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ǯ٤γϤȤȤϤ줿κǿƤ줿ɮءԽؤ khelf Сˤϡ鴶դޤ
ɤ߱Τ4̹Ǥ̤Υϥ饤ȤҲ𤷤Ƥޤ礦
1̤ϡhellog Ǥ䤷˿䤷ƤԲϻϲͭˤ̾ظűѸ졦ѸҿӡҲ𤹤봬ƬǤ¤Ρ֥䥸ߡפĤĤ⡤λԤʻͽȤϰ褹餫ʸسؽΤƤǤ⤢ޤʸˡδݰŵΤǤϤʤޤϳάĤǤƥȤӹȤϡűѸ졦ѸؤӻϤ褦ȤɼԤˤȤäơ϶ȤʤϤǤ
2̤ǤϡȶԵ§Ѳ̾ foot --- feet ޤʤ촴첻ѲΤطʤˤϡޥĸˤޤ̤ i-mutation Ȥ§ŪʲѲǤޤ츫ȡԵ§פ˻פ븽ݤŪɳФơֵ§ŪפǤäȤ狼ȤѸˤ̣̣廊뵭ǤƱ̤Τ⤦1ĤεӤ夲ƤꡤԤΰտޤĬήӤˤɤȿǤ뤫ͻƤޤ
3̤ϡΥӥ塼ʡֱѸ˥饦פǤϡˡؤʡˡkhelf СäǤäƤޤػβդȤνв顤֥åؤޥؤǤκ߳ΥԥɡƽѸˤʸˡ˸θ˻ޤǤߤܤƤޤѸ˸ԤɤΤ褦ռäƱѸȸäƤΤΤ뵮ŤʵȤʤޤܥӥ塼ˤĤƤ⤢ޤΤǡ餫⤪ɤߤˤʤޤ
4̤ˤϡѸˤλϤޤ䤦βȲεǺܤƤޤǤΤǤǤϾܺ٤ϽҤ٤ޤѸ˾νפǯ夬ʣƤꡤ줾˾ħҲ𤵤Ƥޤ
⡤khelf СΡֱѸˤ̥ϤפȤǮդ˴ž夬ȤʤäƤޤդοι֤ˡҤäȻ̤äƤߤƤ
ǸˤʤޤعؤμǡرѸ˿ʹ٤ѤϡѼİΤᡤΥեꤴޤȹǤֱѸˤδ֤ˡפդȤ䤿 khelf γưhelˤؤߤȤʤޤΤǡꤤפޤ
رѸ˿ʹ٤ΥХåʥС khelf ΥڡˤƸƤޤ1椫12ޤǡ碌Ƥڤߤ
رѸ˿ʹ1ϴ2022ǯ41
رѸ˿ʹٹ泰12022ǯ410
رѸ˿ʹ22022ǯ711
رѸ˿ʹٹ泰22022ǯ718
رѸ˿ʹ32022ǯ103
رѸ˿ʹ42023ǯ111
رѸ˿ʹ52023ǯ410
رѸ˿ʹ62023ǯ814
رѸ˿ʹ72023ǯ1030
رѸ˿ʹ82024ǯ34
رѸ˿ʹ92024ǯ512
رѸ˿ʹ102024ǯ98
رѸ˿ʹٹ泰32024ǯ98
رѸ˿ʹ112024ǯ1230
رѸ˿ʹ122025ǯ77
khelfʷѸ˥եˤΥСϤ Voicy heldio Ρνɾץ3ƤϤޤ khelf ر߷ˡ߷˧ͺˡαѸθ١ʸҡ2016ǯҲ𤷤Ƥ餤ޤ
߷ˤСܽαѸ졤ä1611ǯζThe Authorised Version (The King James Version [KJV]) αѸ˾ƤŪƤǤʤ顤ʴĥС˰̤ɼԤˤɤǤ̥ϤȤΤȤǤѸ˴ؿΤ䡤ˤؤӤˤȤäɬȤΰȸޤ
ä˶̣ΤϡѸȸѸǰ̣ۤʤñǤ㤨 quick Ȥñ줬ĤƤϡƤפȤ̣ǼѤƤȤʤɡŪ㤬˭٤˵ƤޤΤ褦μϡѸʸΤɤ߲ǡؤΩޤ
ˡˤ䡤ǤˤȤääˤƤꡤ¿οͤμФƤʪפǤ뤳ȤäƤޤŪθ˴Ťʤ⡤ɼԤŪɷ㤹ɮפϤȤۤޤ
ʾ塤ȤܻؤرʤǤϤλǡܽβͤŪΤƤ줿νɾǤ#1591. νɾ by khelf ߷ --- ߷˧ͺˡαѸθ١ʸҡ2009ǯˡǤİޤҥꤤޤ

߷ ˧ͺαѸθ١ҡ2016ǯ
Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)#1501. ּεפ̣臘űѸʸ --- Helvillian 7ǺܡϽؤˤտȤεǤޤϲ hellog ȤƤҲ𤷤ʤФʤʤȻפɮäƤޤhellog/heldio ǤϤäꤪߤǡԤ줿رѸ츻ϥɥ֥å٤ǤܶϼԤȤ¿ʹƤäؤϽä٤ƥĤˤƤޤ
Helvillian ϡheldio ꥹʡ֤ͭˤäĤƤ륦֥ޥǡ628˺ǿȤʤ7椬Ƥޤʡ#5911. ַ Helvillian 7椬ޤ ([2025-07-03-1]) ȡˡýϡָűѸϤ⤦פȤѸ˥եˤϼ¤̥ŪʤǤýˤꡤԽűѸ츦Ȥ뾮ϤΩƤΤϡΤȤäޤơδԤ˾Ϥ120%ƤޤƤ줿ּε̣臘űѸʸΡפϡޤȤμˤ밵ΥƥĤǤ
εϡǤǤͭ̾ʵʸǤ Lord's Prayer ּεפȤƤޤñ˸űѸҲ𤷡ʸˡŪʲܤȤäŪƤˤȤɤޤΤǤϤޤűѸɽ2ͤΰʻʸȡÆlfric Wulfstan ĤּεפΥðǰӤξԤʸΡҤƤϻۤΰ㤤ޤǤ䤫դФȤˤŪĥͤȤʤäƤޤ줳ѸˤѸʸؤθΥƥĤǤ
Ælfric Wulfstan ϡƱ˳ʤ⡤ʸΤоŪǤÆlfric ϡȤСֶŪפʸϤդȤƤޤϤܤƤ Wulfstan ϡƬ (alliteration) Ʊȿ¿Ѥߤ褦ʥꥺİδľʤ롤ǮŪⶵΤƤޤϤεϡ2ͤʸΤκּۤεפȤû귿ʸˤ˿ǻȿǤƤ뤫Ū˲Ƥˤޤä Wulfstan ΥƥȤˤߤˡ䶯ĴɽʬϤϡϤθοĺǤꡤɤǤŪʶʳؤޤ
εΤ˶ä٤ŦȻפޤι⤵ˤ⤫餺ŰƬŰ heldio ꥹʡ濴ȤѸˤγؽԤɼԤȤƶռʿפʬ䤹դǽƤǤƳȤܸѸ⤭ߤʹɼԤűѸؤͶäƤޤ桤űѸLINE˸ڤ褦ͷӿ˺Ƥޤ
嵭 heldio ۿǤϡ90ʬ180ʬعֵɤŨͤפȽҤ٤ޤ褷ƸĥǤϤޤۤɤμι⤤ƥĤïǤ⥢ǤǸƤȤΤϡ˾ιȤäƤ褤ǤïƤʤ⤷ޤ˿ʤȤǤ
Helvillian ϻ䤬ľܴؤäƤ륦֥ޥǤϤޤݤ˻Ʊ礷Ƥ뻨Ǥΰ̣ǡϤ Helvillian ؤκΤƤ˴פޤ꤬Ȥޤ
ε#5754. divers vs diverse ([2025-01-27-1]) ³ԡεɮ塤إᥤȤ ari ˤhel note #177 WD۵פ֤αѸ켭ΡֺΤȤСסɤΤäΤdivers Ȥñ줬124 Merriam-Webster: Word of the DayǼ夲ƤȤΤȡ

divers diverse ˤĤơ1755ǯ Johnson μƤߤΰʸǼƤ̤ꡤơθ줬Τ̡ΩवƤ롥Ǻܤ褦

Johnson εҤ顤ΥڥñˤĤƵˤʤä롥
diverse Τۤ divers ȤȤ˶1ˤäʤǤξˤϤβˤޥʡȯʹ
̣ΰ㤤 divers "more than one" ǡdiverse "different" ñ
Ǥ divers ϻȤʤʤäƤ
ʸߤ divers ̾ȤƤˡꡤƱʸˤƱˡ some ߤ
divers ѤΡֻ̹ (= the Acts of the Apostles) ͭ̾1Ȥơ"But when divers were hardened, and believed not, but spake evil of that way before the multitude, he departed from them, and separated the disciples, disputing daily in the school of one Tyrannus." (Acts 19:9) Ƥ
ε#5398. إɥȥˤߤ ([2024-02-06-1]) ǡ#2946. ˤߤȳȻ ([2017-05-21-1]) ˿줿ˤߤγȻ¿˴ؤäȤƤϡ11ϤΡ֥Х٥ (tower_of_babel) η郎Ȥ櫓ͭ̾¤Ϥ105˥Υ3ͤλҶǤ륻ࡤϥࡤڥƤλ¹줾ϤǤ줾θäƤȤҤ롥King James Version Ѥ褦
By these were the isles of the Gentiles divided in their lands; every one after his tongue, after their families, in their nations.
ˤĤƤϡMufwene (16) ¾θԤȤĤġǻŦƤ롥
