mond ؤβƤƤΤǡ⤴
NZE ˤϡޥ줫μѸ줬¿äƤ롥̾̾ʤɤθͭ̾Ϥ̸¿ήƤ롥Ѹʸ̮ǥޥѸɤΤ褦ȯ뤫ȤˤĤơBauer (398--99) ̣Ƥ롥
The proper pronunciation of Maori is currently a controversial issue in New Zealand, and it is a subject on which feelings run high. The issue is at heart a political rather than a linguistic one, since it is clear linguistically that there is no good reason to expect native-like Maori pronunciation in words which are being used in English. None the less, it has the linguistic consequence that there is a good deal of variation in the way in which Maori loanwords are pronounced in English, with variants close to native Maori norms at the formal end of the spectrum, and much more Anglicised versions --- sometimes irregularly Anglicised versions --- at the other. To give some idea of the variation this can lead to, I present below a few place-names with a Maori pronunciation and one extreme English pronunciation. Variants are heard anywhere on the continuum between these two extremes.
ʸϤθ˶㤬ĤƤ뤬ȤХޥǥ˥塼ɤɽ魯 Aotearoa ĹϡˤϡޥȯǤ /aːɔtɛːaɾɔa/ ȤʤꡤȯѸüԤ⤤С鴰˱Ѹ첽 /eɪətiəˈɹəʊə/ ȤȯԤ⤤롥ޤ2ĤξˤȤơŪȯ¿ȤΤ顤ɤη㤷롥
ɤطʤˤϡѸȥޥβηϤκۡޥΥƥ饷ǥؤθޥؤΩ֤פ졤ײ衦Ωʤɡ͡ʸŪƤʤҲŪװѤƤΤȯ1ĤȤäƤ⡤üԤ٤Ω줬ǻȿǤƤǽȤȤ
ʤޥɽݤֻϡ1830ǯȾ1840ǯޤǤˤɸಽƤȤ (Bauer 398) ճᤫäΤʡȤݤ
Bauer L. "English in New Zealand." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 5. Ed. Burchfield R. Cambridge: CUP, 1994. 382--429.

khelf ߷Ϣܴ֡رѸ츻ŵ٤ǤɤѸֻˡ111˸줿160. anemone ȯ/ənéməni/äơϤȾǯޤޤʤǤȤˡɮ۩
ǡ֡رѸ츻ŵ٤ǤɤѸֻˡϢܤȾǯФޤθޤޡʻ٤ߤĤġƻ³ƤޤȾǯǿʤΤϤʤ44ڡܤޤǡ1ǯвᤷȤAǻϤޤɤ߽ƤΤȤΩߤޤꤹAޤȴФƤʤΤɤĹˤڤߤ
ޤ A ιܤȴФƤʤݤҤ٤ƤޤǤ160ۤñ츻åƤꡤϢܤȤư괶ФƤޤѸŪˤΤ⤷Ǥñθ츻Ȥ櫓ֻ˴ؿΤɬɤǤɤΤ RSS եѰդƤޤ
ϢܤؽŪʲͤäƤΤϡΤرѸ츻ŵʸҡˤפˤ뤫ȤȤ⤢ޤԤȤƤλ߷γصŪƤ뤫Ǥ OED ϤȤƼŪʸȤפꡤӸƤꤹΤϡ켫ΤؽѳưǤ
ϢܳϤ1ۤɷФä34. <c><cc>줬<acc->ĸˤĤơˡդ꤫ϡͷӿ꤬դ褦ˤʤäƤޤñФɮԤδؿκ߽褬狼ꡤɤߤ䤹ʤäƤޤ
