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htoed - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-08-28 00:27

2023-09-21 Thu

#5260. Ӥ delicious Ʊ [eebo][synonym][me][cognate][lexicology][borrowing][loan_word][latin][french][oed][thesaurus][htoed][voicy][heldio]



ηФϢ³ơVoicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)ī6ۿˤˤ delicious Ȥۿޤ

#840. delicious, delectable, delightful
#841. deleicious Ū줬ؤʤȤˤʤäƤ

Ĥơ#283. delectable delight ([2010-02-04-1]) ꤹ뵭񤤤ȤꡤȤ̩ܤ˴ؤǤƥư dēlectāre ͶǤ롤̥λ롤Фˤ˴Ťƻ줬͡ʷ֤Ѹ˥ե󥹸ͳƼѤޤʤۤˡܤ˱Ѹ¦Ƿ줿Ʊηƻ⤢ޤˡηƻִӤͿ롤Ф롤ʡڤ̣Ρ˧פʤɤΥݥƥʰ̣ɽ路ˤȤäƤ褤ñ췲Ƥޤ
Ʊ줬󤢤äƤⶥ礹ǡġ¸߰յʤޤʤˤѸˤʤΡۤȤѤʤΤФƤΤƻǤ
Historical Thesaurus of the Oxford English Dictionary (= HTOED) Ĵ٤ƤߤȤŪˤ13Ρdelicious פ夷Ƥޤ츻Ū dēlectāre ̤ꤦƱǤʲ˰ޤ

delite (c1225--1500): Very pleasant or enjoyable; delightful.
delightable (c1300--): Very pleasing or appealing; delightful.
delicate (a1382--1911): That causes pleasure or delight; very pleasing to the senses, luxurious; pleasurable, esp. in a way which promotes calm or relaxation. Obsolete.
delightful (a1400--): Giving or providing delight; very pleasant, charming.
delicious (c1400?-): Very pleasant or enjoyable; very agreeable; delightful; wonderful.
delectable (c1415--): Delightful; extremely pleasant or appealing, (in later use) esp. to the senses; very attractive. Of food, drink, etc.: delicious, very appetizing.
delighting (?a1425--): That gives or causes delight; very pleasing, delightful.
delitous (a1425): Very pleasant or enjoyable; delightful.
delightsome (c1484--): Giving or providing delight; = delightful, adj. 1.
delectary (?c1500): Very pleasant; delightful.
delighted (1595--1677): That is a cause or source of delight; delightful. Obsolete.
dilly (1909--): Delightful; delicious.
delish (1915--): Extremely pleasing to the senses; (chiefly) very tasty or appetizing. Sometimes of a person: very attractive. Cf. delicious, adj. A.1.

Ѹˤʤä⤢ΤϳΤǤճ¿ʤ褽ٸǤȤϤ˸ĤäƤΤषäǤִӤͿ롤ʡפȤ̤ܵѤΤϡºŪˤ delicious, delectable, delightful 餤ΤΤǤ礦
Τ褦ʸä̵̸뤤;ȤäϡѸǤϷ褷ƵǤϤޤ󡥴Ϣơ#3157. ʤ splendid Ʊ ([2017-12-18-1])#4969. splendid ƱΥ饤 ([2022-12-04-1])#4974. splendidious, splendidous, splendious λ --- EEBO corpus ([2022-12-09-1]) ⤴

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2021-10-05 Tue

#4544. ñΰ̣ѲỌ̇̄򸦵椷褦Ȼפäݤμóݤʲǡ [semantic_change][semantics][bibliography][lexicology][htoed]

ǯνˡ#4289. ñΰ̣ѲỌ̇̄򸦵椷褦Ȼפäݤμóݤ ([2021-01-23-1]) ȤݥȤޤܳŪưФǯٸϡѸ˴ϢΤĤμȤǡֱñΰ̣Ѳפ礿ơޤȤƷǤ뤳ȤˤƤޤǼóݤβǤޤĤʸ򿷤˲äȤդޤ̤Ȥˡ¤٤Ƥߤޤܥ֥ semantic_change semantics ɤνɲäƤȻפäƤޤ

Ρ̻ŪʴؿΤ --- ñΰ̣ѲˤĤƤΤ

߷ ⡡7ϡ̣ѲסرѸΰ̣١Ӿ ɧԡˡ罤ۡ1996ǯ113--34.ʤޤϤ餫顤ȤϤ1ϤǤ
߷ ⡡رñ --- ¿Ọ̇̄Ѳ鸫١ҡӡ2016ǯ.ʤޤϤ餫顤ȤϤ1Ǥ
δ졡8ϡ̣ѲѲס˸ءīоȸإ꡼ȯŸԡ3 ԡˡīҽŹ2018ǯ151--69ǡcf. #3283. ˸ءīоȸإ꡼ȯŸԡϤǤޤ ([2018-04-23-1])
ϲ ͭԡˡ λҡ ¹̾ ԡˡرѸˡ١罤۽Ź1995ǯpp. 98--107 ˥ѥȤ̣Ѳޤ
ϲ ͭӾ ɧ ˮɧԡˡ罤۱Ѹػŵ١罤۽Ź1983ǯʱѸػŵ pp. 765--80 ̣ѲγȤʤäƤޤ

