
*
1223Ҥηؤդ2025ǯ1Ԥޤǯ١ƱϢֱܵѸˤįեפƤƤޤ10ֱѸֻˤեαƶפǤ
ʤȺϡؤդ٤100ǯȤǰ٤Ǥ"Revue France, 100 ans!" ɽˤꡤý֤դ100ǯפǺܤƤޤΤ褦ʵǰΰˡեˤʤ̱ѸˤϢܵܤƤΤ϶̤Ǥ⤢ꡤӤǤ⤢ޤʽִ֤Ω碌ƤҤˤⴶդޤ
1. Ѹֻϰճȥե
ΥޥαƶǡθαѸֻˤϥեֻ¿ʬȿǤƤޤñֻ¤ϥեŪǤ뤳ȤϤޤΤƤޤ
2. ɹפ īs ice
ѸֻϡեαƶΤѸˤ礭Ƥޤֲ꽤פη̡㤨иѸ ice ˤߤ褦 -ce ֻѤޤ
3. ԻҲֻ c ch
եαƶˤꡤűѸǤ c ɽ줿ԻҲѸ ch ؤִޤˤñ child church ʤɤֻΩޤ
4. äűѸʸ
űѸǾѤ줿ʸ (æ, ƿ, þ, ðˤϡե¸ߤʤäȤ⤢ꡤѸʹߤ˿षƤǽŪˤϾǤޤ
5. ʤѸֻϥե줫֤줷Τ
ѸֻϡDzܻؤΤǤϤʤषҿեֻ뤳Ȥˤꡤ㴳ʣޤեϸϤȶܤθäΤǤ
ѸֻˤեαƶϡѸֻѲűѸʸѤ˸˸ޤˤűѸŪֻϱƤᡤäƸŪʸɤֻȤ뤳Ȥˤʤޤ
˾ܤϡľܡؤդ1˼äƤɤߤС9Ϣܵ hellog furansu_rensai ǾҲ𤷤ƤޤΤǡ⤴Ȥ
ȴϢơheldio Ǥ#1305. Ѹֻˤեαƶ --- ؤդ٤Ϣܵ10ơꤷƤäƤޤΤǡ⤪İ
δ졡ֱѸˤįե졡10Ѹֻˤեαƶסؤդ2025ǯ1桤ҡ2024ǯ122352--53ǡ
ε#5707. 2Ż <gh> ε ([2024-12-11-1]) ³<gh> ˤƽиˤĤơѸֻˤθŵ路 Scragg (46--47) ˡΤ꤬롥
The use of <h> as a diacritic in <ch> and <sh>, indicating that <c> and <s> have a pronunciation different from that normally expected of those consonantsa, was not new to English when <ch> was introduced from French, for <th> had earlier been used alongside <þ> (cf. footnotes to pp. 2b and 17). Both <ch> in French and <th> in English derive from Latin orthography, use of <h> as a diacritic in Latin being made possible by the disappearance of the sounds represented by <h> from the language in the late classical period. As a result of the establishment in English of diacritic <h> in <ch> and <th>, other consonant groups were formed on the same pattern. The grapheme <gh> has already been discussed (p. 23c). <wh> has a rather different history, for it began in Old English as an initial consonantal combination <hw> corresponding to /xw/. Assimilation of the group to a single voiceless consonant /ʍ/ had taken place by the late Old English period, and Middle English scribes, associating the sequence <hw> for the single phoneme with the use of <h> as a fricative marker in other graphemes, reversed the graphs to <wh>.
English scribes' incorporation into their spelling system of the grapheme <ch>, and the 'consequential' changes which resulted in the creation of <sh> and <wh>, were made possible by their knowledge of Anglo-Norman conventions.
ΰʸΤʤƱؤλȤ꤬뤬ȤȽפʵҤߤĤäΤǡѼԤˤб뤫ǰʲ˻βʸǺܤ롥
a I.e. <h> as a fricative marker, allowing for the fact that <sh> is historically a simplification of <sch>. (fn. 2 to p. 46)
b Latin <th> had always been recognised as an alternative to thorn by English writers; even before the Norman Conquest, foreign names were spelt with either: Elizabeth or Elizabeþ, Thomas or þomas. (fn. 2 to p. 2)
c <ȝ> was also used in Middle English for the two allophones of /j/ which occurred after a vowel: [ç] and [x]. These two sounds gave scribes considerable difficulty in Middle English; among the many graphemes representing them are the Anglo-Norman <s>, the Old English <h>, the new grapheme <ȝ>, and the last two combined as <ȝh>. In the fifteenth century, when the distinction between <ȝ> and <g> became blurred, this combination was written <gh>, and this is the sequence which has survived in a great many words in which [ç] and [x] were once heard, or still are in northern dialects, e.g. high, ought, night, bough. (fn. 2 to p. 23)
ʾꡤ˴Ϣפվȡ̤ꡥ
(1) <th> ϸűѸˤѤ뤳Ȥä
(2) 2Ż <ch> <th> ϤȤϥƥˡͳ褹
(3) <h> ȯʹ (diacritical_mark) ȤѤ褦ˤʤäΤϡŵΥƥ h ̵<h> 줿
(4) 2ʸܤ <h> Ĵ¸2ŻΥѥΥޥֻΤäƤѸ̻μˤꡤ¾ؤ礷
(5) 2ʸܤ <h> 2Żϡh ŪʤΤǡ
<gh> ޤ2Żεȯã˸Ƥ
Scragg, D. G. A History of English Spelling. Manchester: Manchester UP, 1974.
2Ż (digraph) <gh> ˤĤƤϡܥ֥Ǥ gh γƵˤƤ2Ż <gh> ˤĤƤϡ줬ɽ魯ȤȤˡѸ˾Ǥ⤤롥ΤʤǤܤ1Ĥ˵꤬롥űѸǤϡѸʹߤŵŪ <gh> Ѥ¿Υǡ<h> 1ʸȤƤѸˤʤȡδĶˤ <h> λѤϽ˿षƤä <gh> <ȝ> (= yogh) ƬƤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥<gh> Ϥäɤ褿Τ
Upward and Davidson (182) ˤȡ2Ÿ <gh> ϥΥޥ̻ˤäƤ⤿餵줿ǤȤ
. . . ANorm scribes frequently replaced the OE H with GH: OE niht, ME night; OE brohte, ME broughte 'brought'. (The letter ȝ was also used: niȝt, brouȝte.) The GH represented /x/, which was pronounced [ç] after a front vowel and [x] after a back vowel, as in ME night and broughte respectively (and as also in Modern German). Although, under the influence of Chancery and the printers, this digraph has continued to be written from the ME period to the present day, the sound it represented/represents has undergone many changes.