ǶεǤȤƤٶˤʤäΤ158. and anǤan = "(and) if" ѸѸ줫㤬ƤꡤդʧäƤʤɤȤɤ߰㤨ꤹǽ⤤Ȼפޤˤ148. ampersand &̾ؤλȤ⤢ꡤA ιˤȤɤޤȤϤΤ褦ʥե⽼¤ƤƤޤ
߷Ϣܡ֡رѸ츻ŵ٤ǤɤѸֻˡפˤĤƤϡˤ hellog heldio ǿƤޤҤ⤴Ȥ
hellog #5861. khelf ߷֡رѸ츻ŵ٤ǤɤѸֻˡץϤƤޤ ([2025-05-14-1])
heldio #1443. ֡رѸ츻ŵ٤ǤɤѸֻˡ by khelf ߷
heldio #1556. khelf ߷Ρ֡رѸ츻ŵ٤ǤɤѸֻˡפĴǤ --- RSS ѰդƤޤ
߷ ˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵٿǡҡ2024ǯ
ܥ֥Ǥⲿ٤夲Ƥ3ʸ§ (three-letter_rule) ˤĤƥݥȤޤȤޤäȤܤȤʤ뵭ϡ#2235. 3ʸ§ ([2015-06-10-1])Ǥ
ñįƤȡû2ʸʤΤĤ뤳Ȥ˵Ťޤan, is, of ʤɤǤΤ褦ûϡʸˡŪӤӤֵǽ (function word) ǤꡤŪʰ̣̾ưɽƸ (content word) ǤϤޤѸˤϡǽ2ʸʲû뤱ɤ⡤ƸˤĤƤɬ3ʸʾ֤ʤФʤʤȤ3ʸ§ (three-letter_rule) ʤ̯ʥ롼뤬ޤ
֤ޤ3ʸ§פŬѤΤϡƸˤĤƤΤߤǤǽ졤ʤ̾졤ư졤ֻ졤³ʤɤɽʸˡǽôǡŵŪ٤ƹ⤤ˤĤƤϡε§ŬѤޤȤСŻҥʤɤˤ˻Ȥ2ʸñ re (= about) ϡ٤⤤ΤΡǽǤ뤿3ʸ§פ㳰ȤϤߤʤޤ
ǤϡʤƸ3ʸ¤ȤΤǤ礦ε§ϡñ쵡ǽθΨȤŪʼ٤ؤäƤȹͤޤŪˡ褯ɤ߽ñֻûۤΨŪǤŪˤ褯Ȥ櫓Ǥ顤֤¿ȤƤû˱ۤȤϤޤŪ˹ͤƤŪȸޤ
ֵ§פˤ㳰դΤǤax , ox ͺˤΤ褦ʰŪ㳰˵äƤޤۤˤŪ㳰Ȥ Od ʥɥĤβʳؼ K. von Reichenbach 1845ǯʪŪϡˤ⤢ޤ¾ΥåʸȤ aa, ai, ba, bo, bu ʤɡۤȤΤƤʤ㳰ޤθʤ㳰ष§ΰդƤȤޤ
3ʸ§פΥѥǥȸΤˡ̾˸4ʸ§פʤΤޤֻ̾ˤϡ̾αñˡ˾Ȥ餻;ʬȸʤʸޤޤ뤳ȤФޤAnne, Kidd, Locke, Smythe, Webb Τ褦ʻǤϡ̾ǥƥƥ¸ߴμʤǤꡤŪˡ뤿ȹͤޤ
嵭Τ褦ˡѸΡ3ʸ§פϡƸֻβ¤롤ŪˡΥ롼ȸޤ̾ˤƤϡǥƥƥĴŪ¸ߴˡֻĹ4ʸ§פΤ褦Ūʴ¸ߤޤ
2Ĥε§ϡѸֻñʤ벻εϿǤϤʤ١ΨƼҲŪǥƥƥȤä¿ͤװȤ߹Ǥ뤳ȤƤΤǤ
ܥ֥ǤϡѸˤˤֻ¿ˤĤޤ˿Ƽ夲Ƥäˡ#53. Ѹ through ֤515̤ ([2009-06-20-1])#5738. 516ܤ through Ĥޤ ([2025-01-11-1]) Ǽ夲 through ϡɸಽ줿ˡ˴줿䤿ˤȤäƾŪǤ餢롥
ơ through ˾ȤʤǤȶñŪ۷¿Ҳ𤷤1;ñ̾ I Ǥ롥ѸǤϥե٥å1ʸɽ蘆뤳̾줬˾塤뤤ˤơɤۤ˭ʻѤƤȤOED I (PRONOUN & NOUN2) ιܤ˷ǺܤƤ variant forms Υ1Ƥߤ뤳Ȥˤ褦
ʲˡϰθ˽줿 I ΰ۷ǼΰŪʿ˶ä뤫⤷ʤ
ich (Northumbrian), ih (Northumbrian)
ig (rare)
ic
hic, icc
yc
Hic, Hit (transmission error), hyc, Ic, Icc, ick (northern), Iic, Ik (east midlands and northern), it (transmission error), yg
ik (chiefly east midlands and northern), ike (east midlands and northern), yk
ic, ik
i
Hi, hi, Hy, ij, yi, yj
y
I
a (Yorkshire and Norfolk), e, hij, hy, j, Y
a (regional)
