hellogѸ˥֥     ChangeLog ǿ     ƥǿ     1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 ڡ / page 1 (14)

borrowing - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2026-07-07 Tue

#6280. B&C 64 "Influence of The Benedictine Reform on English" (3) --- Taku ȤĶɲ [bchel][oe][benedictine_reform][christianity][lexicology][borrowing][latin][loan_word][link][voicy][heldio][anglo-saxon][history][helmate][philology]



³ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable 6ǡˤ helwa Ǯ֤1ʸIJ˶ƤĶɲμ¶Ͽ꡼ǤVoicy heldio ۿϢưʤ顤̾ιԴ֤Ωˤ©Ƹߤ³Ƥޤ
ī heldio ǿǤϡ64 "Influence of The Benedictine Reform on English" ᤯ȤʤȾʬ (p. 85) ɤϤƤޤ⡤ɤΥ꡼ϡhelwa/heldio ߥ˥ƥ˷礫ʤإᥤȤǤꡤƱ֤Ǥ Taku 󤳤󤵤ʳءˤǤ
ޤǤ˸Ƥ褦ˡ٥ͥǥȲ״˱ѸήƥѸ¿ϡܤ̤Ƴ줿ʪŪؽŪѸǤΥåȤȤʤʸǤϡñ줬θűѸθηϤˤƤɤΤ褦ʰ֤ŤˤäΤʸŪʻѻɤΤ褦ꡦꤹ٤ʤΤȤơޤޤƥΤޤѤƤ괰ƱʤäñΥꥹȤįʤ顤ʸۤɤΤ褦˲᤹٤Ȥʸؤ˸ؤˡ˴ؤˤޤƧ߹ǵƤޤҤդ礤

It would be possible to extend these lists considerably by including words that were taken over in their foreign form and not assimilated. Such words as epactas, corporale, confessores, columba (dove), columne, cathedra, catacumbas, apostata, apocalipsin, acolitus, absolutionem, invitatorium, unguentum, cristalla, cometa, bissexte, bibliothece, basilica, adamans, and prologus show at once by their form their foreign character. Although many of them were later reintroduced into the language, they do not constitute an integral part of the vocabulary at this time. In general, the later borrowings of the Christian period come through books. An occasional word assigned to this later period may have been in use earlier, but there is nothing in the form to indicate it, and in the absence of any instance of its use in the literature before Alfred it is safer to put such borrowings in the latter part of the Old English period.


B&C Ķɥ꡼βΥ󥯽ؤϡ#5291. heldio ΡֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤץ꡼Ĵ˿ʤǤޤ ([2023-10-22-1]) 饢ǤޤҲޤƤİˤʤꡤܽɤ̤ơ˭ʤѸˤ­ƧƤС


Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. ''A History of the English Language''. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.



Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2026-07-06 Mon

#6279. B&C 64 "Influence of The Benedictine Reform on English" (2) --- Taku ȤĶɲ [bchel][oe][benedictine_reform][christianity][lexicology][borrowing][latin][loan_word][link][voicy][heldio][anglo-saxon][history][helmate][helwa]



δϢ ([2026-06-19-1]) ˰³Voicy heldio μϿηȤʤ顤Ѹˤ̾Baugh and Cable Υƥȡ6ǡˤhelwa λֹ⤭֤ȤȤŰŪɤƤεϿϤޤǮդɽβ򤽤ΤޤޤϤ heldio ۿ꡼ϡʥꥹʡγα˻٤ơäȤǤϤޤĴ˿ʤǤޤ
īۿ heldio ǿǤϡ³64ɤʤƤޤΥ֥Ϥβۿȥ󥯤ƤȤʤޤ⡤helwa/heldio Υߥ˥ƥǮ夲ƤäƤإᥤȤǤꡤꥹʡ Taku 󤳤󤵤ʳءˤˡɤ꡼ɤƤޤ
heldio ۿ#1846. ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (64-1) with Taku --- helwa 齻ղǤϡ٥ͥǥȲפ⤿餷طΥƥѸ˾ƤޤϤˤγ¦˹ʪŪؽŪʸäؤޤűѸμѸȤСꥹȶȼŪŪʥƥѸ줬۵ޤ٥ͥǥȲ״˥ƥ줫ήäϤȤϰ褷ƤޤƳؽŪѸ줬ΩĤ褦ˤʤΤǤɤΥåȤȤʤäʸʲ˷Ǥޤ (p. 85) ʪ̾Ѹ졤ưʪ̾Τʤɡμ餬ܤ̤Ƴäο̣襤ޤ

But we miss the group of words relating to everyday life characteristic of the earlier period. Literary and learned words predominate. Of the former kind are accent, brief (the verb), decline (as a term of grammar), history, paper, pumice, quatern (a quire or gathering of leaves in a book), and term(inus), title. A great number of plant names are recorded in this period. Many of them are familiar only to readers of old herbals. Some of the better known include celandine, centaury, coriander, cucumber, ginger, hellebore, lovage, periwinkle, petersili (parsley), and verbena.9 A few names of trees might be added, such as cedar, cypress, fig, laurel, and magdala (almond).10 Medical terms, like cancer, circulādl (shingles), paralysis, scrofula, plaster, and words relating to the animal kingdom, like aspide (viper), camel, lamprey, scorpion, and tiger, belong apparently to the same category of learned and literary borrowings.

9 A number of interesting words of this class have not survived in modern usage, such as aprotane (wormwood), armelu (wild rue), caric (dry fig), elehtre (lupin), mānrūfie (horehound), nepte (catnip), pollegie (pennyroyal), and hymele (hop-plant).
10 Most of these words were apparently bookish at this time and had to be reintroduced later from French.


B&C Ķɥ꡼β­פˤĤƤϡ٤ƥ夵ƤꡤĤǤХåʥС˥ǽǤƲؤΥʥӥϡ#5291. heldio ΡֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤץ꡼Ĵ˿ʤǤޤ ([2023-10-22-1]) Ķɥ꡼̤Ū񿴤򤯤줿ϡܽ򤪼긵ˤѰդξ塤βƻ٤θ̣äƤйǤˡ֤İǤʤʬ̤䥪饤θӹǥꥢ륿˵ؤ˲äꤿפȤǮ̤򤪻ϡ Voicy ΥץߥꥹʡۿͥǤֱѸˤ (helwa)ؤΤä򤴸Ƥ800ߡ̵Υ֥Ǥ


Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. ''A History of the English Language''. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.



Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2026-06-19 Fri

#6262. B&C 64 "Influence of The Benedictine Reform on English" (1) --- Taku ȤĶɲ [bchel][oe][benedictine_reform][christianity][lexicology][borrowing][latin][loan_word][link][voicy][heldio][anglo-saxon][history][helmate]



˰³Ѹˤ̾Baugh and Cable Υƥȡ6ǡˤhelwa λֹ⤭֤ŰŪ祤ȤƤĶɲפεϿǤǮդ븽β򤽤ΤޤޤϤ Voicy heldio ۿ꡼⡤ޤ©Ĺ³Ƥޤ
īۿ heldio ǿǤϡƬɤϤƤޤ#1846. ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (64-1) with Taku --- helwa 齻ղ ǤΥ֥Ϥκǿ̩ܤ˥󥯤¶ѤȤʤޤ
⡤helwa/heldio Υߥ˥ƥǮ夲ƤäƤץإᥤȤǤꡤꥹʡ Taku 󤳤https://www.ntu.ac.jp/research/kyoin/kodomo/gakoukyouiku/kaneta_t.html">󤵤ʳءˤˡͤȤɤ꡼ɤƤޤ
ơ󤫤Ϥ褤 "Influence of The Benedictine Reform on English" ꤵ줿ޤޤɤäƤ֥٥ͥǥȲספȤŪ꤬ͤºݤαѸθäˤɤΤ褦Ѳ⤿餷ΤŪʼѸ (loan_word) ΥꥹȤȤȤ˸ڤƤȤˤʤޤɤΥåȤȤʤäʸʲ˷ǤޤBaugh and Cable, pp. 84--85ˡ64Ƭ顤褽30ʬ򤫤Ʒ6ʸκ˶Ƥޤ

The influence of Latin upon the English language rose and fell with the fortunes of the church and the state of learning so intimately connected with it. As a result of the renewed literary activity just described, a new series of Latin importations took place. These differed somewhat from the earlier Christian borrowings in being words of a less popular kind and expressing more often ideas of a scientific and learned character. They are especially frequent in the works of Ælfric and reflect not only the theological and pedagogical nature of his writings but also his classical tastes and attainments. His literary activity and his vocabulary are equally representative of the movement. As in the earlier Christian borrowings, a considerable number of words have to do with religious matters: alb, Antichrist, antiphoner, apostle, canticle, cantor, cell, chrism, cloister, collect, creed, dalmatic, demon, dirge, font, idol, nocturn, prime, prophet, sabbath, synagogue, troper.


B&C Ķɥ꡼β­פˤĤƤϡ٤ƥ夵ƤꡤĤǤХåʥС˥ǽǤƲؤΥʥӥϡ#5291. heldio ΡֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤץ꡼Ĵ˿ʤǤޤ ([2023-10-22-1]) ϥ֤ȤƤѤѸˤΥޥŪ񿴤򤯤줿ϡܽ򤪼긵ˤѰդξ塤βƻ٤˿ɽθ̣äƤйǤˡ֤İǤʤʬ̤䥪饤θӹǥꥢ륿˵ؤ˲äꤿפȤǮ̤򤪻ϡ Voicy ΥץߥꥹʡۿͥǤֱѸˤ (helwa)ؤΤä򤴸ƤŪʤפȤ˳ڤ֤򡤤ĤǤ⤪ԤƤޤ


Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. ''A History of the English Language''. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.



Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.

Referrer (Inside): [2026-07-06-1]

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2026-02-21 Sat

#6144. ֺפ򤷤ޤ [word_play][hybrid][word_formation][morphology][lexicology][japanese][twitter][loan_word][borrowing][contact][notice][kochushoho][kenkyusha][kochukoneta30][hel_ogiri]

Ҳ𤷤#6133. ѸΡָä3ع¤פ򤷤ޤ ([2026-02-10-1]) ˰³28ˤ˻ X @chariderryu ˤơ⤷ (hybrid) 󤻤ƤȤݤΤΩƤơƤӤޤ礦ظűѸ졦ѸҿӡΥȥָѸ30Ϣȯ No. 14 ȤֱѸܸݤʻˤƤľΤȤǤ
Ѹ줫Ȥơѡ촴 ʩ goddess ʽˡʩ촴 ѡ beautiful ˡʩ촴 ѡ촴 court house ʺȽģˡˤ󤲤ĤġΤ褦ʺǡ⤷㤬Ѹˤ⡤ƤȤ櫓ܸˤ⤿󤢤Τǡ˽ФƤȹͤǤޤäƤϡ¾夹٤ܸ줫Ǥӹ餵褦ʤ⤷򤿤󤲤Ƥޤ꤬ȤޤʲǤиǷǺܤޤ



ڡʪ硡

졼ڤ
ĥʤѥ
ˤǻ꡼ѥ
Хॱ祳饯꡼
祳ȥ˧ߥ륯ƥʥ֥ܥ
ɥ꡼֥르˥ѥ߾Ƥ

ڡ̾硡

ͥѥޥ󤳤ɤߥ塼
ͥͥ륮ɳ־

ڡ¾̾


ԥF.C.
åǼê
ɥۥ󥯥
ޡ
ѡͥ륮
ɤ٥åѥ
륹ĥ꥾ȥɥեȷ
ȿؽեդɽɥʵɾҡ
饤͡ץˡΡꥳռ

ڡѸ硧ִ͡סʥꥷȥƥκˡ

pseudo-science
finalize
television
sociology

ڡ˻äǤʤäǰʸ졡

Хö




פäϺˤդƤޤ͡󤻤ä󡤤꤬Ȥޤ
ܵƱݤǡ217 heldio ˤ#1724. Ѹֺ --- 󤫤ηȯɽϤޤҤ⤪İС



Բ ϲ ͭظűѸ졦Ѹҿӡ١ҡ2026ǯ

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2026-02-16 Mon

#6139. 2025ǯ٤ī륷꡼ֺ¤10very --- ʪפ纮ζոءפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ [asacul][mindmap][notice][intensifier][adverb][semantic_change][lexicology][onomasiology][kdee][hee][etymology][french][loan_word][borrowing][hel_education][helkatsu][conversion][synonym]

131ڡˤˡǯ٤ī㡼󥿡Υ꡼ֺ˾äȤԻ׵Ĥʱñ10󤬡ߴ1ȤƳ֤ޤơޤϡvery --- ʪפ纮ζոءפǤ
very ȤСǤŪ̵ɸʶո (intensifier) ǧƤȻפޤޤܶñʤΤǿͤȤʤ⤷ޤ󤬡ѸŪˤ͡ʴǤ롤οԤʤùܤǤֵǤϡvery εȯŸ򤿤ɤꡤ¾ӤոȤðۤޤǻ̩90ʬȤʤäȻפޤ
īֺ10Ƥ markmap ˤޥɥޥåײޤѤˤȤС


asacul_most_attractive_words_in_hel_10_20260131_mindmap.png



ʤīֺ¤Υ꡼1󤫤9ˤĤƤޥɥޥåפƤΤǡ⤴Ȥ

#5857. 2025ǯ٤ī륷꡼ֺ¤1she --- 츻䤨ʤ̾פޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-05-10-1])
#5887. 2025ǯ٤ī륷꡼ֺ¤2through --- ޤ¿ֻͤĸפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-06-09-1])
#5915. 2025ǯ٤ī륷꡼ֺ¤3autumn --- ³ƤפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-07-07-1])
#5949. 2025ǯ٤ī륷꡼ֺ¤4but --- Ĥ¿³פޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-08-10-1])
#5977. 2025ǯ٤ī륷꡼ֺ¤5guy --- ̾饫եʰ̣Ѳ뤲פޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-09-07-1])
#6013. 2025ǯ٤ī륷꡼ֺ¤6English --- ƤñɤޤǤ⿼ꤹפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-10-01-1])
#6041. 2025ǯ٤ī륷꡼ֺ¤7I --- 1;ñ̾ᤰʪפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-11-10-1])
#6076. 2025ǯ٤ī륷꡼ֺ¤8take --- 󥰤⤿餷ĶܸפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-12-15-1])
#6076. 2025ǯ٤ī륷꡼ֺ¤8take --- 󥰤⤿餷ĶܸפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-12-15-1])
#6098. 2025ǯ٤ī륷꡼ֺ¤9one --- ñʤ͡ˡعäפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2026-01-06-1])

