be ưϡܥ֥Ǥ¿夲Ƥ Lass θűѸ˴ؤȤơȤ櫓 b- η֤˴ؤ뻨ŪƶҲ𤷤
ޤbe ưνεˤʬLass (170) Ѥ롥
(a) an s-root (eom, eart, is, sindom = L s-um, e-s, e-s-t, s-unt);
(b) a b-root (bēo, bist, biþ, bēoþ, cognate to Skr bhu- 'remain', Latin perfect of 'be' fū-ī, OCS byti 'be', Gr phú- 'become';
(c) a w-root, in the inifinitive wesan, pres part wesende, preterite wæs, wǣron; this is cognate to OIr feiss/foss 'remain', Skr vásati 'he dwells'. Wesan is a defective cl V verb (as wesan/wæs/wǣron suggest), whose PRET1/PRET2 serve as the only past for the other stems.
Τʤ b- ˻Ѥޥ췲ǤȯãǤꡤŪˤä٤ηǤȤ (Lass 171)
The incorporation of the b-root into this group seems to be a WGmc innovation.
ޤʲ˸ڤűѸθʬʬ b- °뤬űѸˤƤϤٺ餭Ȥ (Lass 171)
. . . until the eleventh century the only present participle is wesende, and there is no past participle. After this pres part bēonde and pp be-bēon (> ModE been) appear.
űѸ b- ޤ̿ˤĤƤϡʬۤʤɤʣǡΤ褦ˤ (Lass 171)
The imperative is usually in b- in earlier texts: sg bēo, pl bēoþ; later wes, wesaþ appear (wes remains buried in wassail < wes hāl 'be healthy'). There is some regional differentiation, with b- imperatives in WS and Merc, and wes Northumbrian, though wes also occurs in WS and Mercian.
Ҥ뤬äƸɸѸˤ b- ϤϤɤȤȡŪˤϿषƤȤߤ뤳ȤǤ (Lass 171)
The standard ModE system suggests more radical loss of the b-forms than was actually the case; as late as the 1950s some conservative rural varieties in old West Mercian and West Saxon territory (e.g. the W Midlands and West Country) preserve paradigms like I bin, thee bist, Her is (Cheshire and Shropshire), I be, you be, her is, they be (Warwickshire, Somerset), or be for all persons and numbers (Oxfordshire, Buckinghamshire, Somerset).
b- η֤˾ƤˤƤߤΤ⤪⤷
Lass, Roger. Old English: A Historical Linguistic Companion. Cambridge: CUP, 1994.
űѸ be ưˤĤƤϡ#2600. űѸ be ưζޡ ([2016-06-09-1]) Ϥᡤ¿ε夲ƤűѸ be ưΥѥϡ佼ˡ (suppletion) ŵǤꡤ͡ʸ캬˴ŤŪѤƤȤ𤬤롥Ȥ櫓ȤľˡôäƤ eom bēo ȤˡǤɤΤ褦˰ۤʤΤȤʤ롥 (aspect) 㤬ȸ뤳Ȥ¿ Campbell (§768; p. 350--51) εҤɤǤߤ뤳Ȥˤ롥
The distinction of the pres. indic. tenses eom and bēo is fairly well preserved in OE: bēo expresses what is (a) an invariable fact, e.g. ne bið swylċ cwenliċ þeaw 'such is not a queenly custom', or (b) the future, e.g. ne bið þe wilna gad 'you will have no lack of pleasure', or (c) iterative extension into the future, e.g. biþ storma ȝehwylċ aswefed 'every storm is always allayed' (i.e. on all occasions of the flight of the Phoenix, past and to come); eom expresses a present state provided its continuance is not especially regarded, e.g.wlitiġ is se wong 'the plain is beautiful'.
ŪˡȤƤϡeom ϡä˷³ռªƤ븽ߤξ֡פɽ魯ΤФbēo ϡѤλ¡ס̤סȿפɽ魯ʸ̮塤κΤ˽Фʤ⤢뤳ȤϳΤ2Ĥηˡ̤ƤªƤ褤
ۤ̿ˡη֤ˤĤƤ⡤bēon ¾η¤ǹԤʤƤʲ Campbell (§768; p. 51) ̤ꡤˡΰ㤤Ȥκۤª٤ΤȤ
The distinction of the imperatives bēo and wes is one of dialect, not of meaning. Broadly bēo is W-S and Merc., wes (woes, wæs) North.; but while bēo is never North., wes is found in W-S and Merc. . . .
Similarly inf. bēon (bīon, bīan) is W-S and Merc., wosa North.; but Ru.1 has once wesa, Li. once bīan.