Υޥֻˤ <ch>, <sh>, <th>, <wh> ʤ2ʸܤ <h> 2ŻλѤǧ롥餹٤ƤѸǸƤۤ¿ѤƤ櫓ǤϤʤΤΡ2Ż <gh> ⤳֤ä (cfAnglo-Norman Dictionary) Υޥ줿̻䡤αƶѸμ̻Ѹݤˤ <gh> ȤȤˤʤ롥
Upward, Christopher and George Davidson. The History of English Spelling. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.

10ϤޤޤؤοشⳫϤޤΤǡơhel (helkatsu) ФƤȻפޤ9ܤˤϡμͭӥ Mond ˤ10αѸ˴ؤ˲ƤޤϡѸˤ˴ؤѤʵ (sobokunagimon) ˤȤɤޤ餺ʳ̤ʤɤޤΤ̤äƥĥꡤդޤ
(1) ʤѸˤϥݥƥ֤ʷƻ¿Τ˥ͥƥʷƻ줬ʤΡ
Ѹˤϥݥƥʷƻͥƥʷƻ˭٤ˤޤŪθҲŪװˤꡤŪʱѸؽǤϥݥƥʷƻ˿뵡¿ʤ뷹ꤽǤºݤθѡä˥ɽǤϡͥƥʷƻ¿¸ߤޤ
(2) ̾ȷƻδطˤĤơGermany German Τ褦˸ʪޤ
̱̾²̾̾ʤɤδطʣǡɤ餬ΤǤɤ餬줫ϾˤäưۤʤޤŪѲ伫Ρ¾Τΰ㤤ʤɤƶŪʷŦΤϺǤ
(3) ߴλ I have been to б븽߷ *I am to ʤΤϤʤ
have been to 18о줷Ūɽǡб븽߷ϸ¸ߤޤǤbe ưξֻ to ưפͳΰĤǤָߴλΤʸˡ̤ȯŸƤޤ
(4) ɤޤʤƬʳ h ˤĤƤθˤϡ
桦 h Ū2Ż2ǤȤƤh䡤<wh> бȯѸˤ /h/ ʬ۳ʤɡ͡ʴ鸦椬ʤƤޤh ꤵѸȯֻȯŸ˴ͿƤܤǤ
(5) ˤֽħѲˤĤ
ˤäƸǤֽͭηꡤϸ硤ֹ¤¤ʤ͡¦̤˸ޤħŪʤΤǤϤʤŪѲ뤳Ȥ⤢ޤ㤨бѸ䥲ޥδܸ SOV SVO ؤĹ֤ѲƤޤ
(6) ʤ come some ˤ "magic e" Υ롼뤬ŬѤʤΡ
comesome ʤɤñϡ"magic e" Υ롼Ȥ̵طˤǤޤñֻϡ餷ɤߤ䤹뤿ˡޤ줿ΤǤѸֻˤ¿Υ롼뤬¸ߤ"magic e" ϤΤ1Ĥ˲ޤ
(7) Let's ˤߤ us s ξάϤ롩ޤ̣Ѳͳϡ
us ξάȤƤ -'s ȤƤϡshall's shall us ޤäΡˤޤlet's ϷŪˤ us μ岽ޤޤǽŪˤϡֵĤΰפִͶפؤȯŸˡ֤ʤ¥ǽޤϸμѲּѲȤޤ
(8) ѸˤܸΡ~פΤ褦1;ΤܤɽϤ롩
Ѹˤ⸬ɽϤޤܸۤηŪǤϤޤ㤨 in my humble opinion my modest prediction ʤɤɽ¾εĤɽԤؼ the present author ʤɤɽޤθ䴷ɽˤȤɤޤꡤܸΤ褦ηŪԶɽƥ¸ߤޤ
(9) Ѹ˸Ԥܻؤ4ǯ
´ȸ˼ҲиѤǤر˿ʳؤ륭ꥢѥޤ鸽Ǥηиϸ˥ˡʻ⤿餹ǽޤԤˤʤ뤫ɤ¤¿οͤΤǤǤפʤΤϻ³ؿõ濴ʤǮǤ䥻ߥʡؤλä³ؤӤΥ١ݤäƤ
(10) Ѹο;̾ˤ̶ʬͳȿ̾βǽϡ
1;Ρ2;̾ϲäθ̤ȽǤǤ뤿ᶦŪǤ3;ñ̾ϲäθˤʤͤؤᡤŪ̾դƤǤǤ¿ؤǧ顤3;ñ̾줬ƤƤޤƤΤ singular they ǤܤǤ
ʾǤ10 Mond ꡤѸʻˡˤ˴ؤѤʵ
ε#5555. kh ֻ ([2024-07-12-1]) ˰³2Ż (digraph) <kh> ˤĤơUpward and Davidson (257) ˤޤȤޤäҤΤǰѤ롥
KH
The KH spelling reflects an aspirated consonant (somewhat like [k] + [h]) or a fricative (like [x] as in Scottish loch) in the source or carrier languages, all from the Middle East or Indian subcontinent. In English, there is no difference in pronunciation between KH and K.
In initial position: khaki (< Hindi); khamsin 'hot wind' (< Arabic); khan (spelt caan when first borrowed in the 15th century; < a Turkic language)
- Khazi, a slang word for 'toilet' dating from the 19th century, is not, despite its spelling, of eastern origin, but probably derives from Italian or Spanish casa 'house'. It has various spellings in English (kazi, kharzie, karsey, etc.).
In medial position: astrakhan 'fabric' (< Russian place-name); bakhshish 'tip or bribe' (a spelling baksheesh --- see under 'K'); burkha (a spelling of burka/burqa --- see under 'K'); gymkhana (< Urdu gend-khana, altered by influence of gymnastics); kolkhoz 'collective farm in USSR' (< Russian).
In final position: ankh 'emblem of life' (< Egyptian 'nh); lakh '100,000' (also lac; < Hindi and Hindustani); rukh 'mythical bird' (another spelling of roc, which is the more common spelling in English; < Arabic rokh, rukhkh, Persian rukh); sheikh (< Arabic shaikh).
ۤܤ٤Ƥñ줬졤ɥΦνͳ褷θ̣ݻ뤿ˡŪˤϱѸߤΤʤ <kh> ȤֻѤƤΤդֻˤϡäդȯǤɸʤñͳ뵡ǽʬŪǤäƤȤפǤ롥
Upward, Christopher and George Davidson. The History of English Spelling. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.