11228ڡˤǡϡthat --- ؼ줫¿ǽؤפȤʤޤַϰ³饤Τߤǡֻ֤ 15:30--17:00 ǤؿΤϡī㡼󥿡ɶθHPܺ٤򤴳ǧξ塤ߤйǤ

Referrer (Inside): [2026-04-13-1] [2026-03-16-1]

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2026-01-24 Sat

#6116. 131ڡˡīֺ¤ߴ1very --- ʪפ纮ζոءפ֤ޤ [asacul][notice][intensifier][adverb][semantic_change][lexicology][onomasiology][kdee][hee][etymology][french][loan_word][borrowing][hel_education][helkatsu][conversion][synonym]


asacul_20260131.png



ǯ٤Ϸ1ī㡼󥿡ɶDZѸ˹ֺ¤򳫤Ƥޤ꡼ȥϡ˾äȤԻ׵ĤʱñפǤѸŪ˸ߤȴߤΤñ1ӡ⤭ơرѸ츻ŵʸҡˤرѸ츻ϥɥ֥åʸҡεҤ򻲾Ȥʤ顤αñˡҤƤϱѸΤˤޤ
1ָ塤131ڡˤιֺ¤ߴνȤʤޤ夲ΤϡѸؽԤˤȤäơʤ¿αѸüԤˤȤäƤ˺Ǥ߿1ĤǤʤ顤˶ä٤򱣤äƤ very Ǥ
䤿ʡʤ֤ȤƤ⡤ˡפȤ̣ very ȤäƤޤǽ˶ᤤ̤դ줿ñǤѸˤδ餳θįȡˤϡֶĴפȤʹֿˤĤޤȤ㤷¸ˤƤޤʲvery ᤰäƼ夲򤤤Ĥ󤲤Ƥߤޤ

ٸ very ϡ¤ϱѸǤϤʤե󥹸줫μѸǤʤΤ褦ʴŪñ줬Ѥ˻äΤǤ礦
ե󥹸ǤϤȤȡֿ¤Ρפ̣ƻ (cf. Fr. vrai) ǤꡤѸäƤƻȤѤƤޤthe very man ֤ޤˤˡפʤɤˡˤκפĤäƤޤ줬ʤ뤭äǶդȤʤꡤ⤳ޤǹ٤ˤʤäΤǤ礦
ոˤϡֶˡ§פȤ̣ν̿ޤĴɽϻȤ줹ȼ깤ĤĴٹ礤긺äƤޤΤǤ
Ѹˤ̤ơӤո줬ƤϾäƤޤűѸѸǻȤƤɽŪʶոƤߤޤ
¿ζո줬ä椯ʤ뤤岽ˤʤǡʤ very Ĥꡤ˸ѸˤƤۤɤΰ괶򼨤ƤΤǤ礦礭Ǥ
ŪˡֶĴפȤϲֶոפȤϸˤƤɤΤ褦ʰ֤ŤˤΤˤĤƤͤƤߤȻפޤ

Τ褦ˡvery Ȥ츫ññظˡƻ줫ؤʻẓ̌ɺ򲽡ȤζȤäѸû˾ΤΥå󥹤ͤޤäƤޤΥƥ󥰤ˤ90ʬǤäޤ
ֺ¤ؤλˡϡ⥪饤󻲲äΤߤȤʤޤꥢ륿Ǥμ֤Τۤ2֤θƨۿӥ⤢ޤΤԹΤ褤ˡǤäйǤֻ֤ 15:30--17:00 ȤʤäƤޤֺ¤ȿߤξܺ٤īڡꤴǧ
ʤߴΥ饤ʥåפϰʲ̤Ǥ2026ǯ볫⡤DZѸˤڤؤǤޤ礦

- 10131ڡ 15:30?17:00very --- ʪפ纮ζոء
- 11228ڡ 15:30?17:00that --- ؼ줫¿ǽؤ
- 12328ڡ 15:30?17:00be --- ѸΡ¸ߡפ٤ĶԵ§ư

߷ ˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵٿǡҡ2024ǯ
߷ ͧ ɹ δˡʡ 쵮 ءʹܶϡˡرѸ츻ϥɥ֥å١ҡ2025ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2026-01-20 Tue

#6112. OED 12åץǡȤܸ줫μѸ줬11ɲá [oed][borrowing][loan_word][japanese][lexicology][maltese][notice][tufs][world_englishes][maltese_english][world_englishes]

oed_update_202512.png



OED Online ϡ3˰٥åץǡȤޤǿΥåץǡϺǯ12ΤΤǡեꥫޥ륿ܡڹȤ4Ĥϰ褫μѸ˾ƤƤޤܸ줫μѸ11ޤޤƤޤ
Ѹˤδ顤줾Υ󤷤ĤġȤäȻפޤޤ "From abeg to yassa: New words from West Africa" Ǥʥꥢʡӥ٥ꥢ쥪ͤȤä񡹤μѸ줬Ҳ𤵤Ƥޤ㤨СʤŪʥ Adowa (1928) 䡤ʥꥢѸ bend down (and) select ʸ塤ޤϸԾˤʤɤȥ꡼뤳ȤˤʤäȤΤȤǤľʤȤˤȤäƤϱ󤤸äȤݤޤ󡥤ι񡹤ǤϱѸ줬Ѹ䤽˽ऺȤƵǽƤꡤȼαѸѼ (World Englishes) ˭˰äƤȤ¤򡤺ǧޤ
"From aljotta to pastizz: New words from Malta" Ǥ泤ޥ륿αѸѼMaltese EnglishˤθäǤޥ륿 (Maltese) ϡEU θѸͣ졤 (Semitic) °ʤƥʸɽǤˡεҤޤ

Maltese is the only Semitic language written in the Latin alphabet and is the only Semitic and Afroasiatic language among the official languages of the European Union.


ɲä줿 pastizz ʥꥳåƦäѥˤ aljotta ʵΥסˤʤɤϡꥢ䥷ꥢαƶ⿧ǻȿǤƤꡤ캮ˤ򴶤ޤޥ륿θˤĤƤϡ#2228. ޥ륿αѸ (1) ([2015-06-03-1]) #2229. ޥ륿αѸ (2) ([2015-06-04-1])
ơhellog ȤƺǤܤ٤ϡ "From Ekiden to White Day: New words from Japan" ΥǤ OED ɲä줿ܸͳαñϰʲ11Ǥ

brush pen ɮڥ
Ekiden ʱ
love hotel ʥ֥ۥƥ
mottainai ʤäʤ
Naginata ʤʤʤ
PechaKucha ʥڥ㥯
senbei ߡ
senpai ڡ
Washlet ʥåȡ
White Day ʥۥ磻ȥǡ
yokai Ų