The subj. forms bēo and sīe (sēo) are also dialectally distinguished: sīe is eW-S, Kt., VP, North., bēo is Ru.1 But already in eW-S bēo appears, and in lW-S it is the prevailing form (it does not appear, however, in KG). In North, it only appears in Li. (twice).
Campbell, A. Old English Grammar. Oxford: OUP, 1959.
Ѹäˤϥƥե줫μѸ줬¿ޤޤƤ뤬ư̿ΤޤޱѸäƤȤѤ郎Ĥ¸ߤ롥
褯ΤƤΤϡtennis եǡּäơפ̣ tenez tenetz ʤɤθѸ˼Ѥ줿ΤǤ롥嵻ǤγݤΤޤޥ̾ˤʤäƤ롥
ʲŤϰǤĤҲ𤷤
recipe Ĵˡ䵡: ƥǡּסѤפۤɤ̣ư̿ͳ褹롥14ʹߤαѸǡν䵤Ƭ Recipe Ƚ褦ˤʤäȤ顥ˤĤƤϡmond βǾҲ𤷤Ƥ롥
permit ʵġʾڡˡˡرѸ츻ŵ٤ˤС̾ˡư̿ǡǧκǽθͳ褹 (cf. F Iaissez-passer a permit) פȤΤȡ
ave ʥ٥ޥꥢεꡨޡ̤ΰˡƥΡָǤפ̣ avēre ̿ avē ͳ褹Ȥ롥
occupy ͭ: رѸ츻ŵ٤ˤСָ -y (ME -ie(n)) 츻ŪμưȤƤϡbandy (<- F bander, levy (<- lever), parry (<- parer) ʤɤ뤬ϲʬޤ̿μѤȹͤƤפȤ롥OED ϤθȤƤ롥
ѸǤϤʤθǤϤ뤬riddlemeree ʤʤäˤ Riddle me a riddle! ʻΤƤˤȤ̿ʸͳ褹ȤΤä Addison (1719) ˽С
Τ褦ñϰճ¿¸ߤΤ⤷ʤ褤Ϥ
ʰʲ嵭2026/01/09(Fri)
ܵ塤ɼԤ X ̤memento, facsimile, Audi λƤޤ꤬Ȥޤ
μͭץåȥե mond ˼μ䤬ϤޤGod save the king. ñǤ٤ȤѤˡȽޤʤСYou eat sushi. ʤСַʤٵءפȤ̣ˤ⡤ȾˤäƤϤʤޤ

μ˲Ȥsushi ʸפȤ SNS ǤܤޤäƤޤ
äơȾǤϡˡߤȤƤΡsushi ʸפˤĤơѸˤδʤ顤ŪʲǽȸŪʻѤμ֤Ƥޤ˾ɽ魯ˡߤϡűѸ줫ѸˤƤ̤ѤƤޤѸʹߤˤϿष#3543. ظʸˡŵ٤ optative (mood) β ([2019-01-08-1]) ǸȤꡤGod save the king So be it ʤɤθɽѤΤߤȤʤꡤΡsushi ʸפΤ褦Ū˴˾ɽ뤳Ȥϻ¾Բǽˤʤޤ
ޤȾǤϡʿפȡ̿פȡִ˾פȯù (speech_act) ΰ㤤ˤޤYou eat sushi. ϤβǽǤºݾϴ˾ɤߤϤʤȤäƤ褤Ǥ礦ȯαΧǡ̿פɤߤϻĤޤˤĤƤ⡤ǶᵤˤʤäƤ˥塼ɤƻϩɸ "PEDESTRIANS GIVE WAY TO VEHICLES" ˵ƾƤߤޤ

Ҿ嵭ɤߤˤ⤳ˤĤƤͤФȻפޤޤؤܤơΤ heldio ۿ֡ڥۿX16סΡsushiʸײԤʤޤΤǡ⥢餪İС
Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.
Ѹư̿ˡη֤ϡ˰פ롥űѸ̤ȡ̿ˡǤϸˤȤϰۤʤ֤ꡤ2;ñʣȤǸ§Ȥưۤʤä
ˤᤷƥޥĸˤޤ̤ȡƷǤϤˤ衤;Τ˱ơ¿ΰۤʤäƤȤ롥ʲˡޥĸ¿ζѲưˤĤƺƷƤ (Ringe 237)
| indicative | subjunctive | imperative | ||
| active | infinitive -a-ną | |||
| sg. | 1 -ō | -a-ų | --- | participle -a-nd- |
| 2 -i-zi | -ai-z | ø | ||
| 3 -i-di | -ai-ø | -a-dau | ||
| du. | 1 -ōz(?) | -ai-w | --- | |
| 2 -a-diz(?) | -a-diz(?) | -a-diz(?) | ||
| pl. | 1 -a-maz | -ai-m | --- | |
| 2 -i-d | -ai-d | -i-d | ||
| 3 a-ndi | -ai-n | -a-ndau |
Bybee ˤܤɤǤơ̸Ūˤߤ³ˡ (subjunctive) ̿ˡ (imperative) ȤδطݤεҤäѸˤδϡ#2476. Ѹˤˤư̿ˡ³ˡŪǽŪͻ礷 ([2016-02-06-1]) Ǽ夲²ʳθޤǡƵǤBybee (186) Ѥ롥
Since the subjunctive is usually a marker of certain types of subordination, it is very difficult to say what the subjunctive "means" in any given language. There is a long literature on this problem in European languages, and no satisfactory solution. At most, it might be said that the subjunctive has a very general meaning such as "non-asserted" and then it takes more specific meanings from the context in which it occurs.
