Ѹˤ ensure/insureencase/incase, entitle/intitle, embed/imbed, enclose/inclose, enwrap/inwrap ʤɡƬ en- in- ɤڥ롥̣ˡۤʤ⤢С־αƺ⤢뤷ñʤ۷ֻǤ⤢롥⤽ΤϤƬεϰĤʤΤƥ in- ͳ褹եη֤ en- ʤΤǤ롥
2Ĥΰ۷֤ϡŪˤϡʾɤƤ褦ܲ䤬ܤƤ15 Chancery English Ǥϡɤ줬ߤ롥Fisher et al. (33) Ѥ롥
Since prefixes were unaccented, they were subject to the same kinds of irregularities and inconsistencies as the inflectional endings. Adding to the confusion was the lack of standardization of often competing Latin- and French-derived prefixes such as in, im, en, and em.
Many words with prefixes beginning in in/im in MnE were written with en/em prefixes in Chancery documents. One explanation for this is the continuing French influence; another is the drift towards e as the regular vowel in unaccented syllables, noted above. But the relative strength of each explanation is difficult to determine. In any case, en prefixes where MnE requires in are sometimes preferred in Chancery writing. There are, for example, 33 instances of entent(e) as opposed to one of intent, and that in an ecclesiastical petition (153.8) where the Latin in would be expected. Likewise we have endenture and its plurals 25 times and indenture/indentures only six times, five of them in non-Chancery items (238 and 239). Informed is found once (as a past participle, 146.9), while variants of the infinitive enforme are the clear preference, with 27 listings. Other cases where the en form is preferred include enheritaunce and endented. Prefixes beginning with im in MdE show the same kind of variation, with preferences for empechment and enprisoned.
Chancery English ϸɸֻ˨ɾ뤳Ȥ¿Τ褦ˤޤɤ礭 en-/in- ĸä˸¤äƤߤ¾ΰ̤θäˤĤƤϤ褽ƱѸˤˤֻɸಽƻΤĹäΤǤ롥夲ƬȴϢơʲεȡ
#1877. ưƬ en- -en ([2014-06-17-1])
#4241. ʤƬ en ĤưˤʤΤǤ --- hellog 饸ǡ ([2020-12-06-1])
#3510. Ƭ en- ưʻž֡ ([2018-12-06-1])
Fisher, John H., Malcolm Richardson, and Jane L. Fisher, comps. An Anthology of Chancery English. Knoxville: U of Tennessee P, 1984. 392.
ѸΥɤϥޥʼҲäݥꥰʼҲȤäƤ褤̤ơɤ̱äդϾ˱Ѹäդϡ쥸ˤꡤƥ졤ե졤ѸΤ⤢դȤƤαѸϡѸˤƤäȤǤϤ뤬¤¸ߴ褦ˤʤäƤ
Fisher et al. (xiii) ϡɤˤ뤳3Ⱦθ1ʸϤΤ褯ޤȤƤ롥ʲ˰Ѥ롥
Until the 14th century there was little association between Chancery and Westminster. Like the rest of his household, Chancery followed the King in his peregrinations about the country, and correspondence up to the time may be dated from York, Winchester, Hereford, or wherever the court happened to pause (as the King's personal correspondence---the Signet correspondence---continued to be throughout the 15th century). It is important to observe that in its movement about the country, the court as a whole must have reinforced the impression of an official class dialect , in contrast to the regional dialects with which it came in contact. For two centuries this court dialect was spoken French and written Latin; after 1300 it gradually became spoken English and written French. The English spoken in court then and for a long time afterward was quite varied in pronunciation and structure. But written Latin had been standardized in classical times, and by the 13th century written French had begun to be standardized in form and to achieve the lucid idiom that English prose was not to achieve until the 16th century. Increasingly as the 14th century progressed, this Latin and French was written by clerks whose first language was English. Latin was the essential subject in school, but the acquisition of French was more informal, and by the end of the century we have Chaucer's satire on the French of the Prioress, Gower's apologies for his own (quite acceptable) French, and the errors in legal briefs which betoken Englishmen trying to compose in a foreign language. By 1400 the use of English in speaking Latin and French in administrative writing had established a clear dichotomy between colloquial speech and the official written language, which must have made it easier to create an artificial written standard independent of the spoken dialects when the royal clerks began to use English for their official writing after 1417.
ʤǸ˵Ƥ1417ǯȤϡ#3214. 1410ǯ夫30ǯˤƤ Chancery English ˨ ([2018-02-13-1]) ǿƤ̤ꡤHenry V νʤ̼ (Signet Office) ˤѸȯԤϤǯΤȤǤ롥
Fisher, John H., Malcolm Richardson, and Jane L. Fisher, comps. An Anthology of Chancery English. Knoxville: U of Tennessee P, 1984. 392.
heldio #1111. latitude longitudeɤäɤä --- ȥФΥޥۿlatitude ʰ١ˤ longitude ʷ١ˤζ̤դˤȡǤܸΡְ١פȡַ١פäƶ̤ˤȤʤɤˤǤϿΰŵˡꥹʡƤƤΤǡ𤷤ƤɬɤǤ롥
ξ˸ܤرѸ츻ŵʻ߷˧ͺԽ紴ˡҡ1997ǯˤˤȡ -tude θ츻ϼ̤ꡥ
-tude suf. ƥƻ졦ʬˤĤ֤ɽ魯̾¤롨 -i- ȼä -itude Ȥʤ롧gratittude, solitude. F -tude // L -tūdin-, -tūdō
ıñϡŪˤϥեͳǡ뤤ϥեŪʷ֤ȤƼޤƤ롥Ū褯ܤˤΤȤƤ altitude ʹ١ˡamplitude ʹˡaptitude Ŭˡattitude ١ˡcertitude ʳοˤʤɤ롥fortitude Զˡgratitude ʴաˡineptitude Ŭˡmagnitude 礭ˡmultitude ¿ˡservitude °ˡsolicitude ʵˡsolitude ʸȡˤʤɤ롥Ϣ첻ޤ -itude Ȥʤꡤθ2פ뤿ᡤñΤ⤤ĹʤꡤդʷϵȤˤʤ롥η줷ϡեΤȤϥƥΤȤäƤ褤
OED -tude SUFFIX ΰ̣ˡ⸫Ƥ
Occurring in many words derived from Latin either directly, as altitude, hebetude, latitude, longitude, magnitude, or through French, as amplitude, aptitude, attitude, consuetude, fortitude, habitude, plenitude, solitude, etc., or formed (in French or English) on Latin analogies, as debilitude, decrepitude, exactitude, or occasionally irregularly, as dispiritude, torpitude.
