䤿ѸȸƤǤΤϡƤ˴ŤȯŸƤɸѸ (Standard English) ˤۤʤޤ̤žåȥɤäƤѸѼ (Scots or Scottish English) ܤȡˤɸѸΥѥɤȤ٤ˤäƤޤ
ܵǤϡåȥɤ餷餷ƤиΤܤƤ뤳ȤǧĤġʤ Scots ȤˤˤĤΤäƤȤ褤ΤݥȤƤߤȻפޤ
Scots Ȥˤܤ٤1ͳϡScots ɸѸв뤿ζˤʤȤǤScots ϡɤαѸѼСűѸľͳ褹ͣαѸѼǤ٤ɾСScots ӸŪ English ȺǤᤤȤΤǤ䤿ؽɸȤƤѸ줬ߤλѤˤʤäΤϡˤɬǤϤʤη̤ˤޤ㤨СScots Ǥ첻 (gvs) ʬŪˤäƤ餺house űѸβ˶ᤤ [huːs] ȯꡤĹɽΤ <i> 첻źȼֻäƤꤷޤޤ߷ưˤϡο;Τ˸¤餺¤ -is ʤɡScots ʸˡ̤ǤȼѲ뤲ƤƤޤˤۤʤäƤСɸѸ⤢뤤ϤʤäƤ⤷ʤȤλѤ Scots ˸뤳Ȥǡ䤿ɸѸл뤻Фᤫį뤳ȤǤΤǤ
2ˡScots ˤ English ˤ餱餺ܿθ̤ɾʹκǤ롤ȤǤScots θäɽˤϡ8Ⱦ11ΥȴϢťΥɸαƶ13--14ΥåȥΩưȴطοեȤΡָƱסAuld Allianceˤ⤿餷ȼΥեѸ졤15˲ֺ餤ƥȤʸ (aureate diction) ߹ޤƤޤ˸Ťϡȸδפ⤢櫓ǡScots ϤϤˤѸˤʣθ¸ߤȤʤäƤΤǤ
3ˡScots ˤ˭ʸŪޤRobert the Bruce William Wallace Ȥäαͺ˴ؤʪ줫顤Ǥ15--16 Robert Henryson William Dunbar ʤɤΥåȥɤˤ硼ͤƸι̱Ū Burns Scott ˻ޤǡOlder/Modern Scots ǽ줿̤κʤĤäƤޤScots ؤ֤ȤǡΤ褦ʸդΤḷ̌臘ȤǤӤϳ̤ǤScots ͭβŪʶϡñʤãƻĶ̥Ϥ䤿˶Ƥޤ
ˤСScots ˤϥåȥɤȤȤĶˤȤĤʤäƤޤScots-Irish ꥫ̱ˤ˲̤ϡޤǤʤפǤޤܤ˷פΤʤŪкŪƶͿThomas Blake Glover ϤȤ륹åȥɤεȲȤפͤȤطʤˤäŪǥƥƥ̵뤹뤳ȤϤǤޤScots ȤѸѼˤϡȥǥƥƥȸδط뤤ϽդäդۤʤǥȤƤ˵ǽ뤫ȤҲŪ꤬Ž̤ƤȤäƤ褤Ǥ礦
Scots Ȥˤؤ֤Ȥϡñ1ĤɸѸѼ˾ܤʤ뤳ȤǤϤޤϡѸȤ줬̤βǽѥɤ˻פڤܿءϲβȽŪªľǤ⤢ΤǤ
ʾ塤åȥޤܤܤϢơ#1719. Scotland ˤѸˡ ([2014-01-10-1]) ⻲ȡ
131ڡˤˡǯ٤ī㡼Υֺ˾äȤԻĤʱñ10ߴ1ȤƳ֤ޤơޤϡvery --- ʪפ纮ζոءפǤ
very ȤСǤŪ̵ɸʶո (intensifier) ǧƤȻפޤޤܶñʤΤǿͤȤʤ⤷ޤѸŪˤ͡ʴǤ롤οԤʤùܤǤֵǤϡvery εȯŸɤꡤ¾ӤոȤðۤޤǻ̩90ʬȤʤäȻפޤ
īֺ10Ƥ markmap ˤޥɥޥåײޤѤˤȤС

ʤīֺ¤Υ19ˤĤƤޥɥޥåפƤΤǡ⤴Ȥ
#5857. 2025ǯ٤ī륷ֺ¤1she --- 츻䤨ʤ̾פޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-05-10-1])
#5887. 2025ǯ٤ī륷ֺ¤2through --- ޤ¿ֻͤĸפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-06-09-1])
#5915. 2025ǯ٤ī륷ֺ¤3autumn --- ³ƤפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-07-07-1])
#5949. 2025ǯ٤ī륷ֺ¤4but --- Ĥ¿³פޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-08-10-1])
#5977. 2025ǯ٤ī륷ֺ¤5guy --- ̾饫եʰ̣Ѳ뤲פޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-09-07-1])
#6013. 2025ǯ٤ī륷ֺ¤6English --- ƤñɤޤǤꤹפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-10-01-1])
#6041. 2025ǯ٤ī륷ֺ¤7I --- 1;ñ̾ᤰʪפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-11-10-1])
#6076. 2025ǯ٤ī륷ֺ¤8take --- ⤿餷ĶܸפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-12-15-1])
#6076. 2025ǯ٤ī륷ֺ¤8take --- ⤿餷ĶܸפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-12-15-1])
#6098. 2025ǯ٤ī륷ֺ¤9one --- ñʤ͡ˡعäפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2026-01-06-1])
11228ڡˤǡϡthat --- ؼ줫¿ǽؤפȤʤޤַϰ³饤Τߤǡֻ֤ 15:30--17:00 ǤؿΤϡī㡼ɶθHPܺ٤ǧξ塤ߤйǤ
#6128. 1 mond 10䤤˲ޤ ([2026-02-05-1]) ΥꥹȤǿ줿μͭץåȥե mond ˤƼμ
Ѹ Rome o 첻 [ou] äƤޤűѸĹ첻oϸ [u:] ˤʤϤʤΤǡθϸűѸ줫ȯ줿ΤǤϤʤѸʹߤκ٤μѸʤΤǤ礦
ɤߤʬȤꡤʤʤä𤬤롥β뤿˼դĴ١ĤƤΤǡ˻ĤƤ
ޤ Rome ȯ /rəʊm || roʊm/ LPD3 Ǥ "Formerly also /ruːm/" ȤäޤOED ˤȡΤ褦ˤä
This pronunciation [= /ruːm/] survived in regional speech into the 20th cent. (compare quots. 1873, 1909 at sense 2a; Sc. National Dict. (at Room) records the pronunciation /rum/ as still in use in Banffshire in 1968). It shows the regular reflex of Middle English long close ō, in turn reflecting Old English ō. By contrast, the modern standard pronunciation was influenced by the pronunciation of the Latin and Italian forms of the place name.