Williams, Joseph M. Origins of the English Language: A Social and Linguistic History. New York: Free P, 1975. pp. 153--93 ̣ѲȤˤ褯񤱤Ƥޤ
Algeo, John, and Thomas Pyles. "Words and Meanings." Chapter 10 of The Origins and Development of the English Language. 5th ed. Boston: Thomson Wadsworth, 2005. 227--44.ʤ褯ɤޤƤѸ˳1Ϥꡤ褯񤱤̣ѲγǤ
Bloomfield, Leonard. "Semantic Change." Chapter 24 of Language. 1933. Chicago and London: U of Chicago P, 1984. 425--43.ʸؤθŵŪ̾1Ϥǡɤ߱ޤ

Waldron, R. A. Sense and Sense Development. New York: OUP, 1967.ʰ̣ѲܳŪʸǤ褯ޤȤޤäƤޤ
Stern, Gustaf. Meaning and Change of Meaning. Bloomington: Indiana UP, 1931.ʰ̣ѲθŵŪǡ٤ŪǤ
Ullmann, Stephen. The Principles of Semantics. 2nd ed. Glasgow: Jackson, 1957.Ʊ̣ѲθŵŪ̾ǡŪǤ
Meillet, Antoine. "Comment les mots changent de sens." Année sociologique 9 (1906). 1921 ed. Rpt. Dodo P, 2009.ʥե󥹤̾ʸؼԤˤΰ̣ѲθŵŪͤǤ

Room, Adrian, ed. NTC's Dictionary of Changes in Meanings. Lincolnwood: NTC, 1991.ʤ긵ˤƤǤcf. #4243. ñΰ̣Ѳμŵ --- NTC's Dictionary of Changes in Meanings ([2020-12-08-1])
Cruse, Alan. A Glossary of Semantics and Pragmatics. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2006.ʰ̣ΥϥǥѸ켭ŵǤ

Kastovsky, Dieter. "Semantics and Vocabulary." The Beginnings to 1066. Vol. 1 of The Cambridge History of the English Language. Ed. Richard M. Hogg. Cambridge: CUP, 1992. 290--408.ʤȲ2ϡҤѸ˥꡼γƻˤäỌ̇̄ѲŪʵǤ
Burnley, David. "Lexis and Semantics." 1066--1476. Vol. 2 of The Cambridge History of the English Language. Ed. Roger Lass. Cambridge: CUP, 1999. 409--99.
Nevalainen, Terttu. "Early Modern English Lexis and Semantics." 1476--1776. Vol. 3 of The Cambridge History of the English Language. Ed. Roger Lass. Cambridge: CUP, 1999. 332--458.ʤȤ櫓 pp. 433--54 ϰ̣ѲγȤʤäƤޤ

Kay, Christian and Kathryn Allan. English Historical Semantics. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2015.ʱѸλỤ̄ΰܤȤƤϺΤȤͣΤΡHTOED ؤƳǤ⤢ޤcf. #3159. HTOED ([2017-12-20-1])

Hughes, G. A History of English Words. Oxford: Blackwell, 2000.ʰ̣ѲȤѲᥤǤ˴Ϣ꤬ޤɤʪȤƤ⤪⤷Ǥ
Hughes, G. Words in Time. Oxford: Blackwell, 1988.ʾƱԤˤŪǤ
Durkin, Philip. Borrowed Words: A History of Loanwords in English. Oxford: OUP, 2014.ʻŪȤ櫓ѸλŪǤ̣ѲʬǤ⤢ޤ

˰졤 塤 ŵ ԡˡذ̣١ұѸʸꡡ7ҡ2005ǯʰ̣Ѳޤ᤿ŪʲǤ

Coleman, Julie. "Using Dictionaries and Thesauruses as Evidence." Chapter 7 of The Oxford Handbook of the History of English. Ed. Terttu Nevalainen and Elizabeth Closs Traugott. New York: OUP, 2012. ˼ѤѲ̣ѲθˤĤƤΥ᥿ˡƤޤФᤫλǤʤ굮ŤǤ

ΡŪʴؿΤ --- ̣Ȥϲؤ֤Τ

ԡˡذ̣١īҽŹ2012ǯʰ̣ȤƤϡܤ
ԥ롦 ƣ ذ̣١ҡʸ˥ӡ1990ǯʸȤԤˤ̣Ǥ
졼̡ ءοǡϰ̣١ҡʸ˥ӡ2013ǯʤʤΤܤǤ

Hofmann, Th. R. Realms of Meaning. Harlow: Longman, 1993.ʱѸɤߤ䤹̣ȤƤǤ
Ogden, C. K. and I. A. Richards. The Meaning of Meaning. 1923. San Diego, New York, and London: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1989.ʰ̣θŵŪ̾Ǥ
Saeed, John I. Semantics. 3rd ed. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009.Ụ̄γǤ

Referrer (Inside): [2021-12-31-1]