ޤ love hotel ǤܤäʸŪ֤ɽȤơä᤯ OED ˼褫äΤǤϤʤȻפäƤޤơʡˤμϿȤʤޤϢơ#142. Ѹ˼Ѥ줿ܸʬۡ ([2009-09-16-1]) ⤴ɸǤ Washlet ƱͤˡܤΥȥʸξħȤǧΤ줿ڤǤ礦
̣Τ mottainai ʻʬǤܸǤϷƻǤOED Ǥϴʤ̾ˤȤϿƤޤĶʸ̮ǡ֤ʤƤȤäʤפȤʸ̮ǻȤ뤳Ȥ¿ΤȻפޤ
繥ʹ֤ȤƤϡĿŪ senbei ɲäˤꤿȻפޤ "usually . . . served with green tea" ʤƤȤȤ˽ФˤȡܤδʸޤǵҤƤΤʥǤ
PechaKucha ˤĤƤϡϲʹˤ̵ΤǤɤ顤20Υ饤ɤ20äǥץ쥼󤹤ؤǤNaginata Ekiden ɤμѸȸޤsenpai ϥ֥㡼ͳμѸȤ¸ߴ򼨤Ƥ褦ǤΥ˥եδ֤Ǥϡּʬ˵ŤƤۤƴоݡפȤʸ̮ notice me, senpai Τ褦ʥߡǻȤƤޤ̣ѤƤƤޤ͡
Ǹ "From ajumma to sunbae: New words from South Korea" Ǥˤ ajumma ޤܸΡ֤ФפǤѡޥإ䥵ХȤäƥ쥪פħȤȤ˵ҤƤΤˡǤ
ϤѸؤήäήϤȤɤޤ뤳ȤΤޤ󡥼 OED åץǡȤڤߤǤ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2026-01-10 Sat

#6102. űѸȸѸ "false friends" [false_friend][semantic_change][borrowing][loan_word][cognate][oe]

ե󥹸 faux amis ȤΤ졤ܸŪС۵פȤʤ false friends Ȥ¸ߤˤĤƤϡܥ֥Ǥ false_friend γƵǶ夲ƤѸˤѸʸ̮ǤϡƤե󥹸줫μѸȡΥꥸʥΥե󥹸ñȤδ֤ǰ̣ƤڥΤȤؤѸ magazine ʻˤʩ magasin Źˤʤɤ false friends ŵǤcf. #4899. magazine ϡֲˡפä ([2022-09-25-1]
̾ false friends ȤˤϡΤ褦˼ѸˤĤƸΤȻפäƤ뤬Ѹ˸¤餺˰̤˹ƹͤ뤳ȤǤ롥㤨2ĤθˡʼѤˤʤƱ줬ꡤ줾̣ۤʤäƤ륱Ѹ gift £ʪˤȥɥĸ Gift ǡˤʤɤŪˤϡ줫뤤ξθǰ̣Ѳ (semantic_change) äˡ̤ȤƤΤ褦 false friends ޤ뤳Ȥˤʤ
false friends ϰϤ򹭤СűѸñȤθѸˤȯãȤδ֤ǰ̣ۤʤ륱ˤѤǤ"diachronic/historical false friends" ȤǤƤ֤٤ʪʤ Barney ˤűѸä Word-Hoard δˡΰ̣Ǥ false friends Ƥ롥Barney (87) Ǥפ21ڥȤƵ󤲤ƤΤѤƤ

          False Friends

The "Index to the Groups" shows several examples of ModE reflexes of OE words which no longer have the same meaning, and which frequently confuse the beginning student. Here is a list of some which appear in this Word-Hoard. (Note that the pret.-pres. verbs are special offenders.)

cræftiġ normally means not"crafty"BUT"powerful"
cunnan"can" "know (how)"
dōm"doom" "judgement"
drēam"dream" "festivity"
drēoriġ"dreary" "bloody" or "grieving"
eorl"earl" "warrior", "nobleman"
folc"folk" "army"
grimm"grim" "fierce"
magan"may" "can, be able"
mōd"mood" "mind, spirit"
*mōtan"must" "may, be permitted"
rīċe"rich" "powerful"
sār"sore" "grievous"
scēawian"show" "look at, examine"
sculan"shall" "ought to"
sellan"sell" "give"
slēan"slay" "strike"
þynċan"think" "seem"
willan"will" "wish"
winnan"win" "contend"
wiþ"with" "against"


Barney, Stephen A. Word-Hoard: An Introduction to Old English Vocabulary. New Haven: Yale UP, 1977.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2026-01-08 Thu

#6100. ƥե󥹸̿ͳ褹ñ [latin][french][borrowing][loan_word][imperative]

Ѹäˤϥƥե󥹸줫μѸ줬¿ޤޤƤ뤬ư̿ΤޤޱѸäƤȤѤ郎Ĥ¸ߤ롥
褯ΤƤΤϡtennis ե󥹸ǡּäơפ̣ tenez tenetz ʤɤθѸ˼Ѥ줿ΤǤ롥嵻ǤγݤΤޤޥ̾ˤʤäƤ롥
ʲŤϰǤĤҲ𤷤

recipe Ĵˡ䵡: ƥǡּסѤפۤɤ̣ư̿ͳ褹롥14ʹߤαѸǡν䵤Ƭ Recipe Ƚ񤫤褦ˤʤäȤ顥ˤĤƤϡmond βǾҲ𤷤Ƥ롥
permit ʵġʾڡˡˡرѸ츻ŵ٤ˤС̾ˡư̿ǡǧκǽθͳ褹 (cf. F Iaissez-passer a permit) פȤΤȡ
ave ʥ٥ޥꥢεꡨޡ̤ΰˡƥΡָǤפ̣ avēre ̿ avē ͳ褹Ȥ롥
occupy ͭ: رѸ츻ŵ٤ˤСָ -y (ME -ie(n)) 츻ŪμưȤƤϡbandy (<- F bander, levy (<- lever), parry (<- parer) ʤɤ뤬ϲʬޤ̿μѤȹͤƤפȤ롥OED Ϥθ񤷤ȤƤ롥

ѸǤϤʤθǤϤ뤬riddlemeree ʤʤäˤ Riddle me a riddle! ʻΤ򤤤ƤˤȤ̿ʸͳ褹ȤΤä Addison (1719) ˽С
Τ褦ñϰճ¿¸ߤΤ⤷ʤ褤Ϥ

ʰʲ嵭2026/01/09(Fri)
ܵ塤ɼԤ X ̤memento, facsimile, Audi λ򶵤Ƥޤ꤬Ȥޤ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2025-12-15 Mon

#6076. 2025ǯ٤ī륷꡼ֺ¤8take --- 󥰤⤿餷ĶܸפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ [asacul][mindmap][notice][etymology][old_norse][loan_word][borrowing][link][hel_education]

1129ڡˤˡǯ٤ī㡼󥿡Υ꡼ֺ˾äȤԻ׵Ĥʱñ8󤬡2ȤƳ֤ޤơޤϡtake --- 󥰤⤿餷ĶܸפǤ
ѸؽνʳǽвĶܸǤʤ顤ޤ¿ǻȤʤΤ񤷤ư takeīֺ¤Ǥϡñܤζä٤ˤҲ𤷤ޤѸǤϤʤťΥɸ줫μѸǤȤ¤ǤäǤűѸǡּפ̣ niman ˤ֤ƤäΤޤβŪĤñˤĤƤ⤿äפޤ
ιֺ¤ˡtake ᤰ꤬͡ hellog/heldio Ǽ夲ޤΤǡƤޤ



hellog #6053. 1129ڡˡīֺ¤ν2take --- 󥰤⤿餷Ķܸפ֤ޤ ([2025-11-22-1])
hellog #6059. take --- ťΥɸͳ big word εȯã ([2025-11-28-1])
hellog #6062. Take an umbrella with you. with you ϤʤɬפʤΤ --- mond ȿ ([2025-12-01-1])
hellog #6065. Take an umbrella with you. with you ˸ִطǽ ([2025-12-04-1])
hellog #6066take ¿ ([2025-12-05-1])

heldio #1640. 1129īֺ¤ take --- 󥰤⤿餷Ķܸ (2025/11/25)
heldio #1648. Take an umbrella with you. wity you äƤʤɬפʤǤ --- Ѥʵ (2025/12/03)
heldio #1651. numb nimble --- take ˶व줿 niman βŪĤ (2025/12/06)
heldio #1652. Take an umbrella with you. with you פؤȿ򤴾Ҳ (2025/12/07)
heldio #1653. Take an umbrella with you. with you Τ⤦1Ĥ (2025/12/08)

mond Take an umbrella with you. with you äƲɬפʤǤ]]