ah (regional), oi (regional)
ah, uh
Ah, Hi, Oy, oy, u
a (chiefly northern and north midlands)
ai (Devon), au (northern and north midlands), aye (Yorkshire), ee (northern), eh (Lancashire), eigh (Yorkshire), ha (Yorkshire), O (Yorkshire)
Aa (northern), aa (northern), Ah (northern and north midlands), ah (northern and north midlands), aw (northern and north midlands), hah (Yorkshire), Oi, oi
A (chiefly northern and north midlands), hi (Worcestershire)
i, y
a, I
Aw, aw
A, Aa, Ah, ah, Eh (Dundee), eh (Dundee), ey (Dundee)
a' (northern)
a (northern), Oi (southern), oi (southern)
A (northern), Ah (northern), ah (northern)
Oi, O'i, oi
ich
ch (probably transmission error), Hich, hich, icche, ichc, ichs, icht, ics, Ih, ih, Ihc, ihc, ihic (probably transmission error), iho (transmission error), Iich, iich, yh
ych
Ich, jch, yche
iche
ich
iche (Somerset), ichy (Dorset), ish (Devon), uch, utch, utchy (Somerset)
ich
his, is
ees (Devon), es, Iss (Devon)
ise, us (Somerset)
Ice (Somerset), is (Cornwall), ize
chee
che
ưʲ98ֻ줿A, a, a', Aa, aa, ah, Ah, ai, au, aw, Aw, aye, ch, che, chee, e, ee, ees, eh, Eh, eigh, es, ey, ha, hah, hi, Hi, Hic, hic, Hich, hich, hij, his, Hit, hy, Hy, hyc, i, I, ic, Ic, icc, Icc, icche, Ice, Ich, ich, ichc, iche, ichs, icht, ichy, ick, ics, ig, Ih, ih, Ihc, ihc, ihic, iho, Iic, Iich, iich, ij, ik, Ik, ike, is, ise, ish, Iss, it, ize, j, jch, O, O'i, Oi, oi, Oy, oy, u, uch, uh, us, utch, utchy, y, Y, yc, ych, yche, yg, yh, yi, yj, yk
ʤOED Ǥϡΰľ˼âĤƤ롥"(Capitalization in Middle English examples frequently reflects the editorial choices of modern editors of texts, rather than the practice of the manuscripts.)"