Considered cross-linguistically, there is evidence of a relation between the subjunctive and imperative or related moods. When subjunctive forms are used in main clauses, they have an imperative function in Maasai, Basque and Yupik, and/or a hortative function in Tarascan, Pawnee and Maasai, in keeping with their non-asserted subordinate clause functions. The marking of subjunctive parallels that of indicative or imperative in most languages. In Maasai and Pawnee, the subjunctive is a prefix, just as the imperative is, and in Tarascan, Ojibwa and Georgian the subordinating mood is expressed in the same way as the imperative or optative
³ˡ̿ˡʤӴϢ¾ΤĤˡˤϤФеǽŪˤŪˤƤǤȤȤ̸Ūˤ⼨줿櫓ξDzƱѸˤäƤߤΤ⤪⤷ѸˤǤϡŪˤ³ˡ̿ˡϤȤȰۤʤäƤͻ礷ƤȤ̣ݤäƤ뤫
Ϣưʲε⻲ȡ
#2475. ̿ˤϤʤưθѤΤ ([2016-02-05-1])
#3538. Ѹ subjunctive ֤ϰĸ optative ֤ ([2019-01-03-1])
#3540. ˾ʸȴʸ̯ʴط ([2019-01-05-1])
Bybee, Joan. Morphology: A Study of the Relation between Meaning and Form. John Benjamins, Amsterdam/Philadelphia, 1985.
ܱѸʸز30ǯǰȤơܤǤƤޤܤޤơطˤϴտ夲ޤˡ
ë Ϻ¼ ڵ ԡԡˡغʹʤѸءѸ춵ءʸء١DTPǡ2020ǯ
嵭ܼǤޤѸءѸ춵ءʸؤγʬ顤פʥɡȥԥåơޤƤޤڡ줤˶·äƤ뤳ȤǤ̤ꡤ٤Ƥ꤬ڡǴʷ˵ҤƤȤΤܽκħȻפޤꤽǤʤäߤȤơιפˤϴƤޤޤơεҤϴʷǤϤΤΡ¾ʸؤλȤ¿ܤƤꡤ´ʸݡȤʤɤθơõˤ⤿ؤΩĤΤǤϤʤȻפޤʻ伫Ȥ⤵äʤɤ˾Ҳ𤷤ޤˡ
ѸʬǼ夲ƤȡԤʬ˱ŪʤΤʸŪΤޤСƤޤǤϱѸˤδ2ĤۤɥԥååפƤߤޤ
¼ˤסʡ52ˤϡư (finite form) (non-finite form) ȤѸ졦ǰ˴ؤƳȤʤäƤޤѸˤˤưθ߷³ˡʤ뤤ϲˡˡ̿Ϸ֤褽ָפ˼̤Ƥаޤޤ֤ƱȤäƵǽƱ櫓ǤϤʤȤŪʿפ˲⤵Ƥޤޤ˰ѤʤΤˡפȤƤϤΤǤϤʤȤï⤬ˤפƤޤ
ȤȤͤ줽˾Ρ³ˡߡפˤĤơ¼ޤɤֲˡסʡ64ˤǼ夲ƤΤǡҲ𤷤ޤI demand that the student go to school regularly. Τ褦ʸˤ go η֤ϢǤˤĤƤĤλʸʤ⤷ˡˤƤ that άˤʤɤζ̣¤ŦƤޤѸ˾νǤ
嵭2ĤȴϢ hellog εåȤˤޤȤޤΤǡؿΤϤɤ
ܽǻȤƤ뻲ʸѤƻƤС褤ơޤˤɤ夯ǽޤŪθιԤϤȤƤᤷޤ
ë Ϻ¼ ڵ ԡԡˡغʹʤѸءѸ춵ءʸء١DTPǡ2020ǯ
ε˰³ָ̿ˡפ˴ؤꡥϺѤʸȤ̤δϢʸΤʤǡͤùѸ춵δ餳ڤǤ롥ָ̿ˡפФȤǡϢݤȤȤ˰ӤʸˡǤΤǤϤʤȤΡ֤ޤȤפѤ (78)