ơīֺ8Ƥ markmap ˤޥɥޥåײޤʲ򥯥åƳˡѤˤȤС


asacul_most_attractive_words_in_hel_08_20251129_mindmap.png



ʤīֺ¤Υ꡼1󤫤7ˤĤƤޥɥޥåפƤޤ

#5857. 2025ǯ٤ī륷꡼ֺ¤1she --- 츻䤨ʤ̾פޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-05-10-1])
#5887. 2025ǯ٤ī륷꡼ֺ¤2through --- ޤ¿ֻͤĸפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-06-09-1])
#5915. 2025ǯ٤ī륷꡼ֺ¤3autumn --- ³ƤפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-07-07-1])
#5949. 2025ǯ٤ī륷꡼ֺ¤4but --- Ĥ¿³פޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-08-10-1])
#5977. 2025ǯ٤ī륷꡼ֺ¤5guy --- ̾饫եʰ̣Ѳ뤲פޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-09-07-1])
#6013. 2025ǯ٤ī륷꡼ֺ¤6English --- ƤñɤޤǤ⿼ꤹפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-10-01-1])
#6041. 2025ǯ٤ī륷꡼ֺ¤7I --- 1;ñ̾ᤰʪפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-11-10-1])

꡼μ9ϡ1220ڡˤˡone --- ñʤ͡ˡعäפꤷƳ֤ޤַϰ³饤Τߤǡֻ֤ 15:30--17:00 ǤؿΤϡī㡼󥿡ɶθHPܺ٤򤴳ǧξ塤ߤйǤ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2025-12-12 Fri

#6073. B&C 62 "The Earlier Influence of Christianity on the Vocabulary" (5) --- Taku ȤĶɲ [bchel][latin][borrowing][loan_word][christianity][link][voicy][heldio][anglo-saxon][history][helmate][oe]



ī Voicy heldio ˤ#1657. ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (62-5) with Taku --- 饤ĶɲϤޤܥ֥Ǥ3ˤ⤷#6070. B&C 62 "The Earlier Influence of Christianity on the Vocabulary" (4) --- Taku ȤĶɲ ([2025-12-09-1]) ³ԤȤʤޤ
³إᥤȤ Taku 󤳤󤵤ʳءˤοʹԤΤȡB&C 62κǸ3ʸ򤸤äɤƤޤŪñ줬¿󤵤ƤսʤΤǡرѸ츻ŵ٤ʤɤʤɤٶˤʤϤǤ
ǤϡоݤαʸǺܤޤ礦Baugh and Cable, p. 82)

Finally, we may mention a number of words too miscellaneous to admit of profitable classification, like anchor, coulter, fan (for winnowing), fever, place (cf. market-place), spelter (asphalt), sponge, elephant, phoenix, mancus (a coin), and some more or less learned or literary words, such as calend, circle, legion, giant, consul, and talent. The words cited in these examples are mostly nouns, but Old English borrowed also a number of verbs and adjectives such as āspendan (to spend; L. expendere), bemūtian (to exchange; L. mūtāre), dihtan (to compose; L. dictāre), pīnian (to torture; L. poena), pīnsian (to weigh; L. pēnsāre), pyngan (to prick; L. pungere), sealtian (to dance; L. saltāre), temprian (to temper; L. temperāre), trifolian (to grind; L. trībulāre), tyrnan (to turn; L. tornāre), and crisp (L. crispus, 'curly'). But enough has been said to indicate the extent and variety of the borrowings from Latin in the early days of Christianity in England and to show how quickly the language reflected the broadened horizon that the English people owed to the church.


B&CɽβˤĤƤϡ#5291. heldio ΡֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤץ꡼Ĵ˿ʤǤޤ ([2023-10-22-1]) B&C ΤǤߤСޤޤĶɥ꡼פȤäƤ褤Ǥäڡ³ƤĤǤҳܽꤷĶɤˤդ礤


Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. ''A History of the English Language''. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.



Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.

Referrer (Inside): [2025-12-13-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2025-12-09 Tue

#6070. B&C 62 "The Earlier Influence of Christianity on the Vocabulary" (4) --- Taku ȤĶɲ [bchel][latin][borrowing][loan_word][christianity][link][voicy][heldio][anglo-saxon][history][helmate][oe]



Voicy heldio ˤ#1654. ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (62-4) with Taku --- 饤ĶɲϤޤ127ˤθ˥饤dzŤĶɲͻҤϿΤΰǤ
˰³إᥤȤ Taku 󤳤󤵤ʳءˤ˿ʹ̳Ƥ˥إᥤȿ̾ˤ⤪Ω񤤤ޤޤǡī˭ǽ¤֤ᤴȤǤޤ꤬ȤޤĶɲԤ1Ⱦۤɡθο֤Ǥ1ĶȤĹǤ heldio/helwa ʣʬۿƤͽǤ
ơīۿǥСƤΤϡB&C 62θȾλϤޤȤʤ "But the church . . ." 4ʸǤʲˡоݤαʸǺܤޤBaugh and Cable, p. 82)

But the church also exercised a profound influence on the domestic life of the people. This is seen in the adoption of many words, such as the names of articles of clothing and household use: cap, sock, silk, purple, chest, mat, sack;6 words denoting foods, such as beet, caul (cabbage), lentil (OE lent), millet (OE mil), pear, radish, doe, oyster (OE ostre), lobster, mussel, to which we may add the noun cook;7 names of trees, plants, and herbs (often cultivated for their medicinal properties), such as box, pine,8 aloes, balsam , fennel, hyssop, lily, mallow, marshmallow, myrrh, rue, savory (OE sæperige), and the general word plant. A certain number of words having to do with education and learning reflect another aspect of the church's influence. Such are school, master, Latin (possibly an earlier borrowing), grammatic(al), verse, meter, gloss, and notary (a scribe).


6 Other words of this sort, which have not survived in Modern English, are cemes (shirt), swiftlere (slipper), sūtere (shoemaker), byden (tub, bushel), bytt (leather bottle), cēac (jug), læfel (cup), orc (pitcher), and strǣl (blanket, rug).
7 Cf. also OE cīepe (onion, ll. cēpa), nǣp (turnip; L. nāpus), and sigle (rye, V.L. sigale).
8 Also sæppe (spruce-fir) and mōrbēam (mulberry tree).


B&CɽβˤĤƤϡ#5291. heldio ΡֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤץ꡼Ĵ˿ʤǤޤ ([2023-10-22-1]) äڡǤ³ƤޤܽꤷĶɤˤդ礤С


Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. ''A History of the English Language''. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.



Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.

Referrer (Inside): [2025-12-13-1] [2025-12-12-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2025-11-28 Fri

#6059. take --- ťΥɸͳ big word εȯã [etymology][loan_word][lexicology][grammaticalisation][phrasal_verb][asacul][polysemy][collocation][particle][idiom][old_norse][french][contact][borrowing]

29ڡˤī㡼󥿡ɶǤιֺ¤Ǥϡtake Ȥñܤζä٤ȯã򤿤ɤͽǤ롥ñϡѸäΤʤǤǤ¿ŪñΤҤȤĤǤ롥ΰ̣ιȡťΥɸ줫μѸǤȤ¤ˡƶäʤ
OED 2ǡʺΡˤĴ٤ȡư take ιܤ17 pp. 557--72 롥 OED ξʸޤǡ47ۤɤʬ̤Ǥ롥ܸǤϰ̤ˡּפ뤳Ȥ¿ΡּפȤưǰޤˤŪŪǤ뤬椨ˡ̵ΰ̣ŪȯŸ䶦ɽƤޤˡѸäΤʤǤͭ "big word"ȸäƺ٤ʤ
¿Ūưˤ򤿤ɤȡޤˤΤѶŪʹưȤƤΡּפȤ̣ϤŪȤơ򤹤פȤäŪʴޤߤĸơΤּפȤϡּʬΤΤˤפȡʤֽͭפȤ̣ŸƤ롥ˡΤͤŪˤȤäơ֤äƤסïϢƹԤפؤȯŸ롥
ΡѶŪ˼ˤפȤƤȡष̣ȿФؤȸʤּסְפȤäŪöŪʰ̣ޤƤΤ
˶̣Τϡ̣ʸˡ (grammaticalisation) ؤȿʤॱǤ롥㤨Сtake a walk take a bath Τ褦ˡñưԤȤ򼨤 do ˶ᤤưŪӤӻϤΤǤϡּפּפȤäŪʰ̣ϤϤ䴶줺ʸˡŪʵǽ̤ƻȤѤƤˤʤθݤϡưθỤ̄Ƥ򼨤Ƥ롥
ޤtake θŪͤƤΤϡư (phrasal_verb) ߽ФΤȤƤǤ롥take away, take in, take off, take out ʤɡ˾ (particle) ȼȤǡ¤ʤɽ߽ФƤ롥1ĤҤȤĤΩ̣ĤᡤѸؽԤˤȤäƤʰŵܤȤʤ뤬˭ѸȤɽϤ٤Ƥ롥
äơtake effect, take place, take part in Τ褦̾ȷӤĤƥǥ (idiom) ˡ⡤ѸǤ¿¸ߤ롥طʤˤϡѸ˥ե󥹸бư prendre Ȥñ줬ɤΤ褦ŪȤΤȤʸˡŪŪʾ򡤱Ѹ줬ѶŪ˻ȤƤˤؤäƤȹͤƤ롥
¿ŪǡۤɤޤǤ˱ѸθηϤ˿ߡˤʤƤư take ¤ϱѸǤϤʤȤǤä٤¤űѸΡּפ̣ư niman Ȥ¸ߤˤ⤫餺űѸʹߤ take ťΥɸ줫ѤƤΤǤ롥ʤťΥɸ줫μѸ줬ŪưषѸΤʤǺǤ¿ŪǶϤ "big word" ϰ̤˻äΤ
θݤϡñ˸äμˤȤɤޤ餺ܿΥᥫ˥ʣԻ׵Ĥ䤿˶Ƥ롥ˤĤơīֺ¤ǹͻƤ

Referrer (Inside): [2026-01-01-1] [2025-12-15-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2025-11-22 Sat

#6053. 1129ڡˡīֺ¤ν2take --- 󥰤⤿餷Ķܸפ֤ޤ [asacul][notice][verb][old_norse][kdee][hee][etymology][lexicology][synonym][hel_education][helkatsu][loan_word][borrowing][contact]


asacul_20251025.png



ǯ٤Ϸ1ī㡼󥿡ɶDZѸ˹ֺ˾äȤԻ׵Ĥʱñץ꡼򳫹֤Ƥޤν2ʺǯ̻8ˤ1ָ1129ڡˤäƤޤ夲ΤϡѸΤʤǤǤŪư1 take Ǥ
take ϡ̣ˡ顤ѸüԤˤȤäƤŪʸȤʤäƤޤñϸűѸ줫ȤƤ (native word) ǤϤʤ¤ϡ8ȾФ11ˤƥ֥ƥά꽻󥰤⤿餷ťΥɸ (old_norse) ͳΡּѸ (loan_word) ʤΤǤ
ťΥɸ줬Ѹˤˤ⤿餷ƶϷפΤ줺伫ȡťΥɸϱѸܿ˾äȤפʸ1ĤȹͤƤޤcf. #4820. ťΥɸϱѸ˾äȤפʸ ([2022-07-08-1])ˡιֺ¤Ǥ take ȤơťΥɸ줬ѸθηϤͿ׷ޤ
ʲֺ¤Ƿ겼ƤȻפäƤ򡤤ĤҲ𤷤ޤ

ťΥɸθŪƶ礭ťΥɸ줫μѸϡƥե󥹸˵ڤФʤΤΡegg, leg, sky Τ褦˷礫ʤФǤcf. #2625. ťΥɸ줫μѸ ([2016-07-04-1]take ϤΤʤǤȥåץ饹δܸȤޤ
Ѹ take niman ζ硧ťΥɸͳ take ήűѸǤ niman ּפ̣Ǥ̤θȤѤƤޤ2ζθ塤Ūˤ take ޤʤѸ줬षΤǤ礦
ťΥɸͳ¾Ķư졧take Τۤˤ⡤getgivewant ȤäѸιʤʤʤư줬ťΥɸ˥롼Ĥޤ
֡ die 桧ǤƱˡ֡Ū¦̤ die ťΥɸͳδŪưǤűѸΡֻ̡פɽư steorfan Ѹ starve ʵˤؤỌ̇̄򶹤ƤޤäаޤϡܿỌ̇̄ѲιȤʤޤ
she they ˸ťΥɸͳ褫ťΥɸαƶϡ;̾ she they Τ褦ʵǽˤޤǵڤǤȤޤ2ˤĤƤϤۤθ츻⤢ꡤߥƥꥢǤ
ťΥɸѸȸűѸθʬŪʰ㤤Τǡ̤Ǥ礬ޤ

ֲŪˤñˤʤtake Ȥñظˤϡ󥰤ˤܿΥʥߥबǤޤѸˤ̣򤿤äפ̣襤ޤ礦
ֺ¤ؤλˡϡƱͤ˥饤󻲲äΤߤȤʤäƤޤꥢ륿ǤΤäΤۤ2֤θƨۿӥ⤢ޤΤǡԹΤ褤ˡǤֻ֤֤ 15:30--17:00 Ǥֺ¤ȿߤξܺ٤īڡꤴǧ
ʤ1220ڡˤǡѸŪ˼¤˱ñ one 夲ͽǤ

ʰʲ嵭2025/11/25(Tue))
ֺܹ¤ͽˤĤƤ heldio ˤ֡#1640. 1129īֺ¤ take --- 󥰤⤿餷ĶܸסȤƤäƤޤҤ⤪İ



߷ ˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵٿǡҡ2024ǯ
߷ ͧ ɹ δˡʡ 쵮 ءʹܶϡˡرѸ츻ϥɥ֥å١ҡ2025ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2025-12-15-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2025-11-08 Sat