ܤˤºݤʸʸλȤʬޤǹθС۷οϤ˿줿 through 516̤ˤϵڤФʤ⤷ʤǤ⡤ä1Ĥεǽ줬Ƥ¿˶äؤʤ;̾ (personal_pronoun) Τ褦ʴܸǤ顤ܸ餳ˤ˭Ǥ롥

Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)ˤơkhelfʷѸ˥եˤ߷̤߷ǶϤ줿֡رѸ츻ŵ٤ǤɤѸֻˡȤҲ𤷤ƤޤεǤ⡤δˤĤƲƤ⤷ޤ
߷Ϥ줿Τϡ䤬αѸ츻ŵפȤƸڤƤɽǡҤǤƤرѸ츻ŵ (kdee) ɤʤ顤ѸֻŪ˶̣ܤƥIJƾҲ𤷤ƤȤǤ߷ȤHPǡ֥Τ褦ʷȯƤޤ
˻衤ɤʹȤޤ͡heldio/helwa Υꥹʡ lacolaco 1ǯʾֱѸ츻ŵɥΡȡδϤƤꡤhel (helkatsu) ǤɾȽȤʤäƤޤ߷δϡήǤ2ƤȤޤ
lacolaco Ūʴ餪⤷츻ԥååפƤΤФ߷ϤȤǤѸֻˤδ˹ʤäƶ̣ȥԥåФƤޤֻȯЪΥ (spelling_pronunciation_gap) ϱѸˤ֤Ǥǡ߷ɥϱѸˤ濴ŪơޤȤߤȤʤޤ
߷51餳δϤƤꡤϤȤΥڡŪ³ƤȤΤȤǤˤΡرѸ츻ŵ٤ɤƤߤ褦ȻߤȤΤǤǽΥڡǿꤷƤޤ̵ޤʬŵǽ餫Ǹޤɤ̤ȤΤϡޤ̵ŤȤפߤǤ餳ºݤ˻ϤƤ߷ lacolaco Ǯդˤæ˹ޤ
ơŪˤɤΤ褦ʵƤΤǤ礦㤨Сδ֤ζˤ ab(h)ominable ιܤҲ𤵤ƤޤθϸѸǤ abominable ֤ޤĤƤ abhominable Τ褦 h ä¸ߤޤرѸ츻ŵ٤Ǥϡ h ΤȤʤΤ̡ιܤȤΩƤƤꡤŪƤޤϤޤ˻߷Ū˸椷Ƥ츻Ūֻ (etymological_respelling) Ǥ߷ϡرѸ츻ŵ٤εҤ١ˤĤġɬפ˱ OED ʤɤ⻲Ȥʤ顤äƤޤ
رѸ츻ŵ٤ɤ־ǸȤˡʼȤߤϡlacolaco ³߷Ϥ줿ȤǡäȤ֡ʡˤˤʤĤĤޤ͡Ū˼ϰΤǤäɤΤǤϤʤȹͤƤȻפޤΤǡǸäƤΤǤϤʤǤ礦
ܥ֥ɼԤγ⡤һ߷ˤ뿷֡رѸ츻ŵ٤ǤɤѸֻˡʤ礷ƤޤȹǤδϤäޤ߷Ȥ heldio ̤ˤĤơ#1443. ֡رѸ츻ŵ٤ǤɤѸֻˡ by khelf ߷ꤪİ
߷ ˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵٿǡҡ2024ǯ

3˰١#5824. ᴩؤȤФʸ18ýָäʸζ岽 --- оȸˤλס ([2025-04-07-1]) εޤýǺܤؤȤФʸ18椬425ȯȤʤޤΤǡΥߥǤ餿ýҲ𤷤Ȼפޤ
ýΥȥϡоȸˤ鸫äʸζ岽פǤܸˤϺءˡɥĸˤιԻʳؽءˡѸˤδʷءˤ濴Ȥʤꡢܸ졦졦Ѹ졦ɥĸ졦ե5ʻˡˤȤȤȤ˿ʤƤ褬¸Ǥ
ýǤϡƸˤȤ줾θˤäʸζ岽ˤĤƤꡤ˰ʸʰʲǡΤĤƤΡˤˤ¾θˤθԤΥȤդ졤֤оȤ꿼ʤƤޤʲˤޤȤƤʸγפƤҲ𤷤ޤ
ڡܸˡˡ
Ϻܸθäʸɽζ岽
19ȾθˡǥɽԤιפǸä岽زȤȼƳθפʸɽ岽줿ȤѥǼ¾ڤƤޤ
¼졡θȤܿˤʸζ岽
16˥ꥷ⤿餷ϲʬƼDzŪǤܸʸˤ˲ääȤΰյͻƤޤ
ⶶͺֶɽߤѴɽס
岽ȼڤβФƼ¸äѴɽס1946ǯˤɤ߷פ줿⤷Ƥޤ
ϱҡܸˤäζ岽
˵ˤĤơḫפ˷̣֡鸡ڤװõꡤ岽ץͻƤޤ
ո硡ˤäȴζ岽 --- ̵γ¤
̵ä˴øä俷Ǹä岽٤ȰγΩβפŤƤޤ
ڡѸˡɥĸˡեˡ
δ졡ֱѸäζ岽 --- Ѹˤˤ륮ꥷѸ
Ѹäˤ륮ꥷ¸ߴŪ15ʹߤμѡ18ʹߤβʳصȯŸˤ뿷岽ݲ˲̤ŦƤޤ
ջҡ15Ѹ֤ΥХꥨȤμ« --- Pepys 2125 ܤλ㤫֤βͤ
ܤ15Ѹ֤ѰۤĴѲǤʤҲѲʬۤθ٤ȤƤޤ
滳ָѸ֤ --- ޤ
18--20֤פƤǰۤʤưǻߤ줿ȡȴܲפϼԤΤ Webster ΰ֤夷ȤʤɤηаޤҤƤޤ
ԡ֥ɥĸθäֻˡζ岽
17ܤ줿Ūֻˡζ岽ȸ÷ξǻȤ졤Ѹäμ첽¥ȤŦƤޤ
һ֥ɥĸˤˤʸζ岽 --- ǥ줿ʸ
ե饯ȥΤȥƥΤλѤᤰ褫岽ϤޤꡤǥˤԤĹݻ줿ˤפŤƤޤ
ԡ֥եζ岽ˤ뼭ι
ǥߡեä˥ե̿5Ǥեζ岽˲̤ʬϤͰŪʶ岽ȿŦƤޤ
һ˭ʤ뺮 --- ͥΥեˤäγĥ
16եäβŪȯŸܤƥ졦ꥢ줫μѤäȡޤȾˤȼܻؤռιޤäȤƤޤ