줾ΡʤäûӤơ-(i)tude δդ촶̣臘Τ⤪⤷⤷ʤ
ǯ٤ꡤī㡼ɶˤƥָֺ츻ŵǤɤѸˡ˰٤Υڡdz֤Ƥޤ
ޤǤ1ָ츻ŵǤɤѸˡפ427ڡˤˡ2ֱѸäˤѤפ58ڡˤ˳֤ޤ줾äۤ¿ˤäȤʤޤؿؤפޤ
3ֱñȡ֥ˡ§ספ轵68ڡˤ 17:30--1900 ˳֤ޤ̤ơ̡饤ˤϥ֥åɷǤγ֤Ȥʤꡤֵ1֤Ρָƨۿץӥ⤴ѲǽǤֺ¤ǤϤޤƲϤΩƤޤפɬפʬ䤤ޤΤǡ椫λäǤꤢޤؿΤϡꤪߤ

2ƤΥȥ3ϡ褤ѸûˤγäƤޤΥɤˡ§ (grimms_law) Ǥ̾ʲ§ (sound law) 뤳ȤǡѸûˤΤ̥Ū¦̤˵ŤǤ礦ˡ§αѸû˾ΰյϡפΤۤĹǿǤѸóؽΩĤȤϤ²¾θäؤδؿͯƤȻפޤرѸ츻ŵ١ʸҡ1997ǯϤȤ츻ŵ䡤̤αѸ켭ŵޤᡤλȤɤμ¤ѤäƤϤǤ
ֺ¤Ǥϥˡ§δؤ¿θ츻ŵǰҤɤ߲ʤ顤ŪƱˡ§ƤͽǤɤñ줬夲뤫ͽۤĤĹֺ¤פǤޤȡޤޤڤʤϤǤرѸ츻ŵ٤ϡΡָ츻زפ 3.4.1. Grimm ˡ§ 3.4.2. Verner ˡ§ ɤͽƤȤᤷޤ

ͤޤǤˡܥ˴ؤ hellog βؤΥʲĥäƤޤ3ֺ¤⡤¿γΤäԤƤޤ
#5453. īֺ¤οָ츻ŵǤɤѸˡפ427Ϥޤޤ ([2024-04-01-1])
#5481. īֺ¤οָ츻ŵǤɤѸˡפ1λޤ ([2024-04-29-1])
#5486. 518ڡˤī뿷ֺ2ֱѸäˤѤפΤ ([2024-05-04-1])
ʰʲ嵭2024/05/30(Thu)
߷ ˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵ١ҡ1997ǯ

*
ǯ١Ҥηؤդ٤ˤϢֱܵѸˤįեפƤƤޤؤդ6Ԥޤ3Ȥʤ뵭ΥȥϡֱѸ˼Ѥ줿ǽʩñפǤʲξФΤȡ2ǤۤɤɤʪȤʤäƤޤ
եȤȤ
ǽʩѸϸűѸ
Υޥ2ϰճ̣
ե֤줿ˡΧѸ
Ѹä˥ե줫μѸ줬¿ޤޤƤ뤳ȤϤ褯ΤƤޤ⤽ʩθܿ (contact) ˤϤɤΤ褦طʤäΤǤ礦εǤϡξνвȡܿκǽξҤޤǽˤϥե줫αƶϰճȸŪäȤʤɤ礿ȤʤäƤޤ
եȱѸˤݤ碌˭٤ˤꡤ Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)Ǥ¿夲ƤޤͤޤǤˡϢۿĤƤޤ
#26. Ѹä1/3ϥե졪
#329. եؤӻϤʤСұѸ˳碌ơ
#327. ǯ٤˥եؤӻϤƤ볧ءѸˤ碌Ƴؤ֤Ф˳ؤӤ⤷ʤ«ޤ
#370. ѸäΤʤΥեѸγϡ --- ꥹʡμ
#1087. ѸѸϥեȤȤˤ
δ졡ֱѸˤįե졡3Ѹ˼Ѥ줿ǽʩñסؤդ2024ǯ6桤ҡ2024ǯ52352--53ǡ
#2032. ƻ -ive ([2014-11-19-1]) Ǽ夲ƻʤӤŪ̾ˤ (suffix) ˺ƤܤOED -ive (SUFFIX) "Meaning & use" äɤǤߤ褦
Forming adjectives (and nouns). Formerly also -if, -ife; < French -if, feminine -ive (= Italian, Spanish -ivo):--- Latin īv-us, a suffix added to the participial stem of verbs, as in act-īvus active, pass-īvus passive, nātīv-us of inborn kind; sometimes to the present stem, as cad-īvus falling, and to nouns as tempest-īvus seasonable. Few of these words came down in Old French, e.g. naïf, naïve:--- Latin nātīv-um; but the suffix is largely used in the modern Romanic languages, and in English, to adapt Latin words in -īvus, or form words on Latin analogies, with the sense 'having a tendency to, having the nature, character, or quality of, given to (some action)'. The meaning differs from that of participial adjectives in -ing, -ant, -ent, in implying a permanent or habitual quality or tendency: cf. acting adj., active adj., attracting adj., attractive adj., coherent adj., cohesive adj., consequent adj., consecutive adj. From their derivation, the great majority of these end in -sive and -tive, and of these about one half in -ative suffix, which tends consequently to become a living suffix, as in talk-ative, etc. A few are formed immediately on the verb stem, esp. where this ends in s (c) or t, thus easily passing muster among those formed on the participial stem; such are amusive, coercive, conducive, crescive, forcive, piercive, adaptive, adoptive, denotive, humective; a few are from nouns, as massive. In costive, the -ive is not a suffix.