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2021-07-22 Thu

#4469. God ФŪնɽ [taboo][euphemism][swearing][slang][metonymy][htoed]

ѸˤˤơGod ʿˤϥ֡ (taboo) ζǤ공ǰǤ롥#4457. ѸͤդĬή ([2021-07-10-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡΥ֡濴ϽŪȤषŪ뤤ϿͼŪʤΤȤʤäƤ뤬ֿ׼Υ֡Ͼ¸ߤƤۤɺʥ֡Ǥ뤫顤ʬбնɽ (euphemism) ˭٤˳ȯƤHughes (13) ¿նɽ¤٤ƤΤǡƸƤߤ褦

TermDateEuphemism
God1350sgog
 1386cokk
 1569cod
 1570Jove
 1598'sblood
 1598'slid (God's eyelid)
 1598'slight
 1599'snails (God's nails)
 1600zounds (God's wounds)
 1601'sbody
 1602sfoot (God's foot)
 1602gods bodykins
 1611gad
 1621odsbobs
 1650sgadzooks (God's hooks)
 1672godsookers
 1673egad
 1695od
 1695odso
 1706ounds
 1709odsbodikins (God's little body)
 1728agad
 1733ecod
 1734goles
 1743gosh
 1743golly
 1749odrabbit it
 1760sgracious
 1820sye gods!
 1842by George
 1842s'elpe me Bob
 1844Drat! (God rot!)
 1851Doggone (God-damn)
 1884Great Scott
 1900Good grief
 1909by Godfrey!


#469. euphemism κ ([2010-08-09-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡ͡ˡ God նɽƤȤʬ롥˻ޤǤϡֿפ켫ȤǤϤʤΤ̤ؤƴŪ˻ؼȥ˥ߡ (metonymy) ˤΤΩġḽˤϲŪѷʤΤ¿ rhyming slang ˤ1884ǯ Great Scott ⤢cf. #1459. Cockney rhyming slang ([2013-04-25-1]HTOED ʤɤõСޤޤ㤬󤬤äƤΤȻפ롥
#1338. ֡ε ([2012-12-25-1]) ǤҤ٤褦ˡ֥֡ϡǡǡۤɡषĹ³ΤǤסǶδϢȤƤϡ#4399. My word! ([2021-05-13-1]) ɤ

Hughes, Geoffrey. Swearing: A Social History of Foul Language, Oaths and Profanity in English. London: Penguin, 1998.

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2021-05-30 Sun

#4416. ȥαѸʸ --- Ѹ˸ [taboo][euphemism][khelf_hel_intro_2021][thesaurus][dictionary][lexicology][htoed][semantics][synonym][slang][hel_education][bibliography][link]

45ϤޤäƤֱѸƳ2021ΥƥľҲ𵭻ϡǺǽȤʤޤoffice, john, House of Lords --- ȥθƤǤȥơޤǤ͡ȥαѸʸˤ뤤ϱѸʸȤ٤ƤǡHistorical Thesaurus of the Oxford English Dictionary (= HTOED) ѤƤʤˤ⤷ĴǤΤȶƤ륳ƥĤǤƥοޤɤäƤǡȥͪפιڤळȤǤޤ
֡ (taboo)նɽ (euphemism) (synonym) Ȥä (lexicology) ϡѸˤ´ʸʤɤǤ͵ΥơޤǤѸ˸˴ؿä顤Υդ hellog εɤǤߤƤޤʲ˺ΥƥĤȴˤϢҲ𤷤Ƥޤ

#470. toilet ˭٤նɽ ([2010-08-10-1])
#471. toilet ˭٤նɽ WordNet Visuwords Ǥߤ ([2010-08-11-1])
#992. ոȡָ³ˡ§ס ([2012-01-14-1])
#1219. ոϤʤब˭٤ ([2012-08-28-1])
#3885. رѸ춵٤Ϣ10֤ʤѸˤ줬¿Τס ([2019-12-16-1])
#3392. Ʊ ([2018-08-10-1])
#469. euphemism κ ([2010-08-09-1])

#4395. ѸˤĤĴ٤Ȼפä ([2021-05-09-1])
#3159. HTOED ([2017-12-20-1])
#847. Oxford Learner's Thesaurus ([2011-08-22-1])
#4334. նʸˡ (euphemism) ˤĤƤν ([2021-03-09-1])
#1270. ͥåȥβĻ벽ġ켭 ([2012-10-18-1])
#1432. ⤦1ĤͥåȥinstaGrokפϢ۸ġ ([2013-03-29-1])

#4092. shit, ordure, excrement --- ä3ع¤κǶ ([2020-07-10-1])
#4041. ָˤ륿֡פεåȡ ([2020-05-20-1])

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2021-05-09 Sun

#4395. ѸˤĤĴ٤Ȼפä [khelf_hel_intro_2021][thesaurus][dictionary][lexicology][htoed][semantics][synonym][corpus][methodology]