ɡѸ̿ưǤϡʤȤŪ¤ϡ̿ˡθưǤäȤƤ⡤ȼư֤ʤʾˡָˡפªưˡפδϷ褷ƤȸƤ֤櫓ˤϤʤʸˡפȤƤȤ⸫ʤΤǡΰ̣ǡ̿ʸפȸƤ֤ȤǽǤȷŤ롥⡤°³ˡ߷Ǥ⡤ˡư줬ʤȤˤϡ̿Ʊͤ˸ΤߤȤ븫ϡε̳䴫ɽ̣ǽȤοȤؤäơ촶ΤªȸäƤ̿ˡ³ˡ߷ɽŪˡǰª뤳ȤǤȤȤǤ롥ΤˡˡפγǰΤϱѸ춵θǤ뤵ƤܤǤָפȤˤ褯ȤƤ븽ͤȤष̤˲ФƳˡˤ礤˥åȤȻפ롥
عǤϡ뻰ñ -s ˤĤƤϡʤ˽פǡԲķʡľˡȤǰ̵뤷ơ䤫ޤƳ뤬˿øȿ롤°³ˡ߷ he do ȤϢ뤿ˤϡˡ˴ؤƤμɤƤɬܤǤ롥ǤȤˡפȤդϻȤʤˤƤ⡤ξԴ֤ˤȤΩȤŦʤФʤʤκݡưΡָפŪˡʤΰˤôȤͤͤ뤳Ȥϡˡΰ̣ŪǤ⽽ʬͭǤ
̻Ūʻ¤ʬ˲ǡƤȯ̤ۤŪηϲޤȤԤλϡ˿ȤޤѸȾˤ褦ˡä3ñ -sפȤⴹǤǡ٤ࡥ
ʡ---Ѹ̿ʸפˤĤ---סطضס632014ǯ73--79ǡ
ѸˤĤ̿ˡ (imperative mood) ǧ뤫ݤȤϡѸؤǤ⤿ӤӵʤƤˡ (mood) ˷ŪʥƥȲʤСʸˡǤưΡ̿פϸˤƱǤ뤫顤ȼˡꤹɬפϤʤȤȤˤʤ롥षˤܤ˿ơˡ1ĤȤ̿ˡȹͤۤäꤹ롥̿ˡȸ¾νˡˤϡ̣Ūʡפ̣ŪʡפȤ̹⸫Ф졤ǤŪԹ礬褤ˤС³ˡߡפȸƤФƤΤŪˤϸȰۤʤʤΤ顤ϤƱ롼פ뤳Ȥˤʤºݡ³ˡߡפϤޤˡפ碌Ƥ롥
ǽҤ٤ƤȤϡ̿³ˡ߷ȤˡϡפˡȤ1Ĥˤ뤳ȤǤȤƤ̣ǡפŵȤ⤤̤פؤθڤƱʡḶˤˤäôʤΤϤʤȤϻĤ롥ֲפֻ͡פɽˤƤƱͤǤ롥Τ褦ˡʤɤνƥʣ˸ΤϷ褷ưפǤϤʤ̿ˡפΰ褦Ȱ첡ȡ̤פΰԹ礬롤Ȥäͤ뤫
εϡ褽εǤ롥ʸǤϡ̻ŪŪʴ餳äƤ뤬Ρ֤ޤȤפϼ̤ (98)
٤˶ޤŵǤϡˡ̤ΩƤϽʬۤɤꡤ¸߰յޤʬˤäȤޤǤϸƱư֤ʣˡɽȤä餯Τ褦ʷ־νʣȤ̤ȡľˡߤ̤λݤޤǤ뤳ȤǽäȤ̣Ū¦̤Ȥޤäơͭɸ³ˡǤϤʤ̵ɸľˡΤʤ̤ꤹ뤳ȤֲƤΤǤϤʤȹͤ롥
ФơưθѲűѸ٤ƶˤƴDz줿ѸǤϡϤư֤ȤƤˡ뤳ȤǤʤˤ뤬ǤŪˡϡά'stance' marker ȤƵǽ롥will ʤɤˡư if ʤɤüʥޡӡ°Ǥ⡤suggest require ȤäưλỊ̇ˤäƲ̵뤳ȤǤ롥Τ褦˹ͤС̤λؼϡŵŪˤˡư will Ȥ stance marker ˤꡤŪˡɽͭɸʹ¤ª뤳ȤǤˤľˡ³ˡȤäˡǰä˻ɬפϤʤȤˤʤ롥դäСŪˡɽͭɸ¤ˤϡȤƽ°ˡʤưǤ븶ˤ롥̤θСάŪ̿ˡưưǤϤʤˤȸʤ硤ޤˤ̿ˡ°ޤƤȤͤ櫓ǡȤȵդˡŪˡɽˤΰˡȤƽ̿ˡª뤳ȤǤ̿ˡΤˡΰȤΩƤˤɬפƱˤʤʤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥
ѸŪˡ̿פɤ٤ȤϡʤѸ춵ˤؤäƤ
ʡ̤ˡֻפϤΤ---Ѹľˡ³ˡ---סطضס622013ǯ91--100ǡ
Ⱥε ([2018-08-31-1], [2018-09-01-1]) 롥Biber et al (11.2.3.4, p. 918) ˤȡּܽưפֽưܼפȤʤĶˤϡεǵΤ˲äơ⤦2ʰʲ A Cˤ롥 may ιʸ (B) ˤĤĴ٤Ƥ˽Ф路ΤʤΤǡȹ碌3Ѥ롥A B ϸŤˡλ¸ȤȤʤΤǡŪʴäƤʸ
11.2.3.4 Special cases of inversion in independent clauses
Some uses of inversion are highly restricted and usually confined to more or less fixed collocations. Types A and B described below are remnants of earlier uses and carry archaic literary overtones.