Already in Latin many of these adjectives were used substantively; this precedent is freely followed in the modern languages and in English: e.g. adjective, captive, derivative, expletive, explosive, fugitive, indicative, incentive, invective, locomotive, missive, native, nominative, prerogative, sedative, subjunctive.
In some words the final consonant of Old French -if, from -īvus, was lost in Middle English, leaving in modern English -y suffix1: e.g. hasty, jolly, tardy.
Adverbs from adjectives in -ive are formed in -ively; abstract nouns in -iveness and -ivity suffix.
OED βɤƤȯȤƤϡ
(1) -ive ³Τϡƥưʬ촴Ǥ뤳Ȥ¿¾θ촴¾ʻ⤢롥
(2) ƥǺ줿 -ive Ǹťե˼Ѥ줿ΤϾʤޥѸˤ -ive ¿ϡĤƤ -ivus ƥñ췲ǥȤ¤Ǥǽ⤤
(3) ʬͳηƻܼȤϰۤʤꡤ-ive ϹŪŪʰ̣ɽ魯
(4) -sive, -tive η֤Ȥʤ뤳ȤŪ¿Ԥ˴Ť -ative Ϥ켫ΤܼȤƤ롥
(5) -ive ϷƻܼǤ˥ƥǤ̾ؤʻžλ㤬¿ä
(6) -ive λҲæͳηƻ -y ȹήñ⤢ä
嵭βθ塤-ive ʣ줬951Ƥ롥οǤοʤΤOED Ū˵Ƥ櫓ǤϤʤΤɹΰѤȤߤ٤-ive Ȥ뤿ˤϡޤϿʬʤ̤ǤϤʤ
1ǯȾۤΤȤˤʤޤ2022ǯ1210˸زˤƥݥʩоȸˡäζ岽ᤰäơפޤΥץȡˡؽؤǤΥϥ֥åɳŤǤƱǯ˽Ǥ줿 ԡ Ϻ δˡظɸಽͤ --- ʩоȸˡפλߡ١罤ۡ2022ǯ J-STAGE ǸޤPDFǼͳ˥ɤǤޤΤǡҤɤߤФȻפޤȤʬƤޤΤǡʲ˥ȥȤȤ˾ϿؤΥĥäƤޤ
ʩоȸ --- äζ岽ᤰäơסʹԡؽء
ֱ1ܸäζ岽ˤ볰ǤμƤĴסϺء
ֱ2θö岽ָŪͻ --- ηȡŬ¸פΥᥫ˥סŹء
ֱ3ֽѸˤü --- оȸŪסδ졤ء
ֱ4֥ɥĸθóȽ --- ¤ȤƤΥǥƥƥ ---סʹԡؽء
ֱ5֥ǥߡեμˤեɸಽȸäζ岽 ---եɸಽؤߡסԡء
ǥå֤ޤȤȵ
ֱ3ôξϿϼ̤Ǥ
Ѹ1500--1700ǯˤϱѹͥλޤߡƱͭ ŵؤηݤȼƥ䥮ꥷ줫μѸ줬̤˱ѸήƱζ٥ʥ顼Ǥե졤ꥢ졤ڥ졤ݥȥʤɤθäμѤäμѸϡ줫ľܱѸäƤΤ⤢С¾졤ŵŪˤϥեȤơŪ˱ѸäƤΤ¿ˤϡǤȤ߹碌¤줹뤳Ȥ⤷ФйԤʤ줿ĤޤꡤѸˤäζ岽Ƚϡ͡ʷϩˡ̤ʣŪ˼¸ƤΤǤ롥Τ褦ʽѸθûϡ¤ΤȤĤˤܸθûƤ롥ǤϡѸܸˤĤоȸŪʻĤġäζ岽ˡȵˤĤƵ롥
˿줿ظɸಽͤǽоȸ (contrastive_language_history) ȤץƳޤͤϤΥץˤ뿷ĩȤƤФȻפޤ

ԡ Ϻ δ졦 ԡʩоȸˡäζ岽ᤰäơס˸ء12˸زԡˡ2024ǯ89--182ǡ
ԡ Ϻ δˡظɸಽͤ --- ʩоȸˡפλߡ١罤ۡ2022ǯ
Ѹˤϡ§Ȥ괧 the դΤʤޤֻ of ޤ̾ۤȤɤʤǡ¾ΤĤΥ衼åѽȤϰۤʤä
ˤ֤ȡѸˤϡ̾ʤɤΰ̾ͳ褹ϰ̾ȤѤƤ괧줬դ⳧̵ǤϤʤäof ʤɤֻդ̾ʤɤ̤ˤäѸϡФХեδѤ˽äȤ⤢ꡤ̤ۤʿƤ櫓ǤʤäΤ
ȤѸפȾˤơϰ躹⤢褦괧ֻ줬ڤȤ褦ˤʤäƤȤFransson (25) ɤǤߤ褦
Surnames of occupation and nicknames are usually preceded by the definite article, le (masc.) or la (fem.); the two forms are regularly kept apart in the earlier rolls, but in the 15th century they are often confused. Those names in this book that are preceded by the have all been taken from rolls translated into English, and the has been inserted by the editor instead of le or la. The case is that the hardly ever occurs in the manuscripts; cf the following instances, which show the custom in reality: Rose the regratere 1377 (Langland: Piers Plowman 226). Lucia ye Aukereswoman 1275 1.RH 413 (L. la Aukereswomman ib. 426).
Sometimes de occurs instead of le; this is due to an error made either by the scribe or the editor. The case is that de has an extensive use in local surnames, e.g. Thom. de Selby. Other prepositions (in, atte, of etc.) are not so common, especially not in early rolls.