Hombert and Lenclud (in press) identify another, less well-recalled account also from the book of Genesis. God reportedly told Noah and his children to be fecund and populate the world. Subsequently, the descendants of Sem, Cham, and Japhet spread all over the world and built nations where they spoke different languages. Here one also finds an early, if not the earliest, version of the assumption that every nation must be identified through the language spoken by its population.
ȹȡ̱²ͼδطȤȴʤʤ꤬ǤޤƤΤǤ롥ϢƼε⻲ȡ
#1871. ȿͼ ([2014-06-11-1])
#3599. ȿͼ (2) ([2019-03-05-1])
#3706. ̱²ȿͼ ([2019-06-20-1])
#3810. ҲŪʹʪȤƤΡֿͼס ([2019-10-02-1])
#4846. ȸδط ([2022-08-03-1])
#5368. ethnonym ̱²̾ˡ ([2024-01-07-1])
Mufwene, Salikoko S. "The Origins and the Evolution of Language." Chapter 1 of The Oxford Handbook of the History of Linguistics. Ed. Keith Allan. Oxford: OUP, 2013. 13--52.
ˤפȸ奮ꥷ˲ȥإɥȥ (Herodotus, B.C. 485?--425?) μˤʤˡ٤ˡ (origin_of_language) ˴ؤͭ̾äƤ롥奨ץ26īνβǤץƥ1 (Psammetichus [Psamtik], B.C. 664--610) ǤŤϲ餫ˤ뤿ˡѤƤ¸ȤǤ롥ˤĤơPerseus Digital Library Υƥȥ쥯ꡤHerodotus, The Histories (ed. A. D. Godley) 22ϡʱǡˤѤ롥
Now before Psammetichus became king of Egypt, the Egyptians believed that they were the oldest people on earth. But ever since Psammetichus became king and wished to find out which people were the oldest, they have believed that the Phrygians were older than they, and they than everybody else. Psammetichus, when he was in no way able to learn by inquiry which people had first come into being, devised a plan by which he took two newborn children of the common people and gave them to a shepherd to bring up among his flocks. He gave instructions that no one was to speak a word in their hearing; they were to stay by themselves in a lonely hut, and in due time the shepherd was to bring goats and give the children their milk and do everything else necessary. Psammetichus did this, and gave these instructions, because he wanted to hear what speech would first come from the children, when they were past the age of indistinct babbling. And he had his wish; for one day, when the shepherd had done as he was told for two years, both children ran to him stretching out their hands and calling "Bekos!" as he opened the door and entered. When he first heard this, he kept quiet about it; but when, coming often and paying careful attention, he kept hearing this same word, he told his master at last and brought the children into the king's presence as required. Psammetichus then heard them himself, and asked to what language the word "Bekos" belonged; he found it to be a Phrygian word, signifying bread. Reasoning from this, the Egyptians acknowledged that the Phrygians were older than they. This is the story which I heard from the priests of Hephaestus' temple at Memphis; the Greeks say among many foolish things that Psammetichus had the children reared by women whose tongues he had cut out.