ơǤϤۤʹʤ /ruːm/ ϡĤѤƤΤWalker μ1827ǯǤǤϡθȯ /ruːm/ ȤƼĤġεҤͿƤ롥
The o in this word is irrevocably fixed in the English sound of that letter in move, prove, &c. Pope, indeed, rhymes it with dome,
"Thus when we view some well-proprition'd dome,
"The word's just wonder, and ev'n thine, O Rome!"
But, as Mr. Nares observes, it is most probable that he pronounced this word as if written doom, as he rhymes Rome with doom afterwards in the same poem.
"From the same foes at last both felt their doom;
"And the same age saw learning fall and Rome."
Essay on Criticism, v. 685.
The truth is, nothing certain can be concluded from the rhyming of poets. It may serve to confirm an established usage, but can never direct us where usage is various and uncertain. But the pun which Shakespeare puts into the mouth of Cassius in Julius Cæsar decidedly shows what was the pronunciation of this word in his time:
"Now it is Rome, indeed, and rom enough,
"When there is in it but one only man."
And the Grammar in Queen Anne's time, recommended by Steele, says the city Rome is pronounced like Room; and Dr. Jones, in his Spelling Dictionary, 1704, gives it the same sound.
Dobson μƤڵȡ˴Ť̯ (Vol. 2, §154)
A special case of this variation is Rome, from OE Rōm reinforced by OF Rome. In this word [u:] is normal in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, as in Bullokar, Robinson (see further below), Willis, Price (contrast his 'homophone' list; see below), Poole, Lye (following Price), WSC-RS, Brown's 'phonetically spelt' list, and the 'homophone' lists from Butler's onwards, including those of Hodges, Coles's Schoolmaster, and Cooper (which are the best), but with two exceptions (see below). The word has [o:] only in Hart, Price's 'homophone' list (paired with roam; contrast his text, which gives [u:]), and Coles's least selective list, that of the Engl.-Lati. Dict. Cooper in 'editing' the material of earlier 'homophone' lists removes the pairing of Rome with roam to a list of words which are pronounced 'differently' (and not even 'near alike'). Robinson, though he gives [u:] in transcribing Rome in an English text, gives [o:] in Romam in his Latin poem; this important evidence shows that the usual view, that the [o] pronunciation (whence PresE [ou]) in Rome is due to French or Italian influence, is inexact; it is more immediately derived from the English pronunciation of Latin, in which [o] in Roma may show ME substitution of ǭ for ō even in the neighbourhood of a labial, but is more likely to be due to the 'reformed pronunciation', which was based to some extent on foreign models.
mond βǤҤ٤ȤꡤDobson Τ 'reformed pronunciation' ʲȯˤؤΤϻˤʬʤΤǡŬڤɾ뤳ȤǤʤ̾Ի̾ᤰȯˤĤơΤ褦Ǯ蘆Ƥ뤳ȤΤ뤳ȤǤ
Wells, J C. ed. Longman Pronunciation Dictionary. 3rd ed. Harlow: Pearson Education, 2008.
Walker, John. Critical Pronouncing Dictionary and Expositor of the English Language. London: 1827.
Dobson, E. J. English Pronunciation 1500--1700. 2nd ed. 2 vols. Oxford: OUP, 1968.
26ʶˤꡤVoicy heldio ˤ֡ۿѸָä3ع¤ηȯɽϤޤ
ܲ225˸Ҥ괩ͽظűѸ졦Ѹҿӡ夲٤ X @chariderryu ꡤȥָѸ30ϢȯŸƤޤ No. 11 ȤֱѸθäϡ3ơפι¤Ҳ𤷤Ȥ¿ȿޤ
ѸΡֱѡʩפ3ع¤ϡܸΡ¸졦졦פ˴ˤбޤǡX ƤӤơܸǤѸǤ֤줤3ع¤פäȤ쥻θ³ȴޤηɤ߾夲Τ嵭ۿǤ䤬ǤиǤ⤷Ȼפäʶޡޡ̾ޤˤ夲Ƥޤ hellog ˤϿȤƻĤƤȻפޤܸ3ع¤λ㤬濴ȤʤޤѸˤĤƤ⤤Ĥޤ
ڡǰݸ硡
㤰㡦𡦥
졦ݡѥ˥å
ʤˡ/𡦥
ڡ衦ƻ硡
졦Ͽ쥳ʶޡTAKAHASHI
ػҡ
ʤŤŴȡϥޡ
ꡦء
ޤʤӤ䡦饹롼
Ĥ줢۶ԡѡȥ
ڡΡ硡
Ρܥǥ
ޡƬإå
ŷϡ饯
Ф롦ץ쥢ǥ
顦ʪȥ쥸㡼ʶޡmozhi gengo
ڡư硡
ĥ롦ƻ뤹롦˥ʥ⡼֤
֤˾롦ž롦ɥ饤֤
֤롦ԡȤ
ǤࡦϤ롦פ
ڡðۤʻءʤ뤤Ϥʾ硡
ѥڡʤˡĥꥢɥ̾ޡ夵
IJꡦåڡ¯ΡؽѸ졦㡼νŤʤ
ڡѸ3ع¤
hurly-burly - confusion - chaos
fear - terror - panic/phobia
love - affection - eros/philia
grasp - seize - capture
hallow - deify - consecrate
say - mention - refer
teacher - tutor - evangelist
old - ancient - senior
wonderful - surprising - terrific
bright - sparkling - splendid
great - excellent - superb
Ǥ礦֤줤פõΤϰճΤǤñʤǤϤʤؤؤظˤĤơפָŪסơŪפ뤤ϡ֥פؤȸ촶ѤäƤǡ뤫ɤݥȤˤʤޤ⡼ΰ㤤ʤɤռȤ⤷Ǥ͡
Ѹˤδ餤СΤ褦ʸäؤθߤϡθ줬ǤˤθߤΤΤǤ⤢ޤĤƸűѸˤ1ƤääβȤѸ˥եȤ2ʬۤ졤˶ѸˤƤϥƥʤ䥮ꥷˤ3Ѥ߾夬äƤޤ
رѸΡ֤ʤפϤƤαѸˡ5ϤǤܤ⤷ƤޤѸϤޤ12äƤʥߥѻǤǤᴩظűѸ졦Ѹҿӡ٤̤ơҤˤθθƤߤƤ
δ졡رѸΡ֤ʤפϤƤαѸˡ١ҡ2016ǯ
Բ ϲ ͭظűѸ졦Ѹҿӡ١ҡ2026ǯ
ε#6118. salmon l ϤʤȯʤΤǤ --- mond μ ([2026-01-26-1]) Ǥϡsalmon ʺˤۻ l طʤˤ츻Ūֻ (etymological_respelling) 夲ޤϡδϢǡ褯аޤɤʤ⸽Ǥϰۤʤ̤ȤʤäƤ falcon ʥϥ֥ˤˤĤäޤ礦
falcon salmon Ʊ͡ƥ (falcōnem) ͳ褷ťե (faucon) ν֤ФѸäƤޤäơϱѸǤ l ʸȯ⤢ޤǤȤ16˥ƥֻȤ <l> ֻͰŪޤޤǤ salmon ȤޤäƱƻڤǤ
ѸɸŪȯˤơsalmon <l> ۻǤΤФfalcon l /ˈfælkən/ /ˈfɔːlkən/ Τ褦ˡֻ̤ /l/ ȯΤ̤ǤϡֻȯϤȤʤäȯΤΤѲȤʤޤ
Ȥ֤ϤñǤϤޤȯ֤ܤĴ٤Ƥߤȡ̣¤⤫Ӿ夬äƤޤLPD3 ˷ǺܤƤ롤ƤΰüԤоݤȤ Preference Poll η̤Ƥߤޤ礦

Ū¿ /l/ ȯƤޤƤȤ3%ۤɤüԤϡߤǤ /l/ ʤ /ˈfɔːkən/ ʤɤθŤפȯѤƤ뤳Ȥǧޤξ <l> ۻȤʤޤ˶̣ΤϡCEPD17 εҤǤμˤϡΥߥ˥ƥˤ봷ѤˤĤƤޤ
Note: /ˈfɔː-/ is the usual British pronunciation among people who practise the sport of falconry, with /ˈfɔː-/ and /ˈfɔːl-/ most usual among them in the US.