The article, however, is often left out; this is rare in the 12th and 13th centuries, but becomes common in the middle of the 14th century. There is an obvious difference between different parts of England: in the South the article precedes the surname almost regularly during the present period, while in the North it is very often omitted. The final disappearance of le takes place in the latter half of the 14th century; in most counties one rarely finds it after c1375, but in some cases, e.g. in Lancashire, le occurs fairly often as late as c1400. De is often retained some 50 years longer than le: in York it disappears in the early 15th century, in Lancashire it sometimes occurs c1450, while in the South it is regularly dropped at the end of the 14th century.
ŪʲǤʤ괧ֻ줬ڤȤ뤳ȤˤʤäΤˤϿƤʤƤ٤Ѥʵ䤬1̾ˤֻˤĤƤϡ#2366. ʤѸ̾νϡ̾פʤΤ ([2015-10-19-1]) Ǿ줿Ȥ롥⻲Ȥ줿
Fransson, G. Middle English Surnames of Occupation 1100--1350, with an Excursus on Toponymical Surnames. Lund Studies in English 3. Lund: Gleerup, 1935.

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ǯ١Ҥηؤդ٤ˡֱѸˤįեפȤȥϢܵƤƤޤؤդ5Ԥޤ2εϡ֤ʤʩѸˤϻƤñ줬ΡפǤεϰʲξФǹƤޤ
ñ줬ƤΤˤϥ辰
Ѥ˴Ť3ĤΥѥ
Ūʴ˴Ť3ĤΥѥ
ƤñĤȤˤ
ʩѸˤϻƤñ줬¿ޤطʤˤ1066ǯΥΥޥȤθˤޤͳϤ˿ԤޤŪӸŪ˸Ƥȡξñ줬¸ߤطʤˤ6ĤΥѥΤǥεǤϡĤġ⤷Ƥޤ
ǯ٤˿ȤƥեؤӻϤƤ¿ȻפޤΤʤˤϡǤ˱ѸˤĤμΤ⾯ʤʤϤǤѸȥեγؽϡϢưΤȤǤξDZѸˤθϢưȡؤΤ˲ܤ̤߽Ф뤳ȤĴȻפޤδ顤ʲ Voicy ۿ⤪İС
#26. Ѹä1/3ϥե졪
#329. եؤӻϤʤСұѸ˳碌ơ
#327. ǯ٤˥եؤӻϤƤ볧ءѸˤ碌Ƴؤ֤Ф˳ؤӤ⤷ʤ«ޤ
νˤĤƤϡhellog #5449. ؤդ٤DZѸϢܤϤޤޤ ([2024-03-28-1]) Ǽ夲ƤޤΤǡ⤴
ʰʲ嵭2024/05/08(Wed)
58 heldio #1073. ؤդ5ǡ֤ʤʩѸˤϻƤñ줬ΡפƤޤۿޤ
δ졡ֱѸˤįե졡2ʤʩѸˤϻƤñ줬Ρסؤդ2024ǯ5桤ҡ2024ǯ42362--63ǡ
ε#5473. Ѹˤ뿦Ȥɽ魯 by-name μ갷 (2) --- ƥδġ ([2024-04-21-1]) ³ϱѸ by-name ФեδĤˤĤơFransson (24--25) Ѥ롥
Besides in English, surnames also occur very frequently in French; I have made a calculation and found that one third of the surnames of occupation treated in this book is of French origin. The reason for this is to be found in the predominating position that the French language had during this period. French was spoken by all educated people, and English by the lower classes. Those who spoke French had, of course, surnames in French, and probably also used the French forms of English names when speaking with each other. It is possible, too, that those people who spoke English were influenced by this and used the French forms of their names, which, of course, were finer. During this period a large number of French names came into the language, and a great many of these have survived to the present day, whereas the corresponding substantives have often died out.
There is also another reason, however, for the frequent occurrence of French names; the case is that the scribe often translated English names into French, especially in early rolls. These translations, which are most common in assize rolls, are principally due to the fact that the court proceedings were generally held in French. I have found some instances in which both the English and French forms occur of the same person's surname, e.g.: Humfrey le Syur 1270 Ass 144, H. le Sawyere ib. 139 (So). --- Ric. le Charpentir 1327 SR 211, R. le Wryth 1332 SR 96 (St).
Υɿͤ̾˴ŤΤǤꡤĤ줬ե˸츻ñä硤μ갷ϾʤȤ3ढ롥
(1) ñȤƼƤ餺ΥեñλǤ
(2) ñȤƼƤ뤬ǤϥեñλǤ
(3) ñȤƼƤꡤǤϱñλǤ
(1) ǤȳοäƽҤ٤뤿ˤϡαѸʸΤɤõƤ⡤ñȤƼޤƤפʤȤɬפ롥ĴˤäƱñȤƼޤƤפ1Ǥ⸫ĤСοɤ餰Ȥˤʤ
(2) (3) ΥǤϡñȤƼƤ뤳ȤϳǧǤȤƤ⡤սˤ뤽ñ줬եñȤƻѤƤΤ뤤ϱñȤƻѤƤΤȽ̤ΤȤΤϡθϥեθեͳ褹Ǥꡤˤ褭ƻƤ뤫Ǥ롥
̾˸¤餺ˡΧȽǶ˴ؤŪʸΤʤ˸եñ餷ΤˤĤƤϡˤ꤬뤳ȤդƤܤˤƤñϡեñʤΤ뤤ϥեͳ褹ñʤΤ뤤ϡξǤȤ⤢ΤǺޤǤ롥
Fransson, G. Middle English Surnames of Occupation 1100--1350, with an Excursus on Toponymical Surnames. Lund Studies in English 3. Lund: Gleerup, 1935.