khelfʷѸ˥եˤǤرѸ˿ʹȯԤʤɡѸˤhel (helkatsu) ͡ŸƤޤ
khelf ȤƾΤ "Keio History of the English Language Forum" Ƭ (acronym) ǡ伫Ȥ¤ʤΤǤܸȯǤϡ֥աסѸȯǤ /kɛlf/ ȤʤΤȻפޤkhelf <kh> ֻϢ³ʤȤޤΤǡѸֻˤ 2Ż (digraph) ˤĤܵǼ夲ޤ
<kh> ϡѸˤƤϷ褷٤ι⤤ʸȤ߹碌ǤϤޤkhaki ʥˡkhan ʥϡˡKhmer ʥ͡ˡKhoisan ʥ²ˡSikh ʥ̡ˤʤɤ˸졤ñǤ <kh> /k/ бطޤ٤ƼѸͭ̾ǤꡤѸˡ˴ƱƤ뤫ȤвȤǤCarney (221) Ǥϡ<kh> ˸ڤĤ astrakhan ʥȥ饫, gymkhana , khaki, khan, khedive ʥץˤƤޤ
Carney (328) Ǥϡ<h> 2ʸܤȤƤġҲɽ魯¾2ŻȤȤ <kh> ƤޤϢսѤޤ礦
The clusters <ch>, <ph>, <sh>, <th>, <wh>, are treated as spelling units. So are the clusters <gh>, <kh>, <rh>, but there is a difference. In the first group, the <h> has the natural function of indicating the features 'voiceless and fricative' in representing [ʧ], [f], [ʃ], [ʍ]; <th> represents only 'fricative' for both voiceless [θ] and voiced [ð]. In the group <gh>, <kh>, <rh>, the <h> is empty and arbitrary; there is some marking, however: <rh> is §Greek, <kh> is exotic.
<kh> <h> ϲŪˤưŤΤʤۻ (silent_letter) ȤäƤ٤Ǹ˿ƤȤꡤñ줬 "exotic" Ǥ뤳Ȥɸ뵡ǽͭƤ褦khelf ˡ̥ŪȤ̣Ǥ "exotic" ʳưܻؤ
Carney, Edward. A Survey of English Spelling. Abingdon: Routledge, 1994.
줿֤ΤۤإͥʵְʼδѸظإͥסˤκǿϡֻȯЪΥ (spelling_pronunciation_gap) ᤰѤʵ夲Ƥޤ#227. Who ȯϤʤؤʤΤ --- h ȥȵƱ䡩Ǥ
夲뤭äȤʤäΤϡ2ۤ khelfʷѸ˥եˤȯԤ줿رѸ˿ʹ84ǼѤʥե٥åɽפǤ
Ѥʥե٥åɽפκˤĤƤϡ#5434. Ѥʥե٥åɽ״ ([2024-03-13-1]) ǼޤȤ̤ǤΤʤ <w> ǻϤޤñȤܤ줿Τ who Ǥʤֻ /huː/ ɤΤǤ礦ƬλҲϢ³ /h/ бΤ̯Ǥ첻 /uː/ бⵤˤʤޤ
ưǤɽ̤ʤǤۤɤäƤޤޤϢϤޤʲ˴ϢؤΥĥäƤޤΤǡؿΤϤƤߤƤ
Ρhellog
#1783. whole <w> ([2014-03-15-1])
#1795. Ĥ wh ȯ ([2014-03-27-1])
#2423. digraph (1) ([2015-12-15-1])
#2424. digraph (2) ([2015-12-16-1])
#3630. ʤ who ϤֻǤȯʤΤ ([2019-04-05-1])
#3938. Ƭˤ첻 h Ф꤬뤵졤Ҳ h ˤ⤵ʤä ([2020-02-07-1])
Ρheldio
heldio #75. what ϡ֥åȡפ֥ۥåȡפ
heldio #253. ʤ who Ϥֻǡ֥աפɤΤ
ꥹԻ Birmingham ȯ /ˈbəːmɪŋəm/ Ǥ롥ꥹ̾ˤ褯뤳ȤĹˤΤʤȯû岽Ƥ̤Ǥ롥̾ξ -ham ƬҲæƤޤäƤ롥
Ʊ̾ΥꥫԻԤǤϡ h ¸Ƥ /ˈbɚːmɪŋhæm/ ȯ롥/h/ ¸ƤȤϡषֻȯ (spelling_pronunciation) Ȥ褵줿ȤۤŬڤ⤷ʤ
ơꥹԻԤˤĤƤϡ⤦1Ū罰ŪȯȤ /ˈbrʌməʤm̩/ ȤΤǤ롥ȤμդˤĤơClark (476) Τ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
Further complications arise from a sporadic palatalisation and assibilation of -ing(-) > [ɪnʤ] that affects suffix and infix alike: e.g. Lockinge, Wantage < OE Waneting (also originally a stream-name --- PN Berks.: 17--18, 481--2), and also the traditional, now vulgar, /brʌməʤm̩/ for Birmingham (PN Warks.: 34--6). Explanations have ranged from variant development of gen. pl. -inga- . . . to fossilised survival of a PrOE locative in *ingi, assumed to have dominated development of the names in question in the way that dative forms not uncommonly do . . . .
⤬Ȥȡ -ing εȤʤ첻ξʰ㤤ˤäơȯ /ˈbəːmɪŋəm/ 罰Ūȯ /ˈbrʌməʤm̩/ ʬƤޤäȤˤʤ롥ơΰ۷֤ɤ줬ˤäƤ1500ǯۤɤˤͭ뤫⤷ʤȤȤˤʤ롥
Clark, Cecily. "Onomastics." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 1. Ed. Richard M. Hogg. Cambridge: CUP, 1992. 452--89.
Ѹˤͭɡ [ŋ] /ŋ/ Ȥ1ĤβǤǧƤ롥[ŋ] ̤β /n/ ΰ۲ȤƤδġѸβηϤˤ [ŋ] /ŋ/ Ⱦüʰ֤ŤͿƤ롥βǡˤΰ֤Ťˤϡ줬ѸˤŪʳdzΩȤȴط롥δϢ뵭ȤưʲƤ
#1508. ѸˤɡβDz ([2013-06-13-1])
#3482. ƬλҲϢñ㲽Ƥˡ ([2018-11-08-1])
#3855. ʤֿסʤˤΥɽ *Shingkoiwa Ȥʤ餺 Shinkoiwa ȤʤΤǤ ([2019-11-16-1])
#4344. -in' -ing ξάǤϤʤ ([2021-03-19-1])
Minkova (138) ˤȡ /ŋ/ ˤ2Ĥð롥1ĤϡβǤ coda ˤʤȡ2Ĥˤϡ˲ä domain-final ˤʤȤǤ롥Ԥϲ١ǡԤϷ֡å١ȹͤƤ褤ԤͭΤˤСñ줴Ȥ˼¸ /ŋ/ /ŋg/ ۤʤΤաȽҤ٤ƤΤƱǤ롥
The distribution of contrastive /ŋ/ prompts some interesting phonological questions. Like PDF /h-/, which can appear only in onsets, /ŋ/ is a 'defectively distributed' phoneme: it can be distinctive only in coda position. The restriction reflects its historical origin since it is only through the loss of the voiced velar stop in the coda that /ŋ/ became contrastive: kin--king, ban--bang, run--rung. Before /k/, as in plank, sink, hunk, [-ŋ] remains a positional allophone followed by the voiceless stop. Thus, we get a three-way opposition in pin [pɪn]--ping [pɪŋ]--pink [pɪŋk], sin, sing, sink, and so on.
Another peculiarity of contrastive /ŋ/ is that it has to be domain-final, that is, the [-g-] is preserved stem-internally, rendering [-ŋ-] allophonic, as in Bangor, bingo, tango, single, hungry, Hungary, all with [-ŋg-]. Note that the preservation of [-g-] does not depend only on syllabification, because in forms derived with -ing or the agentive suffix -er, the [-g-] of the stem is not realised, and the derived form copies the shape of the base form: singing, singer with just [-ŋ-]. In addition to the most frequent -ing and -er, the majority of the native suffixes such as -y, -dom, -hood, -ness, -ish, -less, -ling, also -let (OFr), preserve the shape of the base: slangy, kingdom, thinghood, youngness, strongish, fangless, kingling, ringlet have [-ŋ-]. The addition of a comparative suffix, -er or -est, as in longer, strongest, youngly, however, results in heterosyllabic [ŋ].[g]. The addition of Latinate suffixes generally preserves the [g], as in fungation, diphthongal, but not always, as in ringette, nothingism. Then there is vacillation with some derivatives: prolong and prolonging are always just [-ŋ], prolongation varies between [-ŋ-] and [-ŋg-], and prolongate is always [-ŋg-]. There are some idiosyncrasies: dinghy, hangar allow both pronunciations, and so do English and England. The behaviour of [-ŋ] in clitic groups and phrases is also variable; the variability of [-ŋ] is of continuous theoretical interest. In our diachronic context, the deletion of the [g] and the possibility of phonemic [ŋ] in narrowly defined contexts in late ME and EModE is most notable as an addition to the inventory of contrastive sounds in English.
Ѹʹ [ŋ] ϲDz (phonemicisation) ФˤʬۤŰ줵椨ˡŪʰϺ˻ޤǾ
Minkova, Donka. A Historical Phonology of English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2014.
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͵Ѥ˴ؤǡϡǯ930ʸģ줿2021ǯ٤ֹ˴ؤĴη̤Ǥܺ٤3ǯ١ֹ˴ؤĴפη̤ˤĤơ (PDF) ꤴǧޤ
ܸɽ뤿ΥλѤˤĤƤϡޤǤ͡ʵꡤܥ֥Ǥ romaji ε¿夲Ƥޤ YouTube ưȤȤ櫓ϢοؤΥĥäƤޤΤǡ碌ƤȤ
#3427. ἰܼإܥΥĤŤоɽ ([2018-09-14-1])
#1892. ֥ΤĤŤס ([2014-07-02-1])
#1879. ܸˤˡ ([2014-06-19-1])
#2550. 붵եɥå褬ȯ줿 ([2016-04-20-1])
#4905. ְΡפ Aichi Aiti ([2022-10-01-1])
#4925. ɽɤȱѸ쥹ڥ ([2022-10-21-1])
#1893. إܥ <sh>, <ch>, <j> ϤɤΤ餤Ѹ ([2014-07-03-1])
#3251. <chi> ϡ֥פ֥פ֥פ֥ҡפ ([2018-03-22-1])
ܸҲˤƥȤե٥åʸηϤƤѤʤ褦ȤƤ֤뤳Ȥϡ줫ѸϤȤθʸȤɤդäƤͤǤʤȤȹͤޤư̤ơܸɽ뤿ΥѤˤĤƲƹͤƤߤƤϤǤ礦
ꥹΤΤʤ濴ŪʱѸȤС֥ƥΥɤΥɥ濴Ȥ륤ɸѸΤȤؤΤ̤Ǥ롥ʳΥɤ䡤륺åȥɡɡ¾ʤɤޤȤƼϰȸƤ֤ȤˤȡμϰαѸѼˤϤФиŤħ (relic features) ѻ롥ŪħȤơCorrigan (355) 3Ĥͭ̾ʻƤ
(1) "FOOT/STRUT split"
Ū /ʊ/ 濴ϰ /ʊ/ /ʌ/ ʬѲ17岽 (centralisation) ȸƤФǡˤ첻Ǥ1Ȥˤʤ롥ϰǤʬϵäƤʤ foot strut Ѥ餺 /ʊt/ ǵӱƧࡥ#1297. does, done 첻 ([2012-11-14-1]) Ͽޤ褦ˡʬ̵ͭʬۤΤǤ롥
(2) "non-prevocalic /r/"
ܥ֥Ǥ rhotic ¿εˤƤ#452. ɱѸνˤ r ([2010-07-23-1]) ϿޤǺܤƤ뤬Ǥ첻֤ʤŪ r ¸³Ƥ뤬濴Ǥϼ¸ʤåȥɤ䥢ɤ rhotic Ǥʤ륺Ǥϰ non-rhotic Ǥˡ
(3) "h-dropping"
Cockney ȯȤƤ褯ΤƤ h æ븽ݡ¤ Cockney ˸¤餺Ѹʹߡ濴ϰǹԤʤƤh-dropping ϰѼȤƤħǤϤʤҲѼȤƤħȤߤ뤳Ȥ¿ϰѼǤϤޤ긫ʤȤ¤⤢ꡤȤñǤϤʤȷϤδؤıѸѼǤϰŪ˸Ƭ h ݻƤ롥
Τ褦˼ϰϸŤħݻƤ뤳Ȥ¿ŪʴʬۤǽʬʤΤϰϡŪʰ̣ǼդǤǤʤȷϸ졦ؤˤıѸѼ郎ԤʤƤϰȤ̱²Ūʰ̣ǤդǤ롥Corrigan Ͼ嵭ħȸزˤΤȶĥƤ櫓ǤϤʤǾҲ𤷤Ƥ롥
Corrigan, Karen P. "The Atlantic Archipelago of the British Isles." Chapter 17 of The Oxford Handbook of World Englishes. Ed. by Markku Filppula, Juhani Klemola, and Devyani Sharma. New York: OUP, 2017. 335--70.
cockney ϡɥβĮ East End ˽ϫƯԳ¯ŪʱѸѼȤΤƤ뤬ۤɥƥ쥪פȤƤߤƤѸѼϤʤѸ³Ƥץƥ쥪פǤcf. #1458. cockney ([2013-04-24-1])ˡ
ŪˤϡɸѸӤ͡ʺۤߤ롥Fox (2016--29) ˵äƤĤƤߤ褦
happy θ첻 [ɪ] ǤϤʤ [i] ȯ롤 "happy tensing"
ĺ /p, t, k/ ĺ [ʔ] ȯ
/θ/, /ð/ 줾쿰 /f/, /v/ ȯ롤 "th-fronting"
/h/ ȯʤ h-dropping (cf. #3936. h-dropping ȽȥꥷѸ ([2020-02-05-1]))
be have ȤƤ ain't λ
She can't say nothing. Τ褦¿
ղõʸѤ innit (< isn't it) λ
Cockney rhyming slang λ (cf. #1459. Cockney rhyming slang ([2013-04-25-1]))
θħϳΤ˸ߤ cockney ˤǧ졤¤餫Υ줿ƥ쥪פȤ櫓ǤϤʤcockney üԡפǧ͡㤨 Cockney rhyming slang ѤƤ뤫ȤСϼ֤餫ΥƤ롥֤εҤ̩ˤʤƤʤȤƥ쥪פ¸³ƤΤ
cockney üԤʬۤˤĤƤ⡤ŪʸˤϾνɬפȤʤäƤƤ褦Fox (2015) ۩
Cockney is therefore no longer confined to the traditional dialect area with which it has been associated but has come to represent the working class dialect of a much wider geographical southeastern region of England. It is probably also accurate to say that Cockney has become synonymous with white working class speakers and is not generally a term applied to speakers of minority ethnic backgrounds even if they have been born within the traditional Cockney area.
Fox cockney θߤ˴ؤϡʤˤפ롥ʲ˰Ѥ빼 (2013) ɤǤ⡤в cockney 뤳ȤǤ
There is no homogeneous speech form to which Cockney refers. There have always been slight regional differences as well as specific local variants used by some speakers and of course there have also always been social and stylistic differences among individuals. Nevertheless, Cockney is a term which has a long history and, even if its application has been rather vague, has traditionally been associated with the speech of the lower social groups in London, particularly in the "East End". However, like any variety, it has been subject to change over time and recent sociolinguistic research shows that socio-economic and demographic changes to the area may render the term Cockney irrelevant to the majority of people now living in the traditional homeland of the variety. This chapter will give an overview of the traditional aspects of the London dialect while at the same time taking into account some of the recent changes described as Multicultural London English.
Fox, Sue. "Varieties of English: Cockney." Chapter 128 of English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. 2 vols. Ed. Alexander Bergs and Laurel J. Brinton. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012. 2013--31.
hellog 饸10ܤǤɸϡѤʵɬȤäƤ褤ۤɴƤ䤤Ǥhour, honour, honest, heir ¾ h ȯʤȤǤȤäƤѸǽ hour ɽʤǤꡤʤʥͥƥ֤ޤ˱ѸؤֳԻĤ˻פǤ͡
ȤϱѸˤΤʤǤ졤褦ȤäƤ褤餤ʥȥԥåʤΤǤؽŪˤ̤ȤäƤ褤Ǥ礦طʤϤ֤뤪⤷Τ⤷ΥåǤ褦ȡƤߤޤ
ơѸ˸ˤƤ̵ hפǤʣʤ̥ŪΰüȤˤϡ##3941,461,462,1292,1675,1899,1677εåᤷޤ⤽ѸˤŪ h ¸ߤƤΤȤh ͩפޤо줷ɴġϹԲɥϹԲʤΤǤ
űѸ3;̾ζɽˤĤơ#155. űѸο;̾ζޡ ([2009-09-29-1]) ǤߤȤñǤʣǤ⡤鷺η֤ h- ǻϤޤ롥ŪˤߤСűѸ h- 3;̾ޡεǽ̤ƤȤäƤ褤礦ɸѸ th- ŪؼŪʸΥޡǤꡤwh- ɽ魯ΥޡǤΤƱ褦
ʬ䤹ħǤϤ뤬ʤȤˡħѸˤ3;̾ζηϤȺ⤿餷ʤΤǤ롥űѸǤϡh- ³ʬ첻ΰ㤤ˤʤٶ̤Ƥ䤬ƶοʿȡʤζ̤ƤޤäȤиűѸ hē (he), hēo (she), hīe (they) ѸǤϡˤ뤬ˤ hi ʤɤη֤˼̤Ƥޤäh- ΤΤѲʤäˡäƺ褿Ȥˤʤä櫓ĤƤϡʬ䤹ħפä h- षո̤ȤʤäƤޤäȤˤʤ롥
ǡ褹٤Υᥫ˥बưh- ǤϤʤ̤λҲƬˤ she ñʤˡϤۤʤҲƬˤ they ʣʤ˿ʽФѸޤǤ˸ŷ֤ΤǤʤ˴ؤ̤ˤĤƤϡ#713. "though" "they" Ʊ۵͡ ([2011-04-10-1])#827. she θ츻 ([2011-08-02-1])#974. 3;̾μʷ˺Ѥ۲ ([2011-12-27-1])#975. 3;̾μгʷǤϤޤѤʤä۲ ([2011-12-28-1])#1843. conservative radicalism ([2014-05-14-1])#2331. Ѹˤ3;ʣ̾ʳŪ th- ([2015-09-14-1]) ȡˡ
ơűѸˤ h- ϶Ūˤ3;̾ޡäȽҤ٤̻Ūˤߤȡɤñ h- ʣ h- ϵۤʤ褦Ĥޤꡤh- ϸűѸޤǤ˷Ūˡʬ䤹ħפȤʤäˤˤξϱ郎ʤäΤȤLass (141) Ȥ Marsh (15) ϡñ h- ϰĸľ *k- ˤΤܤꡤʣ h- ϰĸλؼ̾ *ei- ? -i- ˤΤܤȤԤԤ˴Ť (analogy) ˤꡤ夫 h- դȤȤ餷ĹŪˤߤСѤϸűѸˤƤͭѤʥޡȤƲä⤿餷ѸˤƤϤषǤѤȲǤ뤫⤷ʤ
ʤǽҤ٤ƤȤ̷⤹뤬#467. ;̾ it θƬ /h/ äݤ ([2010-08-07-1]) Ȥ⤢ΤǤ⻲ȡ
Marsh, Jeannette K. "Periods: Pre-Old English." Chapter 1 of English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. 2 vols. Ed. Alexander Bergs and Laurel J. Brinton. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012. 1--18.
Lass, Roger. Old English: A Historical Linguistic Companion. Cambridge: CUP, 1994.
Ѹˤˤ /h/ ȤҲǤΰ֤ŤäȤˤĤơǶǤϡ#3936. h-dropping ȽȥꥷѸ ([2020-02-05-1])#3938. Ƭˤ첻 h Ф꤬뤵졤Ҳ h ˤ⤵ʤä ([2020-02-07-1])#3945. "<h> second" 2Żεȯã ([2020-02-14-1]) ǿƤˤʲεϤȤ h εˤƤ
#214. ʻҲ /h/ ([2009-11-27-1])
#459. ʻҲ /h/ (2) ([2010-07-30-1])
#1677. Ƭ <h> ˤˤĤƤν ([2013-11-29-1])
#1292. Ѹ줫ѸˤƤ h ΰ֤Ť ([2012-11-09-1])
#1675. Ѹ줫ѸˤƤ h ΰ֤Ť (2) ([2013-11-27-1])
#1899. Ѹ줫ѸˤƤ h ΰ֤Ť (3) ([2014-07-09-1])
ǤϡѸˤ /h/ ϤɤΤ餤ʤΤɸѸ줫Υ Cockney ޤ¿Ѽ /h/ ¸ߤȤ¤ΤСꤵΤ⺣⤵ۤѤäƤʤ뤬Ǥʤ餷Minkova (115) ϡष /h/ 벻ĶϳȤäƤȤ¤ȤŪˤ /h/ ϸ§ȤƶΤ촴Ƭˤʤä䤽ʳδĶǤ⸽褦ˤʤäƤȤ⡤ʬۤγ˹Ƥװ1Ĥʤ /h/ ⤿ʤϤΥڥȤΤäɤǼǤ롥
The overall picture is clear: in native words /h-/ remains stable only if it forms the single onset of a stressed syllable, which is tantamount to saying that in the native vocabulary this consonant is historically restricted to stem-initial position. The distribution of /h-/ is broadening, however. In the last century, Spanish-English bilingualism in the American Southwest has resulted in the formation of new varieties of Latino Englishes, which in their turn influence AmE. One such influence results in the acceptability of stem-internal /h-/, as in jojoba, mojo, fajita. Also ... /h-/ is retained in borrowings in the onset of unstressed syllables: rioha (1611), alóha (1825), mája (1832), fáham 'an orchid native to Mauritius' (1850), an it is formed natively as in Soho (1818), colloquial AmE doohickey [ˈduːhɪkɪ], yeehaw [ˈjiːhɑ], most recently the blend WeHo [ˈwiːhoʊ] 'West Hollywood' (2006).
Ѹ줬ڥ <j> /x/ ȤˡѸβǤȤ¸ߤʤ /x/ ˡİаݤζᤤ /h/ Ǽཬ뤫顤ȤΤѸ /h/ Ǥ⤿ʤʤֻȤƤ <h> ġ˥ƥޥ줫¿ʱƶʤ顤ֻȯ (spelling_pronunciation) 쥹ڥ /x/ ѤȤĤġճ /h/ ϰ̤䶯ƤΤ⤷ʤ
ˤ Latino English ˤĤƤϡ#2610. ƥꥫϱѸѼ ([2016-06-19-1]) ȡ
Minkova, Donka. A Historical Phonology of English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2014.
Ѹˡˤ <ch>, <gh>, <ph>, <sh>, <th>, <wh> ʤɡ2ʸ1Ĥβɽ魯2Ż (digraph) ʤ餺¸ߤ롥1ʸ1줤бΤե٥åȤۤȤС2ݏߤ뤳Ȥۤΰæˤۤʤʤ¤ˤϸűѸΤ鸽ߤ˻ޤǡ¿2ŻѤƤ켫Τˤαɸˤ餵Ƥ
ϡ˵2ʸܤ <h> 2Ż夲褦"verb second" θʤ "<h> second" 2ŻǤ롥 "<h> second" 2Żϡ§ȤñҲб롥<ch> /ʧ/, <ph> /f/, <sh> /ʃ/, <th> /θ, ð/, <wh> /w, ʍ/ ʤɤǤ롥<gh> ˤĤƤϡȤ /f/ ʤɤб뤬̵б뤳ȤŪ¿ȤդäƤʡ#2590. <gh> ޤñˤĤƤס ([2016-05-30-1])#1195. <gh> = /f/ б ([2012-08-04-1])ˡ
Ѹˤߤ "<h> second" 2ŻѸǻȤϤΤϡ褽ѸѸΤȤǤ롥θűѸѸǤϡ<ch>, <gh>, <ph>, <th> Ҳϳơ <c>, <ȝ>, <f>, <þ, ð> 1ʸ֤Ƥ<sh>, <wh> Ҳϳơ <sc>, <hw> Ȥ̤2Ż֤Τ̤ä
<ch> <th> ˤĤƤϡƥˡǺѤƤȤѸμ̻⸫ƤȤϤ˼ΤǤ롥ޤ<ph> ˤĤƤϥꥷʤ뤤Ϥ˼ѤƤƥˤμѤǤ롥
Ѹϡƥ䥮ꥷ줫Ѥ줿嵭Τ褦2Ż˿ȯǡ˥եǤʿŪ2ŻλѤߤ줿Ȥؤäơ2ʸܤ <h> Ŀ2ŻȯƤ˻ä<gh>, <sh>, <wh> ʤɤǤ롥
Τ褦ˡѸ "<h> second" 2Żϡƥˤä2Żľܡܤ˱ƶΩΤǤ롥ʤ⤽ƥǤ2ʸܤ <h> Ѥ2ŻȯŸΤϡ<h> ʸбꤵ /h/ ȤҲƥޥλ˸ƾüƤȤʬ̤ꡤŪʲǤäϢư <h> ʸ¾ʸ٤¸ߴäΤȻפ롥<h> Ȥʸϡ֤ͷƤȤ館졤ζ̤ƱȤä̤εǽƤ줿ȹͤ롥γŬ (exaptation)
¤ϡѸǤⲻǤȤƤ /h/ ¸ߤɬŪǤϤʤ̣ǤϥƥȻäξäΤ褦˹ͤСѸǤ⡤Ⱦü¸ߤǤ <h> 2ŻιǤȤѤǤĶäƤǤ롥cf. #214. ʻҲ /h/ ([2009-11-27-1])#459. ʻҲ /h/ (2) ([2010-07-30-1])#1677. Ƭ <h> ˤˤĤƤν ([2013-11-29-1])#1292. Ѹ줫ѸˤƤ h ΰ֤Ť ([2012-11-09-1])#1675. Ѹ줫ѸˤƤ h ΰ֤Ť (2) ([2013-11-27-1])#1899. Ѹ줫ѸˤƤ h ΰ֤Ť (3) ([2014-07-09-1])ˡ
ʾ塤Ȥ Minkova (111) ȤȴϢơʲε⻲ȡ
#2423. digraph (1) ([2015-12-15-1])
#2424. digraph (2) ([2015-12-16-1])
#3251. <chi> ϡ֥פ֥פ֥פ֥ҡפ ([2018-03-22-1])
#3337. Mulcaster θåꥹ "generall table" ˤ츻Ūֻ (2) ([2018-06-16-1])
#2049. <sh> Ȥΰֻˡ ([2014-12-06-1])
#1795. Ĥ wh ȯ ([2014-03-27-1])
Minkova, Donka. A Historical Phonology of English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2014.
ǤѸˤδ͡ʵʤƤޤŪϽФƤޤäơʲǤϲͿΤǤϤʤѸŪطʤ뤳ȤǰƤޤ餺
ѸǸƬ <h> ֤ƤΤ /h/ Ȥȯʤñϡθ˸¤ޤɸ hour, honour, honest, heir ϤᡤδϢǤ hourly, honourable, honesty, heiress ʤɤޤ/h/ ȯ뤳Ȥ⤢ȯʤȤ⤢ herb, historical, humour Τ褦㤬ʤ餺¸ߤΤ¤Ǥcf. #461. OANC ФȯʤƬ <h> ([2010-08-01-1])#462. BNC ФȯʤƬ <h> ([2010-08-02-1])ˡ
ȤʤäƤ hour, honour, honest, heir ϡѸ˥ե줫Ѥ줿ǤեؤȤΤͤǤС֤Ƥ <h> ϰȯʤȤȤΤäƤ뤫ȻפޤäơѸΥեѸˤĤƤϡեǤδ̤ꡤ<h> ֤ƤƤ /h/ ȤȯʤΤȻפ뤫⤷ޤ
ʲȤϤʤޤեѸϱѸñ̤ήƤꡤΤʤˤ <h> ǻϤޤΤʤ줬եǤ̵ hפݤ鷺¿ޤޤƤޤθϡhour honour ޤྯθơɸѸǤϤ٤ƳΤ /h/ ȯƤΤǤhabit, heritage, history, host, human ʤˤȤޤޤäơhour honour ֥եȯͼפ椨ˡ/h/ ȤȯʤΤȤϡɬְ㤤ȤϤʤΤΡԽʬˤȤɤޤޤ
ϡʤ̵ h- ΤʤǤξθԥݥȤФ졤֥եȯͼפ˽äƤΤȤȤǤդˤСʤʳΤ٤Ƥ h- 줬֥եȯͼפ˽äƤʤΤȤȤȤʤޤΡ֤ʤפ䤤ˤϡޤΤͿƤޤ
ꤷƤȡλѤäƤΤǤޤɸѤʵϡ֤ʤ hour honour ʳΤۤȤɤ h- 줬եȯͼ˱ƶƤʤΤפȤ˥ѥե졼뤳Ȥˤʤޤκꤵ줿伫Τ⡤ˤλ¤Τȡƥѥե졼ʤФʤʤȤ˵ŤޤȤΤϡѸʹߤ˥եʤƥ䥮ꥷˤѤ줿 h- ˤ뤹٤Ƥ <h> ϡĤƤαѸǼ¤ȯƤʤäǽ뤫ǤѸѸǤϡ h ¤ȯƤʤäΤǤˤĤƤϳسˤƤȤʤäƤ櫓ǤϤޤ#1292. Ѹ줫ѸˤƤ h ΰ֤Ť ([2012-11-09-1])#1675. Ѹ줫ѸˤƤ h ΰ֤Ť (2) ([2013-11-27-1])#1899. Ѹ줫ѸˤƤ h ΰ֤Ť (3) ([2014-07-09-1])#1677. Ƭ <h> ˤˤĤƤν ([2013-11-29-1]) Ǹ̤ꡤκޤ
<h> ֤ƤƤ /h/ ȯʤäΤĤƾ֤äȤСߤΤۤȤɤ /h/ ȯ褦ˤʤäƤΤϤʤǤ礦ϡѸˤѸɸಽʹߤηŪֻȯ (spelling_pronunciation) η̤ȹͤޤʤ⤷줬ǤСѸ˾äȤηŪ˼줿ֻȯλȤޤˡ<h> ֤ƤΤ /h/ ȯ褦ȤŪʽե١εϰռʤޤǤ˹ޤä̡ŪȯϤɤǤ졤Ȥˤ¤ /h/ ȯ뤳ȤˤʤäΤȹͤޤɤ櫓ɸ˵ξθ췲ˤޤǤϡȤڤФʤä褦ʤΤǤ
˺֤ʤ hour honour ʳΤۤȤɤ h- 줬եȯͼ˱ƶƤʤΤפȤ䤤ϡޤ伡Τ褦˥ѥե졼뤳Ȥˤʤޤ֤٤Ƥ h- 줬ĤƤϥեȯͼ̵äΤˡʤæ /h/ ȯ뤳ȤˤʤäΤסơ֤ʤ hour honour ʤɤξθϡեȯͼαƶ餤ޤæˤΤפǤ
ǰʤ顤ɸεDz褹뤳ȤϤǤޤѤʵžžơʼεˤƤޤޤ伫ȤɤΤǤΤ褦˱Ѹˤ椷Ƥ뼡Ǥ
Ϣ h ˴ؤܥ֥ΤĤεȤ
ε#3937. hospital humble h 200ǯˤȯƤʤä ([2020-02-06-1]) ǡƬ <h> ֤Ƥʤ /h/ ȯʤʸ췲뤳ȡޤθ췲ΥС̻ŪѲƤȤߤΤ褦㳰Ūʿ췲ʤɤΤ褦ˤФƤΤǤꡤΤȤŪʼҲŪȤǤ⤤ˤȤۤʤ褦˻פ롥
ȤȤǤС⤦1ĴϢ븽ݤ롥嵭㳰оݤ h-dropping оݤϡ˥ƥ졤ե졤ꥷ줫μѸθƬˤ첻 h Ǥ뤳ȤСh ξü褬ҲŪҿȤʤ뤫ɤϸ츻䲻Ķ˰¸ƤȤȤʸ츻ȤδϢˤĤƤϡ#3936. h-dropping ȽȥꥷѸ ([2020-02-05-1]) ȡˡ츻䲻Ķۤʤ륱Ǥϡ⤽ h ˤʤäƤʤȤ¤롥
ŪˤСθƬˤƻҲ˸ h Ǥ롥űѸǤ hring (= "ring"), hnappian (= "to nap"), hlot (= "lot"; cf. #2333. a lot of ([2015-09-16-1]))hwīt (= "white") ʤɤθƬλҲϢ夢Ѹ11--12 h 岽æϤ (Minkova 108--09) βѲˤĤƤϡ#3386. Ѹ˾μפʻҲѲ ([2018-08-04-1]) Ǿ줿٤Ѹ˾첻֤Ǥ h ξüʤ뤤ꤵˤȤ̵طǤϤʤҲϢˤ h ξüϡȯˤֻˤ⺯פĤʤ餤˴뤷hw- ʸ <wh-> ֤뤳ȤˤʤˤΤߤ㳰ȤˤĤƤϡ#1795. Ĥ wh ȯ ([2014-03-27-1])#3630. ʤ who ϤֻǤȯʤΤ ([2019-04-05-1])#1783. whole <w> ([2014-03-15-1]) Ȥ줿
ˤ衤űѸ¸ߤƬΡh + ҲפϡѸޤǤ˴˾üŪˤҲŪˤȤʤʤäѸޤǤȤʤ٤ĤäΤϡ켫ȤĹˤġh + 첻פˤ h ä˲ǾꡤƤˤѸŪʷƻǤꡤӼҲŪҿ꤬ޤäơߤˤޤ³h פΩƤΤǤ롥
h ϡΤ褦˱Ѹ˾θȤФΤŪˤŪȸ虜ʤ˾ɬŪʥץåȤҲŪŪʥȥץåȤѤ줿Ȥ˸ΤǤ롥
Minkova, Donka. A Historical Phonology of English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2014.
ε#3936. h-dropping ȽȥꥷѸ ([2020-02-05-1]) ˰³Minkova (108) ˰͵ʤ h ˴ؤ
ɸѸǸƬ h ȯʤȤƤΤ heir, honest, honour, hour 䤽δϢʤɾ˸¤Ƥ뤬h ̵ͭɤȤȤǤ herb, historical, humour ʤɤɲä롥ºݡ#461. OANC ФȯʤƬ <h> ([2010-08-01-1])#462. BNC ФȯʤƬ <h> ([2010-08-02-1]) Ĵ٤ƤߤȤˤȡɤλϾʤʤ
ŪˤΤ褦ɤ줬ߤȤȤϡ̻Ūˤ͡ѰۤѲäȤͽۤ롥ºݡŪǶȤ⤤Ѹ˾ʤäƤߤƤ⡤Ȥϰۤʤ⤫Ӿ夬äƤ롥200ǯۤεŪȯǤФ John Walker Critical Pronouncing Dictionary (46) ȤƤߤ褦Ƭ h ϾȯȤȤˤʤäƤ뤬θˤƤ㳰Ū h ȯʤȤơ15줬Ƥ롥
heir, heiress, honest, honesty, honour, honourable, herb, herbage, hospital, hostler, hour, humble, humour, humorous, humoursome
ˤϸ h ̵ͭɤޤޤƤ뤬ΤȤƤȸεϤ礭ۤʤ櫓ǤϤʤΤʤǤ hospital humble ˴ؤƤϡѸǤ /h/ ȯΤ̤Ĥޤꡤ200ǯۤɤδ֤ˡʤȤ⤳2˴ؤƤȯʤεϡˤѤäȤȤʤޤǵϤѲǤäơºݤαѸüԤȯѲΤɤĴ٤ɬפ뤳Ȥաˡ
200ǯδ֤δˤ䤫ʵϤѲ̣Τʤ¾θǤϤʤ hospital humble ѲΤʤϻĤ롥ѸȸѸȤѲƤʤΤϡλˤƤ⡤<h> ֤ʤ /h/ ȯʤθ줬뤳ȡƤΤäƤ뤳ȤܤξڤǤȤȤ⺣⡤h Henry Sweet Ȥ "an almost infallible test of education and refinement" Ǥ⤢ꡤLynda Mugglestone "symbol of the social divide" Ǥ⤢³ƤΤ
Minkova, Donka. A Historical Phonology of English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2014.
Walker, John. Critical Pronouncing Dictionary and Expositor of the English Language. London: Robinson and Cadell, 1971.
Cockney ȯȤΤ h-dropping ˤϡŪطʤ롥ѲȯֻδطüѡҲŪɾʤ͡ʴͻɬפꡤѸ˸ˤƺǤä1ĤȤäƤ褤ܥ֥Ǥ h γƵǰäƤȤ櫓#1292. Ѹ줫ѸˤƤ h ΰ֤Ť ([2012-11-09-1])#1675. Ѹ줫ѸˤƤ h ΰ֤Ť (2) ([2013-11-27-1])#1899. Ѹ줫ѸˤƤ h ΰ֤Ť (3) ([2014-07-09-1])#1677. Ƭ <h> ˤˤĤƤν ([2013-11-29-1]) Ȥ줿
h-dropping ؤ (stigmatisation) ޤäΤ17ʹߡä˵ϼǤ18ΤȤǤ롥ֻɸಽˤäƸ츻Ū <h> 경ȯˤƤб /h/ ¸٤ǤȤϤ줿h ϡɸŪֻ츻μʡᶵܡˤ̵ͭ¬롤ҲŪʥȥޥȤƤεǽΤǤ롥
Minkova ˤСλΩĥͥˡΤȯ h ޤ८ꥷ줫μѸ줬̤ήƤȤ⡤h-dropping ̵ܤϢ뤳Ȥ˹Ȥ#114. ѸμѸεȳ ([2009-08-19-1])#516. ľܤΥꥷѤ15 ([2010-09-25-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡΤ15--17ˤϥꥷγؽѸ줬¿ѸήθäϹ⤤ܤȶӤĤƤꡤֻȯ h ޤޤƤ뤫ɤΤäƤ뤳ȤϡοͤζܤХȤʤꥷѸ¸ߤϡ17ʹߤ h-dropping ȽΤΩƤȤ櫓ѸŪդ줿ƶ٤ŦȻפMinkova (107) Ѥ롥
Orthographic standardisation, especially through printing after the end of the 1470s, was an important factor shaping the later fate of ME /h-/. Until the beginning of the sixteenth century there was no evidence of association between h-dropping and social and educational status, but the attitudes began to shift in the seventeenth century, and by the eighteenth century [h-]-lessness was stigmatised in both native and borrowed words. . . . In spelling, most of the borrowed words kept initial <h->; the expanding community of literate speakers must have considered spelling authoritative enough for the reinstatement of an initial [h-] in words with an etymological and orthographic <h->. New Greek loanwords in <h->, unassimilated when passing through Renaissance Latin, flooded the language; learned words in hept(a)-, hemato-, hemi-, hex(a)-, hagio-, hypo-, hydro-, hyper-, hetero-, hysto- and words like helix, harmony, halo kept the initial aspirate in pronunciation, increasing the pool of lexical items for which h-dropping would be associated with lack of education. The combined and mutually reinforcing pressure from orthography and negative social attitudes towards h-dropping worked against the codification of h-less forms. By the end of the eighteenth century, only a set of frequently used Romance loans in which the <h-> spelling was preserved were considered legitimate without initial [h-].
Minkova, Donka. A Historical Phonology of English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2014.
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