뾢δ֤ǤϡꥹǤ /l/ ȯʤ̤ǤꡤꥫǤ⤽ηȤΤǤȤδ֤ǤϡŪȯֶȳѸפΤ褦˲вƻĤäƤȤΤ϶̣ݤǤ
ǤϡŪ˸Ƥ <l> ֻϤĺ夷ΤǤ礦Hotta and Iyeiri ǤϡEEBO corpus (Early English Books Online) ѤơѸˤ falcon ֻѰۤܺ٤ĴޤĴˤСñʣޤơʲΤ褦37̤ΰ۷ǧޤ (147) <l> ̵ͭܤƤ
falcon, falcons, faulcon, faucon, fawcons, faucons, fawcon, faulcons, falkon, falcone, faukon, faulcone, faukons, falkons, faulcones, faulkon, faulkons, falcones, faulken, fawlcon, fawkon, faucoun, fauken, fawcoun, fawken, falken, fawkons, fawlkon, falcoun, faucone, faulcens, faulkens, faulkone, fawcones, fawkone, fawlcons, fawlkons
ޤɴǤʬϤΤʷƤޤʸǤϼΤ褦ˤޤȤƤޤ (152)
FALCON is one of the most helpful items for us in that it occurs frequently enough both in non-etymological spellings without <l> and etymological spellings with <l>. The critical point in time for the item was apparently the middle of the sixteenth century. Until the 1550s and 1560s, the non-etymological type (e.g., <faucon> and <fawcon>) was by far the more common form, whereas in the following decades the etymological type (e.g., <faulcon> and <falcon>) displaced its non-etymological counterpart so quickly that it would be the only spelling in effect at the end of the century.
Ĥޤꡤ16ȾС1550ǯ~1560ǯˤžǤޤǤ faucon Τ褦ŪֻͥǤθ塤® falcon ʤɤθ츻ŪֻäꡤˤϤܴ֤ۤäΤǤ
salmon falconƱƱ褦ư l ʤ顤ۻȤʤꡤ¾ϡȤСۤܡȯ褦ˤʤäѸˤϡͽ¬ԲǽʸġñΥɥޤƤޤ
falcon ˤĤƿƤ¾ε⤴Ȥ
#192. etymological respelling (2) ([2009-11-05-1])
#488. ȯɤΰ ([2010-08-28-1])
#2099. fault l ([2015-01-25-1])
#5981. ˡرѸͭ̾츻ŵ١ʸҡ2011ǯˡ ([2025-09-11-1])
Wells, J C. ed. Longman Pronunciation Dictionary. 3rd ed. Harlow: Pearson Education, 2008.
Roach, Peter, James Hartman, and Jane Setter, eds. Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary. 17th ed. Cambridge: CUP, 2006.
Hotta, Ryuichi and Iyeiri Yoko. "The Taking Off and Catching On of Etymological Spellings in Early Modern English: Evidence from the EEBO Corpus." Chapter 8 of English Historical Linguistics: Historical English in Contact. Ed. Bettelou Los, Chris Cummins, Lisa Gotthard, Alpo Honkapohja, and Benjamin Molineaux. Amsterdam: Benjamins, 2022. 143--63.
salmon ϤĤŤ l Τ l ȯʤȤ餷ơ16~17ΤĤŤȯκ𤬱ƶƤ뽭ޤsalmonȯɽˤˤĤƶƤ
μͭץåȥե mond ˤơ嵭μޤŪʱñֻȯЪΥ (spelling_pronunciation_gap) ˴ؤ뵿Ǥ
СԤο仡äƤޤsalmon l ϡ츻Ūֻ (etymological_respelling) ŵǤꡤѹͥγؼԤθŵؤƴ줬ΤǤ
hellog Ǥ⤿ӤӼ夲ƤޤѸθä¿ϥեͳäƤޤƥ salmō (acc. salmōnem) ϡťե l æ saumon ʤɤηˤʤޤѸˤñ줬Ѥ줿ȤʤѸǤ l ֤줺ȯ⤵ޤǤʸСsamon samoun ȤäֻŪäΤǤ
Ȥ16濴ȤѸȡƥ䥮ꥷܤμͤѸֻͳƥη᤹٤ȹͤϤޤϥե첽ơ¤äֻ츻ǤƥηȤơͰŪʸΤǤ
debt doubt breceipt p salmon l ʤɤϡ٤ƤλλʪǤθŪֻϡѸ¿ۻ (silent_letter) ĤȤˤʤޤ
DZѸˤΤ⤷ʤʡ꤬ޤֻѤäȤơȯϤɤʤΤȤǤֻ˰ȯѲñfault assault ʤɡˤ⤢СֻѤȯϸŤޤĤ줿ñdebt doubt ʤɡˤ⤢ޤsalmon ϸԤΥ롼פ°ޤֻȯΤͤ줿бط夷ΤϡĺΤȤäΤǤ礦
ǤϡEEBO corpus (Early English Books Online) ΥѥǡȤơsalmon ֻ l 夷ƤŪʻ10ǯߤοܡˤդǼޤĴη̡1530ǯ夫1590ǯˤƤѲ濴äȤʬޤ1590ǯʹߡбطΩȤäƤ褤Ǥ礦
Ǥϡ1635ǯʸ˸롤Ҳ𤷤ƤޤޤäΥȤơֺפΤΤǤϤޤñ˴Ϣ뤢ٶݡʿǤθȤͭ̾ʥǤˤ̾ˤĤƤƤޤ
ʤ salmon l ȯʤޤޤʤΤظˤ˥ɥޤȶŪʥǡˤĤƤϡҰʲΥβ

Hotta, Ryuichi and Iyeiri Yoko. "The Taking Off and Catching On of Etymological Spellings in Early Modern English: Evidence from the EEBO Corpus." Chapter 8 of English Historical Linguistics: Historical English in Contact. Ed. Bettelou Los, Chris Cummins, Lisa Gotthard, Alpo Honkapohja, and Benjamin Molineaux. Amsterdam: Benjamins, 2022. 143--63.