Ѹؤ־ǡ (synonym) ȤΤǤȤƤƱʤΤˡºݤˤϥ˥奢󥹤ΰ㤤ȤΤ֤ޤ̤˸ˤƴƱϤʤȤޤ̣̯˰ۤʤȤΤϡפäƤʾ¿¸ߤޤ
ܸǹͤƤߤС¿ˤϤ˵ŤǤ礦פ󤲤Ƥߤޤ礦֤Ӥס֤Фס֤ؤФס֤ؤФס֥åס֥ХƤסϫסֺहס֤ؤȤؤȤˤʤס֤դդˤʤסڤפʤɡ줾äΥΥơ󤬤ޤ͡
Ѹǡ줿פȤС tired פ⤫Ӥޤ¾ exhausted, drained, weary, worn out, shattered, pooped, fatigued ʤɤ⤢ޤؽˤǤơȼΥΥơäƤ¸߰յ褦ǤֱѸƳ2021ΤΥƥĤϡˤ֡줿פäɽ¿ʤǤ⤴
Τ褦˴ؿä顤ޤ٤ϳؽѤαѱѼŵǤ㤨 Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English (= LDOCE) ʤɤǤϡƤפʸФ㤨 tiredˤΤȤˡTHESAURUS Ȥ쥳ʡߤƤꡤλȤʬʷ˵Ƥޤ
thesaurus ȤΤϡФ켭ŵΤȡȤС켭ŵΤΤΤᤤȤᤤǤ͡㤨СOxford Learner's Thesaurus ˤСΥ˥奢󥹡㡤󤬺٤⤵ƤޤʲΤ褦ˡɤɤ󵭽Ҥ³Ƥޤ椤Ȥ˼꤬ϤŵǤ͡

Synonyms of

˾ܤĴ٤ΤǤС줬ѤƤָפλ¿ʬϤ뤳ȤɬפˤʤޤʤȥѥѤͭѤǤޤϡꥹѸȥꥫѸγơˤĤơBNCweb COCA ȤѥäƤߤΤǤ
ֱѸƳ2021γȤȤǡʤ٤ʸġʤŪ켭ŵʤξҲ𤷤Ƥޤ礦Historical Thesaurus of the Oxford English Dictionary (= HTOED) Ǥܺ٤ϡ#3159. HTOED ([2017-12-20-1]) ɤ

Referrer (Inside): [2021-05-30-1]

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2021-04-17 Sat

#4373. tsunami DZѸˡѸ [japanese][loan_word][corpus][coha][glowbe][oed][htoed][khelf_hel_intro_2021]

ֱѸݤ߹ 'tsunami'ꤹ륳ƥĤֱѸƳ202111ܤȤƥرꥢåפޤñȤƤ tsunami λѤˤĤŪ빥ƥĤǤĴȥ󥹥ԥ졼Τ˻ȤƤ꥽ϡTwitter ˻ϤޤꡤCOHA (Corpus of Historical American English), GloWbE (= Corpus of Global Web-Based English), OED (= Oxford English Dictionary), Ͽ̥ǡ١DzǤƤȤƤϡʳؤȼҲʳؤȿʸʳؤͻ礵ŪѸ˥ƥĤȤ٤˷ȯŪʽǤȤʤäƤޤޤֱѸƳ2021μݤ˥ԥåꡪҳɤǤ餤Ȼפޤ
ƱƥǤ⿨Ƥ̤ꡤܸȡפѸ tsunami ȤƱѸ˼Ѥ졤Ѥ줿Τ1897ǯΤȤǤˤϿܸñ줬Ѹ˻ޤޤñ⤽1ĤǤcf. #3872. Ѹ˼Ѥ줿ܸμǯ ([2019-12-03-1])ˡѸ˼Ѥ줿Ȥäơɬ餫ˤѤƤ櫓ǤϤޤ󡥥ƥǤ⿨Ƥ褦ˡtsunami ȡפ̣ŪʸȤѤ褦ˤʤäΤϡĤǶΤȤȤäƤ褤ΤǤ
ޤǤϡȡפ̣ñȤƤ tidal wave ѤΤ̤ǤߤǤ⤳ tidal wave tsunami ȶ¸Ƥޤ褯ͤƤߤ tidal wave ȤΤϸ򾷤䤹ɽǤĬΡȡפȸвȤʤǼˤʤޤĬפȤȤƤʤŪʳθݤǡ줬ʤȡפ̣褦ˤʤäΤȽȤޤ󡥼ºݡDurkin (397) ʤɤ tidal wave "misleading" ɾƤޤʢβս򶵤Ƥ줿˴աˡ

A special case is shown by tsunami (1897), which, since it denotes a widespread natural phenomenon, can be used freely in English without any implicit associations with Japanese (or even generalized Eastern) culture, and is now preferred by most speakers to the misleading term tidal wave.