δ1Ĥΰäˤʤ褦˻פ뤫⤷ʤˤĤƤϤޤʬʤȤ¿Ȥ¤ƧޤƤɬפ롥äͭ̾ʤ⤦1Ĥθϡ鷺Ȥ줿εҤǤ롥ˤĤƤϡ#2946. ˤߤȳȻ ([2017-05-21-1]) ȡ
Ϣơ#4612. εȯã ([2021-12-12-1])#4614. εȯãΤȺ ([2021-12-14-1]) Ƥ
ʤߤˡ Voicy heldio ˤƴϢ夲#980. ̵֤֤ǰƤƤǤΤ --- ؤγƤäѤʵİС
ؽػŵ٤դ˴ؤܤĤޤ߿Ƥ̾ץȡ (name_project) ܤƤ̾פؤδߤȡۤɤޤǤˤ⤷ڤؤϥƥǤ롥
̾ȤϡªʸˡǤȤ̾ǤꡤΡȤѤɽǤ롥ΰ̣Ǥ̾̾ϡŪʤΡȤɽѤ̾פȡ̤ΤΡȤΤߤָͭ̾פȤ̤롥Ԥϡ֤θפּƸפΤ褦ˡ줾Ǥˤ⡤礹ΡʡָסˤˤⱿѤ뤬ԤϡΤʤʪˤŬѤʤԤ̣ˤ̾Ǥʿͤ̾Į̾̾ʤɡġġˡ
嵭ΰ̣ˤƤ⡤̾ϸΤ鷺ñʤˤɽȤ٥ĶŪϤΤȤưƤäаޤƥγʸ "nomen est omen" ̾ͽʤפ褯ɽ̾ϡʾΤΤ⤿餷̾Ϳϡ̾Ť줿Τۤ뤳Ȥˤ̤ΤǤ㤨С2:19ˡ郎ˤ䡤̵ʩȤȤѤ⡤̾ȤΤְڤ٤פǤ̥ޥޡͤˡ̥פȤʤΡ R. åȡ°Ƥ뤳Ȥܤ˼Ƥ롥ơˤ̾Ϳ㤨С̾ˤ䡤͡ʵˤ̾ѹ㤨С̾ˤʤɤϡˤפʵŪǤ롥ޤĹԤ˾ޤ줿νκݤˡ˾䴶դǰ̾դꡤžˤ錄¸³ä̾ҤˤĤȤä⡤ʸ̱²˸¤ΤǤϤʤʡˤƥꥹȤͿ֥ޥ̥ȤȤˡסʥޥˤʡ1:23ᥤ7:14ˤȤä̾ʤɤ⡤äΰĤª뤳ȤǤ褦
̾ˤϡְڤ٤ס̥פȤʤΡפȤƤ°ȤŦϰ̣ĹǤ롥̾ϡưƻȤƤߤȡ̾ˤʤȤ⤤뤬ʤΤȤȤ館ΤǤСݤ̥ǤоݤˤʤΤǤ롥
ؤˤ̾εȤƺǤפʤΤϡʡˤ̾äȤ⥿֡ζоݤǤ롥
ؤΤĤޤ߿Ȥơʲε⻲ȡ
#5221. ֵפȤϲ (2) ([2023-08-13-1])
#5230. ֽθա --- ؽػŵ٤ ([2023-08-22-1])
#5233. ָդν --- ؽػŵ٤ ([2023-08-25-1])
ѵӾ 氣 ҡ ʡᲬ ͺԡˡؽػŵ١ҡ2010ǯ
űѸƥȤʸɤॷΥޥ13ϤΡּޤͤζáפ24--30äűѸǤ̣äƤߤ褦ʲSweet's Anglo-Saxon Primer (9th ed.) ιǤѤ롥碌ơ1611ǯ The Authorised Version (The King James Version [KJV]) ζѸܸźƤ
ΡűѸ졡
Heofona rīċe is ġe·worden þǣm menn ġe·līċ þe sēow gōd sǣd on his æcere. Sōþlīċe, þā þā menn slēpon, þā cōm his fēonda sum, and ofer·sēow hit mid coccele on·middan þǣm hwǣte, and fērde þanon. Sōþlīċe, þā sēo wyrt wēox, and þone wæstm brōhte, þā æt·īewde se coccel hine. Þā ēodon þæs hlāfordes þēowas and cwǣdon: 'Hlāford, hū, ne sēowe þū gōd sǣd on þīnum æcere? Hwanon hæfde hē coccel?' Þā cwæþ hē; 'Þæt dyde unhold mann.' Þā cwǣdon þā þēowas 'Wilt þū, wē gāþ and gadriaþ hīe?' Þā cwæþ hē: 'Nese: þȳ·lǣs ġē þone hwǣte ā·wyrtwalien, þonne ġē þone coccel gadriaþ. Lǣtaþ ǣġþer weaxan oþ rīp-tīman; and on þǣm rīptīman iċ secge þǣm rīperum: "Gadriaþ ǣrest þone coccel, and bindaþ scēaf-mǣlum tō for·bærnenne; and gadriaþ þone hwǣte in-tō mīnum berne."'
ΡѸ졡
[24] . . . The kingdom of heaven is likened unto a man which sowed good seed in his field: [25] But while men slept, his enemy came and sowed tares among the wheat, and went his way. [26] But when the blade was sprung up, and brought forth fruit, then appeared the tares also. [27] So the servants of the householder came and said unto him, Sir, didst not thou sow good seed in thy field? from whence then hath it tares? [28] He said unto them, An enemy hath done this. The servants said unto him, Wilt thou then that we go and gather them up? [29] But he said, Nay; lest while ye gather up the tares, ye root up also the wheat with them. [30] Let both grow together until the harvest: and in the time of harvest I will say to the reapers, Gather ye together first the tares, and bind them in bundles to burn them: but gather the wheat into my barn.