#5470. Ѹˤ뿦Ȥɽ魯 by-name μ갷 ([2024-04-18-1]) ǡѸ by-name μ갷ϡƥե줫δĤˤ뤳ȤҲ𤷤ϥƥȤδؤˤĤơFransson (23--24) Ѥƻ⤷
The medieval rolls were written in Latin, and Christian names and surnames were also, when practicable, often translated into Latin. This was especially the case in the early Middle Ages (12--13th cent.), and surnames in English are therefore rarely met with so early. The surnames that appear in Latin are chiefly those names that are in common use, e.g. Carpentarius, Cissor, Cocus, Faber, Fullo, Marescallus, Medicus, Mercator, Molendinarius, Pelliparius, Pistor, Sutor, Tannator, Textor, Tinetor. The surnames, however, that were rare and difficult to translate, e.g. Wirdragher, Chesewright, Heyberare, Geldehirde, generally occur in English, even in early rolls.
In the 14th century these translations gradually pass out of use, and the native or French form becomes predominant. Thus, for instance, there is a considerable difference between SR [= Lay Subsidy Rolls] 1275 and SR 1327 (Wo); in the former there are a large number of names in Latin, but in the latter there are hardly any translations at all.
There surnames in Latin seem to have had some influence on the later development; the case is that some of them still exist as surnames, e.g. Faber, Pistor, Sutor.
ѸθŪ̾ʤɤϥƥǽ뤳Ȥ¿äˡϱѸθȤƤФХƥ줿ǵܤƤȤʣʻ𤬤롥ѸȤƤΤꤿΤ褦ʸԤˤȤäƤϡʤ虜虜ƥƤƤޤäƤΤȼ¤˻椤ޤƥǤʤȤˤΤߡ褯Ѹ߽̾ФƤɽ̲Ƥ롤ȤʤΤ
줬14ʹߡѸȡƥȤϱƤᡤظ˱ƤαѸ̾夷ƤΤΤ褦ʸԤˤȤäƤϡ˥˥䤻ʤȤʤ롥
¿ΤϤޤᤤƥδĤȤϲ褷ƤΤΡѸˤϤäȤ䤳եδĤȤ̤꤬ΤƬˤˤĤƤεǡ
Fransson, G. Middle English Surnames of Occupation 1100--1350, with an Excursus on Toponymical Surnames. Lund Studies in English 3. Lund: Gleerup, 1935.
#5452. Ѹ̾ˤˤ by-name family name ΰ㤤 ([2024-03-31-1]) ʤɤǼ夲ƤѸ̾ by-name ˸ˤĤơѸ by-name դ봷ȯãƤȤŵŪ̾դΥѥ1Ĥ̾ (occupational terms) ѤΤä̤θϡԤƤϤʤΤΡʤθѤ롥Clark (294--95) ϡ٥ˤ by-name ĴʸΤʤǡʸڤ줿 by-name βˤޤĤ˿Ƥ롥ڵΤޤ뤳ȤɬǤʤͳ¿Ȥ
The simplest of these Canterbury surnames offer supplementary records, mainly antedatings, of straightforward occupational terms. Yet all is not wholly straightforward. To begin with, we cannot be sure whether the occupational terms used in administrative documents were in fact all current as surnames, that is, in daily use among neighbours, or whether some were supplied by the scribes as formal specifiers, just as occupations and addresses are in legal documents of the present day. Nor can we be sure in what form neighbours would have used such terms as they did. With those examples that are latinized --- a proportion varying in the present material from three-quarters to nine-tenths --- scribal intervention is patent, although sometimes reconstruction of the vernacular base seems easy (such forms, and other speculative cases, are cited in square brackets). With those given in a French form matters are more complex. On the one hand, scribes had a general bias away from English and towards French, as though the latter were, as has been said, 'a sort of ignoble substitute for Latin'; therefore, use of a French occupational term guarantees neither its currency in the English speech of the time nor, alternatively, any currency of French outside the scriptorium: in so far as such terms appear neither in literary sources nor as modern surnames MED is justified in excluding them. On the other hand, many 'French' terms were adopted into English very early; use of these would by no means imply currency of French as such, either in the community at large or in the scriptorium itself.
ڵǤطʤ¿ͤȤ櫓ƥե줬ؤäƤǤ롥λǶ̾ʤɤ˵Ƥ̾ϥƥ첽ƤΤ¿Ѹ̾Ϥα˱ƤޤäƤ롥ޤեǽƤ뤳Ȥ¿ο̾ΤΤեͳξ硤줬Ǥ˱ѸƱƤñʤΤȤեñΤޤޤʤΤȽǤ
Ȥɽ魯 by-name ϡ⤽ʸŪ˰ˤǺʤΤǤ롥ơϿȤɽ魯 by-name ˸¤餺Ѹθ̤ͭ̾˴ؤʻǤ⤢롥
Clark, Cecily. "Some Early Canterbury Surnames." English Studies 57.4 (1976): 204--309.