ǯ٤Ϸ1ī㡼ɶDZѸ˹ֺ¤Ƥޤȥϡ˾äȤԻĤʱñפǤѸŪ˸ߤȴߤΤñ1ӡ⤭ơرѸ츻ŵʸҡˤرѸ츻ϥɥ֥åʸҡεҤȤʤ顤αñˡҤƤϱѸΤˤޤ
1ָ塤131ڡˤιֺ¤ߴνȤʤޤ夲ΤϡѸؽԤˤȤäơʤ¿αѸüԤˤȤäƤ˺Ǥ߿1ĤǤʤ顤˶ä٤äƤ very Ǥ
䤿ʡʤ֤ȤƤ⡤ˡפȤ̣ very ȤäƤޤǽ˶ᤤ̤դ줿ñǤѸˤδ餳θįȡˤϡֶĴפȤʹֿˤĤޤȤ㤷¸ˤƤޤʲvery ᤰäƼ夲ĤƤߤޤ
ٸ very ϡ¤ϱѸǤϤʤե줫μѸǤʤΤ褦ʴŪñ줬Ѥ˻äΤǤ礦
եǤϤȤȡֿ¤Ρפ̣ƻ (cf. Fr. vrai) ǤꡤѸäƤƻȤѤƤޤthe very man ֤ޤˤˡפʤɤˡˤκפĤäƤޤ줬ʤ뤭äǶդȤʤꡤ⤳ޤǹ٤ˤʤäΤǤ礦
ոˤϡֶˡ§פȤ̣ν̿ޤĴɽϻȤ줹ȼ깤ĤĴٹ礤긺äƤޤΤǤ
Ѹˤ̤ơӤո줬ƤϾäƤޤűѸѸǻȤƤɽŪʶոƤߤޤ
¿ζո줬ä椯ʤ뤤岽ˤʤǡʤ very Ĥꡤ˸ѸˤƤۤɤΰ괶ƤΤǤ礦礭Ǥ
ŪˡֶĴפȤϲֶոפȤϸˤƤɤΤ褦ʰ֤ŤˤΤˤĤƤͤƤߤȻפޤ
Τ褦ˡvery Ȥ츫ññظˡƻ줫ؤʻẓ̌ɺȤζȤäѸû˾ΤΥåͤޤäƤޤΥƥˤ90ʬǤäޤ
ֺ¤ؤλˡϡ⥪饤äΤߤȤʤޤꥢ륿Ǥμ֤Τۤ2֤θƨۿӥ⤢ޤΤԹΤ褤ˡǤäйǤֻ֤ 15:30--17:00 ȤʤäƤޤֺ¤ȿߤξܺ٤īڡꤴǧ
ʤߴΥ饤ʥåפϰʲ̤Ǥ2026ǯ볫⡤DZѸˤڤؤǤޤ礦
- 10131ڡ 15:30?17:00very --- ʪפ纮ζոء
- 11228ڡ 15:30?17:00that --- ؼ줫¿ǽؤ
- 12328ڡ 15:30?17:00be --- ѸΡ¸ߡפ٤ĶԵ§ư
߷ ˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵٿǡҡ2024ǯ
߷ ͧ ɹ δˡʡ 쵮 ءʹܶϡˡرѸ츻ϥɥ֥å١ҡ2025ǯ
Ѹäˤϥƥե줫μѸ줬¿ޤޤƤ뤬ư̿ΤޤޱѸäƤȤѤ郎Ĥ¸ߤ롥
褯ΤƤΤϡtennis եǡּäơפ̣ tenez tenetz ʤɤθѸ˼Ѥ줿ΤǤ롥嵻ǤγݤΤޤޥ̾ˤʤäƤ롥
ʲŤϰǤĤҲ𤷤
recipe Ĵˡ䵡: ƥǡּסѤפۤɤ̣ư̿ͳ褹롥14ʹߤαѸǡν䵤Ƭ Recipe Ƚ褦ˤʤäȤ顥ˤĤƤϡmond βǾҲ𤷤Ƥ롥
permit ʵġʾڡˡˡرѸ츻ŵ٤ˤС̾ˡư̿ǡǧκǽθͳ褹 (cf. F Iaissez-passer a permit) פȤΤȡ
ave ʥ٥ޥꥢεꡨޡ̤ΰˡƥΡָǤפ̣ avēre ̿ avē ͳ褹Ȥ롥
occupy ͭ: رѸ츻ŵ٤ˤСָ -y (ME -ie(n)) 츻ŪμưȤƤϡbandy (<- F bander, levy (<- lever), parry (<- parer) ʤɤ뤬ϲʬޤ̿μѤȹͤƤפȤ롥OED ϤθȤƤ롥
ѸǤϤʤθǤϤ뤬riddlemeree ʤʤäˤ Riddle me a riddle! ʻΤƤˤȤ̿ʸͳ褹ȤΤä Addison (1719) ˽С
Τ褦ñϰճ¿¸ߤΤ⤷ʤ褤Ϥ
ʰʲ嵭2026/01/09(Fri)
ܵ塤ɼԤ X ̤memento, facsimile, Audi λƤޤ꤬Ȥޤ
29ڡˤī㡼ɶǤιֺ¤Ǥϡtake Ȥñܤζä٤ȯãɤͽǤ롥ñϡѸäΤʤǤǤ¿ŪñΤҤȤĤǤ롥ΰ̣ιȡťΥɸ줫μѸǤȤ¤ˡƶäʤ
OED 2ǡʺΡˤĴ٤ȡư take ιܤ17 pp. 557--72 롥 OED ξʸޤǡ47ۤɤʬ̤Ǥ롥ܸǤϰ̤ˡּפ뤳Ȥ¿ΡּפȤưǰޤˤŪŪǤ뤬椨ˡ̵ΰ̣ŪȯŸ䶦ɽƤޤˡѸäΤʤǤͭ "big word"ȸäƺ٤ʤ
¿ŪưˤɤȡޤˤΤѶŪʹưȤƤΡּפȤ̣ϤŪȤơפȤäŪʴޤߤĸơΤּפȤϡּʬΤΤˤפȡʤֽͭפȤ̣ŸƤ롥ˡΤͤŪˤȤäơ֤äƤסïϢƹԤפؤȯŸ롥
ΡѶŪ˼ˤפȤƤȡष̣ȿФؤȸʤּסְפȤäŪöŪʰ̣ޤƤΤ
˶̣Τϡ̣ʸˡ (grammaticalisation) ؤȿʤॱǤ롥㤨Сtake a walk take a bath Τ褦ˡñưԤȤ do ˶ᤤưŪӤӻϤΤǤϡּפּפȤäŪʰ̣ϤϤ䴶줺ʸˡŪʵǽ̤ƻȤѤƤˤʤθݤϡưθỤ̄ƤƤ롥
ޤtake θŪͤƤΤϡư (phrasal_verb) ߽ФΤȤƤǤ롥take away, take in, take off, take out ʤɡ˾ (particle) ȼȤǡ¤ʤɽ߽ФƤ롥1ĤҤȤĤΩ̣ĤᡤѸؽԤˤȤäƤʰŵܤȤʤ뤬˭ѸȤɽϤ٤Ƥ롥
äơtake effect, take place, take part in Τ褦̾ȷӤĤƥǥ (idiom) ˡ⡤ѸǤ¿¸ߤ롥طʤˤϡѸ˥եбư prendre Ȥñ줬ɤΤ褦ŪȤΤȤʸˡŪŪʾѸ줬ѶŪ˻ȤƤˤؤäƤȹͤƤ롥
¿ŪǡۤɤޤǤ˱ѸθηϤ˿ߡˤʤƤư take ¤ϱѸǤϤʤȤǤä٤¤űѸΡּפ̣ư niman Ȥ¸ߤˤ⤫餺űѸʹߤ take ťΥɸ줫ѤƤΤǤ롥ʤťΥɸ줫μѸ줬ŪưषѸΤʤǺǤ¿ŪǶϤ "big word" ϰ̤˻äΤ
θݤϡñ˸äμˤȤɤޤ餺ܿΥᥫ˥ʣԻĤ䤿˶Ƥ롥ˤĤơīֺ¤ǹͻƤ
ںΥ˥塼ɤΥѡβʪʡ dates ֥ǡġפȯ̾ʹȤäռƿ٤ȤϤʤäΤǡγäƤߤ̿Τ褦ˤФǥɥ饤ե롼ˤʤäƤ롥

äƤ1γܤ٤Ƥߤȡ줬䤿ȴŤåҤΤ褦˸ˤޤȤĤŤϥߤΤ褦ʻǡΤ褦ǴäβۻҤȤγ줿ꤹȤʤʬ뤬ñΤǿ٤ΤǤϤʤä1γܤǤ;餻櫓ˤϤʤΤǡޤޤȤĤ֤䤭ʤ鲿Ȥ٤äμΤ褦ʷ郎Ĥä
Ĵ٤ƤߤȡꥢΥ䥷ʥʥĥ䥷°ιڤˤʤ¤ǡܸǤϡ֥ʥĥ䥷μ¡פ䡤Τޤޡ֥ǡġפȸƤФƤ롥աפ֥ǡȡפ date(s) ȤޤƱƱָ츻ϰۤʤ褦