ʤǯˤʤäơtsunami tidal wave ®Ѥ褦ˤʤäƤΤǤ礦ϡޤ嵭ΥƥѸŪʥץˤ褷褦ȤƤǤ
ʲϻΥ֥쥹ȷ̤ˤޤ󤬡˴ؤäƤ¾αѸŪʴ򤤤Ĥ󤲤ƤߤȻפޤ tsunami ȤΥѥȡեܤǤ

̣ŪˤСtsunami tidal wave denotation Ū˼ѤǤΤΡȤζϤ䶲ʤɤ۵ connotation ääƤꡤȼ¸߲ͤĸȤƼƤ褦ˤʤäƤΤǤϤʤ
ʸŪˤСtidal wave Τ褦ʣǤϤʤñθǤȤȡܸȤƤߤСšסܡȡפ2Ǥˤϡ嵭μ connotation ʬŪǤϤʤŪ˴ޤ߹Ǥ뤳Ȥȥޥå롥
ŪˤС#3949. ȤѸβηϤ˵ڤܤƶ ([2020-02-18-1])פǿ줿Ȥꡤonset ˤ /ts/ ϱѸŪˤϤʤ꿷ݤǤꡤ¿ʤȤۼΩĤȤˤʤ롥ǯμѸǤ뤳ȤƬǰȯǼ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥ϢươƬֻ <ts> Ѹ餷ʤΤǡϤѸǤ뤳ȤŪˤȤʤ롥餬ñΥѥȤ˹׸Ƥ롥
ΧŪˤС⤷ȤƱ3Ǥ tídal wàve ʶ嶯ˤ tsunámi ʼ嶯ˤȿФǤ롥Τ褦˱Χκۤ뤳Ȥ⡤Ū˸Ԥο⤭ĦˤƤΤ⤷ʤ
ҲŪˤСϼؤ䳤γؤʤɤü쥸°ñȤ֤Ť顤̥쥸ؿʽФȤߤ뤳ȤǤ롥

ʾ塤γθݤ˾ޤʤΤαñȤƤϹޤäƤޤä tsunami ˤĤơѸˡѸؤƤߤǤtsunami ˤĤƤϡ#1432. ⤦1ĤͥåȥinstaGrokפϢ۸ġ ([2013-03-29-1]) εǤڤƤޤ
ʤ嵭 Durkin θڤˤĤƶƤ줿顤碌Tsunami or Tidal Wave? --- ӿȤ־εⶵƤ餤ޤؤ󵮽Ťʾ¿ա

Durkin, Philip. Borrowed Words: A History of Loanwords in English. Oxford: OUP, 2014.

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2020-04-25 Sat

#4016. Ѹ츦ΤδŪʥ饤󡦥꥽ [bibliography][website][link][corpus][dictionary][hel_education][auchinleck][oed][htoed][laeme][lalme][med][ceec][me]

ɸˤĤơSmith (47--48) λʸɽꤤĤȴФ󥯤ĥäƤߤʸ󥯤Ǥ뤳ȤǧѤߡˡܥ֥Ǥϡ¾ƼΥ饤󡦥꥽Ҳ𤷤ƤޤȤ᤭ʤΤ link 򻲾ȡȤ櫓 Chaucer ϢΥ󥯤ϡ#290. Chaucer ˴ؤ Web resources ([2010-02-11-1]) ɤ



AM = Burnley, David and Alison Wiggins, eds. Auchinleck Manuscript. National Library of Scotland, 2003. Available online at http://www.nls.uk/auchinleck/ .
CEEC = Nevalainen, Terttu, Helena Raumolin-Brunberg, Jukka Keränen, Minna Nevala, Arja Nurmi, and Minna Palander-Collin. Corpus of Early English Correspondence (CEEC). Department of English, U of Helsinki. Available online at https://varieng.helsinki.fi/CoRD/corpora/CEEC/index.html .
CSC = Meurman-Solin, Anneli. Corpus of Scottish Correspondence. U of Helsinki, 2007. Available online at https://varieng.helsinki.fi/CoRD/corpora/CSC/ .
CTP = Robinson, Peter and Barbara Bordalejo. The Canterbury Tales Project. Institute of Textual Scholarship and Electronic Editing, U of Birmingham, 1996--. Available online at http://server30087.uk2net.com/canterburytalesproject.com/index.html .
HTOED = Kay, Christian, Jane Roberts, Michael Samuels, and Irené Wotherspoon, eds. Historical Thesaurus of the Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford: OUP, 2009. Available online via http://www.oed.com/ .
LAEME = Laing, Margaret and Roger Lass. LAEME: A Linguistic Atlas of Early Middle English, 1150--1325. U of Edinburgh, 2007. Available online at http://www.lel.ed.ac.uk/ihd/laeme2/laeme2.html .
LALME = McIntosh, Angus, Michael Samuels, and Michael Benskin, with Margaret Laing and Keith Williamson. A Linguistic Atlas of Late Mediaeval English (LALME). Aberdeen: Aberdeen UP, 1986. Available online as eLALME at http://www.lel.ed.ac.uk/ihd/elalme/elalme_frames.html .
LAOS = Williamson, Keith. A Linguistic Atlas of Older Scots, Phase 1: 1380--1500 (LAOS). 2007. Available online at http://www.lel.ed.ac.uk/ihd/laos1/laos1.html .
MEC = McSparran, Frances, ed. Middle English Compendium. Ann Arbor: U of Michigan P, 2006. Available online at http://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/mec/ .
MED = Kurath, Hans, Sherman M. Kuhn, John Reidy, and Robert E. Lewis. Middle English Dictionary. Ann Arbor: U of Michigan P, 1952--2001. Available online at http://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/med/ .
MEG-C = Stenroos, Merja, Martti Mákinen, Simon Horobin, and Jeremy Smith. The Middle English Grammar Corpus (MEG-C). Version 2011.2. Available online at https://www.uis.no/research/history-languages-and-literature/the-mest-programme/the-middle-english-grammar-corpus-meg-c/ .
OED = Simpson, John, ed. The Oxford English Dictionary. 3rd ed. Oxford UP, 2000--. Available online at http://www.oed.com/.
TOE = Edmonds, Flora, Christian Kay, Jane Roberts, and Irené Wotherspoon. Thesaurus of Old English. U of Glasgow, 2005. Available online at https://oldenglishthesaurus.arts.gla.ac.uk/ .
VARIENG = Nevalainen, Terttu, Irma Taavitsainen, and Sirpa Leppänen. The Research Unit for Variation, Contacts and Change in English (VARIENG). Department of English, U of Helsinki. Available online at https://varieng.helsinki.fi/index.html .