#6039. New Zealand English ˤޥѸȯᤰҲ [sociolinguistics][new_zealand_english][maori][borrowing][loan_word][pronunciation][orthography][language_planning][writing][standardisation]

NZE ˤϡޥ줫μѸ줬¿äƤ롥̾̾ʤɤθͭ̾Ϥ󡤰̸¿ήƤ롥Ѹʸ̮ǥޥѸɤΤ褦ȯ뤫ȤˤĤơBauer (398--99) ̣򼨤Ƥ롥

The proper pronunciation of Maori is currently a controversial issue in New Zealand, and it is a subject on which feelings run high. The issue is at heart a political rather than a linguistic one, since it is clear linguistically that there is no good reason to expect native-like Maori pronunciation in words which are being used in English. None the less, it has the linguistic consequence that there is a good deal of variation in the way in which Maori loanwords are pronounced in English, with variants close to native Maori norms at the formal end of the spectrum, and much more Anglicised versions --- sometimes irregularly Anglicised versions --- at the other. To give some idea of the variation this can lead to, I present below a few place-names with a Maori pronunciation and one extreme English pronunciation. Variants are heard anywhere on the continuum between these two extremes.


ʸϤθ˶㤬Ĥ󤲤Ƥ뤬ȤХޥǥ˥塼ɤɽ魯 Aotearoa Ĺ򤤱ϡˤϡޥȯǤ /aːɔtɛːaɾɔa/ ȤʤꡤȯѸüԤ⤤С鴰˱Ѹ첽 /eɪətiəˈɹəʊə/ ȤȯԤ⤤롥ޤ2ĤξˤȤơŪȯ¿ȤΤ顤ɤη㤷롥
ɤطʤˤϡѸȥޥβηϤκۡޥΥƥ饷ǥ󥹤ؤθޥؤΩ֤פ졤ײ衦Ωʤɡ͡ʸŪƤʤ󤺤ҲŪװѤƤΤȯ1ĤȤäƤ⡤üԤ٤Ω줬ǻȿǤƤǽȤȤ
ʤޥ޻ɽݤֻϡ1830ǯȾ1840ǯޤǤˤɸಽƤȤ (Bauer 398) ճᤫäΤʡȤݤ

Bauer L. "English in New Zealand." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 5. Ed. Burchfield R. Cambridge: CUP, 1994. 382--429.

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2025-09-19 Fri

#5989. B&C 62 "The Earlier Influence of Christianity on the Vocabulary" (3) --- Taku ȤĶɲ [bchel][latin][borrowing][christianity][link][voicy][heldio][anglo-saxon][history][helmate][oe][hellive2025][loan_word]



Voicy heldio ǤϤ#1548. ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (62-2) The Earlier Influence of Christianity on the Vocabulary³Ԥ򡤺īۿޤ#1573. ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (62-3) with Taku --- ֱѸ˥饤2025פǤϵ913ڡˤֱѸ˥饤2025ˤơī7᤮ۿǤϤΤǤ
ĶɲƱͤˡإᥤȤ Taku 󤳤󤵤ʳءˤ˻ʲ̳ƤޤˤϡΤۤ̾ΥإᥤȤ⥮꡼ȤƻäƤꡤīǮɲȤʤäƤޤ40ʬۤɤλ֤򤫤ơ18ʸۤɤɤ߿ʤޤ2ͤɤˤǮۤ߼ĤġҤդ礤С
ʲˡоݤαʸǺܤޤBaugh and Cable, pp. 81--82)

It is obvious that the most typical as well as the most numerous class of words introduced by the new religion would have to do with that religion and the details of its external organization. Words are generally taken over by one language from another in answer to a definite need. They are adopted because they express ideas that are new or because they are so intimately associated with an object or a concept that acceptance of the thing involves acceptance also of the word. A few words relating to Christianity such as church and bishop were, as we have seen, borrowed earlier. The Anglo-Saxons had doubtless plundered churches and come in contact with bishops before they came to England. But the great majority of words in Old English having to do with the church and its services, its physical fabric and its ministers, when not of native origin were borrowed at this time. Because most of these words have survived in only slightly altered form in Modern English, the examples may be given in their modern form. The list includes abbot, alms, altar, angel, anthem, Arian, ark, candle, canon, chalice, cleric, cowl, deacon, disciple, epistle, hymn, litany, manna, martyr, mass, minster, noon, nun, offer, organ, pall, palm, pope, priest, provost, psalm, psalter, relic, rule, shrift, shrive, shrive, stole, subdeacon, synod, temple, and tunic. Some of these were reintroduced later.


B&CɽβˤĤƤϡ#5291. heldio ΡֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤץ꡼Ĵ˿ʤǤޤ ([2023-10-22-1]) äڡǤ³ƤޤܽꤷĶɤˤդ礤С


Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. ''A History of the English Language''. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.



Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.

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2025-08-25 Mon

#5964. B&C 62 "The Earlier Influence of Christianity on the Vocabulary" (2) --- Taku ȤĶɲ [bchel][latin][borrowing][christianity][link][voicy][heldio][anglo-saxon][history][helmate][oe]



Voicy heldio ǤϤ#1546. ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (62-1) The Earlier Influence of Christianity on the Vocabulary³Ԥ򡤺īΥۿޤ
Ʊ621θȾʬBut ǻϤޤʬޤǤ򡤥إᥤȤ Taku 󤳤󤵤ʳءˤĶɤƤޤ21ʬۤɤλ֤򤫤ơä10Ⱦۤɤ߿ʤޤ2ͤΤ٤ꡤߡɤˤǮۤ߼äƤйǤ
оݤαʸ夲սޤƷǺܤޤBaugh and Cable, p. 81) Ķɤˤդ礤

62. The Earlier Influence of Christianity on the Vocabulary.
From the introduction of Christianity in 597 to the close of the Old English period is a stretch of more than 500 years. During all this time Latin words must have been making their way gradually into the English language. It is likely that the first wave of religious feeling that resulted from the missionary zeal of the seventh century, and that is reflected in intense activity in church building and the establishing of monasteries during this century, was responsible also for the rapid importation of Latin words into the vocabulary. The many new conceptions that followed in the train of the new religion would naturally demand expression and would at times find the resources of the language inadequate. But it would be a mistake to think that the enrichment of the vocabulary that now took place occurred overnight. Some words came in almost immediately, others only at the end of this period. In fact, it is fairly easy to divide the Latin borrowings of the Second Period into two groups, more or less equal in size but quite different in character. The one group represents words whose phonetic form shows that they were borrowed early and whose early adoption is attested also by the fact that they had found their way into literature by the time of Alfred. The other contains words of a more learned character first recorded in the tenth and eleventh centuries and owing their introduction clearly to the religious revival that accompanied the Benedictine Reform. It will be well to consider them separately.


B&CɽβˤĤƤϡ#5291. heldio ΡֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤץ꡼Ĵ˿ʤǤޤ ([2023-10-22-1]) äڡǤ³ƤޤܽꤷĶɤˤդ礤С


Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. ''A History of the English Language''. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.