*
ܤͣΥե졦եʸפȤʸҤ괩ԤƤؤդ١ȯԤ줿ؤդ2024ǯ4ʿǯٳϹˤꡤ12ˤ錄ֱѸˤįեפȤȥ2ڡϢܵϤޤ
Ȥʤ뺣ϡֱѸˤϥե̣פꤷơΤ褦ʾФǹƤޤ
ʤѸˡ
1066ǯξ
ѸäΤʤΥեñ
ðʳؤΥեαƶ
ؤդ٤λDZѸʻˡˤȤϲȤߤ⤢뤫Ȼפޤ⤽ҤԽԤϢܼɮΤݤλ伫Ȥδ֤ۤʤפǤϡܥ֥Ǥ⤽¾ΤǤѸȥե̩ܤʴؤˤĤơ˱Ѹˤδ͡ȯƤޤܥ֥ french åƤߤȡ¤313εҥåȤޤ줯餤ʩŪطĴƤ櫓ǤޤեʸˤȤ뻨˱Ѹˤ˴ؤʸϤܤȤϻפޤǤäȤˤϡ嵭Τ褦ˤϵ⤷ĤĤ֥פȶӤĤġǤǤ
ؿΤˤϡ1ǯ֤դ礤Ф¸ޤϤȤ櫓ǽξФ֤ʤѸˡפˤܤ
Ϣܤˡ伫ȤեȥեˤäٶʤФȵƤޤեˤȤСֻƲΤȤФΥˤեʸˡʥե춵顡ʸˡɡˡǤ46ޤ³ƤĹǤˤѸʻˡˤȥեʻˡˤδطܤबĤޤ㤨С18֤ʤѸȥեϻƤΡϡΡؤդ٤˷Ǻܤȸ˥ޤcf. #4175. ֤ʤѸȥեϻƤΡפεҲ ([2020-10-01-1])ˡ
1ǯ³ϢܡֱѸˤįեפǤϡѸˤȥեϤȤˤ褤ȤȤ⤷³褦ȻפäƤޤֱѸʻˡˤȥեϥڥǤȤ館ΤȡסΤȤʤƤޤ
ǯؤλǡǯ٤եؽĩ路褦Ȥ⾯ʤʤȻפޤΤ褦ˤϡ嵭ϢܤΤߤʤ餺 Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)ʲ3ܤᤷƤޤ礦Ҥ⤪İС
#26. Ѹä1/3ϥե졪
#329. եؤӻϤʤСұѸ˳碌ơ
#327. ǯ٤˥եؤӻϤƤ볧ءѸˤ碌Ƴؤ֤Ф˳ؤӤ⤷ʤ«ޤ
ʰʲ嵭2024/04/02(Tue)
41 heldio #1036. ؤդ٤DZѸˤϢܤϤƤޤۿޤ
δ졡ֱѸˤįե졡1Ѹˤϥե̣סؤդ2024ǯ4桤ҡ2024ǯ32362--63ǡ
seduce ͶǤˤθ츻ϥƥư sēdūcere ̤롥Ƭ sē- "away; without" ۤɤ̣Τ dūcere "to lead" ΰ̣Ǥ롥碌ơֳƳפȤʤꡤְƻƳƳΤͶǤפʤɤθȯã
ѸǤϡ֡ŪˡͶǤפθܤ15˽ƱѸäƤȤˤϡּε̳褦פȤƻŪʸܤäOED ˤȡФ Caxton μʸǤ롥
1477 Zethephius seduysed [French seduisoit] the peple ayenst him by tyrannye al euydente. (W. Caxton, translation of R. Le Fèvre, History of Jason (1913) 104)
νФǤθ seduysed ȤʤäƤꡤΥե seduisoit ˰Ĥ줿ֻȤʤäƤ롥
ʲ˵⤦1ĤκǽʸǤϡƱ Caxton ǤϤ뤬 seduce ȤʤäƤ롥
a1492 He [sc. the deuyll] procureth to a persone that he haue all the eases of his bodye, and may not begyle and seduce [Fr. seduire] hym by delectacyons and worldly pleasaunces. (W. Caxton, translation of Vitas Patrum (1495) ii. f. cclv/1
ʹߤʸǤϤ٤ƸŪ seduce ѤƤ롥ĤޤǽΤߥեꡤʸϤ٤ƥƥȤäƤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥
Ѹ˼ѤƤΤѸκ뤤ϽѸؤǤ뤳ȤͤȡñȤƤ seduce ֻϡƥȤ츻Ūֻ (etymological_respelling) 1ȸ뤳ȤǤ뤫⤷ʤϥեϤƤΤ夫ǥƥ˾괹Ȥ뤤ϡǤ˱Ѹ˼ѤƤ adduce, conduce, deduce, educe, introduce, produce, reduce, subduce ʤɤ -duce 줫ѤƯΤ⤷ʤξˤϡѸǺФ줿1ȤߤʤʤȤʤ
ե seduyse ƥ seduce ؤξ괹ϤޤǾѲˤʤѸŪˤϿꤹ٤¦̤¿롥
NewsPicks ܹΩ̿ءˤϢܤƤRPGΤΤˡκǿƤޤ֥ȡҥåӤؤ---ͥȥͥǡǤ

RPG ˤϡ֥ (dungeon) ζϤޤʤΤǤϤʤǤ礦ΰ̣ϡϲϴסƶססʤ RPG ˤϥդΤʤΡåޥȤδطϡΤ褦䤤ƤʸˡʸػˤεǤ
ǤڤƤޤñ dungeon ϸťե donjon ѤΤǤ1300ǯˡťեǤθϡּ緯פۤɤǤ줬ϴȤѤ줿طʤ顤ϴסȤ櫓ϲϴפΰ̣ȯãޤˤ RPG Ūʡ̤Τʤ֡סʾ嵭ȡˤȤˤޤȯŸƤޤʸỤ̄臘٤̣Ѳ (semantic_change) ιǤ͡
ơťե donjon ϡ̤ƥ dominiōnem ˹Ԥ夭ϸŵƥ dominium бޤַϰ̡ϡפ̣ޤΥƥñ줬ľܱѸ˼ޤ줿Τ dominion ڡ۸פǤĤޤꡤdungeon dominion 2Ÿ (doublet) ȤȤˤʤޤ
Ϣϡʲ hellog heldio ΥƥĤǼ夲ƤޤΤǡҤɤ
hellog #3899. ƥ domus ʲȡˤθ캬ͥåȥ ([2019-12-30-1])
hellog #3898. danger, dangerous ΰ̣Ѳ ([2019-12-29-1])
heldio #118. danger ΤȤȤΰ̣ϡָϡס
heldio #273. ֻ۸ ΤäƤ danger θ
hellog #1953. Stern ˤ̣Ѳ7ʬ (2) ([2014-09-01-1])
ѸûˤˤƥեƥαƶǤ뤳Ȥϡޤ˿ƾҲ𤷤ƤȤäƤѤ줿ñοñ̤˵ڤӡ礭̤αƶˤȤɤޤʤ絬ϼѤη̤ȤơѸäμ⡤ѸʹߤˡѲμŪѲˤĤơDurkin (224) פ3ŦƤ롥
The derivational morphology of English was (eventually) completely transformed by the accommodation of whole word families of related words from French and Latin, and by the analogous expansion of other word families within English exploiting the same French and Latin derivational affixes (especially suffixes).