Ƹ줬ֶפȤˤɤΤ褦˸礤äȤαʤǤʸƤäΤƻڤϸ줴Ȥ¿ͤǤʤ⡤¾줫αƶȤμͤ䡤ϰռѳȤä̤Υơޤ⸫줷ޤý̤ơɼԤȤδؿΤˤӤʤ顤¾θˤˤܤ뤭äȤʤйǤդʸϤҳʸɤ٤ơŪɷоȸˤ˿äƤС
Ϻ ԡ δԡˡýָäʸζ岽 --- оȸˤλסؤȤФʸ18桧ϵܸʸͤ١ܤΥҡԡˡˡǡ2024ǯ4254--136ǡ
ɸˤĤơ#5808. ʤ wind û첻Τ ([2025-03-22-1]) ȡ#5810. ʤ wind û첻Τ (2) ([2025-03-24-1]) ǹͤƤԤεǰ OED Dobson ڤƤΤǡäƤߤDobson (Vol. 2, §12) ϡѸˤ첻ĹûѰۤˤĤơwind ϢñλʤƤ롥ΰѤ褦
The variation occurs chiefly before OE lengthening groups. The most important class of word is those in -ind, which are normally recorded with ME ī; but there is some evidence of variation. Smith gives 'uīnd or uind' for wind sb. Mulcaster has ĭ in wind and bind against ī in kind, find, mind, and hind. Bullokar transcribes find with ī but rhymes it on ĭ. Coote says that some pronounce blind, find, and behind short, while others pronounce them long; Young's 'homophone' list shows variation in find. Hodges says that 'som men cal the winde, the wind'. It is clear that the variation was most common in wind, which has now come to have the short vowel; but in the sexteenth and seventeenth centuries it was more usually pronounced with ME ī given by Levins, Bullokar, Robinson, Gil, Willis, Wharton, Poole, J. Smith, Cooper, and Brown. Short ĭ (due to the separation of the n and d by the syllable-division) is apparently shown for winder by Fox and Hookes, who put it with window in their homophone list; but Bullokar has ī. (479)
16--17ˤ -ind ˤϡ첻Ĺûɤ줬äȤ狼롥Ȥ櫓 wind ˤĤƤɤ줬㤷ä褦ġüԤˤäƤ⡤ޤѰˤäƤ⡤ɤ줬äˤʤξȯʣʶ礬ɸѸǤϡԵ§פ˻פû첻˵뤷ƤޤäȤȤǡѰۡѲԻĤפ鷺ˤϤʤ
Dobson, E. J. English Pronunciation 1500--1700. 2nd ed. 2 vols. Oxford: OUP, 1968.
5ۤ Voicy heldio ˤơꥹʡ lacolaco ֱѸ츻ŵɥΡȡκǿ˴Ť#1357. Ƭ con- ñϤޤ³ --- lacolaco ΡֱѸ츻ŵɥΡȡǿꤹ벻ۿϤ
1ĤȤơ֥ͥפбñֻ connection connexion δ֤ɤ郎줿ԤֻŪꥹǤϸԤֻ⸫Ȥdeflection, inflection, reflection ˤĤƤƱͤˡ㡼 <-ction> Фƥޥʡ <-xion> ⼭ϿƤ롥complexion ˤĤƤϡषֻΤۤŪ complection ϵǤ롥