OED äƤߤȡ1300ǯ˸ʩʤˤäƤȤȤǡ軺βʪΤˤϰճνФʤ date ˤϡ֥ʥĥ䥷μ¡פΤۤˡ֥ʥĥ䥷ڡפθ⤢뤬¤Τۤ˽ФƤ롥եμѷϩ̤äƤɤȸť졤ƥ졤ꥷ졤Ƥ餯졤ˤϥ˹Ԥ夯Ǥ diqlā Ȥ줬ꥷ˼Ѥݤˡָ̱츻 (folk_etymology) daktulos ѷΥꥷñϡѸˤ dactyl ֡ưʪΡ˻ءפȤƴϢ줬äƤƤ̤ꡤֻءפ̣βʪĹƤΤǡƻؤˤǤʤ館Τˤ衤ꥷΡֻءפθ˲ûʤ顤ѸȾФ date ȤäƤȤˤʤ롥ʤߤˡٽ塤ؤʾʤ٥٥ˤʤä
MED dāte n.(1) ꡤ¤ΰ̣Ǥκǽ5ĤƤߤ褦
c1300 SLeg.(LdMisc 108) 380/115: A ȝeord of palm cam in is hond..Þe ȝeord was ful of Dates.
c1330(?c1300) Reinbrun (Auch) p.632: Fykes, reisyn, dates.
(1384-5) Acc.R.Dur. in Sur.Soc.103 594: Clous, Grenginger..Dates.
(1391) Acc.Exped.Der. in Camd.n.s.52 70/18: Fyges, dates, et sugre.
(a1398) * Trev. Barth.(Add 27944) 282a/a: Dromedarius..eteþ hey and ryndes and loueþ wel þe stones of dates.
̣ʸޤޤƤ롥dates µƤ¾βʪ俩䤽εҤȤȤɤ߲СɤʲʪʤΤʷϵʬäƤѸͤοݤʹƤߤ
ε ([2025-08-12-1]) ³ crocodile ͤ뵭ϡƱνФѸʤΤ MED Ƥߤ뤳Ȥˤ롥MED Ǥ cocodril (n.) ȤƸФΩƤƤcrocodile ǤϤʤȤաˡʲƤ뤹٤ƤƸ롥
(a1387) Trev.Higd.(StJ-C H.1)3.109 : A cokedrille..is comounliche twenty cubite long.
(a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)154b/a : Emdros is a litil beste..yif þis litil beste fynde a cocodrill slepyng, he..comeþ in atte þe mowthe in to þe cocodrill and in his wombe, and alto renteþ his guttes inward and sleeþ him, and dyeþ so.
(a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)179a/a : In Egipt ben ful many cokedrilles.
(a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)281a/b : Cocodrillus haþ þat name of ȝolow colour, as ysidir seiþ..and woneþ boþe in water and in londe..and is y armed wiþ grete teeþ and clawes..and resteþ in water by night and by day in londe, and leiþ eyren..among bestes oonliche þe cocodrille moeueþ þe ouer iowe.
(a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)324a/b : The Cokodrille eiren beþ more þan gees eiren, and þe male and female sitteþ þeron on broode..now þe male and now þe female..and þese eiren beþ venemous..and beþ horrible bothe to smelle and to taste.
c1400(?a1300) KAlex.(LdMisc 622)5711 : Two heuedes it had..To a cokedrille þat on was liche.
c1400(?a1300) KAlex.(LdMisc 622)6544 : He sleþ ypotames and kokedrille.
?a1425(c1400) Mandev.(1) (Tit C.16)131/11 : Þat lond..is full of serpentes, of dragouns & of Cokadrilles.
?a1425(c1400) Mandev.(1) (Tit C.16)131/12 : Cocodrilles ben serpentes ȝalowe & rayed abouen, & han iiij feet & schorte thyes..þere ben somme þat han v fadme in lengthe & summe..of x.
?a1425(c1400) Mandev.(1) (Tit C.16)192/17 : Cokodrilles..slen men & þei eten hem wepynge.