Not only was a good deal of native vocabulary simply lost, but many other existing words showed meaning changes (especially narrowing) as semantic fields were reshaped following the adoption of new words from French and Latin.
The massive borrowing of less basic vocabulary, especially in a whole range of technical areas, led to extensive and enduring layering or stratification in the lexis of English, and also to a high degree of dissociation in many semantic fields (e.g. the usual adjective corresponding in meaning to hand is the etymologically unrelated manual)
1ܤϡñβ² (word family) (word_formation) ΤΤαѸŪʤΤեƥŪʤΤؤäȤ˿Ƥ롥2ܤϡ줬ˤʤäꡤ̣Ѳ (semantic_change) ФꤷΤ¿¤ŦƤ롥3ܤϡŪ٤ι⤤äؤդäꡤó (lexical_stratification) Ȥ˴ط롥
ñ㲽ɤǼС(1) Ѽ(2) ̣Ѳ(3) óؤȯȤäȤ餬ե졦ƥ줫̼ѤαѸû˾μŪյǤ롥
Durkin, Philip. Borrowed Words: A History of Loanwords in English. Oxford: OUP, 2014.
Ѹäͤ륷diglossia ѼȤʬˤ5ƤȤʤ롥ޤǤΡ#5306. Ѹ켭ŵǤߤ diglossia (1) ([2023-11-06-1])#5311. Ѹ켭ŵǤߤ diglossia (2) ([2023-11-11-1])#5315. Ѹ켭ŵǤߤ diglossia (3) ([2023-11-15-1])#5326. Ѹ켭ŵǤߤ diglossia (4) ([2023-11-26-1]) ٤ʤ顤 Pearce αѸѸ켭ŵȤ (143--44) "diglossia" "polyglossia" ιܤȤꡤ̣ŪǤ롥
Polyglossia A situation in which two or more languages exist side by side in a multilingual society, but are used for different purposes. Typically, one of the languages (usually labelled the 'H' or 'high' variety) has greater prestige than the others, and is used in formal, public contexts such as education and administration. The other languages in a polyglossic situation (usually labelled the 'L' or 'low' varieties) tend to be used in informal, private contexts (and also in popular culture). England was a triglossic society, with English as the 'L' variety, and French and Latin as 'H' varieties. As French died out, England became diglossic in English and Latin (which was maintained as the language of education and the Church).
Ǹ˱Ѹˤˤ triglossia diglossia ʤ polyglossiaˤڤƤΤϡֱѸءѸ켭ŵǤ롥Ѹˤˤ polyglossia ݤˤϡΤ褦Ѹθ𤬻Ф뤳Ȥ¿ξ1դɬפǤ롥
Τ褦ʵǤϡѸΥɤ triglossia μҲȤƤȤ館뤳Ȥ¿Ѹ졤ե졤ƥ3Τ٤ƤΤϡԥߥåɤκǾؤνŪŪȤΤߤǤ롥Ѹȥե2λȤȤʤС⤦ԥߥåɤβޤDz뤬ȤƤԥߥåɤΤˤϵڤФʤĤޤꡤѸɼҲ3ع¤Υԥߥåɤؤơ뤯 triglossia diglossia ȤȤǤȤƤ⡤ɼҲιʤ뤤¿ˤʣ櫓ǤϤʤȤȤषѸΤߤΥ뤬Ū¿ȤȤõƤƤ褤
ǻפФΤϡŵŪ diglossia ҲξǤ롥ˤȡȤ櫓 H Ѽν٤ˤĤƤ٤κϤȤϤҲʤ뤤¿ˤ L H ΤθѼäȤäɥĸɸɥĸ졤쥢ӥȸŵӥ졤ϥ쥪ȥե㤬Ƥ
ŵŪ diglossia Ҳ˾Ȥ餹ȡѸɤ diglossia/triglossia ȸƤǤ褤ΤȤ䤬ͯˤѸȤϡdiglossia ȤǰγѤαפȤʤΤȤʤΤդ꤬ռǤ롥
Pearce, Michael. The Routledge Dictionary of English Language Studies. Abingdon: Routledge, 2007.
1026ڡˤˡʳؤȤȤˡBaugh and Cable αѸ˽Ρɼ¶ѡפ Voicy heldio ۿޤƱ21 Italic ʥåɡˤˡʸɤƤˤĤ͡ʳ٤ȲԤʤޤʰ˹ֻդ̳ޤ Taku ǤνפŬڤʥȤ夲ƤޤƤ꤬Ȥޤ
ۿƤ¦2ͤϳΤ˭Ǽ¤ꤢ֤ᤴȤǤΤǤİΥꥹʡϤǤǤ礦ޤİǤʤ⤤뤫ȻפޤΤǡҤ֤ΤȤˤɤΥ3ʬƤꡤ1̾ۿǡ23ϥץߥꥹʡۿֱͥѸˤء (helwa) ˤƤϤƤޤ1Ǥ50ʬĶĹܤǤˡ1Ǵؿͯϡ2衤3ؤ⤪ʤߤФ¸ޤʸ2ͭȤʤޤˡ
̲äȤ⤢ꡤоݤȤʤäƥȤ̤ PDF ˾夲ƤޤǤС饤ɽΥǤ⤢ޤΤǡܽΤꤷĹդ礤
(1) #879. ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (21) Italic --- Taku Ȥμ¶ѡȾˡ
(2) ֡ڱѸˤ #46۱ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (21) Italic --- Taku Ȥμ¶ѡʸȾˡ10ʬ helwa ˴ޤޤͭۿǤ
(3) ֡ڱѸˤ #47ۺǸ˥ᲡTaku Ȥμ¶3 --- ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (21) Italic10ʬ helwa ˴ޤޤͭۿǤ
Ʋˤϥꥹʡγ⺣ɤˤĤ͡ʥȤƤƤޤΤǡ⤴
ɼ¶ѡ1ˤϡ#877. ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (20) Albanian --- ϽؤȤμ¶ѡƱͤˡץȤȤǰ̸ǤʤϽ12ΥڡǤϤͭۿΥȤʤäƤޤҡ#5291. heldio ΡֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤץĴ˿ʤǤޤ ([2023-10-22-1]) Υ饤ʥåפФȻפޤ塤ȤȤܽɤ߿ʤƤ뤳ȤڤߤˤƤޤ

Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.