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2025-08-23 Sat

#5962. B&C 62 "The Earlier Influence of Christianity on the Vocabulary" (1) --- Taku ȤĶɲ [bchel][latin][borrowing][christianity][link][voicy][heldio][anglo-saxon][history][helmate][oe]



ī Voicy heldio #1546. ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (62-1) The Earlier Influence of Christianity on the VocabularyۿޤإᥤȤ Taku 󤳤󤵤ʳءˤȤȤˡפ֤ Baugh and Cable Ķɲ򳫤ޤ1֤ۤǮɽȤʤޤ1ְʾ򤫤ɤ߿ʤ᤿Τ621ΤߤǤ˭ɲλ֤ heldio ϿƤޤͻҤԤȸԤ2ʬơheldio Ȥۿޤ
62ǤϡűѸŪᤤˤƥ줫θŪƶˤĤơȤȤƤޤɤ̣臘ȤȤˡ2ͤΤ٤ڤߤʤ顤űѸȥƥδط˻פڤƤߤƤ
īۿоݤȤʬΥƥȡBaugh and Cable, p. 81) ʲ˷ǺܤޤΤǡĶɤˤդ礤С

62. The Earlier Influence of Christianity on the Vocabulary.
From the introduction of Christianity in 597 to the close of the Old English period is a stretch of more than 500 years. During all this time Latin words must have been making their way gradually into the English language. It is likely that the first wave of religious feeling that resulted from the missionary zeal of the seventh century, and that is reflected in intense activity in church building and the establishing of monasteries during this century, was responsible also for the rapid importation of Latin words into the vocabulary. The many new conceptions that followed in the train of the new religion would naturally demand expression and would at times find the resources of the language inadequate.


B&CɽβˤĤƤϡ#5291. heldio ΡֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤץ꡼Ĵ˿ʤǤޤ ([2023-10-22-1])


Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. ''A History of the English Language''. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.



Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.

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2025-08-14 Thu

#5953. ꥷ ei αѸؤμޤ [digraph][vowel][diphthong][greek][latin][loan_word][borrowing]

Ϣ crocodile θֻˤĤĴ٤Ƥ뤬βɽ˴ؿäꥷ κροκόδειλος 3ˤߤ ει 2Ż (digraph) ƥ˼ޤݤˤ crocodīlus Τ褦1Ĥ첻ݻƤ롥ѸֻǤ⡤Τ crocodile i 1ʸΤߤɽ
Ĵ٤Ƥߤȡꥷñ줬Ū뤤ľŪ˱Ѹ˼ޤݤˤϡĤΥѥ󤬤ȤǤϤ뤬Upward and Davidson (220--21) ˤСѸֻ˴ؤƴˤʤŪʿ񤤡ˤߤ롥

          Gr EI transliterated as E or I

Although a digraph, Gr EI perhaps represented a simple vowel sound rather than a diphthong, and was liable to misspelling in classical Gr as just iota or eta.
   Latin transliterated Gr EI as either E or I, not as EI. Direct transliteration from Gr to Eng giving EI, as in eirenic, kaleidoscope, pleistocene, seismic, protein, Pleiades typically date from the 19th or 20th centuries, and have therefore not come via Lat. The contrast between such modern transliterations and the older Lat-derived ones is seen in pairs such as apodeictic/apodictic 'demonstrably true' (< Latin apodicticus < Gr apodeiktikos), cheiropractic/chiropractic, Eirene/Irene.
   Lat gave Eng an arbitrary spelling variation by tending to transliterate Gr EI as E before a vowel and as I before a consonant: thus panacea, truchea (< Gr panakeia, tracheia) but icon, idol, lichen (< Gr eikōn, eidōlon, leichēn), and similarly with crocodile, dinosaur, empirical, idyll, pirate. Note, however, angiosperm (< Gr aggeion) with I before O, and hygiene (< Gr hugieinē) with E before N preventing a repetition of I in *hygiine.
   Underlying the Y of therapy, idolatry is Gr -EIA (Gr latreia 'worship', therapeia) whereas Gr -IA underlies the Y of theory, history (< Gr theōria, historia).


ۤñʷǤʤʬ뤬Ⱦˤäơꥷ줫ľܼѤʤΤƥͳƤδܼѤʤΤ뤳ȤȤΤ϶̣#3373. ּáס ([2018-07-22-1]) ۵롥

Upward, Christopher and George Davidson. The History of English Spelling. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.

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2025-08-13 Wed

#5952. crocodile αѸ --- MED ֻǧ [spelling][etymological_respelling][french][loan_word][borrowing][metathesis][me][animal][med]

ε ([2025-08-12-1]) ³ crocodile ͤ뵭ϡƱνФѸʤΤ MED Ƥߤ뤳Ȥˤ롥MED Ǥ cocodril (n.) ȤƸФΩƤƤcrocodile ǤϤʤȤաˡʲ󤲤Ƥ뤹٤ƤƸ롥

(a1387) Trev.Higd.(StJ-C H.1)3.109 : A cokedrille..is comounliche twenty cubite long.
(a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)154b/a : Emdros is a litil beste..yif þis litil beste fynde a cocodrill slepyng, he..comeþ in atte þe mowthe in to þe cocodrill and in his wombe, and alto renteþ his guttes inward and sleeþ him, and dyeþ so.
(a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)179a/a : In Egipt ben ful many cokedrilles.
(a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)281a/b : Cocodrillus haþ þat name of ȝolow colour, as ysidir seiþ..and woneþ boþe in water and in londe..and is y armed wiþ grete teeþ and clawes..and resteþ in water by night and by day in londe, and leiþ eyren..among bestes oonliche þe cocodrille moeueþ þe ouer iowe.
(a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)324a/b : The Cokodrille eiren beþ more þan gees eiren, and þe male and female sitteþ þeron on broode..now þe male and now þe female..and þese eiren beþ venemous..and beþ horrible bothe to smelle and to taste.
c1400(?a1300) KAlex.(LdMisc 622)5711 : Two heuedes it had..To a cokedrille þat on was liche.
c1400(?a1300) KAlex.(LdMisc 622)6544 : He sleþ ypotames and kokedrille.
?a1425(c1400) Mandev.(1) (Tit C.16)131/11 : Þat lond..is full of serpentes, of dragouns & of Cokadrilles.
?a1425(c1400) Mandev.(1) (Tit C.16)131/12 : Cocodrilles ben serpentes ȝalowe & rayed abouen, & han iiij feet & schorte thyes..þere ben somme þat han v fadme in lengthe & summe..of x.
?a1425(c1400) Mandev.(1) (Tit C.16)192/17 : Cokodrilles..slen men & þei eten hem wepynge.
(?a1390) Daniel *Herbal (Add 27329)f.87ra : In þe lond of Egipt also groweth bene, but it is ful of prikelles & therfore cocodrilles shonye it, for dred of prikelyng her eyne.
?a1425 Mandev.(2) (Eg 1982)142/13 : Thurgh oute all Inde es grete plentee of cocodrilles.
(?1440) Palladius (DukeH d.2)1.960 : A cocodrillis hide.
c1440 PLAlex.(Thrn)70/28 : Þaire bakkes ware harder þan cocadrillez.


˴ؤ¤ꡤ٤Ƥֻ cocodril ϤǤꡤcrocodile ϤϸƤʤ
ֻˤäѤܤƤȤϤѸ줫ʸįƤȡΥ˴Ѥ碌̣臘ȤǤƤʤʤڤ

Referrer (Inside): [2025-09-29-1]

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