Ρܸ
[24] ġġġŷϡɤʬȪˤޤƤͤΤ褦ʤΤǤ롥[25] ̲͡äƤ֤ŨơޤΩä[26] ꤬ϤФƼ¤֤ȡƱ⤢Ƥ[27] ͤơȤμͤ˸äؤ͡ȪˤޤˤʤäΤϡɤǤϤޤǤɤϤƤΤǤ١[28] ͤϸäؤŨΤ虜١ͤäؤǤϹԤäơȴޤ礦١[29] ϸäؤ䡤褦ȤơȴΤʤ[30] ϤޤǡξȤĤޤޤˤƤϤλˤʤä顤Ԥˡޤ«ˤƾƤϽҤƤ졤ȸĤ褦١ס
Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)פȤϢưȤơ嵭θűѸƥȤ#735. űѸ첻 --- ޥּޤͤζáפáɤ߾夲ƤޤҤİ
äơޥƱϤξβսꡤ3--8ΤˤĤơϢ#2906. űѸּޤͤζáס ([2017-04-11-1]) ⻲ȡۤ˸űѸΥƥȤȤƤϡ#2895. űѸִξ˲ȤƤס ([2017-03-31-1])#1803. Lord's Prayer ([2014-04-04-1])#1870. 2:18--25 7ɤ١ ([2014-06-10-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿
Davis, Norman. Sweet's Anglo-Saxon Primer. 9th ed. Oxford: Clarendon, 1953.
521ˤ˸줿ְʼδѸظإͥκǿ#129. ŹȤƸȤʤˤ⤷ȤǤ
ư10:24դǡ夵Ρֻλյ (Judges 12:4--6) ˽ŵ shibboleth ֥ܥơפ˸ڤƤޤθϡ츻Ūˤϥإ֥饤ǡֹסʤ뤤ϡֹʪסˤ̣ šibbolet ̤ޤŨФ륨ե饤 (Ephraimites) [ʃ] ȯǤʤȤ顤쥢ǿ (Geleadites) Ũʬ뤿ˤθѤȤԥɤǤˤꡤ쥢ǿͤ42ͤΥե饤ͤʬȤޤcf. #3623. إ֥饤줫μѸ ([2019-03-29-1])ˡ̱²̤뤿Ρֻա礤աפǤ
OED ˤȡθαѸǤνФ1382ǯ Wycliffe ˤƤǤ
1. The Hebrew word used by Jephthah as a test-word by which to distinguish the fleeing Ephraimites (who could not pronounce the sh) from his own men the Gileadites (Judges xii. 4--6).
1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) Judges xii. 6 Thei askiden hym, Seye thanne Sebolech [1535 Coverdale Schiboleth, 1611 Shibboleth],..the which answerde, Shebolech [a1425 L.V. Thebolech, 1535 Siboleth, 1611 Sibboleth].
1611ǯ The Authorised Version (The King James Version [KJV]) ܸꡤΡֻλյ (Judges 12:4--6) ѤƤޤ礦
4 Then Jephthah gathered together all the men of Gilead, and fought with Ephraim: and the men of Gilead smote Ephraim, because they said, Ye Gileadites are fugitives of Ephraim among the Ephraimites, and among the Manassites. 5 And the Gileadites took the passages of Jordan before the Ephraimites: and it was so that when those Ephraimites which were escaped said, Let me go over; that the men of Gilead said unto him, Art thou an Ephraimite? If he said, Nay; 6 Then said they unto him, Say now Shibboleth: and he said Sibboleth: for he could not frame to pronounce it right. Then they took him, and slew him at the passages of Jordan: and there fell at that time of the Ephraimites forty and two thousand.
4 ǥեϥ쥢Ǥο͡ȤȤƥե饤襤쥢Ǥο͡ϥե饤ˤäϥե饤ब֥쥢ǤӤȤ衤ʤϥե饤ȥޥʥΤˤ륨ե饤ͤפȸäǤ롥5 ƥ쥢ǤӤȤϥե饤ϤϤΤǡե饤ͤϤ餻ƤפȸȤ쥢Ǥο͡ϡ֤ʤϥե饤ӤȤǤפ䤤οͤ⤷֤ǤϤޤפȸʤС6 ޤοͤˡ֤Ǥϡإܥơ٤ȸäƤʤפȸοͤȯ뤳ȤǤʤǡ֥ܥơפȸȤϡοͤᤨơϤǻλե饤ӤȤݤ줿ΤϻͤǤä