(?a1390) Daniel *Herbal (Add 27329)f.87ra : In þe lond of Egipt also groweth bene, but it is ful of prikelles & therfore cocodrilles shonye it, for dred of prikelyng her eyne.
?a1425 Mandev.(2) (Eg 1982)142/13 : Thurgh oute all Inde es grete plentee of cocodrilles.
(?1440) Palladius (DukeH d.2)1.960 : A cocodrillis hide.
c1440 PLAlex.(Thrn)70/28 : Þaire bakkes ware harder þan cocadrillez.
˴ؤ¤ꡤ٤Ƥֻ cocodril ϤǤꡤcrocodile ϤϸƤʤ
ֻˤäѤܤƤȤϤѸ줫ʸįƤȡΥ˴Ѥ碌̣臘ȤǤƤʤʤڤ
#5948. crocodile αѸ --- lacolaco Υԥ졼 ([2025-08-09-1]) ³crocodile θֻܤ롥ޤ OED crocodile (n.)θ츻ΤƤߤ롥
Middle English cocodrille, cokadrill, etc. < Old French cocodrille (13--17th cent.) = Provençal cocodrilh, Spanish cocodrilo, Italian coccodrillo, medieval Latin cocodrillus, corruption of Latin crocodīlus (also corcodilus), < Greek κροκόδειλος, found from Herodotus downward. The original form after Greek and Latin was restored in most of the modern languages in the 16--17th cent.: French crocodile (in Paré), Italian crocodillo (in Florio), Spanish crocodilo (in Percival).
ŵΥꥷƥˤƤ crocodīlus ϤθäƥˤƸ cocodrillus ϤȤʤꡤ줬ޥˤƤ夷ѸؤեͳƤηθäƤȤζȾˤơ16--17θ츻Ūֻ (etymological_respelling) δˤꡤcrocodile ϤزȤΤޤήǤ롥
ñȤƤ crocodile νиϡľܤˤϥե cocodrille Ѹ˼ѤȤ̤롥OED ν1300ǯȤʤäƤ롥Ѹ4
c1300 What best is the cokadrille. (Kyng Alisaunder 6597)
1382 A cokedril..that is a beest of foure feete, hauynge the nether cheke lap vnmeuable, and meuynge the ouere. (Bible (Wycliffite, early version) Leviticus xi. 29)
c1400 In that contre..ben gret plentee of Cokadrilles..Theise Serpentes slen men, and thei eten hem wepynge. (Mandeville's Travels (1839) xxviii. 288)
1483 The cockadrylle is so stronge and so grete a serpent. (W. Caxton, translation of Caton E viii b)
θ塤16ȾʹߤǤϡ٤ crocodile ֻѤƤ
621ڡˤˡǯ٤ī㡼Υֺ˾äȤԻĤʱñ3Ȥơautumn --- ³ƤפɶˤƳ֤ޤVoicy heldio ˤ#1478. 621īֺ¤Ǥϵܤޤ --- ȯľΡرѸ츻ϥɥ֥å٤Ϥͽ𤷤̤Ǥ
3ֺ¤Ƥ markmap Ȥ֥ġˤޥɥޥåײޤѤˤȤС

ʤīֺ¤Υ12ˤĤƤޥɥޥåפƤޤ#5857. 2025ǯ٤ī륷ֺ¤1she --- 츻䤨ʤ̾פޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-05-10-1]) ӡ#5887. 2025ǯ٤ī륷ֺ¤2through --- ޤ¿ֻͤĸפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-06-09-1]) ε
4ϡ726ڡˤˡbut --- Ĥ¿³פꤷƳ֤ޤؿΤϡī㡼ɶθHPܺ٤ǧξ塤ߤС
#5826. رȤ helito ץ쥤ޤ --- ϡֱѸѸס ([2025-04-09-1]) ǾҲ𤷤ɥ ito ʥȡhel賦ήԤäƤƤޤ
heldio/helwa Υꥹʡ lacolaco note ֱѸˡߥܡɥ "helito" äƤߤ helwa ꥪղǤΥҲ𤵤줿塤䤬嵭 hellog ˥ꥹʡ夵 note ֹΡֱѸΤʤפäƤޤֳ̿1 itoɽޤǤ߷ѸμȤǻѤߡ umisio ito ƥХǤƤ֤ǤϳʹƤޤơ⤦1Ĥ̤μȤ helito 褦ȻװǤ
ito ϡץ쥤䡼Ƽۤ줿 (1--100) ˱äɽ礤ʹѤͭ礤ǤѸǤС֥ץȥס (prototype) ǧȤΤΤڤॲȤɽǤ뤫⤷ޤѸˤ helito ˤϡɤΤ褦ʤ꤬դ路AIϤڤʤ顤ĤƤͤƤߤޤ
(1) űѸäݤѸäݤ
ñΤʷϵȯֻʤɤ顤űѸ1˶ᤤˤѸ100˶ᤤˤȽǤޤ㤨С(ge)wyrd ʱ̿ˤϸűѸ餷1ˤglobalization ʥХ벽ˤϸѸ餷100ˤ뤫⤷ޤűѸѸμޤ
(2) Ѹ줬Ѥ줿
ѸäѸ (loan_word) ˤĤơμθŤȽꤷޤ㤨Сƥͳ street ťΥɸͳ sky ϸŤ1˶ᤤˡܸͳ sushi anime ˿100˶ᤤ˼ѤȤޤñθ츻μޤ
(3)
Ѹθäפʷʤʤˤ˴Ťʬषޤޥ (germanic)ե (french)ƥ (latin)ꥷ (greek)ʤɤҤȤޤꤷޤ礦man Τ褦ʥޥϤδܸǤ1˶justice Τ褦ʥեѸ50նᡤphilosophy Τ褦ʳؽѸ100˶Ťʤɤμ٤ͤޤѸäΡ3ع¤פƤɬפޤɬϢ³ΤˤʤʤΤǡȤƤϾ줷⤷ޤ
(4) ֿפ˴ؤ
(3) αԤȤ⤤ޤäΥơޤֿפ˹ʤäԤǤޥϤѤʿɽ魯bread ʤɡˤȡեͳ줿ʸθcuisine ʤɡˤ椵ޤ̾ cow (ưʪޥ) vs. beef (ե) Τ褦Ω⤳ΤǰǤΤ褦ʥơ̤θä˴Ť helito Ǥϡäȸ츻˭٤μɬפǤꡤ٤Ϥʤ⤤⤷ޤ