ۿ YouTube ΡְʼδѸظإͥפκǿ#169. ʤ Z ϥե٥åȤκǸɤ줿Τ --- Ϯ줿 Z ʪǤŪˡ ZפȾΤƤ襤ʸ˥ݥåȥ饤Ȥơ12ʬۤɽ椷Ƹޤ Z ¿ʤȤ̾־ǤФ褤ΤǤ
z ʸˤĤƤϡ hellog Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)ΤǤ⡤͡˼夲ƤޤZ α̾־Τ˽ϤƤǤ Z ˴ؤϤʾ師ĤʤʤäƤޤΤǡͥȤƤϤäǤڤˤʤꤽǤ
ޤǤ Z ο䤷ޤ
hellog
#305. -ise -ize ([2010-02-26-1])
#314. -ise -ize (2) ([2010-03-07-1])
#446. ֤ȤĤäƤ <z> ([2010-07-17-1])
#447. Dalziel, MacKenzie, Menzies <z> ([2010-07-18-1])
#799. ±ʣ <z> ([2011-07-05-1])
#964. z ʸȯ (1) ([2011-12-17-1])
#965. z ʸȯ (2) ([2011-12-18-1])
#1914. <g> ֤ ([2014-07-24-1])
#2916. Ϣ4֥ꥹѸ autumn ȥꥫѸ fall --- ʣŪͤΤס ([2017-04-21-1])
#2925. autumn vs fall, zed vs zee ([2017-04-30-1])
#4990. ư -ize/-ise ˡ ([2022-12-25-1])
#4991. -ise -ize --- 2Ĥ ([2022-12-26-1])
#5042. δñѸ in English٤Ϣ24ʺǽˡ֥ե٥åȺǸʸ Z Υߥƥס ([2023-02-15-1])
heldio (Voicy)
#171. z r ȯϰճȻƤ (2021/11/18)
#540. Z ˤĤƸޤ (2022/11/22)
#541. Z zee zed (2022/11/23)
[ helsta (stand.fm) ˻Ϥޤ ]
#3. ư -ize á (2023/10/08)
Z ˴ؤ뿷ͥŹळȤǤС Z α̾־ư®䤫ĤǤ͡줫 Z ˤϤҤȤͥܤƤƤ͡
ηФϢ³ơVoicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)ī6ۿˤˤ delicious Ȥۿޤ
#840. delicious, delectable, delightful
#841. deleicious Ū줬ؤʤȤˤʤäƤ
Ĥơ#283. delectable delight ([2010-02-04-1]) ꤹ뵭ȤꡤȤ̩ܤ˴ؤǤƥư dēlectāre ͶǤ롤̥λ롤Фˤ˴Ťƻ줬͡ʷ֤Ѹ˥եͳƼѤޤʤۤˡܤ˱Ѹ¦Ƿ줿Ʊηƻ⤢ޤˡηƻִӤͿ롤Ф롤ʡڤ̣Ρ˧פʤɤΥݥƥʰ̣ɽ路ˤȤäƤ褤ñ췲Ƥޤ
Ʊ줬äƤⶥ礹ǡġ¸߰յʤޤʤˤѸˤʤΡۤȤѤʤΤФƤΤƻǤ
Historical Thesaurus of the Oxford English Dictionary (= HTOED) Ĵ٤ƤߤȤŪˤ13Ρdelicious פ夷Ƥޤ츻Ū dēlectāre ̤ꤦƱǤʲ˰ޤ
delite (c1225--1500): Very pleasant or enjoyable; delightful.
delightable (c1300--): Very pleasing or appealing; delightful.
delicate (a1382--1911): That causes pleasure or delight; very pleasing to the senses, luxurious; pleasurable, esp. in a way which promotes calm or relaxation. Obsolete.
delightful (a1400--): Giving or providing delight; very pleasant, charming.
delicious (c1400?-): Very pleasant or enjoyable; very agreeable; delightful; wonderful.
delectable (c1415--): Delightful; extremely pleasant or appealing, (in later use) esp. to the senses; very attractive. Of food, drink, etc.: delicious, very appetizing.
delighting (?a1425--): That gives or causes delight; very pleasing, delightful.
delitous (a1425): Very pleasant or enjoyable; delightful.
delightsome (c1484--): Giving or providing delight; = delightful, adj. 1.
delectary (?c1500): Very pleasant; delightful.
delighted (1595--1677): That is a cause or source of delight; delightful. Obsolete.
dilly (1909--): Delightful; delicious.
delish (1915--): Extremely pleasing to the senses; (chiefly) very tasty or appetizing. Sometimes of a person: very attractive. Cf. delicious, adj. A.1.
Ѹˤʤä⤢ΤϳΤǤճ¿ʤ褽ٸǤȤϤ˸ĤäƤΤषäǤִӤͿ롤ʡפȤ̤ܵѤΤϡºŪˤ delicious, delectable, delightful 餤ΤΤǤ礦
Τ褦ʸä̵̸뤤;ȤäϡѸǤϷ褷ƵǤϤޤϢơ#3157. ʤ splendid Ʊ ([2017-12-18-1])#4969. splendid ƱΥ饤 ([2022-12-04-1])#4974. splendidious, splendidous, splendious λ --- EEBO corpus ([2022-12-09-1]) ⤴
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