Smith, Jeremy J. "Periods: Middle English." Chapter 3 of English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. 2 vols. Ed. Alexander Bergs and Laurel J. Brinton. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012. 32--48.

Referrer (Inside): [2020-06-25-1]

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2018-08-19 Sun

#3401. Ѹûˤˡ [methodology][dictionary][oed][htoed][philology][lexicography][lexicology][semantics][etymology]

ε#3400. Ѹ˸ä˼Ѹ줬ɤǤ뤫 ([2018-08-18-1]) Ǽ夲 Durkin ʸǤϡѸûˤμ¾ŪĴϡOED HTOED Ȥ2ġȤäƤǤ礭ʺȼȤơˡ꤬Ƥ롥 (405--06) ˡ꤬Τ褯ޤȤޤäƤΤǰѤ롥

One of the most striking and well-known features of lexical data is its extreme variability: as the familiar dictum has it 'chaque mot a son histoire', and accounting for the varied histories of individual words demands classificatory frameworks that are flexible, nonetheless consistent in their approach to similar items. Awareness is perhaps less widespread that the data about word histories presented in historical dictionaries and other resources are rarely 'set in stone': sometimes certain details of a word's history, for instance the details of a coinage, may leave little or no room for doubt, but more typically what is reported in historical dictionaries is based on analysis of the evidence available at time of publication of the dictionary entry, and may well be subject to review if and when further evidence comes to light. First dates of attestation are particularly subject to change, as new evidence becomes available, and as the dating of existing evidence is reconsidered. In particular, the increased availability of electronic text databases in recent years has swollen the flow of new data to a torrent. The increased availability of data should also not blind us to the fact that the earliest attestation locatable in the surviving written texts may well be significantly later than the actual date of first use, and (especially for periods, varieties, or registers for which written evidence is more scarce) may actually lag behind the date at which a word or meaning had already become well established within particular communities of speakers. Additionally, considering the complexities of dating material from the Middle English period . . . highlights the extent to which there may often be genuine uncertainty about the best date to assign to the evidence that we do have, which dictionaries endeavour to convey to their readers by the citation styles adopted. Issues of this sort are grist to the mill of anyone specializing in the history of the lexicon: they mean that the task of drawing broad conclusions about lexical history involves wrestling with a great deal of messy data, but the messiness of the data in itself tells us important things both about the nature of the lexicon and about our limited ability to reconstruct earlier stages of lexical history.


츻ϾήưŪǤ뤳ȡǯϾ˹ˤ餵Ƥ뤳ȡǯϸʤɤˤ뿿νǯ٤Ƥǽ뤳ȡŵȤʤäƤʸΩǯѤ뤳˻ŦƤڵ (evidence) ˡνϡѸûˤʤ餺Ȥ̤ʸؤθԤʤݤ˾˰ռƤ٤ΤФǤ롥OED3 ԼԤ1ͤǤ Durkin ϡOED Ǥ顪˸ǽʥġǤϤʤ⤤Ƥ뤳Ȥΰյ礭

Durkin, Philip. "The OED and HTOED as Tools in Practical Research: A Test Case Examining the Impact of Loanwords in Areas of the Core Lexicon." The Cambridge Handbook of English Historical Linguistics. Ed. Merja Kytö and Päivi Pahta. Cambridge: CUP, 2016. 390--407.