嵭 heldio ۿ塤˴ؿ줿ꥹʡ~ߤ-ction v.s. -xionꤷ Google Ngram ǤĴȹ碌ƵƤ롥
⤳꤬ˤʤäơĴ٤ƤߤȤΤ⡤伫ȤθơޤѸζ (inflection) ˤˤꡤԸʸ inflexion ֻ褯ܤˤƤ
Upward and Davidson (167--68) ˤСѸǤŪˤ <-xion> ̤˸줿ꥫμԻȤֻԤ Noah Webster (1758--1843) <-ction> Τۤ侩ΤȤ19鸽ˤƤ <-ction> ΰ̲ˡWebster αƶä餷
-XION and -CTION
Complexion, crucifixion, fluxion are standard ModE forms, and connexion, deflexion, inflexion exist as alternatives to connection, etc.
Complexion derives from the past participle plexum from the Lat verb plectere; although ME and EModE used such alternatives as complection, complection, ModE is firm on the x-spelling.
Crucifixion derives from the participle fixum of figere 'to fix'; the form crucifixion has been consistently used in the Christian tradition, and *crucifiction is not attested.
Fluxion is similarly determined by the Lat participle fluxum; the verb fluere offers no -CT- alternative.
Uncertainty has arisen in the case of connexion, deflexion, inflexion because, despite the Lat participles nexum, flexum with x, the corresponding infinitives, nectere, flectere have given rise to the Eng verbs connect, deflect, inflect.
In his American Dictionary of the English Language (1828), the American lexicographer Noah Webster . . . recommended the -CT- forms, which (despite ModFr connexion, deflexion, inflexion are today found much more frequently.
ñ㲽Ƥ <-xion> ϥƥβʬ˴ŤĤѤեŪֻǤꡤ<-ction> ϥƥ˴Ť侩ꥫѸŪֻȤȤˤʤ롥crucifixion <-xion> Ȥ֤ʤΤϡͤɽݤ <X> ȴطΤǤ롥
ȴϢơ#2280. <x> á ([2015-07-25-1]) ⻲ȡ
Upward, Christopher and George Davidson. The History of English Spelling. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.

*
1223Ҥηؤդ2025ǯ1Ԥޤǯ١ƱϢֱܵѸˤįեפƤƤޤ10ֱѸֻˤեαƶפǤ
ʤȺϡؤդ٤100ǯȤǰ٤Ǥ"Revue France, 100 ans!" ɽˤꡤý֤դ100ǯפǺܤƤޤΤ褦ʵǰΰˡեˤʤ̱ѸˤϢܵܤƤΤ϶̤Ǥ⤢ꡤӤǤ⤢ޤʽִ֤Ω碌ƤҤˤⴶդޤ
1. Ѹֻϰճȥե
ΥޥαƶǡθαѸֻˤϥեֻ¿ʬȿǤƤޤñֻ¤ϥեŪǤ뤳ȤϤޤΤƤޤ
2. ɹפ īs ice
ѸֻϡեαƶΤѸˤ礭Ƥޤֲ꽤פη̡㤨иѸ ice ˤߤ褦 -ce ֻѤޤ
3. ԻҲֻ c ch
եαƶˤꡤűѸǤ c ɽ줿ԻҲѸ ch ؤִޤˤñ child church ʤɤֻΩޤ
4. äűѸʸ
űѸǾѤ줿ʸ (æ, ƿ, þ, ðˤϡե¸ߤʤäȤ⤢ꡤѸʹߤ˿षƤǽŪˤϾǤޤ
5. ʤѸֻϥե줫֤줷Τ
ѸֻϡDzܻؤΤǤϤʤषҿեֻ뤳Ȥˤꡤ㴳ʣޤեϸϤȶܤθäΤǤ
ѸֻˤեαƶϡѸֻѲűѸʸѤ˸˸ޤˤűѸŪֻϱƤᡤäƸŪʸɤֻȤ뤳Ȥˤʤޤ
˾ܤϡľܡؤդ1˼äƤɤߤС9Ϣܵ hellog furansu_rensai ǾҲ𤷤ƤޤΤǡ⤴Ȥ
ȴϢơheldio Ǥ#1305. Ѹֻˤեαƶ --- ؤդ٤Ϣܵ10ơꤷƤäƤޤΤǡ⤪İ
δ졡ֱѸˤįե졡10Ѹֻˤեαƶסؤդ2025ǯ1桤ҡ2024ǯ122352--53ǡ
ε#5707. 2Ż <gh> ε ([2024-12-11-1]) ³<gh> ˤƽиˤĤơѸֻˤθŵ路 Scragg (46--47) ˡΤ꤬롥
The use of <h> as a diacritic in <ch> and <sh>, indicating that <c> and <s> have a pronunciation different from that normally expected of those consonantsa, was not new to English when <ch> was introduced from French, for <th> had earlier been used alongside <þ> (cf. footnotes to pp. 2b and 17). Both <ch> in French and <th> in English derive from Latin orthography, use of <h> as a diacritic in Latin being made possible by the disappearance of the sounds represented by <h> from the language in the late classical period. As a result of the establishment in English of diacritic <h> in <ch> and <th>, other consonant groups were formed on the same pattern. The grapheme <gh> has already been discussed (p. 23c). <wh> has a rather different history, for it began in Old English as an initial consonantal combination <hw> corresponding to /xw/. Assimilation of the group to a single voiceless consonant /ʍ/ had taken place by the late Old English period, and Middle English scribes, associating the sequence <hw> for the single phoneme with the use of <h> as a fricative marker in other graphemes, reversed the graphs to <wh>.
English scribes' incorporation into their spelling system of the grapheme <ch>, and the 'consequential' changes which resulted in the creation of <sh> and <wh>, were made possible by their knowledge of Anglo-Norman conventions.
ΰʸΤʤƱؤλȤ꤬뤬ȤȽפʵҤߤĤäΤǡѼԤˤб뤫ǰʲ˻βʸǺܤ롥
a I.e. <h> as a fricative marker, allowing for the fact that <sh> is historically a simplification of <sch>. (fn. 2 to p. 46)
b Latin <th> had always been recognised as an alternative to thorn by English writers; even before the Norman Conquest, foreign names were spelt with either: Elizabeth or Elizabeþ, Thomas or þomas. (fn. 2 to p. 2)
c <ȝ> was also used in Middle English for the two allophones of /j/ which occurred after a vowel: [ç] and [x]. These two sounds gave scribes considerable difficulty in Middle English; among the many graphemes representing them are the Anglo-Norman <s>, the Old English <h>, the new grapheme <ȝ>, and the last two combined as <ȝh>. In the fifteenth century, when the distinction between <ȝ> and <g> became blurred, this combination was written <gh>, and this is the sequence which has survived in a great many words in which [ç] and [x] were once heard, or still are in northern dialects, e.g. high, ought, night, bough. (fn. 2 to p. 23)
ʾꡤ˴Ϣפվȡ̤ꡥ
(1) <th> ϸűѸˤѤ뤳Ȥä
(2) 2Ż <ch> <th> ϤȤϥƥˡͳ褹
(3) <h> ȯʹ (diacritical_mark) ȤѤ褦ˤʤäΤϡŵΥƥ h ̵<h> 줿
(4) 2ʸܤ <h> Ĵ¸2ŻΥѥΥޥֻΤäƤѸ̻μˤꡤ¾ؤ礷
(5) 2ʸܤ <h> 2Żϡh ŪʤΤǡ
<gh> ޤ2Żεȯã˸Ƥ
Scragg, D. G. A History of English Spelling. Manchester: Manchester UP, 1974.
2Ż (digraph) <gh> ˤĤƤϡܥ֥Ǥ gh γƵˤƤ2Ż <gh> ˤĤƤϡ줬ɽ魯ȤȤˡѸ˾Ǥ⤤롥ΤʤǤܤ1Ĥ˵꤬롥űѸǤϡѸʹߤŵŪ <gh> Ѥ¿Υǡ<h> 1ʸȤƤѸˤʤȡδĶˤ <h> λѤϽ˿षƤä <gh> <ȝ> (= yogh) ƬƤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥<gh> Ϥäɤ褿Τ
Upward and Davidson (182) ˤȡ2Ÿ <gh> ϥΥޥ̻ˤäƤ⤿餵줿ǤȤ
. . . ANorm scribes frequently replaced the OE H with GH: OE niht, ME night; OE brohte, ME broughte 'brought'. (The letter ȝ was also used: niȝt, brouȝte.) The GH represented /x/, which was pronounced [ç] after a front vowel and [x] after a back vowel, as in ME night and broughte respectively (and as also in Modern German). Although, under the influence of Chancery and the printers, this digraph has continued to be written from the ME period to the present day, the sound it represented/represents has undergone many changes.
Υޥֻˤ <ch>, <sh>, <th>, <wh> ʤ2ʸܤ <h> 2ŻλѤǧ롥餹٤ƤѸǸƤۤ¿ѤƤ櫓ǤϤʤΤΡ2Ż <gh> ⤳֤ä (cfAnglo-Norman Dictionary) Υޥ줿̻䡤αƶѸμ̻Ѹݤˤ <gh> ȤȤˤʤ롥
Upward, Christopher and George Davidson. The History of English Spelling. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.
10ʵΩءˤ Voicy heldio 3٤ˤ錄̤Ƥޤ
ǽ2ϡǯƲǤ줿World Englishes ζԤΤͤȤѸ (world_englishes) ˤĤơȤ櫓ֳ֥αѸפȡαѸפˤĤơäޤ
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