¾helito ˤϤɤΤ褦ʤ꤬ͤǤ礦
ɸ4ϡƥǡΡפ̣ corpus ̤ñǤ롥#4096. 3Ÿ졤4Ÿ졤5ŸĤ ([2020-07-14-1]) Ǥ夲Ʋ4Ÿ (quadruplet) λ
corpus /ˈkɔɚpəs/ ʽˤϡѸľܥƥ줫äƤǡǤŪʥ쥸ȤѤΤ̤Ǥ롥
corpse /kɔɚps/ ʻΡˡӤθŷȤƻĤäƤ corse /kɔɚs/ ϡƥ corpus եͳĤѷƱѸäƤñեǤ cors Τ褦ֻ <p> æƤƥȤ <p> 褷ѸǤ⡤θ츻Ūֻ (etymological_respelling) θƱͤ˺Ѥ<p> ä줿<p> Τʤ¹Ԥ³
corps /kɔɚ/ ʣƱֻȯ /kɔɚz/ˡʷˤ "a body of troops" ۤɤθǡե줫ѸäƤñǤ롥ֻ˴ؤ¤ꡤ嵭 corpse ΰ۷ȤäƤ褤
<p> ֤뤫ݤ/p/ ȯ뤫ݤ /s/ ȯ뤫ݤʤɡ4δطʣн褹ˤϡơñֻȯǯ塤ƻǤˡ٤μºݤðǰĴɬפޤ줾αñȤƤθ (word-lore) 餫ˤˤȤɤޤ餺ѸǤƥեˤĤƤθɬפ롥ä˥եˤĤƤϥե¦ǤȯֻδطӤѲѰۤ⻲Ȥ뤳Ȥ롥
ܼŪ䤦ʤС4ϡѸѸüԤƬǤϡ⤽ۤʤ4ȤǧƤΤλ䤿ϡֻۤʤм̡Ωह롤ȤԻλ뤷Ƥ뤬μ֤褦ȤˤäơλळȤǤϤʤ⤷ʤ
䤬ͯƤ롥ˤ衤˹äǤ뤳Ȥϴְ㤤ʤ
εϡإᥤȤˤ2hel襳ƥĤ˥ԥ졼رѸ츻ŵ٤ OED ȤĤļɮ
lacolaco ֱѸ츻ŵɥΡȡפǿǼ夲Ƥ corporate, corpse, corpus ˴ؤͻ
嵭 lacolaco εari ˤĤ Deep Research Ѥλͤƹͻ note #224ڿcorsϤɤѲChatGPTĴ٤Ƥ餦
伫Ȥ⡤ heldio ۿ#1385. corpus data ᤰ --- ѥǡˤĤƸǤϤޤ lacolaco ε corpus ˤĤƼ夲Ƥ롥ҤİС

*
220Ҥηؤդ2025ǯ3Ԥޤǯ١ƱϢֱܵѸˤįեפƤƤޤǽȤʤޤǤϥե줫ѸؤαƶܤƤޤǸϱѸ줫եؤαƶȤήݤ˸ƤȻפޤȥϡ֥եäñפǤʲ˳γפޤ
1. Ѹ줫եؤθü
Ѹ줫եؤθäήϡ18ʹߤ˸ˤʤäƤޤμҲŪʸŪطʤȾȤ餷碌ơüѤƤޤ礦кѡݡġѤȤäʬñ줬Ѹ줫եؼѤ졤夷ޤ
2. 18Υꥹؤδؿ
եǤ18˥ꥹȡ͢ͼФؿޤޤαƶ bill, committee, jockey ʤɤαñ줬ե˼ޤbudget ȤѸˤȤ櫓ܤޤ
3. 19αѸ줫αƶ
19ˤʤȡեϱѸ줫αƶ˷ٲǡȡ㡼ʥꥺࡦݡĤʬθäѸ줫¿Ѥ夵ޤ㤨 interview ticket Ȥäñ줬եήƤޤ
4. 21³ƤΤ
ʩδطǯʾˤ錄ǤХ벽ʤǤϡѸαƶ˳礷ͥåȤ䥽ǥ̤ƥե˿Ʃ³ƤޤѸ줫θüѤϷ³ƤΤǤϤʤǤ礦
Ǹ˿줿褦ˡʩθήȤ櫓øήϺ³Ƥǽ⤤ȹͤƤޤˤ϶줤ˤ⤢ޤɤⰭӤǷФ줿֤Ǥξκδطˤ⥢ƥʤĥäƤȻפޤϢܵɤߤ⡤Ҥ˸äƤޤ礦
ˤĤƤ hellog furansu_rensai ˤޤȤޤäƤޤΤǡ1ǯ֤ˤ錄Ѹȥեˤιҿ֤äƤС1ǯ֤Τդ礤꤬Ȥޤ
ʰʲ嵭2025/02/01(Sat)
ȴϢơheldio Ǥ#1375. եäñ --- ؤդ٤Ϣܵ12ơꤷƤäƤޤΤǡ⤪İ
δ졡ֱѸˤįե졡12ΥեѸסؤդ2025ǯ3桤ҡ2025ǯ22052--53ǡ
5ۤ Voicy heldio ˤơꥹʡ lacolaco ֱѸ츻ŵɥΡȡκǿ˴Ť#1357. Ƭ con- ñϤޤ³ --- lacolaco ΡֱѸ츻ŵɥΡȡǿꤹ벻ۿϤ
1ĤȤơ֥ͥפбñֻ connection connexion δ֤ɤ郎줿ԤֻŪꥹǤϸԤֻ⸫Ȥdeflection, inflection, reflection ˤĤƤƱͤˡ㡼 <-ction> Фƥޥʡ <-xion> ⼭ϿƤ롥complexion ˤĤƤϡषֻΤۤŪ complection ϵǤ롥
嵭 heldio ۿ塤˴ؿ줿ꥹʡ~ߤ-ction v.s. -xionꤷ Google Ngram ǤĴȹ碌ƵƤ롥
⤳꤬ˤʤäơĴ٤ƤߤȤΤ⡤伫ȤθơޤѸζ (inflection) ˤˤꡤԸʸ inflexion ֻ褯ܤˤƤ
Upward and Davidson (167--68) ˤСѸǤŪˤ <-xion> ̤˸줿ꥫμԻȤֻԤ Noah Webster (1758--1843) <-ction> Τۤ侩ΤȤ19鸽ˤƤ <-ction> ΰ̲ˡWebster αƶä餷
-XION and -CTION
Complexion, crucifixion, fluxion are standard ModE forms, and connexion, deflexion, inflexion exist as alternatives to connection, etc.
Complexion derives from the past participle plexum from the Lat verb plectere; although ME and EModE used such alternatives as complection, complection, ModE is firm on the x-spelling.
Crucifixion derives from the participle fixum of figere 'to fix'; the form crucifixion has been consistently used in the Christian tradition, and *crucifiction is not attested.
Fluxion is similarly determined by the Lat participle fluxum; the verb fluere offers no -CT- alternative.
Uncertainty has arisen in the case of connexion, deflexion, inflexion because, despite the Lat participles nexum, flexum with x, the corresponding infinitives, nectere, flectere have given rise to the Eng verbs connect, deflect, inflect.
In his American Dictionary of the English Language (1828), the American lexicographer Noah Webster . . . recommended the -CT- forms, which (despite ModFr connexion, deflexion, inflexion are today found much more frequently.
ñ㲽Ƥ <-xion> ϥƥβʬ˴ŤĤѤեŪֻǤꡤ<-ction> ϥƥ˴Ť侩ꥫѸŪֻȤȤˤʤ롥crucifixion <-xion> Ȥ֤ʤΤϡͤɽݤ <X> ȴطΤǤ롥
ȴϢơ#2280. <x> á ([2015-07-25-1]) ⻲ȡ
Upward, Christopher and George Davidson. The History of English Spelling. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.
ε#5775. passers-by Τ褦Ⱦüʰ֤ -s Ĥ̯ʣ ([2025-02-17-1]) ³ʣ -s ʶǤˤĤơ Poutsma Ȥ (142--43)
եδѶͳ褹ʣ̾ʶˤ¿ϡѸäƤեȿǤơ̾ǡܷƻǡפνˤȤɤޤ롥ѸȤƤϡθʣˤäơ̾Ǥ -s ĤΤŪǤ롥attorneys general, cousins-german, book-prices current, battlesroyal, Governors-General, damsels-errant, heirs-apparent, knights-errant Τ褦ˤʤattorney generals, letters-patents ⤢ˡ
ȯüǤ passer(s)-by Υסʤ̾Ǥθֻ硦줬դʣ⡤̾Ǥ -s դʣΤŪcommanders-in-chef, fathers-in-law, heirs-at-law, quarters-of-an-hour, bills of fare; blowings-up, callings-over, hangers-n, knockers-up, lookers-on, lyings-in, standars-by, whippers-in, goers-in, comers-out, breakings-up, droppings asleep, fallings forward ʤ (cf. men-at-arms)
ɽϥե̵ͭʤɤˤĤƤФɤ줬̤ꡤơɽˤĤˤ䴷ѤΤȻפ졤̲§ߤ뤳ȤθˤȤ롥
Poutsma, H. A Grammar of Late Modern English. Part II, The Parts of Speech, 1A. Groningen: P. Noordhoff, 1914.
#344. cherry ΰʬϡ ([2010-04-06-1]) εǡΰʬ (numerical metanalysis) ŵȤ cherry, pea, sherry Poutsma (138) ꡤɸ3줬Ʊݤ¾Ǥ뤳ȤΤäΤǡ˵Ƥ
burial, from Mid. English buriels. When the e was changed to a in Mod. English, burials seemed to be a plural like victuals, vitals, espousals, etc.
marquee, from Mod. English marquees, a modified spelling of French marquise.
riddle, from Mid. English redels.
burial riddle ˴ؤƤϡŪˤϸ촴 -els ȤǤƤ줬ƥͳ̾첽 -al (ex. arrival, denial) ʣ -s ˺ʬϤ줿Ȥ롥ޤmarquee Ȱ˼夲 cherry ˤĤƤϡեǸ촴Ƥ -ise ʬϤ줿̤Ǥ롥
ΰʬϤλƤȡоݤȤʤˤϸ츻ŪŪħ뤳Ȥ狼롥
Poutsma, H. A Grammar of Late Modern English. Part II, The Parts of Speech, 1A. Groningen: P. Noordhoff, 1914.
ƹǤϥȥ2.0ȯͽ¬ǽΥơäƤƤ롥οǤϡDEI (= diversity, equity, and inclusion) ǰΥæޤƤȤ롥1Ĥ diversity ϡ¿פ̣륭ɤǤꡤѸˤϥƥ줫եФ14ȾФ˼ѤƤ
̾δΤϥƥηƻ dīversum Ǥꡤ켫Τư dīvertere ʤ來ؤ餹žˤ̤롥ž̡̼Ρ¿ͤʡĤΡפŸȤˤʤ롥
ȤǡѸ켭ˤ divers /ˈdaɪvəz/ diverse /daɪˈvəːs/ Ȥ̡ΩवƤ롥ֻϸ <e> 뤫ʤΰ㤤ꡤȯ϶벻ᤪӸҲ̵ͭ㤬롥̣ˡȤƤϡԤϸʸŪʶäơ̼ΡĤΡפѤ졤Ԥϼˡ¿ͤʡפθѤ롥ȤȤξԤϸߤ˰۷ˤѸʹߤθˤѤƤ1700ǯ˸̣ˤʬƤ
divers /ˈdaɪvəz/ ϡֿġ͡פ̣̾졦̾ȤƤѤ褦ˤʤäᤫθҲϡ̾ʣ -s ȿǤ뤫Τ褦 /z/ ؤžޤdiverse /daɪˈvəːs/ ȯֻϡƥͳ adverse, inverse ʤɤȴϢŤ夷ΤȻפ롥
OED Ǥξ̡ΩवƤ뤬Diverse, Adj. & Adv. ιˤξη֤ȯˤܺ٤˲⤵Ƥ롥
Form and pronunciation history
The stress was originally on the second syllable, but was at an early date shifted to the first, although both pronunciations long coexisted, especially in verse. In early modern English divers (with stress on the first syllable) is the dominant form (overwhelmingly so in the 17th cent.), especially in the very common sense 'several, sundry, various' (see divers adj.) in which the word always occurs with a plural noun (the final -s coming to be pronounced /z/ after the plural ending -s, making the word homophonous with the plural of diver n.).
By the 18th cent. the senses of the word had come to be distinguished in form, with divers typically used to express the notions of variety and (especially) indefinite number (see divers adj. & n.) and diverse (probably by more immediate association with Latin diversus) the notion of difference (as in senses A.1 and A.3); thus Johnson (1755), Sheridan (1780), and Walker (1791), all of whom have two parallel entries. Both forms were typically stressed on the first syllable, and differed only in the pronunciation of the final consonant (respectively /z/ and /s/ ). The same formal and semantic distinction is reflected in 19th-cent. dictionaries, including Smart (1836), Worcester (1846), Knowles (1851), Stormonth (1877), Cent. Dict. (1889), and New English Dictionary (OED first edition) (1897). The latter notes at divers adj. (in sense 'various, sundry, several') that it is 'now somewhat archaic, but well known in legal and scriptural phraseology'; in this form the word is now chiefly archaic and used mainly in literary or legal contexts.
In the second half of the 19th cent. (as divers adj. was gradually becoming more restricted in use), the dictionaries begin to note an alternative pronunciation for diverse adj. with stress on the second syllable. This pronunciation probably continues the original one that had never entirely disappeared for this form, as is shown by examples from verse (compare e.g. quots. a1618, 1837 at sense A.1a, 1754 at sense A.3a). Knowles (1851) is one of the first dictionaries to note this pronunciation of diverse adj. (which, interestingly, he gives as the sole pronunciation); more commonly the two alternatives are given, as e.g. Craig (1882), who puts the pronunciation with initial stress first, and Stormonth (1877), Cent. Dict. (1889), New English Dictionary (OED first edition) (1897), who give priority to the pronunciation with stress on the second syllable; this has since become by far the more common pronunciation of the word.
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