YouTube ư11:03ʹߤǡ夵饤ʸǡ֥ѥפ̣֥ѥ̥ĥפȯüԡʤΥѥˤӽ뤿ѤƤȤäƤޤζ٤ӽǽˡܤƤߤƤϤǤ礦
ˤĤƤϡ Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)פǤ⤪äޤ#723. shibboleth ֻա --- ζ٤ӽǽǤ
2髙ԡˡνʪˤؤ٤ȿǤƤޤΤˤܤˤ¿μ̿䥨ԥɤȤȤ˥ѥȤˤޤȤƤޤʸƤꡤΰ˿ʤΤͭѤǤ

ܤˤˤϿޤܡʤܤvolumeˤ (codex) ؤܤη֤եȤˤĤơֺܤоפꤹϤǾҲ𤵤Ƥޤ
ܤϺܤ٤ƸˤäȤȤФиޤեȤطʤˤϤΤ褦ʼŪװ⤢äȤϳΤȻפޤꥹȶڤȴطҲŪװ⤢äȹͤƤޤ
髙 (pp. 45--45) Ǥϡ1--5˺줿¸륮ꥷŵʤܤˤĤơܤȺܤΨ٤ĴҲ𤵤Ƥޤˤȡ1ˤϺܤϤۤȤɤʤäΤΡ2ˤ2%3ˤ17%4ˤ70%5Ƭˤ90%Ȳ®ŪƤޤꥹȶϢܤˤĤĴȡäᤤʳܤϰϤǺѤƤꡤ2ޤǤ100%ãƤޤĤޤꡤꥹȶϢܤȺܤŪ̩ܤʴطˤäȤȤǤ
ˤĤ髙 (pp. 46--48) ϼΤ褦Ƥޤ
ƤܤȯƤΤϥץȤǤ롥ͤƤꡤܤȤ֤νиȥꥹȶŤ¹ԤƵäƤ뤳ȤϻŦƤܤϻá˻ŪȤʤꡤƱͤ˥ꥹȶ⻰˵®ڤ컰ǯǧƤ
ܤܤؤηŪžϡ줬ѤȤäŪкŪȽǤ鵯äΤǤϤʤҼܤϡܤѤƤ䶵դ¸ߤƤ۶Фơϥꥹȶ䶵ʬɤΩȤħŪʷ֤ȤơФ줿ΤǤ롥ꥹȶζ⤭ڤη֤Ȥơꥹȶμ̻۶̤ν̤뤿ˡܤϺѤ줿ΤǤä䶵ŵߤǤʤ洬ܤη֤ǺƤܤСޤʤꥹȶطԤˡӤδϢμܤܤη֤ž٤ϤפʿʪǤȤ⤫Ӿ夬롥
ܤη֤ͿƤȤϡޤ˶äǤ
髙 ԡνʪˤؤ١ȽŹҴȿӡ2023ǯ
ε#5003. DZѸ --- ߷ȹֺ¤Τ ([2023-01-07-1]) ǡѸ̻ŪӤŬƥȤǤ뤳ȤҤ٤ޤƤ§ȤƸźƱǤȤȤϡ̸ŪӤˤŬƤȤȤˤʤޤꥷ졤ƥ졤Ѹ졤ե졤ɥĸ졤졤ܸʤɤδ֤Ǽڤ˸ӤǤƤޤޤĤޤꡤоȸ (contrastive_linguistics)Ӹ (comparative_linguistics)оȸ (contrastive_language_history) δͭѤʥƥȤȤʤޤ
ǯˡkhelfʷѸ˥եˤβĹΤޤˤȤ note ˤơ֥ϤեꥸʥˡפϤޤեꥸǯϤˤ狼̣ȤΤȤǤʾСˡ1234ȡ4ʬεǺܤƤޤפѸ In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth. ȥեꥸ Yn it begjin hat God de himel en de ierde skepen. ٤ʤ顤̯ʸĴǥեꥸĶŸƤޤ
եꥸ (Frisian) ϡӸŪ˱ѸȺǤƤθȤƤޤθˤĤ hellog ǤʲεǿƤޤΤǡҤ
#787. Frisian ([2011-06-23-1])
#2950. ޥʤǽűѸˤƤΡ˻βѲ ([2017-05-25-1])
#3169. űѸ⳰ˤեꥸͤγ ([2017-12-30-1])
#3435. ѸˤˤϽ줫αƶϲᾮɾƤ ([2018-09-22-1])
#4670. ˤ֥եꥸκס ([2022-02-08-1])
Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)פǤ#40. Ѹ˺Ǥᤤϡ֥եꥸסˤƲ⤷ƤޤҤİ
ǯ٤ؤαѸطϤμȤǤϡ߷ˡǤɤѸˡ١罤۽Ź2013ǯˤѤ͡ʱӤԤʤäƤޤϤɤλΤΤǤ츶§ȤƱƤʤΤǡ̻ŪӤΤˤؤʥƥȤǤƱͤͳ̸ŪӤˤŬƤޤˡΰܤѸǤϤƶѸ졤Ѹ졤űѸؤ̤äƤС礭ʥåˡȸŤѸäƤȤǤޤѸˤؤ֤Τ˺ŬʥƥȤȤäƤ褤ǤǤɤѸˡ٤ϡΤμȤޤ

ꥹȶѤθѸˡǯɽ˻Ϥޤꡤ̻ŪӤϤ11Ϥޤ³ޤ12--15Ϥ͡ʸѸŪӤϤǡ̤ƸѸΥꥨؤ֤ȤǤޤϿ⽼¤ƤꡤOED λȤűѸ졦Ѹʸˡ硤ʸ⡤åȡѸ˽鿴ԤˤؤڤʺȤʤäƤޤ
ܤˤϡȤΤߤʤ餺 hellog Ǥ١äˤʤäƤޤ
#1803. Lord's Prayer ([2014-04-04-1])
#1848. Υ֡ ([2014-05-19-1])
#1870. 2:18--25 7ɤ١ ([2014-06-10-1])
#2928. űѸǡ11:1--9 ʡ֥Х٥סˤɤ ([2017-05-03-1])
#2929. 11:1--9 ʡ֥Х٥סˤ7ɤ١ ([2017-05-04-1])
Ԥλ߷Ļرض̾ˤϡܲޤˤƤ˴ŤơNHK㡼Ļˤ饤ˤ륷ֺ¡ɤ߲Ѹʪ֤Ƥޤ3Υǡ1ȱʸפϺǯ1119ڡˤ˽λƤޤ23Ϥ줫鳫֤ͽǤ2λäǽǤˡ⥪饤ֺ¤ȤʤäƤޤ̻ŪӤ˴ؿΤϤѸˤ˶̣ϤˤȤäƤŬʹֺ¤ȤʤȻפޤ
22023ǯ121ڡ15:30--17:30ֱˡۤʤ줿ּεפɤ
32023ǯ318ڡ15:30--17:30ְۤʤ줿ּεפɤ
ʾ塤ʻ߷ܿͤεĤ⤤Ĥġ˹ֺ¤ΤҲƤޤʤߤˡ伫Ȥī㡼ɶˤ4Υֺ¡ֱѸˤѸפ֤Ƥޤcf. #4954. īֺ¤4ʺǽˡֱѸˤѸ --- 21αѸΤ椯פΤ ([2022-11-19-1])ˡֱѸˤδ֤ˡפåȡ˷ǤǯѸ˳ưhelˤϤƤ¸Ǥ
߷ˤϡǯǤ줿ظɸಽͤ --- ʩоȸˡפλߡ١罤ۡ2022ǯ7ϡֱѸɸಽν20ʹߤ濴ˡפɮطǡVoicy heldio Ƥޤcf. #4840. ֻ߷Ȥ̡Ѹɸಽˤ̤ͤin Voicy ([2022-07-28-1])ˡФ⤪İ
߷ ⡡ǤɤѸˡ١罤۽Ź2013ǯ
ָΤΡפ̣ mouth /maʊθ/ μդ줳ȡ
츻ϸűѸ mūþ ʸˤǤ롥̤а캬 *men- (to project) ̤ꡤΤȤͤФΤ̤ȤȤ館Ȥͳ褹롥캬ˤߤ *n ϡűѸˤæ˻ĤäƤʤбɥĸ Mund ʸˤˤϻĤäƤ롥Ʊ캬ϥեͳ mount Фˡmountain/Mt. ֻפʤɤƤ롥
mouth ˤưȤơ֤⤰⤰Ǹפΰ̣⤢롥14̾줫ʻž (conversion) ƤǤΤǡϡ֤٤פۤɤθä
ʤưȤƤȯϸͭ /maʊð/ Ȥʤ뤳Ȥաmouth ʳˤ⡤th ̾Ǥ̵ưǤͭȤʤϾʤʤ (ex. bath -- bathe, breath -- breathe, cloth -- clothe, sooth -- soothe, tooth -- teethe) ¤Ϥθݤ th ˸¤餺 f s ʤ¾ˤ⸫롥#2223. ФˤҲ̵ͭ ([2015-05-29-1]) ȡ
mouth th ͭΤưˡξǤϤʤ̾ȤʣȤʤˤ mouths /maʊðz/ Τ褦ͭΤդǤʤ̵ȯ /maʊθs/ ޤäʤ櫓ǤϤʤˡƱͤ baths, oaths, paths, truths, youths ʤɤǤ /-ðz/ ȯ뤳Ȥ¿ܤϡ#702. -ths ȯ ([2011-03-30-1]) ȡ
mouth ˤĤܤͳΥǥȤ out of the mouths of babes (and sucklings) 롥"Out of the mouth of babes and sucklings hast thou ordained strength because of thine enemies, that thou mightest still the enemy and the avenger" (The Book of Psalms 8:2) ͳ褹ɽߤǤϻҶפȯԤդ桼饹˻ؤɽȤʤäƤ롥
Ѹ mouth ܸΡָפ⡤Τ̤ɽȶñȤξǰ̣ĥͻҤ褯Ƥ롥㤨СܸΡֲϸסʮиסƶθפȤäָפΥեϡѸǤ the mouth of a river/volcano/cave Ȥ褦ˤΤޤб롥ָסָĤפ a foul mouth, shut one's mouth ˤΤޤбȥ˥ߡǤ롥
ޥե٥åȤѤǤϡѲս䶯Ĵʬʤɡʬ̤˺Ω뤿ˤФХå (italics) Ѥ롥̾ΥޥΤǽ줿ʸΤʤǺٿȤΥåΤϤ褯ΩĤǤ롥ΤθŪˡȤäƤ褤cf. #574. punctuation 4Ĥεǽ ([2010-11-22-1])ˡ
åΤϡ1501ǯμܽΤ˴ŤΤȤƥ٥ͥǸ줿椬äٿȤǷкŪʽΤȤ߽Ф줿ΤǤ롥åΤ餫ΩͿ뤿Ѥ줿櫓ǤϤʤΩΤ˻Ѥϡ16ȾΥեǤοȤ줬ɤˤꡤ1611ǯζ (Authorised Version) ˤʸνΤȤѤ˵ڤӡ˻äˤϥåΤλȤϳ餹Ԥ⸽줿褦ǡۤɤޤǤ˻Ѥ̲ƤȤȤˤʤ롥
嵭 Daniels (68--69) ɤǽΤäȤǤ롥Ѹˤ륤åλѤδΩ˰äƤ¤ˤϡä˶ä줿ƱαѸ˾ΰյ礭ƳǧǤ롥
Daniels, Peter T. "The History of Writing as a History of Linguistics." Chapter 2 of The Oxford Handbook of the History of Linguistics. Ed. Keith Allan. Oxford: OUP, 2013. 53--69.
ƸʸˤơưʪȼξħỤ̄äƤ롥Ѹξ硤á̱äʤɤ̤ưޤƤŪϢŪʰ̣ͭƤꡤ줬üԤδ֤ǹͭƤ뤿ˡʸءȤ虜ͷӤʤɤˤƤ¿Ѥ롥ưʪ̾ڤȡΤ褦ˡΥۤɤˡʸ˿դƤΤǤ롥رѸŵ (pp. 177-78) ꡤŵŪʤΤ褦
| ưʪ̾ | ħỤ̄ |
|---|---|
| ant | cooperation ϡpatience Ǧ |
| bear | maternal protection ǽstrength |
| butterfly ij | beauty balance ѹ |
| cat ǭ | independence Ωagility Ҿ |
| deer | gentleness ¡peace ʿ |
| dog | royalty love |
| dove ȷ | peace ʿ¡innocence ̵ |
| elephant | wisdom ηástrength |
| fox | camouflage ֡cunning Ѥ |
| giraffe | intuition ľϡforesight 踫 |
| horse | friendship ͧpower |
| lion 饤 | courage ͦstrength |
| mule | stubbornness ǡindependence Ω |
| owl ե | wisdom ηáclairvoyance Ʃǽ |
| serpent, snake | temptation Ͷǡwisdom η |
| turtle | longevity Ĺlove |
ɸϡϥåŪǤ뤳Ȥǧʤ⡤ѸŪˤϿ˹ͤƤơޤǤ
̤ʸʿʸˤ˴ؤ¤ꡤѸˤ̤Ƽ (S) ư (V) Ȥ SV 礬ͥäȤϴְ㤤ޤߡܴۤ SV ǸǤޤäƤȤäƤ褤Ǥ礦ǯۤθűѸˤƤƱͤ SV ܴۤʤǥեȸäȤ뤫Ȥȡɬ⤽ǤϤޤVS 礬ޤ줿Ǥ
ֱܲѸƳ2021ʹǤرˤɽ줿ƥĤϤդŪ˰äƤޤֱѸθ SV ǤϤʤä
ΥƥǤϡ1֤ۤΡ#4378. űѸؤ褦 --- ֥Х٥פθűѸǤ ([2021-04-22-1]) Ǥ夲줿֥Х٥פθűѸǡѸǡѸǡѸǤѤ̻ŪӤʤƤޤ (cf. #2929. 11:1--9 ʡ֥Х٥סˤ7ɤ١ ([2017-05-04-1])ˡƻǤΡ֥Х٥פΤ˴ؤơʸθǫӤΤǤη̡ŤǤФۤ VS 礬иƤ뤳ȤǧޤŤȤơʿʸδܸ礬 SV äȤϳΤʤΤǤޥΥƥʤ VS ǽäΤǤ
λ¤¿αѸؽԤˤȤäƾŪǤϤʤǤ礦Ѹδܸ SV ǤȤޤƤϤǤͤƤߤиѸˤŪȤϤ Here comes (V) the train (S). In no other part of the world is (V) more tea (S) consumed than in Britain. Τ褦ˡ礬ʸƬ˸ʿʸˤƸ礬 VS Ȥʤ¸ߤޤ
嵭鲿Ǥ礦Υƥˤ̤ꡤѸΡʸפȤ8ʸ5ʸʤ͡ʬबޤ꼰줿ˤ̤ƸǤޤäƤΤǤꡤŤϤäȼͳ٤⤫äȤȤǤʿʸǤ SV ʤ VS ٤¸ߴƤ夬ꡤԤ;ϸѸˤŪʤĤäƤȤפǤ
ˤˤƤϡȤŪʹܤǤ顤Ѳ뤳ȤȤȤǤ䤬Ƥλ¤ΤäΤΤȤäǤ礦ȴˤʤޤ
οܤϰǤϤ˱ơޤǤñ˷ŪˤȤɤޤ餺ꥺ¤ʤ͡ʴͻ٤ŪʤΤǤ
ؤǤϡѸˤƳȤΤۤ˸űѸ (Old English) ƳȤⳫ֤Ƥ롥ǯٽ4ˤϡĤ䤿©ɬʹƤ롥ޤǤäѤ鸽ѸܤƤˤȤäơűѸȤϤޤ˰ۼ˱Ǥꡤ¾忷ʳؤӻϤΤƱȤʬäƤޤ
֤äƾĴƤȡΤˤʤۤʤ뤱ɤƱѸȤФʤȤռƤ褦ä˸äΥ٥ǡűѸν鸫θȸѸδΤθ줬ӤĤȤиĤޤ츻Τ̥Ϥ٤̣臘ȡűѸ줬ȶ˴ƤΤȻפ
θűѸܥ֥ǤäƳƤߤ֥Х٥פΤθűѸʲ˼
Wæs þā ān gereord on eorþan, and heora ealre ān sprǣc. Hī fērdon fram ēastdēle oð þæt hī cōmon tō ānum felde on þām lande Sennar, and þēr wunedon. Ðā cwǣdon hī him betwȳnan, “Vton wyrcean ūs tigelan and ǣlan hī on fȳre.” Witodlīce hī hæfdon tigelan for stān and tyrwan for weall-līm. And cwǣdon, “Cumað and utan wircan ūs āne burh and ǣnne stȳpel swā hēahne ðæt his rōf ātille þā heofonan, and uton mǣrsian ūrne namon, ǣr þan wē bēon tōdǣlede tō eallum landum.” God þā nyþer āstāh, þæt hē gesēga þā burh and þone stȳpel þe Adames sunus getimbroden. God cwæð þā, “Efne þis his ān folc and gereord him ealum, and hī ongunnon þis tō wircenne; ne hī ne geswīcað heora geþōhta, ǣr þan þe hī mid weorce hī gefyllan. Cumað nū eornostlīce and uton niþer āstīgan and heora gereord þēr tōwendon, þæt heora nān ne tōcnāwe his nēxtan stemne.” And God þā hī tōdǣlde swā of þǣre stōwe tō eallum landum, and hī geswicon tō wyrcenne þā buruh. And for þī wæs sēo burh gehāten Babel, for þan þe ðǣr wæs tōdǣled þæt gereord ealre eorþan. God þā hī sende þanon ofer brādnesse ealra eorðan.
ǤϥץץȻפΤǡ#2929. 11:1--9 ʡ֥Х٥סˤ7ɤ١ ([2017-05-04-1]) Ƥۤʾ嵭űѸǤ⤳ε (1) ƷǤΡˡϱѸˤΰۤʤʳDz٤ѸƤΤǡ̻ŪӤǽʤΤǤ롥ѸǤǫӤСűѸǤȤбطä⤫Ӿ夬äƤϤ
űѸǤȸѸǤθå٥ǤбˤĤơֱѸƳ2021Τ˱ֿȶʸűѸ5ȤƥĤƤ줿֤Ǽ fērdon, wyrcean/wircan/wyrcenne, burh, getimbroden, tōdǣlede/tōdǣlde 5θ夲Ѹʤɥĸˤ˰Ĥʤ⤷ƤƤ롥űѸƳȤɤ
Shakespeare αʸػ˾ΰյˤĤƤϸޤǤʤʡֱѡפơʸػ˾ΰյȤäƤѤʤˡޤѹʸ˾ΰյƱ褦˿ޤ˼ƵˤʤʤȤȿ¿ˤʤ
Shakespeare αѸ˾ΰյˤĤƤϤɤShakespeare ѸȤͿѥȡ䤤ľƤ褤ϡ˽Ҥ٤ʸػ˾塤ѹʸ˾ΰյ٤ơѸ˾ΰյϤۤ礭ʤȹͤƤ롥ΰոʤɤʹƤȡŪˡֱʸءѹʸѸפȤΩäƤ褦ǡShakespeare αѸ˾ΰյޤ礭Ȥˤʤ뤳ȤŪ¿
ʤΤǤäƤShakespeare ˻Ĥɽ졤硤ñ졤ˡʤɡˤμ˭٤ˤĤƤϡ;ϤϤʤ˻ޤǤ٤ȤȤǤС Shakespeare ȸۤɤвԤǤ롥ۤɤͭ̾ͤǤ뤫顤Ѹ˵ҤǤⲿо줹뵡¿伫ȤѸ˳μȤǽѸ⤹äơShakespeare ˿줺˺ѤޤȤϤǤʤcf. #1412. 16Ⱦ˸Ū2ͤ Thomas ([2013-03-09-1])ˡ줺˺ѤޤˤϤäʤ¸ߤǤ롥
εΥݥȤϡShakespeare αѸ˾ΰյǤ롥Shakespeare ѸȤˤɤۤ¿¿ͤʥѥȤͿǤ롥˽Ҥ٤褦ˡ̾äʤɤΡɽפѸˤƳꡤꡤ夵ꤷȤ˴ؤƤϡʬѸ˱ƶͿɾǤ롥ѸȤϡΤ褦ʡɽפΤߤΩäƤ櫓ǤϤʤShakespeare ϡϤӸαѸȯ˲餫ΥѥȤͿֻˤĤƤϤɤޤʸˡˤĤƤϤɤϤޤѤˤĤƤϤˡɽפСShakespeare ѸľŪʥѥȤͿϤޤʤΤǤϤʤȵäƤ롥
ľŪǤϤʤŪʥѥȤϤɤ㤨СǤ˴Ū˹ԤʤƤȯֻʸˡѤʤɤ Shakespeare ˺Ѥ졤Shakespeare ȤƶϤΤΤˤäƹ졤˹Ԥʤ褦ˤʤäȤ褦ʤȤä֤ɽפ˴ؤƤϡľܤˤܤˤ⥤ѥȤͿȤϤäѸ뤽ʳθؤΥѥȤȤΤϡɤäΤ㤨СͷӤŷͤǤ Shakespeare ʻž (conversion) ¿ѤȤäबʻžȤŪʲѸˤ⤿餷ǽοͤʤɤǤϤʤǤϡƱѸ˹ꡤ夵ꤹΤ˰äۤɤƯϤΤˤϡShakespeare οͤǤϤʤΰȤαѸ춦ƱΤΤȤƱήԤ˹Ȥ褦˻פΤǤcf. #1414. ʻžϥͥϤθ줫 ([2013-03-11-1])ˡ
⤽οˤƸĿ̤ͤȤϡ礭ǤΤ#2022. ѲˤĿͤαƶ ([2014-11-09-1]) 褦ˡե顼ɤ䥤ꥢؤǤϡĿͤ䤬Ż뤵ΤΡȤƤϡäȤƤŪˤȤɤޤȹͤƤ롥ܼŪʸˤĤƤϡƤߤȻפäƤ롥
Ȥ Shakespeare ɽפȤɽŪˤƶͿƤʤäȤƤ⡤ǤĿͤޤǤαƶͿȤΤȤǤϤʤȤȤȤСˤϻⴰ˻Ʊ롥ĴơShakespeare ѸȤΡˤ˿ʥѥȤͿɽΤϸǤϤʤShakespeare ѸβˤɤΤ餤ƶͿΤʤ̣ۤä Shakespeare αѸ˾ΰյɾ뤳ȤˤʤȻפäƤ롥ϡѸˤˤΰյ Chaucer ΰյȤȤⶦ̤Ƥcf. #1439. ͳ褹ɽ ([2013-04-05-1])#257. Chaucer Ѹ˾˲̤Ȥϡ ([2010-01-09-1])#298. Chaucer Ѹ˾˲̤Ȥϡ (2) ([2010-02-19-1])ˡ
ʤ1ۤ˽#4250. Shakespeare θθ˴ؤ3Ĥ¦̤4ĤŪ ([2020-12-15-1]) ǤϡShakespeare αѸ˾ΰյ餫ˤפб¦̤ŪˤϿƤʤä
ɸθϤֶϼԡ֡۶ԡפ̣롥̾ helpmate /ˈhɛlp ˌmeɪt/ θѤ뤬ޤ helpmeet /ˈhɛlp ˌmiːt/ Ѥ롥ŪˤߤСޤʸԤΤۤͳǤꡤԤϤδ㤤ˤäޤ줿Ǥ롥
meet ưֲפǤϤʤŬʡդ路פ̣ʷƻǤ롥ޤꤪܤˤʤȤпΡإ륫ˤʡ(15:32) "It was meet that we should make merry." ʤγڤߴ֤ʤˤȤ롥űѸΥꥢ *ġemēte (WS ġemǣte) ˤΤܤꡤɥĸ gemäss б롥̣ϸűѸǤɥĸǤŬʡդ路פǤ롥
ơΡ (2:18, 20) an help meet for him ȤɽФƤ롥ΤȼηȤĻáƥͿ褦Ȥ뤯Ǥ롥ˤȤäƤդ路ÿ͡פۤɤ̣Ȥ̾ȷƻ줫ʤ help meet ʤɽhelpmeet Ȥ1Ĥ̾ȤƸƤޤääʬϤƤޤäΤǤʤΤ褦ʲʬ (metanalysis) ȸƤ֡ˡθνִ֤ˡֶϼԡ֡פ̣ͩ helpmeet Ѹ˽и
meet ʤ̾¸ߤʣ2ǤȤ夭äΤ䤬ơ֡פ̸̣츻 mate ȯʣ2ǤǦӹߡhelpmate ޤ줿ȹͤ롥
ʲʸΤ褦ˡhelpmate θ to for ֻȼȤ¿Τϡmeet ƻŬʡդ路פɽ路Ƥ̾ĤȤʤʤ
He was a faithful helpmate to his master.
She was a true helpmate to her husband.
You are a good helpmate for our work.
ܥ֥ǡ6Ⱦˡ#4060. ʤפ̣ spirit ־αפ̣Τ ([2020-06-08-1])#4061. sprite spright ([2020-06-09-1])#4062. ƥ spirare ©ˤθ캬ͥåȥ ([2020-06-10-1]) ε⤽ο OED3 ԽԤμˤ spirit ιܤ˴ؤ֥ That's the spirit: revising 'spirit', n. for OED3 åפƤ
spirit ϡΤΤʤĶŪʻؼоݤ¿Ǥꡤʸ˾פǡĻ٤⤤ñʤΤǡOED ΤʤǤ礭ΥȥȤʤäƤ롥ԽԤȤƤϡΤ褦¿˴ؤƸνˤ뤫ȤΤȤʤ롥Ȥ櫓ñξˤϡ¿ȤƱѸ˼Ѥ줿ˡѸˤˤȤɤޤäƤ¤ꡤʣθֽȤȤޤ̣ʤʤΤºݡ͡ʸ14 Wycliffe αˤƽФƤ롥Ū§פ OED ΥݥꥷȤơ¿̻Ū˴طŤΤϤޤޤ OED ⤽ΥեˤƥˤˤޤǿƧ߹ळȤϤʤΤǡνϤʤǺޤä褦ǤʸᤷʤƸʬꡤʤ٤ŪʽܻؤƻԺʤɡޤޤԽϤͻҤε֤Ƥ롥
ۤˡǤǤ spirit ιΤȤǰƤ Holy Spirit ǤǤΩθФȤΩƤ줿ȤʸŪʰյˤƽפʲԤȤ٤
OED Τ褦ʡޤ philology ܤΤԽԤο͵ܤˤΤ褦ɸ崶εäOED ζҤƤϼԻˤޤĤϫ褯ʬ뵭Ǥ롥ᡥ
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