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2018-08-18 Sat

#3400. Ѹ˸ä˼Ѹ줬ɤǤ뤫 [loan_word][borrowing][lexicology][semantics][oed][htoed][statistics]

ѸäˤѸγ礬⤤Ȥϡܥ֥¿εǼ夲Ƥλ¤˴ؤƤȤ櫓ܤ٤ŪħȤơѸ줬ܸäˤޤǤƤȤ󤲤㤨С#2625. ťΥɸ줫μѸ ([2016-07-04-1]) 򻲾ȡˡӸˤСѸ줬ܸäȤϡ˵ȤФǤʤ٤ϴѻΤ¤Ǥꡤ褷ФлŦƤ褦ˡѸ줬ðۤǤɾ뤳ȤϤϤǤʤȤϤΤ褦ʻ㤬̸Ūˤ "unusual" (Durkin 391) ǤȤΤⷹȤƤϳΤǤ롥
Durkin ϡɸ䤤٤ OED HTOED ѤƼ¾ŪĴԤʤäޤ'Leipzig-Jakarta list of basic vocabulary' ȸƤФ̸ŪͭȤܸäΥꥹȤ򻲾Ȥ100γ˿Ūʰ̣Фˡγơΰ̣ѸûˤˤƤɤΤ褦ñʷˤˤäôƤξˤäƱꤷñθ츻ʼѸ줫ݤʤɤξܺ١ˤϿƤơߡѸ줬100γ˿Ūʰ̣Τɤ줯餤򥫥СƤΤФη̤ϡDurkin (392) ˤм̤ꡥ

To summarize the results of this exercise very briefly . . ., looking in detail at the 100-meaning 'Leipzig-Jakarta list of basic vocabulary' in this way suggests that, while only twenty-two of these meanings appear never to have been realized by a loanword in the data of the OED as summarized in the HTOED, there are only twelve cases where a good case can be made for a loanword being the usual realization of the relevant core meaning in contemporary English:

   (from early Scandinavian): root, wing, hit, leg, egg, give, skin, take; (from French): carry, soil, cry, (probably) crush


ѤС100γ˿Ūʰ̣Τ78ޤǤʬŪǤ첿餫μѸˤäôƤȤȤ顤Ѹ줬˿Ūʰ̣ΰʤäƤȤȤʬ롥μѸ줬Τ褦ʳ˿Ūʰ̣ΰɽ魯ñ췲ΤʤǤŵŪɽŪʸǤ뤫ɤǤꡤΤ褦ʿ򤹤ȡ嵭12ۤɤ˸ꤵȤȤ
äȤ⡤ạ̈ˤĤƲäơֳ˿פִܡפȤߤʤΤ񤷤ǤꡤˤäƷ̤οͤѤ뤳ȤϤޤǤʤꤽ¾ˤĤơʲΤ褦ʵ͡˼夲ƤΤǻȤ

#1128. glottochronology ([2012-05-29-1])
#1961. ܥ٥ơ ([2014-09-09-1])
#1965. Ūʸǡ ([2014-09-13-1])
#1970. ¿٤شط ([2014-09-18-1])
#2659. glottochronology lexicostatistics ([2016-08-07-1])
#2660. glottochronology ȴܸá ([2016-08-08-1])
#2661. Swadesh (1952) ǯѤ200 ([2016-08-09-1])

#308. Ѹκѱñꥹȡ ([2010-03-01-1])
#202. Ѹδܸ600εȳ ([2009-11-15-1])
#429. ѸκѸ10000εȳ ([2010-06-30-1])
#845. Ѹθäεȳ ([2011-08-20-1])
#1202. Ѹθäεȳ (2) ([2012-08-11-1])

Durkin, Philip. "The OED and HTOED as Tools in Practical Research: A Test Case Examining the Impact of Loanwords in Areas of the Core Lexicon." The Cambridge Handbook of English Historical Linguistics. Ed. Merja Kytö and Päivi Pahta. Cambridge: CUP, 2016. 390--407.

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2018-03-19 Mon

#3248. ܽʬˡ (NDC) 10 [taxonomy][italic][thesaurus][semantics][htoed]

Ω޽Ǥϡʿ29ǯ4ܽʬˡ (NDC) ο10ǤŬѤƤΰ򻲾ȡˡ10Ǥʬ2017ǯ1ǡˤ (PDF)  *
9Ǥ10ǤؤŪѹϤۤȤɤʤѸǤ롥10Ǥιɽ2ʬɽ˴ŤʲΥޥɥޥåפäƤߤPDFSVGɤˡ

NDC10 in Mindmap

δؿäˡ80 פˤ뤬9Ǥ龯ѤäΤϡ84 ɥĸפäΤ84 ɥĸ졥¾ΥޥפȤʤäȤǤ롥Ʊͤˡ85 ե󥹸ס86 ڥס87 ꥢפ⤽줾85 ե󥹸졥ץХ󥹸ס86 ڥ졥ݥȥס87 ꥢ졥¾Υޥ󥹽פܾ̾Ƚ줿90 ʸءפбʬˤƱͤγȽܤƤ롥󡤤Τ褦ʳȽʬϻϤХ꤬ʤɤޤɽ뤫ϡ޽ʬθŪȤ⤪ǷŪнˡϤʤ
ܽʬˡϿ޽˴ؤʬˡ (taxonomy) 1ĤɴʻŵŪʬˡȤ⤤롥ʬˡȤС̣켭ŵ (thesaurus) ԻˤƤ̣ʬϺǤ񤷤νʬϿݤȤ̤βƤȤ狼롥
ѸˤȤδطǤСܳŪŪ켭ŵ HTOED ʬɽ򡤡#3159. HTOED ([2017-12-20-1]) ͳǻȤ줿

