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ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2017-06-06 Tue

#2962. ֥塼֥Х٥פϥθҤŤ⤯Ǥ [bible][tower_of_babel][dutch][hebrew][history_of_linguistics][language_myth]

1ۤɤδ֤ˡ֥Х٥ߤε򤤤Ĥ񤤤Ƥtower_of_babel) Ѵ֥塼֥Х٥ŸŤƤΤ˰äƽ񤤤ƤΤ褦䤯Ѵۤؤˬ̤
֥塼Ρ֥Х٥סʥܥޥѴǡˤμʪվޤäơˤĤɾ򻲾Ȥ¤¿̣ͤ襤褦ʤ֥塼ϤΤ褦򤢤Τ褦طʤȤȤΤʤ1568ǯȤΤΰտޤϲʤΤ˽äŪʹۤʤΤ뤤Ϥռ˼äڴŪʻäΤ뤤ξɾɤǤʪ򸫤Ƥ⡤ĤʤޤޤǤ롥
֥塼Ρ֥Х٥פ16衼åѽ¯Ȥȹ̱γΩȤ괬ҲŪĬδɤ߲򤳤ȤΤˡߤˤ롥Ҳ𤷤褦
Υ衼åѤζȤϡƥΤӤ졤ä¯ (vernacular) (national language) ȤƬƤȤĬήΤʤˤäȤȤΩƤ뤳Ȥ⳰Τ餷ʤȤơҤФʳΩ̳ȹͤƤǤСꤷǸҤṮ̌˹顦뤳Ȥǽ㤨Сե󥹤ϡե󥹸򤽤Τ褦ϰ̤֤Τˡۤɤλ֤ȥͥ륮פʤäȤ˼ϤСˤϤ롥
Ϥ񡹡ä˥ץƥȽȤϡγΩ˼ּäǡ餬򸢰ҤŤˡȤƺѤΤϡˤθҤտ路Ƥߤʤ졤θθȹͤƤإ֥饤礤˽ФȤθŪϢޤȤ䤫⤯Ȥάäơɥĸ䥪줬餳ǥإ֥饤ȷӤĤ褦ˤʤä
θҤŤλߤˤĤơ (83--85) εҤѤ롥

ϻȬǯʹߡڥλۤæ뤿ᡤȬǯ˵ڤΩ򶯤줿͡ǥȤǤϡǯˤϻǯȥڥĮԤȤƳưʤ줪Ӹθ˾Ǯϥͥԥ٥̥ʥ󡦥ե󡦥ۥסˡʰް--ǯˤإȥڥε (Origines Antwerpianae)٤θϡֿפ᤭ޤ줿ΤǤꡤǤϸդȻʪͭŪʴطäƤƤطŵϥ˸Ф롤⤤ͳϤȤСȥڥͤǤ륭֥ͤϥڥȤľϤλ¹ǤꡤڥȤλ¹ϡ֥Х٥פβˤʤä˸κȤ졤ƥȥڥͤθ¸ȤΤǤ롥ԥ٥̥ϡ츻ˤߤʤ顤줬ñ¿äƤ뤳ȡ˭¾ΤˤޤäƤ뤳ȡʣ߽ФϤäƤ뤳Ȥ򺬵˼褦ȤƱͤλߤϽäƤ⸫졤ϻǯ˴Ԥ줿ɥꥢ󡦥ե󡦥ǥ꡼ʰϻ--ϻǯˤΡŨмԤν (Adversariorum libri)٤Ǥϡ֤˥إ֥饤ϿŪǸΤΤǤ뤫ס֤ɤΤ褦ˤƤΤȤ˥塼ȥ̥ͤΤפξߤƤ롥
ΤȤޤǺǤ褯Τ֥Х٥פԡƥ롦֥塼ʰ޺--ϻǯˤԥ٥̥ƱƱȥڥdzưեɥβȤäȤ¤ΰ̣˵Ť֥塼뤬¸ΡԥХ٥դϰϻǯκ˸Ϥƽϻ齽ˤ¿Ρ֥Х٥פγĤԤõʤ顤إɥꥯե󡦥졼ʰ--ȬǯˤˤƤ⡤٥롦ޡʰ޼--ϻǯˤˤƤ⡤ȥڥdzưեɥβȤǤ롥󡤤϶ΰפǤϤʤκ˾ħ͡κ԰ʾ򡤤λ¤ϼƤ롥ƥ衼åѤǤϡϤˡ֥Х٥פΩ


¯Ȥȹ̱γΩ̳ȹͤƤǤϡ󥤥ꥹ㳰ǤϤʤꥹ⡤͡ʺϮƹ줿ѸθҤŤ忴ζȤ⡤˹񱿤¿򤫤ƤȤäƤǤϤʤơθ塤ȴ֤ζФơǽṲ̄ͥΩäΤꥹǤꡤˤäƹŪʸҤιޤäΤѸǤäФγ٤ǤϤ뤬֥塼֥Х٥פϡѸŪˤվޤ롥

ظ쵯η١̼ҡ2014ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2017-06-11-1]

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2017-05-28 Sun

#2953. 11:1--9 ʡ֥Х٥סˤḽ8ɤ [bible][tower_of_babel]

#2929. 11:1--9 ʡ֥Х٥סˤ7ɤ١ ([2017-05-04-1]) ˰³֥Х٥פḽѸ8Сɲä⡤Weigle The Genesis Octapla (50--51) äƤΤǤ롥
μˤˤĤƤϡ#1427. פʱ˴ؤǯɽ ([2013-03-24-1])#1709. ױǯɽ ([2013-12-31-1])#1472. ͥ󥹴θŪ ([2013-05-08-1]) 򻲾ȡ

(1) TYNDALE 1530

And all the world was of one tonge and one language. And as they came from the east, they founde playne in the lande of Synear, and there they dwelled. And they sayd one to a nother: come on, let us make brycke and burne it wyth fyre. So brycke was there stone and slyme was there morter. And they sayd: Come on, let us buylde us cyte and a toure, that the toppe may reach unto heaven. And let us make us name, for peraventure we shall be scatered abrode over all the erth. And the LORde came downe to see the cyte and the toure which the children of Adam had buylded. And the LORde sayd: See, the people is one and have one tonge amonge them all. And thys have they begon to do, and wyll not leave of from all that they have purposed to do. Come on, let us descende and myngell theire tonge even there, that one understonde not what a nother sayeth. Thus the LORde skatered them from thence uppon all the erth. And they left of to buylde the cyte. Wherfore the name, of it is called Babell, because that the LORDE there confounded the tonge of all the world. And because that the LORde from thence, skatered them abrode uppon all the erth.


(2) GREAT BIBLE (1539) 1540

Al the whole erth was of one language and lyke speche. And it happened whan they wente furth from the east, they founde playne in the londe of Sinhar, and there they abode. And they sayd every one to his neyghboure: Come, let us prepare brycke, and burne them in the fyre. And they had brycke for stone, and slyme had they in steade of morter. And they sayde: Go to, let us buylde us citie and tower, whose toppe maye reach unto heaven: and let us make us name, lest haply we be scatred abrode in to the upper face of the whole erth. But the Lord came downe, to se the cytie and tower whych the chyldren of men buylded. And the Lorde sayde: Beholde, the people is one, and they have all one language, and thys they begynne to do, neyther wyll it be restrayned from them, whatsoever they have ymagined to do. Come on, let us go downe, and confounde theyr language, that every one perceave not hys neyghbours speche. And so the Lorde scatred them from that place into the upper face of all the erth. And they left of to buylde the cytie. And therfore is the name of it called Babel, because the Lorde dyd there confounde the language of ail the erth. And from thence dyd the Lorde scater them abrode upon the face of all the erth.


(3) GENEVA BIBLE (1560) 1562

Then the whole earth was of one language and one speache. And as they went frome the Easte, they founde a plaine in the lande of Shinar, and there they abode. And they sayd one to an other, Come let us make brycke, and burne it in the fire. So they had brycke for stone, and slyme had they in steade of morter. Also they said, Go to, let us builde us citie and tower, whose toppe (may reache) unto the heaven, that we may get us name, lest we be scatred upon the whole earth. But the Lord came downe, to se the citie and tower, whiche the sonnes of men buylded. And the Lord said, Beholde, the people (is) one, and they all have one language, and this they begynne to do, nether can they now be stopped from whatsoever they have imagined to do. Come on, let us go downe, and there confounde their language, that everie one perceive not an others speache. So the Lord scattred them frome thence uppon all the earth, and they left of to buylde the citie. Therefore the name of it was called Babel, because the LORDE did there confounde the language of all the earth: from thence then did the LORDE scater them upon all the earth.


(4) BISHOPS' BIBLE (1568) 1602

And all the whole earth was of one language, and like speach. And when they went forth from the East, they found plaine in the lande of Sinar, and there they abode. And one saide to another, Come, let us prepare bricke, and burne them in the fire. And they had bricke for stones, and slime had they in stead of morter. And they said, Go to, let us build us citie and tower, whose top may reach unto heaven, and let us make us name, lest peradventure we be scattered abroad upon the whole earth. But the Lord came downe to see the city and tower, which the children of men builded. And the Lord saide, Beholde, the people is one, and they have all one language: and this they begin to do, neither is there any let to them from all those things which they have imagined to doe. Come on, let us go downe, and there confound their language, that every one perceive not his neighbours speach. And so the Lord scattered them from that place upon all the earth: and they left off to build that citie. And therefore is the name of it called Babel, because the Lord did there confound the language of all the earth: and from thence did the Lord scatter them abroad upon the face of all the earth.


(5) DOUAY 1609

And the earth was of one tongue, and al one speach. And when they removed from the east, they found a plaine in the land of Sennaar, and dwelt in it. And eech one said to his neighboure: Come, let Us make bricke, and bake them with fire. And they had bricke in steed of stone, and bitume in steed of morter: and they said: Come, let us make us citie and a towre, the toppe wherof may reach to heaven: and let us renowne our name before we be dispersed into al lands. And our Lord descended to see the citie and the towre, which the children of Adam builded, and he said: Behold, it is one people, and one tongue is to al: and they have begunne to doe this, neyther wil they leave of from their determinations, til they ac complish them indede. Come ye therfore, let us goe downe, and there confound their tongue, that none may heare is neighbours voice. And so our Lord dispersed them from that place into al lands, and they ceased to build the citie. And therfore the name therof was called Babel, because there the tongue of the whole earth was confounded: and from thence our Lord dispersed them upon the face of al countries.


(6) KJ (1611) 1873

And the whole earth was of one language, and of one speech. And it came to pass, as they journeyed from the east, that they found plain in the land of Shinar; and they dwelt there. And they said one to an other, Go to, let us make brick, and burn them thoroughly. And they had brick for stone, and slime had they for morter. And they said, Go to, let us build us city and tower, whose top may reach unto heaven; and let us make us a name, lest we be scattered abroad upon the face of the whole earth. And the LORD came down to see the city and the tower, which the children of men builded. And the LORD said, Behold, the people is one, and they have all one language; and this they begin to do: and now nothing will be restrained from them, which they have imagined to do. Go to, let us go down, and there con found their language, that they may not understand one another's speech. So the LORD scattered them abroad from thence upon the face of all the earth: and they left off to build the city. Therefore is the name of it called Babel; because the LORD did there confound the language of all the earth: and from thence did the LORD scatter them abroad upon the face of all the earth.


(7) (RV 1881) ASV 1901

And the whole earth was of one language, and of one speech. And it came to pass, as they journeyed east, that they found plain in the land of Shinar; and they dwelt there. And they said one to another, Come, -let us make brick, and burn them thoroughly. And they had brick for stone, and slime had they for mortar. And they said, Come, let us build us city, and tower, whose top may reach unto heaven, and let us make us a name; lest we be scattered abroad upon the face of the whole earth. And Jehovah came down to see the city and the tower, which the children of men builded. And Jehovah said, Behold, they are one people, and they have all one language; and this is what they begin to do: and now nothing will be withholden from them, which they purpose to do. Come, let us go down, and there confound their language, that they may not understand one another's speech. So Jehovah scattered them abroad from thence upon the face of all the earth: and they left off building the city. Therefore was the name of it called Babel; because Jehovah did there confound the language of all the earth: and from thence did Jehovah scatter them abroad upon the face of all the earth.


(8) RSV (1952) 1960

Now the whole earth had one language and few words. And as men migrated from the east, they found plain in the land of Shinar and settled there. And they said to one another, "Come, let us make bricks, and burn them thoroughly." And they had brick for stone, and bitumen for mortar. Then they said, "Come, let us build ourselves city, and tower with its top in the heavens, and let us make name for ourselves, lest we be scattered abroad upon the face of the whole earth." And the LORD came down to see the city and the tower, which the sons of men had built. And the LORD said, "Behold, they are one people, and they have all one language; and this is only the beginning of what they will do; and nothing that they propose to do will now be impossible for them. Come, let us go down, and there confuse their language, that they may not understand one another's speech." So the LORD scattered them abroad from there over the face of all the earth, and they left off building the city. Therefore its name was called Babel, because there the LORD confused the language of all the earth; and from there the LORD scattered them abroad over the face of all the earth.


Х٥ (tower_of_babel) ˴ؤƤϡ#2946. ˤߤȳȻ ([2017-05-21-1])#2928. űѸǡ11:1--9 ʡ֥Х٥סˤɤ ([2017-05-03-1]) ⻲ȡ

Weigle, Luther A. ed. The Genesis Octapla: Eight English Versions of Genesis in the Tyndale-King James Tradition. New York: Thomas Nelson & Sons, 1952.

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2017-05-21 Sun

#2946. ˤߤȳȻ [bible][origin_of_language][language_myth][tower_of_babel][sapir-whorf_hypothesis][linguistic_relativism]

䡦ꥹȶˤСȳȻˤޤĤäϡ줾쥢ȥХ٥ΰä˽󤵤롥ϡŪ˸Ƥ쵯ΤʤǤⷲȴƹΤ졤ŤĹˤ錄äƿƤγפMufwene (15--16) ˤǤǼ

Speculations about the origins of language and linguistic diversity date from far back in the history of mankind. Among the most cited cases is the book of Genesis, in the Judeo-Christian Bible. After God created Adam, He reportedly gave him authority to name every being that was in the Garden of Eden. Putatively, God and Adam spoke some language, the original language, which some scholars have claimed to be Hebrew, the original language of Bible. Adam named every entity God wanted him to know; and his wife and descendants accordingly learned the names he had invented.
   Although the story suggests the origin of naming conventions, it says nothing about whether Adam named only entities or also actions and states. In any case, it suggests that it was necessary for Adam's wife and descendants to learn the same vocabulary to facilitate successful communication.
   Up to the eighteenth century, reflecting the impact of Christianity, pre-modern Western philosophers and philologists typically maintained that language was given to mankind, or that humans were endowed with language upon their creation. Assuming that Eve, who was reportedly created from Adam's rib, was equally endowed with (a capacity for) language, the rest was a simple history of learning the original vocabulary or language. Changes needed historical accounts, grounded in natural disasters, in population dispersals, and in learning with modification . . . .
   The book of Genesis also deals with the origin of linguistic diversity, in the myth of the Tower of Babel (11: 5--8), in which the multitude of languages is treated as a form of punishment from God. According to the myth, the human population had already increased substantially, generations after the Great Deluge in the Noah's Ark story. To avoid being scattered around the world, they built a city with a tower tall enough to reach the heavens, the dwelling of God. The tower apparently violated the population structure set up at the creation of Adam and Eve. God brought them down (according to some versions, He also destroyed the tower), dispersed them around the world, and confounded them by making them speak in mutually unintelligible ways. Putatively, this is how linguistic diversity began. The story suggests that sharing the same language fosters collaboration, contrary to some of the modern Darwinian thinking that joint attention and cooperation, rather than competition, facilitated the emergence of language . . . .


Ǹʬɾ⤷Х٥οäǤϡָͭƤȶƯ䤹ʤפȤ뤬θ쵯ǤϤषֶƯȯưפˤפ⤫롥դεϡȼҲشط̴طȤ̩ܤ˴طԥᥦդβ (sapir-whorf_hypothesis) ؤ³Х٥㤫ؤȤĤʤƻڤȤϻפäƤ⸫ʤäΤǡäȯä
Х٥ˤĤƤϡǶᡤ#2928. űѸǡ11:1--9 ʡ֥Х٥סˤɤ ([2017-05-03-1]) ȡ#2938. ֥Х٥פθѡ ([2017-05-13-1]) ˤΤǡ⻲Ȥ줿

Mufwene, Salikoko S. "The Origins and the Evolution of Language." Chapter 1 of The Oxford Handbook of the History of Linguistics. Ed. Keith Allan. Oxford: OUP, 2013.

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2017-05-13 Sat

#2938. ֥Х٥פθ [bible][tower_of_babel][origin_of_language][language_myth][linguistic_ideology]

#2928. űѸǡ11:1--9 ʡ֥Х٥סˤɤ ([2017-05-03-1]) ǡХ٥˸ڤȤδطǡؤȤХ٥ΰäˤĤĴ٤Ƥߤ褦ȼνҤҤä֤ƤߤΤƳФƤʤǶθؽˤϡХ٥ν֤Ϥʤ餷ϤɤȤ
ߡؤθˤơä˸εεˤơ֥Х٥פФؼԤϤˤʤäơդ뤳ȤʤȤȤʬ롥ϰ̩夷äǤʤȤǤ⡤ʳؤȤƤθؤˤƽФ뤬ʤΤΤǽ񤫤ػˤʸ̮ʤɤǤϡڤ餤äƤ褵ʤΤޤФƤʤ
ˡ˼ҲؤΩ줫ϡƴŪǤϤ뤬Ѹˤδؿ餷Ƥ⡤֥Х٥פ礭ʰյäƤ롥߹ͭƤѡʶḽθؤθѤǤ⤢ˤϡȤȤΩƤΤǤꡤȽŪį뤳ȤʤˡˤĤ뤳ȤǤʤϤǤ롥ǤϡȤȤϲȤС衼åѤκФðۤʼҲ֤ǤꡤαˤϾ˹ȸƤФäХ٥ˤäƻ껶ˤʤäʹ֤νϡˡȤˤäƤդͿ줿ȤƤ줾켫Ωƻ߻Ϥᡤ̤ƸߤƸ򶥤礦ΤǤ롥ơζˤƹȤ˸Ū꤬٤⤿餵졤ѸʤɤϹŪˤ󥬡ե󥫤ȤƬƤƹμΩȯŸΤˡХ٥οäθѤʬŪѤ뤳Ȥ⤢äդ٤Ǥ롥
ä˲ƼƳθؤ֥Х٥פ˸ڤʤȤϡ줬졤ȡѥȤΤƼҲŪ¦̤Ф̵ؿǤ뤫뤤ϰտŪ򤱤Ƥ롤Ȥǽ򼨺ΤǤϤʤ
֥Х٥פθѤ˴ؤͤƤäơޤ McArthur (101) θػŵƤߤ

BABEL [14c: from Hebrew bābel Babylon, Assyrian bāb-ilu gate of God or bāb-ili gate of the gods. Pronounced 'bayble']. (1) Also Tower of Babel. The Biblical tower whose builders intended it to reach heaven. According to the Book of Genesis, all people once spoke the same language, but to prevent the completion of the tower God confounded their tongues. (2) A scene of confusion; a confused gathering; a turbulent medley of sounds, especially arising from the use of many language. Babelize and Babelization are sometimes used disparagingly of the growth of multiethnic, multicultural, and multilingual societies.


Ѹ˴طȤƤϡ (6--7) رѸˡ٤˸ڤäǤ롥

֥Х٥衼åѿͤϡ11ϡˤˤХ٥ (the Tower of Babel) ˴ؤ뵭ʸ̤˿Ƥäפϼ̤Ǥ롥Х٥ȤϥХӥ (Babylon) ΤȤǤ뤬˥Υ繿θˡ͡ŷޤǤȤɤ⤤Ƥ褦ȤϤοʹ֤ǿ͡θ𤻤᤿Τ˶ƱȤȤԲǽˤʤꡤߤ˸դ̤ƱΤˤʤäơػäƤ줬ʸεǤ롥
äʸ̤˿Ƥ֤ϡ衼åѿͤˤȤäơޤޤʸ줬ϵˤäȤƤ⡤Ի׵ĤʤȤǤϤʤäष줾̱²θϰ㤦ΤȤͤǤä


McArthur, Tom, ed. The Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford: OUP, 1992.

Referrer (Inside): [2017-05-21-1]

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2017-05-04 Thu

#2929. 11:1--9 ʡ֥Х٥סˤ7ɤ [bible][popular_passage][hel_education][oe_text][basic_english][popular_passage]

ε#2928. űѸǡ11:1--9 ʡ֥Х٥סˤɤ ([2017-05-03-1]) ǡ֥Х٥פθűѸǤɤ#1870. 2:18--25 7ɤ١ ([2014-06-10-1]) ˤʤäѸʹߤΥƥȤޤ᤿7¤٤Ƥߤ(1), (2), (3), (4), (7) 5Ĥϻ߷8Ϥꡤ(5), (6) 񥵥ȤäƤѸǤǤ롥

(1) 1000ǯθűѸ Old English Heptateuch

Wæs þā ān gereord on eorþan, and heora ealre ān sprǣc. Hī fērdon fram ēastdēle oð þæt hī cōmon tō ānum felde on þām lande Sennar, and þēr wunedon. Ðā cwǣdon hī him betwȳnan, “Vton wyrcean ūs tigelan and ǣlan hī on fȳre.” Witodlīce hī hæfdon tigelan for stān and tyrwan for weall-līm. And cwǣdon, “Cumað and utan wircan ūs āne burh and ǣnne stȳpel swā hēahne ðæt his rōf ātille þā heofonan, and uton mǣrsian ūrne namon, ǣr þan wē bēon tōdǣlede tō eallum landum.” God þā nyþer āstāh, þæt hē gesēga þā burh and þone stȳpel þe Adames sunus getimbroden. God cwæð þā, “Efne þis his ān folc and gereord him ealum, and hī ongunnon þis tō wircenne; ne hī ne geswīcað heora geþōhta, ǣr þan þe hī mid weorce hī gefyllan. Cumað nū eornostlīce and uton niþer āstīgan and heora gereord þēr tōwendon, þæt heora nān ne tōcnāwe his nēxtan stemne.” And God þā hī tōdǣlde swā of þǣre stōwe tō eallum landum, and hī geswicon tō wyrcenne þā buruh. And for þī wæs sēo burh gehāten Babel, for þan þe ðǣr wæs tōdǣled þæt gereord ealre eorþan. God þā hī sende þanon ofer brādnesse ealra eorðan.


(2) 1388--95ǯ Wycliffite Bible (Later Version) ꡥ

Forsothe the lond was of o langage, and of the same speche. And whanne thei ȝeden forth fro the eest, they fonden a feeld in the lond of Sennaar, and dwelliden ther ynne. And oon seide to his neiȝbore, "Come ȝe, and make we tiel stonys, and bake we tho with fier," and thei hadden tiel for stonus, and pitche for morter; and seiden, "Come ȝe, and make we to vs a citee and tour, whos hiȝnesse stretche `til to heuene; and make we solempne oure name bifor that we be departid in to alle londis." Forsothe the Lord cam down to se the citee and tour, which the sones of Adam bildiden. And he seide, "Lo! the puple is oon, and o langage is to alle, and thei han bigunne to make this, nethir thei schulen ceesse of her thouȝtis, til thei fillen tho in werk; therfor come ȝe, go we doun, and scheende we there the tunge of hem, that ech man here not the voys of his neiȝbore." And so the Lord departide hem fro that place in to alle londis; and thei cessiden to bielde a cytee. And therfor the name therof was clepid Babel, for the langage of al erthe was confoundide there; and fro thennus the Lord scaterede hem on the face of alle cuntrees.


(3) 1611ǯ The Authorised Version (The King James Versionˤꡥ

And the whole earth was of one language, and of one speach. And it came to passe as they iourneyed from the East, that they found a plaine in the land of Shinar, and they dwelt there. And they sayd one to another; Goe to, let vs make bricke, and burne them thorowly. And they had bricke for stone, and slime had they for morter. And they said; Goe to, let vs build vs a city and a tower, whose top may reach vnto heauen, and let vs make vs a name, lest we be scattered abroad vpon the face of the whole earth. And the LORD came downe to see the city and the tower, which the children of men builded. And the LORD said; Behold, the people is one, and they have all one language: and this they begin to doe: and now nothing will be restrained from them, which they haue imagined to doe. Goed to, let vs go downe, and there cōfound their language, that they may not vnderstand one anothers speech. So the LORD scattered them abroad from thence, vpon the face of all the earth: and they left off to build the Citie. Therefore is the name of it called Babel, because the LORD did there confound the language of all the earth: and from thence did the LORD scatter them abroad vpon the face of all the earth.


(4) 1989ǯ The New Revised Standard Version

Now the whole earth had one language and the same words. And as they migrated from the east, they came upon a plain in the land of Shinar and settled there. And they said to one another, "Come, let us make bricks, and burn them thoroughly." And they had brick for stone, and bitumen for mortar. Then they said, "Come, let us build ourselves a city, and a tower with its top in the heavens, and let us make a name for ourselves; otherwise we shall be scattered abroad upon the face of the whole earth." The Lord came down to see the city and the tower, which mortals had built. And the Lord said, "Look, they are one people, and they have all one language; and this is only the beginning of what they will do; nothing that they propose to do will now be impossible for them. Come, let us go down, and confuse their language there, so that they will not understand one another's speech." So the Lord scattered them abroad from there over the face of all the earth, and they left off building the city. Therefore it was called Babel, because there the Lord confused the language of all the earth; and from there the Lord scattered them abroad over the face of all the earth.


(5) øäΤߤѤ Basic EnglishThe Holy Bible --- Bible in Basic English) ꡥ

And all the earth had one language and one tongue. And it came about that in their wandering from the east, they came to a stretch of flat country in the land of Shinar, and there they made their living-place. And they said one to another, Come, let us make bricks, burning them well. And they had bricks for stone, putting them together with sticky earth. And they said, Come, let us make a town, and a tower whose top will go up as high as heaven; and let us make a great name for ourselves, so that we may not be wanderers over the face of the earth. And the Lord came down to see the town and the tower which the children of men were building. And the Lord said, See, they are all one people and have all one language; and this is only the start of what they may do: and now it will not be possible to keep them from any purpose of theirs. Come, let us go down and take away the sense of their language, so that they will not be able to make themselves clear to one another. So the Lord God sent them away into every part of the earth: and they gave up building their town. So it was named Babel, because there the Lord took away the sense of all languages and from there the Lord sent them away over all the face of the earth.


(6) ʿפƸ Good News Translation (BibleGateway.com) ꡥ

At first, the people of the whole world had only one language and used the same words. As they wandered about in the East, they came to a plain in Babylonia and settled there. They said to one another, "Come on! Let's make bricks and bake them hard." So they had bricks to build with and tar to hold them together. They said, "Now let's build a city with a tower that reaches the sky, so that we can make a name for ourselves and not be scattered all over the earth." Then the Lord came down to see the city and the tower which they had built, and he said, "Now then, these are all one people and they speak one language; this is just the beginning of what they are going to do. Soon they will be able to do anything they want! Let us go down and mix up their language so that they will not understand each other." So the Lord scattered them all over the earth, and they stopped building the city. The city was called Babylon, because there the Lord mixed up the language of all the people, and from there he scattered them all over the earth.


(7) Ʊꡥ

ƱդȤäơƱ褦äƤưƤ͡ϡ󥢥Ϥʿ򸫤Ĥ˽夤ϡ֤󤬤ꡤ褯ƤפääФˤ󤬤򡤤ä˥եȤѤϡ֤ŷޤϤΤĮơͭ̾ˤʤơϤ˻餵뤳ȤΤʤ褦ˤ褦פȸäϹߤäơͤλҤ餬ƤΤ뤳Į򸫤ơ줿ϰĤ̱ǡĤθդäƤ뤫顤Τ褦ʤȤ򤷻Ϥ᤿ΤǤϡ餬ƤƤ⡤˸뤳ȤϤǤʤ桹ϹߤäƹԤäơľθդ𤵤ߤθդʹʬ̤褦ˤƤޤ׼򤽤Ϥ˻餵줿ΤǡϤĮηߤ᤿櫓ǡĮ̾ϥХ٥ȸƤФ줿礬ϤθդʥХˤޤ礬Ϥ˻餵줿Ǥ롥


߷ ⡡ǤɤѸˡ١罤۽Ź2013ǯ

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2017-05-03 Wed

#2928. űѸǡ11:1--9 ʡ֥Х٥סˤɤ [oe_text][bible][tower_of_babel][origin_of_language][hel_education][popular_passage]

Ѵ֥塼֥Х٥ŸƤ롥24ǯ֤ǡؤ夬äƤ롥
֥Х٥ (The Tower of Babel) äϡ11:1--9 ˵Ƥ롥͡ʸ줬¸ߤ뤳ȤʤˡŤսȤ졤쵯ˤƤ⤷Фа礤˽Ф롤ˤ̾ʤǤ롥
ϡ֥Х٥פθűѸʸϤ򡤻߷ΡǤɤѸˡ8Ϥ顤Old English Heptateuch ǤˤäƼ

Wæs þā ān gereord on eorþan, and heora ealre ān sprǣc. Hī fērdon fram ēastdēle oð þæt hī cōmon tō ānum felde on þām lande Sennar, and þēr wunedon. Ðā cwǣdon hī him betwȳnan, “Vton wyrcean ūs tigelan and ǣlan hī on fȳre.” Witodlīce hī hæfdon tigelan for stān and tyrwan for weall-līm. And cwǣdon, “Cumað and utan wircan ūs āne burh and ǣnne stȳpel swā hēahne ðæt his rōf ātille þā heofonan, and uton mǣrsian ūrne namon, ǣr þan wē bēon tōdǣlede tō eallum landum.” God þā nyþer āstāh, þæt hē gesēga þā burh and þone stȳpel þe Adames sunus getimbroden. God cwæð þā, “Efne þis his ān folc and gereord him ealum, and hī ongunnon þis tō wircenne; ne hī ne geswīcað heora geþōhta, ǣr þan þe hī mid weorce hī gefyllan. Cumað nū eornostlīce and uton niþer āstīgan and heora gereord þēr tōwendon, þæt heora nān ne tōcnāwe his nēxtan stemne.” And God þā hī tōdǣlde swā of þǣre stōwe tō eallum landum, and hī geswicon tō wyrcenne þā buruh. And for þī wæs sēo burh gehāten Babel, for þan þe ðǣr wæs tōdǣled þæt gereord ealre eorþan. God þā hī sende þanon ofer brādnesse ealra eorðan.


߷ ⡡ǤɤѸˡ١罤۽Ź2013ǯ

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2017-04-13 Thu

#2908. ꥹȶ9ɤ̾Τͳ [etymology][christianity][bible]

ѸʻˡˤʸءʻˡˤؤǤȡꥹȶ˴ؤ͡μɬפǤ롥ꥹȶˤˤ踽ˤ衤ƹäƤΤǡؤ֤ΤʤʤѤ
Ȭëˤˤ륭ꥹȶɤǤ顤 (52) ˡ9ɤε̾Τͳ褽¾Ǻܤ줿ʰɽäΤǡ˥ȤƻĤƤƱˤϡꥹȶζɤηʤɤʬ䤹޼Ƥꡤͭѡ*

Ѹ̾̾Τͳ
Eastern Orthodox Church (Orthodox Churches)λ̤ˤäƳϤߡ1054ǯʬꥷ Orthodox ϡʥ륽ˡסֿʥɥˡפȤɵ᤹٤ͳ补5˸줿ְüפζФɤȤΩ졥פϡפΥޤб񡥥˥1 (325) ˥2 (787) ޤǤμθĤο
ޡȥåRoman Catholic ChurchȤλ̥ڥȥ嶵ġʥ޻ʶˤȤ롥1054ǯʬȥå (Catholic) Ȥϥꥷ Katholikos ͳ褹ƻǡŪƱΡͤΤȤ̣濴ޤλʶ¡ʥޤλʶʤ޶ġˤˤȤ顤ޡȥåȸƤФ롥Ĥο򡥶Ĥȯ붵
륿ɡʥ롼ƥ붵Lutheran Churchesޡȥåνƻʺפäޥƥ󡦥륿ˤ뽡סʥɥġ1517ǯʹߡɥĤν׼ԥޥƥ󡦥륿 (Martin Luther) ̾ͳΤ
ʥ󥰥ɹ񶵲Anglican/Episcopal Churches󥰥ɹ񲦥إ꡼ȬŪưǥޡȥå񤫤ʬΥȥ٥νסʥ󥰥ɡ1534ǯ󥰥ɤι񶵲 Church of England 춵ȤϢζAnglican Church ʥ󥰥ꥫᥢ󥰥²ʤ󥰥ɷϤζˤȤܸΡפϡ̿еڤӥ˥修Фΰ "holy catholic church" ʤƱζˤͳΤ
ɡĹϷReformed/Presbyterian Churchesʳؼԥĥ󥰥ꡤˤ뽡סʥ16ȾΦϤΥζؤֲɡפϡֿθˤäƲפ줿׶ΰաѹϤζ˻ȤĹϷɡפϡˤơ綵ǤϤʤΤʤĹϷסʥꥷ PresbyterosˤѤȤ٤ͳΤ
ɡȹɡCongregational Churches󥰥ɹ񶵲񤫤ʬΥɡʥ󥰥ɡ16Ⱦʲ񽰡ΤιդˤȤŤͳ补ܤǤϡȹɡפȤ⤤ȹפ̾̾ȤƻȤ줿Τ
ХץƥBaptist Churches״ΥɥĤΥʥХץƥȡӥ󥰥ɹ񶵲񤫤ʬΥɡʥ󥰥ɡ17Ⱦ˼줿顤ʤХץƥޤϡŪʿԤΤߤȤ򿻤ǹԤ٤ȤĻꤷͳ补ĻǧԤ顤ʥХץƥȡʺԡˤ뤤ϥХץƥȤȸƤФ줿Τ
Methodist Churches󥰥ɹ񶵲ʺץ󡦥꡼ˤ񶵲οijñưʥ󥰥ɡ18ȾСɤ߼ԥ󡦥꡼Ϳ줿 Methodist ʥ᥽åɤŤ󤸤͡Ģ̤٤ο͡ˤȤ̾ͳ补꡼ܿͤϡ̾Τ˸Ƥˡ̥᥽åɡͤ˽ä͡פΤ
ڥƥPentecostal ChurchesȤƥ᥽ȷϤζطʤˡΦˤƤϡ󥶥عǻϤޤäŪñưʥꥫ1900ǯ񡦻̸Ͽ2Ϥ줿׸50ܤΡָ޽ܺססʤפ (Pentecost) ͳ补̤˹ߤäΤƱƯĴΩ򼨤Τ


Ȭë ûҡΤäΩĥꥹȶ縦١Ĭҡ2001ǯ

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2017-04-11 Tue

#2906. űѸּޤͤζá [oe][popular_passage][bible][literature][oe_text][hel_education][kochushoho]

#2895. űѸִξ˲ȤƤס ([2017-03-31-1]) ˰³űѸɤǤߤ褦ϡƱ褯Τ줿 Matthew 13: 3--8 ΡּޤͤζáפҲ𤹤롥ϲ (84--86) ꡤѸդƼ

Sōþlīċe ūt ēode se sāwere his sǣd tō sāwenne. And þā þā hē sēow, sumu hīe fēollon wiþ weȝ, and fuglas cōmon and ǣton þā. Sōþlīċe sumu fēollon on stǣnihte, þǣr hit næfde miċle eorþan, and hrædlīċe ūp sprungon, for þǣm þe hīe næfdon þāre eorþen dēopan; sōþlīċe, ūp sprungenre sunnan, hīe ādrūgodon and forscruncon, for þǣm þe hīe næfdon wyrtruman. Sōþlīċe sumu fēollon on þornas, and þā þornas wēoxon, and forþrysmdon þā. Sumu sōþlīċe fēollon on gōde eorþan, and sealdon wæstm, sum hundfealdne, sum siextiȝfealdne, sum þrītiȝfealdne.


Truly the sower went out to sow his seeds. And while he was sowing, some of them fell along the way, and birds came and ate them. Truly some fell on stony ground where it had not much earth, and quickly sprang up, because they had not any deep earth; truly, the sun (being) risen up, they dried up and shrank up, because they had not roots. Truly some fell on thorns, and the thorns grew, and choked them. Some truly fell on good ground, and gave fruit, some hundredfold, some sixtyfold, (and) some thirtyfold.


Բ ϲ ͭظűѸ졦Ѹ١ҡ1986ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2023-06-05-1]

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2017-03-31 Fri

#2895. űѸִξ˲ȤƤ [oe][popular_passage][bible][literature][oe_text][hel_education][voicy]

űѸϡűѸɲΤνԸȤͭѤǤ롥Ѹζ (The Authorized Version) 丽ѸǤϤܸޤढȤؤФƤꡤӡȤǤ뤫
ʲ Matthew 7: 24--27 Ρִξ˲ȤƤ׶äˤĤơűѸǥƥȤ MS Corpus Christi College Cambridge 140 꼨 (Mitchell 60) 碌ơбѸƥȤѤ롥

Ǣlċ þāra þe ðās mīne word ġehȳrþ and þā wyrcþ byþ ġelīċ þǣm wīsan were se hys hūs ofer stān ġetimbrode.
Þā cōm þǣr reġen and myċel flōd and þǣr blēowon windas and āhruron on þæt hūs and hyt nā ne fēoll sōþlīċe hit wæs ofer stān ġetimbrod.
And ǣlċ þāra þe ġehȳrþ ðās mīne word and þā ne wyrcþ sē byþ ġelīċ þǣm dysigan menn þe ġetimbrode hys hūs ofer sand-ċeosel.
Þā rīnde hit and þǣr cōmon flōd and blēowon windas and āhruron on þæt hūs and þæt hūs fēoll and hys hryre wæs miċel


Therefore whosoever heareth these sayings of mine, and doeth them, I will liken him unto a wise man, which built his house upon a rock:
And the rain descended, and the floods came, and the winds blew, and beat upon that house; and it fell not: for it was founded upon a rock.
And every one that heareth these sayings of mine, and doeth them not, shall be likened unto a foolish man, which built his house upon the sand:
And the rain descended, and the floods came, and the winds blew, and beat upon that house; and it fell: and great was the fall of it.


˴ؤűѸƥȤˤĤƤϡ#1803. Lord's Prayer ([2014-04-04-1])#1870. 2:18--25 7ɤ١ ([2014-06-10-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿

ʸ嵭2022/05/03(Tue)Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)פˤơ1űѸȯɤ߾夲ƤޤΤǤȤָűѸäȤɡޥִξ˲ȤƤ׶äǤ

Mitchell, Bruce. An Invitation to Old English and Anglo-Saxon England. Blackwell: Malden, MA, 1995.

Referrer (Inside): [2023-06-05-1] [2017-04-11-1]

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2016-10-25 Tue

#2738. Book of Common Prayer (1549) King James Bible (1611) β [bible][book_of_common_prayer][popular_passage][hel_education][bl][history][literature][link][emode][printing]

ɽ2ĤνϡѸ˾礭ʱƶϤäѸǽ񤫤줿ʸǤ롥Ĥ䤫ѿ޽ۤǹϤ򸫤ĤΤǡơ1դΥ᡼ͿƤʲ򥯥åʸɤǡˡ

Book of Common Prayer (Of Matrimonie)King James Bible (Title-page)
Book of Common Prayer (Of Matrimonie)King James Bible (Title-page)


Book of Common Prayer King James Bible ˤĤƤϡơʲε򻲾ȡ

#2597. Book of Common Prayer (1549) ([2016-06-06-1])
#745. 뺧 wedlock ([2011-05-12-1])
#1803. Lord's Prayer ([2014-04-04-1])

BL Sacred Texts: King James Bible
The King James Bible - The History of English (4/10)

Referrer (Inside): [2018-11-27-1]

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2016-10-03 Mon

#2716. ϡΰŹΤܤ [cryptology][history][hieroglyph][grammatology][bible][hebrew]

#2701. ŹȤƤʸ ([2016-09-18-1]) ǹͻ褦ˡʸȯϡ켫ΤŹ̩ܤ˴طƿ뤳ȤŪȤŹ楳ߥ˥ܳŪȯŸޤǤˤϡ¿ʤȤ֤ä褦Ǥ롥ϡذŹɻŵ٤ pp. 2--6 򻲾ȤơϡΰŹΤܤΤά롥
Ź椽ΤΤǤϤʤʸѷƿȤäŹθȤΤϡ2000ǯۤɸ奨ץʸλѤˤǤ˸롥㤨С²ɽ魯ʸˤϡҤȿդˡ¯ͤưפɤʤ褦ˡѷܤ줿Τ褦ʸѷŪηŪ˻Ȥ줿ڵϤʤäܳŪʰŹоȤ뤳ȤϤǤʤǤϤäȻפ롥
1500ǯΥ᥽ݥߥˤϡΤƿΰտޤɤ߼뿿ΰŹ椬ѤƤ褦ˡ줿ܸʸνĤˤơɽ魯ʸ󤬰տŪ𤵤ƤΤϡǸŤΰŹ1ĤȤäƤ褤
500ǯǤϡɤǤˡƿξڵ򤬸Ĥ롥μˡ⤹Ǥ¿ͲƤꡤŹ椫顤ʸȿž֤˻ޤ͡ϡΥɤǰŹ楳ߥ˥󤬤ٹǧΤƤʪäƤ롥ʹ֤αