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ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2024-12-12 Thu

#5708. 2Ż <gh> ε --- <ch>, <sh>, <th>, <wh> ȹͤ碌 [grapheme][graphotactics][orthography][spelling][gh][digraph][h][consonant][silent_letter][diacritical_mark][grapheme][yogh]

ε#5707. 2Ż <gh> ε ([2024-12-11-1]) ³<gh> ˤƽиˤĤơѸֻˤθŵ路 Scragg (46--47) ˡΤ꤬롥

   The use of <h> as a diacritic in <ch> and <sh>, indicating that <c> and <s> have a pronunciation different from that normally expected of those consonantsa, was not new to English when <ch> was introduced from French, for <th> had earlier been used alongside <þ> (cf. footnotes to pp. 2b and 17). Both <ch> in French and <th> in English derive from Latin orthography, use of <h> as a diacritic in Latin being made possible by the disappearance of the sounds represented by <h> from the language in the late classical period. As a result of the establishment in English of diacritic <h> in <ch> and <th>, other consonant groups were formed on the same pattern. The grapheme <gh> has already been discussed (p. 23c). <wh> has a rather different history, for it began in Old English as an initial consonantal combination <hw> corresponding to /xw/. Assimilation of the group to a single voiceless consonant /ʍ/ had taken place by the late Old English period, and Middle English scribes, associating the sequence <hw> for the single phoneme with the use of <h> as a fricative marker in other graphemes, reversed the graphs to <wh>.
   English scribes' incorporation into their spelling system of the grapheme <ch>, and the 'consequential' changes which resulted in the creation of <sh> and <wh>, were made possible by their knowledge of Anglo-Norman conventions.


ΰʸΤʤƱؤλȤ꤬뤬򻲾ȤȽפʵҤߤĤäΤǡѼԤˤб뤫ǰʲ˻βʸǺܤ롥

a I.e. <h> as a fricative marker, allowing for the fact that <sh> is historically a simplification of <sch>. (fn. 2 to p. 46)


b Latin <th> had always been recognised as an alternative to thorn by English writers; even before the Norman Conquest, foreign names were spelt with either: Elizabeth or Elizabeþ, Thomas or þomas. (fn. 2 to p. 2)


c <ȝ> was also used in Middle English for the two allophones of /j/ which occurred after a vowel: [ç] and [x]. These two sounds gave scribes considerable difficulty in Middle English; among the many graphemes representing them are the Anglo-Norman <s>, the Old English <h>, the new grapheme <ȝ>, and the last two combined as <ȝh>. In the fifteenth century, when the distinction between <ȝ> and <g> became blurred, this combination was written <gh>, and this is the sequence which has survived in a great many words in which [ç] and [x] were once heard, or still are in northern dialects, e.g. high, ought, night, bough. (fn. 2 to p. 23)


ʾꡤ˴Ϣפվ񤭤ȡ̤ꡥ

(1) <th> ϸűѸˤѤ뤳Ȥä
(2) 2Ż <ch> <th> ϤȤϥƥˡͳ褹
(3) <h> ȯʹ (diacritical_mark) ȤѤ褦ˤʤäΤϡŵΥƥ h ̵<h> 줿
(4) 2ʸܤ <h> Ĵ¸2ŻΥѥ󤬡󥰥ΥޥֻΤäƤѸ̻μˤꡤ¾ؤ礷
(5) 2ʸܤ <h> 2Żϡh Ū໤ʤΤǡ໤򼨤

<gh> ޤ2Żεȯã˸Ƥ

Scragg, D. G. A History of English Spelling. Manchester: Manchester UP, 1974.

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2024-12-11 Wed

#5707. 2Ż <gh> ε [graphotactics][orthography][spelling][gh][digraph][h][anglo-norman][scribe][yogh][consonant][silent_letter][diacritical_mark][grapheme][yogh]

2Ż (digraph) <gh> ˤĤƤϡܥ֥Ǥ gh γƵˤƤ2Ż <gh> ˤĤƤϡ줬ɽ魯ȤȤˡѸ˾Ǥ⤤롥ΤʤǤܤ1Ĥ˵꤬롥űѸǤϡѸʹߤŵŪ <gh> Ѥ¿Υǡ<h> 1ʸȤƤѸˤʤȡδĶˤ <h> λѤϽ˿षƤä <gh> <ȝ> (= yogh) ƬƤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥<gh> Ϥäɤ褿Τ
Upward and Davidson (182) ˤȡ2Ÿ <gh> ϥ󥰥Υޥ̻ˤäƤ⤿餵줿ǤȤ

. . . ANorm scribes frequently replaced the OE H with GH: OE niht, ME night; OE brohte, ME broughte 'brought'. (The letter ȝ was also used: niȝt, brouȝte.) The GH represented /x/, which was pronounced [ç] after a front vowel and [x] after a back vowel, as in ME night and broughte respectively (and as also in Modern German). Although, under the influence of Chancery and the printers, this digraph has continued to be written from the ME period to the present day, the sound it represented/represents has undergone many changes.


󥰥Υޥֻˤ <ch>, <sh>, <th>, <wh> ʤ2ʸܤ <h> 2ŻλѤǧ롥餹٤ƤѸǸƤۤ¿ѤƤ櫓ǤϤʤΤΡ2Ż <gh> ⤳֤ä (cfAnglo-Norman Dictionary) 󥰥Υޥ񤭴줿̻䡤αƶѸμ̻Ѹ񤯺ݤˤ <gh> ȤȤˤʤ롥

Upward, Christopher and George Davidson. The History of English Spelling. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.

Referrer (Inside): [2024-12-12-1]

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2024-03-16 Sat

#5437. phonotacitcs ֲ [phonotactics][graphotactics][terminology][linguistics][phonology][morphology][linearity]

heldio #1018. sch- áϤѸǤ sch- ֻŪȤʤɤˤʸ (graphotactics) Ǥ롥
ʸظˤΤ (phonotactics) Ǥ롥Ƹˤ벻Ǥ¤ӽܤ벻1ʬ2ĤѸ켭ŵꡤphonotactics ˤĤƴϢ̤ѸȤȤ˾Ҳ𤷤ޤϡCrystal ꡥ

phonotactics (n.)A term used in PHONOLOGY to refer to the sequential ARRANGEMENTS (or tactic behaviour) of phonological UNITS which occur in a language --- what counts as a phonologically well-formed word. In English, for example, CONSONANT sequences such as /fs/ and /spm/ do not occur INITIALLY in a word, and there are many restrictions on the possible consonant+VOWEL combinations which may occur, e.g. /ŋ/ occurs only after some short vowels /ɪ, æ, ʌ, ɒ/. These 'sequential constraints' can be stated in terms of phonotactic rules. Generative phonotactics is the view that no phonological principles can refer to morphological structure; any phonological patterns which are sensitive to morphology (e.g. affixation) are represented only in the morphological component of the grammar, not in the phonology. See also TAXIS.


taxis (n.)A general term used in PHONETICS and LINGUISTICS to refer to the systematic arrangements of UNITS in LINEAR SEQUENCE at any linguistic LEVEL. The commonest terms based on this notion are: phonotactics, dealing with the sequential arrangements of sounds; morphotactics with MORPHEMES; and syntactics with higher grammatical units than the morpheme. Some linguistic theories give this dimension of analysis particular importance (e.g. STRATIFICATIONAL grammar, where several levels of tactic organization are recognized, corresponding to the strata set up by the theory, viz. 'hypophonotactics', 'phonotactics', 'morphotactics', 'lexicotactics', 'semotactics' and 'hypersemotactics'). See also HARMONIC PHONOLOGY.


Bussmann ꡥ

phonotacticsStudy of the sound and phoneme combinations allowed in a given language. Every language has specific phonotactic rules that describe the way in which phonemes can be combined in different positions (initial, medial, and final). For example, in English the stop + fricative cluster /ɡz/ can only occur in medial (exhaust) or final (legs), but not in initial position, and /h/ can only occur before, never after, a vowel. The restrictions are partly language-specific and partly universal.


ϡ (linearity) 椨Ǥ¤ӽ硤Ȥ߹碌Ż뤻ʤǤϡ˸¤餺 -tactics ɬŪ˸Ūʰյΰޤ--tactics ̻ŪѲ뤳Ȥ˸ؤǤϽפǤ롥

Crystal, David, ed. A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics. 6th ed. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2008. 295--96.
Bussmann, Hadumod. Routledge Dictionary of Language and Linguistics. Trans. and ed. Gregory Trauth and Kerstin Kazzizi. London: Routledge, 1996.

Referrer (Inside): [2025-01-01-1]

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2023-01-15 Sun

#5011. Ѹֻˤϡ֥ե󥹤֤졦ɮſߡס by إ饸 [graphotactics][orthography][spelling][gh][digraph][yurugengogakuradio][spelling_pronunciation_gap][grapheme][voicy][prestige][minim][linguistics][link][youtube]

(linguistics) Ȥ᥸㡼ȤϤʤݥåפ˹Τ˹׸Ƥ YouTube/Podcast ֤ͥإ饸114˸줿ǿǤϡ1β˰³<ghoti> /fɪʃ/ 濴˱Ѹֻȯ̯ʴطȤʤäƤޤˤĤƤϡ#5009. ʤСʡɡ硼ֻͥghoti = fishפ϶˴Τ ([2023-01-13-1]) ⻲ȡˡ2ˤ錄䤬ƽƤΤǤβ⤿ؤڤΤǤʿ󡤴طԤ꤬Ȥޤˡ
ghoti, high, women, nation, debt ʤɤֻˤĤơٸη̯ޯæʥȡɤΤȥ֥ե󥹤֤졦ɮſߡ֤ͳճ롥ȯ2#194Ǥ



֥ե󥹤֤졦ɮſߡפȤե졼ǤѸֻˤΥĥܤΤ3¤ˤ⤷θƤɽȻפޤѸֻϡѸʹߤ˥ե󥹸ˤ֤줿ȤΤϻ¤ǤޤɮȤΤϼ̻ĿͤΰɮȤ櫓ǤϤޤ󤬡üʻΤδϰɮȸ礬뤳ȤŦƤޤʺϽ (minim) ȤʤäƤޤˡſߤϡѹͥ󥹤ȽŤʤѸ˸ŵä˥ƥˤؤƴݤäȤؤƤޤ
ե󥹸줫֤ȡʥƥ˲ſߤϡưۤʤäƤϤޤҲŪˤСҿ (prestige) ؤܶȤƤȤ館뤳ȤǤޤϡѸֻˤ̤ƴѻ礭ĬήǤ
2Ρ֤إ饸פǼ夲줿˴ؤơ伫Ȥhellog~Ѹ˥֥סVoicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)YouTube ְͥʼδѸظإͥʤɤ̤ơ͡ȯƤƤޤ˥󥯤ޤȤѻˤʤꤽǤΤǡnote ߥڡ֤֡إ饸פ ghoti ˤޤĤĥ󥯽äƤߤޤ碌Ƥ
ʤǿκǸΡ֤á줫衪פϡ#224. women ȯֻ (2) ([2009-12-07-1]) ΤȤǤ12ǯθĿŪʲʤȤⴶۡˤǡ񤤤ȼΤ˺Ƥޤ衤ʾСˡ
Voicy ѡʥƥꥹʡȤơ֤إ饸פ Voicy 뤳ȤҲ𤷤ƤȻפޤǿ֥ե󥹤֤졦ɮſߡ֤ͳճ롥#194Ǥ


Referrer (Inside): [2023-05-14-1] [2023-04-28-1]

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2023-01-13 Fri

#5009. ʤСʡɡ硼ֻͥghoti = fishפ϶˴Τ [graphotactics][orthography][spelling][phonotactics][gh][digraph][yurugengogakuradio][spelling_pronunciation_gap][grapheme][voicy][youtube]