Referrer (Inside): [2018-03-23-1]

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2017-12-20 Wed

#3159. HTOED [thesaurus][lexicography][dictionary][semantics][semantic_change][link][htoed][taxonomy]

Historical Thesaurus of the Oxford English Dictionary (HTOED) ϡѸ켭ŵ (thesaurus) ȤƺΤΤǤǤʤŪʡ켭ŵȤơ̤ƤͣܳŪʥե󥹤Ǥ롥1965ǯ Michael Samuels ˤäԻץȤΤΤ夲졤ǤޤǤ45ǯκзפʥᥤ󥰤ξܺ٤ The Story of the Thesaurus 򻲾ȡ
HTOED ϡ3ĤΥСǻȤ뤳ȤǤ롥

(1) 2009ǯ˽Ǥ줿Τ2ܡ1饹Ρ2Ǥ롥Historical Thesaurus of the Oxford English Dictionary (HTOED). Ed. Christian Kay, Jane Roberts, Michael Samuels and Irené Wotherspoon. 2 vols. Oxford: OUP, 2009.
(2) 饹ؤ󶡤 (1) Υ饤ǡThe Historical Thesaurus of English Ȥ󶡤Ƥ롥
(3) OED Online Ȥ߹ޤ줿饤ǡ

ƥС֤ˤդ٤ۤ롥Ȥ HTOED OED 2Ǥ˴ŤԻ줿ΤǤ뤿ᡤ3Ǥ˸ƲѤ줿ƤʬŪ˴ޤ OED Online ϢȤƤ륪饤ǤȤδ֤ǡǯ̣ƤʤɤˤĤư㤤ߤ뤳Ȥ롥ޤOED Online ǤϡOED ˤ˽ä1150ǯʹߤäƤʤűѸñ줬٤ƾʤƤΤǡűѸñˤĤ濴ŪĴ٤ˤ A Thesaurus of Old English (TOE). Ed. Jane Roberts and Christian Kay with Lynne Grundy. Amsterdam: Rodopi, [1995] 2000. Available online at http://oldenglishthesaurus.arts.gla.ac.uk/ . ̤Ͽ (1) (2) ǤѤ٤Ǥ롥
HTOED ǺѤƤ̣Ƥϡ235,249ܤˤޤǺʬƤꡤ793,733줬ޤޤƤ롥ʬξܺ٤ Classification Υڡ򻲾ȡ3ؤޤǤʬɽ (PDF) ⻲ȤǤ롥  *

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2017-12-18 Mon

#3157. ʤ splendid Ʊ [cognate][synonym][lexicology][inkhorn_term][emode][borrowing][loan_word][renaissance][thesaurus][htoed]

#576. inkhorn term ȱѸ켭 ([2010-11-24-1]) εǡͥ󥹴Υƥ줫֤βɽñ1ĤȤ splendidious 󤲤θϸߤǤѤȤʤäƤ뤬ΰ̣ϸǤ̤Ѥ splendid ƱֲʡڤʡפǤ롥Ԥϥͥ󥹲ڤ䤫ʤꤷ15ѤƤꡤԤñȤƤ17ȾˤϽФƤʤˤäƽǯ夬ۤʤˡ15--17ˤϡ캬̣Ʊ splendid Ϥñ줬Ĥ⸽ƤϾäƤäΤǤ롥HTOED splendid ιƤߤȡΤ褦ˤ롥

02.04.05.03 (adj.) Splendid
   þurhbeorht OE geatolic OE torht OE torhtlic OE wrætlic OE orgulous/orgillous a1400 splendidious 1432/50--1653 splendiferous c1460--1546 splendent 1509-- splendant 1590-- splendorous 1591-- splendidous 1605--1640 transplendent 1622; 1854 florid 1642--1725 splendious 1654 splendid 1815-- splendescent 1848-- nifty 1868-- ducky 1897-- (colloq.) many-splendoured a1907--


Ū splendidious, splendiferous, splendent, splendant, splendorous, splendidous, splendious, splendid, splendescent, splendoured 10줬ߤŪܤ˸졤糵ϸ˾äƤʤα¼Ǥϡsplendiferous, splendent, splendorous ϸФΩƤƤˡ
Ρʥƥ줢뤤ϥե󥹸ͳˤ̣Ʊ (synonym) Τ褦ʣäȤǡϤʤ¿θ줬礷ǤƤäΤ
Kay and Allan (15) ⡤θ췲˸ڤĤļΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

Sometimes there was a degree of experimentation over the form of a new word. In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, the OED records the following forms meaning 'splendid': splendant, splendicant, splendidious, splendidous, splendiferous, splendious and splendorous. Splendid itself is first recorded in 1624. Unsurprisingly, most of these forms were short-lived; no language needs quite so many similar words for the same concept.


б̾ˤĤƤ HTOED ȴФȡ"splendency a1591--1607 splendancy 1591 splendence 1604 splendour 1774-- splendiferousness 1934--" ȤϤ˭٤Ǥ롥

Kay, Christian and Kathryn Allan. English Historical Semantics. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2015.

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