A Formulaic clauses with subjunctive verb forms
The combination of the inflectionless subjunctive and inversion gives the highlighted expressions below an archaic and solemn ring:
Be it proclaimed in all the schools Plato was right! (FICT)
If you want to throw your life away, so be it, it is your life, not mine. (FICT)
"I, Charles Seymour, do swear that I will be faithful, and bear true allegiance to Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth, her heirs and successors according to law, so help me God." (FICT)
Long Live King Edmund! (FICT)
Suffice it to say that the DTI was the supervising authority for such fringe banks. (NEWS)
B Clauses opening with the auxiliary may
The auxiliary may is used in a similar manner to express a strong wish. This represents a more productive pattern:
May it be pointed out that the teacher should always try to extend the girls helping them to achieve more and more. (FICT)
May God forgive you your blasphemy, Pilot. Yes. May he forgive you and open your eyes. (FICT)
The XJS may be an ageing leviathan but it is still a unique car. Long may it be so! (NEWS)
Long May She Reign! (NEWS)
C Imperative clauses
Imperative clauses may contain an expressed subject following don't . . . .
A B ΰ̣ŪŪܤ٤Ǥ롥Ȥ̿ᡤ𡤵ʤɤΡֶ˾פ롥Ūˤϡmay ʤɤˡư϶ޤˤ³ˡѤȤȯãƤ¦̤ꡤξԤ̣Ū˶ᤤطˤ뤳ȤȤǤ롥ƸѸˤɽȤƤǤϤ춦¸ƤꡤŪˤ֤ȤǿƤΤϡ˶̣
Biber, Douglas, Stig Johansson, Geoffrey Leech, Susan Conrad, and Edward Finegan. Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English. Harlow: Pearson Education, 1999.
4ϿεȤȤǡꡥwassail /ˈwɒseɪl, ˈwɑːsl/ Ȥϡ̾Ȥơ֡ʼ˥ꥹޥΡ˽ˤμפưȤơּ롨ǽˤפ̣롥ˤϡϤʤ be ư̿ŪޤƤCrystal 21 ȡˡ
űѸǤδդΰϡ꤬ñξˤ wes hal "(you (sg.)) be in good health"꤬ʣξˤ wesað hale "(you (pl.)) be in good health" ȸäwes wesað ϡߤǤϻȤƤʤ be ưΰ wesan 2;̿ʤ줾ñʣˤǤcf. #2600. űѸ be ưζޡ ([2016-06-09-1])ˡhal(e) ϡѸǡַʡʡפɽ魯 whole hale θűѸǤꡤСפȤƤӤб hail ȤƱǤcf. #1783. whole <w> ([2014-03-15-1])ˡűѸΥȥʡǤϡLuke 1.28 ŷȤޥꥢФ Hal wes ðu Ȱս꤬롥
ѸǤ wesan be ư̿ϾüƤäδդɽ wassail ȤƸ경֤Ĥäʤwassail Ф֤ΰϡdrinkhail Ǥ롥
ťΥɸˤƱɽ ves heill ꡤѸɽθ츻ȤƤϤषθťΥɸαƶ礭Ȥ뤬ߤ wassail ϤˤŪʥꥹδդλȤΤƤ롥
Crystal, David. The Story of Be. Oxford: OUP, 2017.
ɸθѲˤĤơ#2475. ̿ˤϤʤưθѤΤ ([2016-02-05-1]) ȡ#2476. Ѹˤˤư̿ˡ³ˡŪǽŪͻ礷 ([2016-02-06-1]) Ǿ줿μ岽üϡȤ櫓űѸѸˤƵäѸ˾Ѳư̿ζˤĤƤϡŪDZƤᤫޤܳŪʵҤʤƤʤ褦˻פ롥ưˤֿΰספɸʤ˴ؤȤ־νĤѸˤ2;ΤΡֿפϤ t/v_distinction Ȥݥ饤ȥͥľ뤹Ǥ⤢뤫顤ʾɵ椹ͤΤơޤʤΤǤϤʤ
ηˤĤơ (162) äƤߤȡΤ褦ˤä
̿ˡñʣ
ñ {-ø} (sing/her (=hear))첻<h> Ǥ -e ⵯ롥ʣܼľˡʣΤȤۤƱʬۤ ({-es, -eth})ɽľ³Ȥ {-e} (helpe ye)15ȾФ {-ø} ʣƤˤʽФ褦ˤʤAncrR ˤǤˤ㤬ˡ
p. 277 ˤϢ뵭Ҥä
̿ˡ϶ܼ (helpes, helpeth) ޤϸ (helpe ye) ˤꤢ蘆롥Ԥϼ줬ʣ뤤ϡŤʸƤӳݤפñξѤ롥ɽȼȤϤƤޤǤ롥ԤñʣξѤ롥
顤Ѹ̿ˡʣϡ(1) ˤĤľˡʣƱʬۤȤȡ(2) Ťñפ2;ΤˤѤ줿ȡ(3) 15Ⱦк饼ޤִ褦ˤʤäƤȤʬ롥ʾξܺ٤ʵҤϤʤ
Ѹ͡ۼܥƥȤʤɤʬۤĴꡤ˻̤äƽѸդʬۤƤߤ뤳ɬפ⤷ʤ
סرѸ II١Ѹ9罤۽Ź1972ǯ
[2016-02-05-1]ε˰³̿ưθѤˤĤơεΰˤäMustanoja (473--74) ̿ȴ (interjection) ζ˸ڤƤ롥βսѤ褦
There is a striking functional resemblance between the imperative and the interjections. Both are functionally self-contained exclamatory expressions, both are little articulate (the singular imperative has no ending or has only -e, and the subject-pronoun is seldom expressed), and both are greatly dependent on intonation. In fact many interjections, primary and secondary, are used to express exhortations and commands (a-ha, hay, hi, harrow, out, etc. . . .), and many imperatives are used as interjections (abide, come, go bet, help, look . . . cf. present-day interjections like come on, go away, hear hear, say, say there, etc.)
ˡMustanoja (630--31) Ǥϡư̿¾δȤʤäƤ㤬¿Ƥ롥
Brief commands, exhortations, and entreaties are comparable to interjections. Thus in certain circumstances the imperative mood of verbs may serve as a kind of interjection: --- abyd, Robyn, my leeve brother (Ch. CT A Mil. 3129); --- come, þou art mysbilevyd (Cursor App. ii 823); --- go bet, peny, go bet, go! (Sec. Lyr. lvii refrain); --- quad Moyses, 'loc, her nu [is] bread' (Gen. & Ex. 3331); --- help, hooly croys of Bromeholm! (Ch. CT A Rv. 4286; in this and many other cases help might equally well be interpreted as a noun). Somewhat similar stereotyped uses of the imperative are herken and listen, which occur as conventional opening exclamations in numerous ME poems (herkneþ, boþe yonge and olde; --- lystenyþ, lordynges . . . .
ưˤ̿δȯϪȤƤȤ館СưȤʻ°Ȥü𤬤ǡϳΤ˴ȵǽŪ˻Ƥ롥ѲǤ뤫Τ褦ưθѤȤΤϡԻĤǤϤʤ
Mustanoja, T. F. A Middle English Syntax. Helsinki: Société Néophilologique, 1960.
ε#2475. ̿ˤϤʤưθѤΤ ([2016-02-05-1]) Ƥ̩ܤ˴ؤΤȤơɸ꤬롥ѸˤǤϡưñ̿³ˡ߷Ūͻ礷Ƥаޤ롥¹ԤơξԤεǽʤ̿ȤȤ櫓ȯù (speech_act) ⤬ͻ礷ƤȤаޤꡤѸˤƤϡϤ֤ˤƤⵡǽˤƤ⡤ĤƤä̤ƤȤʤ˻äƤ롥ξԤͻؤƻڤϡ1ĤˤϴŪʴ鵭Ҥ뤳ȤǤ롥̿ϡεǽҤ٤褦ˡ캬̵ˤظ䤹ä³ˡߤϷ֡ǽŪ˿ष̤Ȥľˡߤݤ߹ޤ줿
̿³ˡ߷ͻϡľŪξԤεǽŪˤä¥ʤ줿Ȥ뤫⤷ʤȤ櫓𡦾ɽ魯ΤѤ³ˡˤĤƤϡ줬ǽ̿Ȥȯù٤˶Ƥ뤳ȤưפǤ
εǰѤ Fischer (249) ϡ嵭ˤĤƼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
In Middle English the forms of the imperative singular and the subjunctive present singular coalesced . . . . In function, the hortatory subjunctive and the imperative were practically similar already in Old English, where one finds them used side by side . . . . In the plural there was still a morphological distinction . . . when the subject pronoun did not immediately follow the verb. This situation was not to last, as the hortatory subjunctive was on its way out. . . . By the middle of the fifteenth century the plural imperative ending disappears.
Fischer ȯϡ2;Τñʣξˤ̿ˡ³ˡͻ礬֥١ǤȤȤ˵ǽ١Ǥ⤢äȤƤ褦ɤ롥
ʣ̿ˤĤƤ⡤ñƱͤˡ15ȾФޤǤˤ̵ȤʤäƤȤ뤬Τˤʳ Chaucer դǤϡŪñʣηṲ̄Ǥ˻¾μͳѰۤȲƤ롥㤨СChaucer (CT III.186--7 [2:186--7]) Ǥ "Telle forth youre tale, spareth for no man,/ And teche us yonge men of youre praktike." ʤɤȸ̵ͭܤޤ뤷ڤؤäƤ롥
˻̤äƸűѸͻҤߤƤߤȡTraugott (185) ϡ̿ˡ³ˡεǽṲ̄ϡ9ޤǤˤϤ褽ĤĤäȤƤ롥
Because the imperative and subjunctive contrast morphologically, we assume that there was a difference in meaning, at least in early OE times, between more and less directive, more and less wishful utterances. By the time of Alfredian OE this difference was losing ground in many registers; charms, medical prescriptions and similar generalised instructions are normally in the subjunctive.
θ礹ȡͻϡϤ֥١ǤƱͤ˵ǽ١Ǥ⤢äȹͤΤ⤷ʤ
Fischer, O. Syntax. In The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 2. Ed. N. Blake. Cambridge, CUP, 1992. 207--398.
Traugott, Elizabeth Closs. Syntax. In The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 1. Ed. Richard M. Hogg. Cambridge: CUP, 1992. 168--289.
ɸϡѸ̿ʸ˴ؤơ#2289. ̿ʸ˼줬ʤ ([2015-08-03-1]) ¤ǡĹ餯˴Ƥ뤳ȤǤ롥
Ūˤϡ̸̿ĤΤΤǤ롥㤨СűѸΡֹԤפɽ魯ưˤĤơ2;ñؤ̿ gā2;ʣؤ̿ gāþ gān Ǥꡤ줾֤ϰۤʤäƤѸʹߡζʿŪ˸¤ go ؤȼ̤
Τ褦ŪطʤϤˤ衤ѸŪʴįСŵŪ̿Ѥưη֤ϡ븶ˤη֤ȴ˰פƤ롥äơ̻Ūʴȴ˵ҤΤǤСʤƤüԤʸˡȿǤƤȻפ뤬ˡ̿ȸȤѸ̤ɬפϤʤ̿ˤưθѤפȸäƺ٤ʤ⤷줬üԤζŪФȤСɽ魯̿εǽƱη֤Τʤ˶¸Ƥ뤳Ȥ˴ؤơǧξɤΤ褦ˤȤ館ƤΤ
ˤĤơ (83) ǻȤƤ Fischer (249) ΥȤäƤߤ
The imperative has a tendency to become invariant in form (this happened also in other Germanic languages), because it functions like a self-contained, exclamatory expression. Mustanoja (1960: 473) compares its function to that of (invariable) interjections. In an example like,
(109) Help! Water! Water! Help, for Goddes herte! (CT I.3815 [1:3807])
help is as much an interjection as an imperative.
̿ȴòϤδȯϪȤƵǽŪ˻̤äƤꡤ椨θ캬ΤΡʱѸξˤϡʤˤѤȲǤٹ (157) òʸȤδϢǽҤ٤ƤդڤСΤ褦ʸ캬ϡָ줬ʸˡŪˤȤ줺ξεޤʤޤޤ˸ŪθԸ줿פΤȤȤ館뤳ȤǤ롥
ʡ"May the Force Be with You!"Ѹ may ʸˤĤơסطضס642015ǯ77--84ǡ
Fischer, O. Syntax. In The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 2. Ed. N. Blake. Cambridge, CUP, 1992. 207--398.
ٹ ﵭرʸˡ3ǡʸƲ1926ǯ
ɸϡĹ餯ˤʤäƤ뵿Ǥ롥Ѹ̿ʸǤ̾̾ you ά롥ؼоݤΤˤꡤĴΤ you 뤳ȤϤˤ衤ŵŪˤϾάΤ롼Ǥ롥ϸűѸǤѸǤƱ
Ūˤ͡ʹͤ̿ʸǼ̾䤦ȡʿʸȤŪʶ̤ȤȤ뤫⤷ʤϡ̿2;ñľˡ߷Ʊ֤ĤȤȤϢʤűѸǤ2;ñФƤϡ̿ľˡ߷ϰۤʤΤ̤ǤꡤŪ˶̤ƤˡǤϤɤΤ褦˰ƤΤǰʤ顤ϲʹˤΤʤ
Ūʵ⤢㤨С᤹̿оݤ2;ΤǤ뤳ȤϼǤ뤫顤̿ʸˤƼ߲ɬפʤȤǽ⤷ʤҲδϡ (125) ϡֱѸϼդĤάʤ̿ʸλϾά롥μʤ̿ᤵ줿ͤˤάʸˡϡݥ饤ȥͥȥƥΤȤ褦פȽҤ٤Ƥ롥Ϣơϡ̿ʸʳǤ you ǤϤʤ̿;̾ one ѤϤ뤫ǫǤȤҤ٤Ƥꡤ̿ʸǤμά negative politeness δΤŪʰ뤳ȤϳΤǤ롥
ݥ饤ȥͥˤϡѸζŪˤȤɤޤäƤȤߤʤ٤⤷ʤȤΤϡѸǤϡ̾ź̿ʸΤۤǫäȤŦ뤫Fennell (165) ۩". . . in Early Modern English constructions such as Go you, Take thou were possible and appear to have been more polite than imperatives without pronouns."
Ѹ̿Ȥ٤˴Ϣݥ饤ȥͥȥƥȤƤϡI pray you, Prithee, I do require that, I do beseech you, so please your lordship, I entreat you, If you will give me leave ʤ͡ʤΤ¸ߤϢʤ please 17ݥ饤ȥͥΰռ͡ȿǤ줿λˡषդ̿ʸΥȥƥ1ĤȤƵǽǽȤȤ϶̣嵭ˤϡ褯Ƥ⸽ѸμάŪˤȤɤޤꡤ̻ŪͭϤ⤿ʤ
ˤĤƤϡͤƤ
Fennell, Barbara A. A History of English: A Sociolinguistic Approach. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2001.
ؼҲ硡ǡ١ҡ2009ǯ
ѸǤϡ2;ΤФ̿ʸǤϡ̾ you Ͼά롥Ф뤤ɽ路ꡤοͤؤ᤹̿ˤϡäˤ you 뤳Ȥ⾯ʤʤξˤ "Come on! You open up and tell me everything." Τ褦ˡyou ư֤֤졤ȼ
ѸޤǤϡ you thou ά줺ɽФˤϡưθ֤˸줿ڡ켣 (406) Ӻٹ (149) ˰ѤƤ롤Shakespeare 褦
Bring thou the master to the citadel (Oth II. i. 211)
So in the Lethe of thy angry soul Thou drown the sad remembrance of those wrongs Which thou supposest I have done to thee. (R 3 IV. iv. 250--2)
So speak ye, and do so. --- James, ii. 12.
Go, and do thou likewise. --- Luke, x. 37.
18ʹߤϡ줬ư֤礬ͥȤʤä̿ʸǤϡޤ "Don't you be so sure of yourself." Τ褦ˡyou don't θ֤֤ʶ don't ΤۤˡϡŤѸ̾ĤǤ롥Ʊͤ̾ĤˡѸ mind you, mark you, look you ʤɤ롥 you ưŪǤϤʤޤ̿ʸˤ줿Ǥ롥⡤֤褯ʹ˺ʡäƤפۤɤΰ̣ǡάȯäˤäƳȤʹդȤѤ롥you ˶֤롥
Mind you, this is just between you and me.
Cellphones are becoming more and more popular. Mind you, I don't like cellphones.
I've heard they're getting divorced. Mind you, I'm not surprised --- they were always arguing.
She hasn't had much success yet. Mark you, she tries hard.
Her uncle's just given her a car --- given, mark you, not lent.
OED ˤȡmind you ν1768ǯʸ12bˡmark you Shakespeare ʸ27bˡlook you Shakespeare ʸ4aˤǤꡤѸθˡȤȤˤʤ롥ʤLook ye. ָפˤĤƤϡ#781. How d'ye do? ([2011-06-17-1]) ε⻲ȡ
ͺ켣 رѸIIIA١Ѹ10罤۽Ź1984ǯ
ٹ ﵭرʸˡ3ǡʸƲ1926ǯ
Powered by WinChalow1.0rc4 based on chalow