˾Ƥ YouTube Podcast ο͵֤ͥإ饸110˸줿ǿghoti Ƚ񤤤ƥեåɤࡩѸإ硼Ű˶ȯ1#193ǤѸֻȯЪΥ (spelling_pronunciation_gap) äΤȤƤ褯ΤƤ꤬Ҳ𤵤Ƥޤ䤬Ѹֻˤ򸦵椷ƤȤȤ⤢ꡤΤ³ԤȤʤ뼡ȹ碌ƴƽƤȤˤʤޤʿ󡤤äˤʤäƤޤˡ



<ghoti> Ȥֻ fish /fɪʃ/ ɤ롤ȤȥǥͥǤϱѸֻפ˴ؿ󤻤ƤɽпȤη George Bernard Shaw (1856--1950) ѸֻΤҤɤäΤȤƾҲ𤵤뤳Ȥ¿ǤShaw <ghoti> <gh> ˴ؤ hellog Ȥơʲ󤲤Ƥޤ

#15. Bernard Shaw äɤ "ghotiy" ? ([2009-05-13-1])
#605. Shavian Alphabet ([2010-12-23-1])
#1195. <gh> = /f/ б ([2012-08-04-1])
#2085. <ough> β ([2015-01-11-1])
#2590. <gh> ޤñˤĤƤס ([2016-05-30-1])
#3945. "<h> second" 2Żεȯã ([2020-02-14-1])

ʤ <ghoti> /fɪʃ/ ΩĤΤˤĤƤϡإ饸2ͤΥȡ˾ϤޤΤǡʤȤϽҤ٤ޤ
Shaw ϤȤƵ󤲤櫓ǡʤ䤿¦ⲿΰ´򴶤Ƥޤ<ghoti> /fɪʃ/ Υ饯ʬ뤱ɤ⡤ʤθղȴޤζδФϤɤΤǤ礦
䤿ϡɸѸˡ (orthography) ΤʤǤäʸˡ (graphotactics) ƤʤȿƤΤȻפޤѸֻν§ʣ¿ˤ錄ޤΤʤǤֻʸ (grapheme) ˴ؤ뵬§ꡤʸˡȸƤǤޤ<ghoti> /fɪʃ/ ΤʤǤȤ櫓Ҳбֻ <gh> <ti> ˤĤơʸˡε§ˤƤ롤ĤޤԵ§ȤФƤΤǤ
<gh> /f/ δطϳΤ cough, enough, laugh, rough, tough ʤŪ٤ι⤤ˤߤ졤ü櫓ǤϤޤ󡥤δطΩĤΤϴŪˤϸʷˤˤƤǤꡤΤȤʸˡε§Ȥ߹ޤƤȹͤޤĤޤꡤñˤ <gh> /f/ δطƬʷƬˤǸ㤬ʤˡghoti ʸˡε§˰ȿƤȴΤǤ礦
Ʊͤ <ti> /ʃ/ δط⡤켫ΤϷ褷ޤ-tion -tious ñ¿ꡤ䤿⸫Ƥޤ (ex. nation, station, ambitious, cautious) /ʃ/ б <ti> ϴŪˤΩƸ櫓ǤϤʤ <on> <ous> ȼäƸΤʸˡε§Ǥ<ghoti> <ti> /ʃ/ ɤޤݤ˴붯ϡε§ȿͳ褷ޤ
ѸʸˡˤĤƤϰʲε⤴

#2405. ֻȯЪΥ --- ѸֻԵ§μŪװ ([2015-11-27-1])
#3882. ֻȯΡб§פȤ̤¸ߤˡ§ס ([2019-12-13-1])

إ饸ˤ Voicy ⤢ꡤκǿȤʤäƤޤ



Voicy ǤϤإ饸⡤ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio) ⡤Ʊָءץ˥ƥ饤ƤͥǤ뤿ᡤޤξɤ¤֤ȤޤʾСˡ

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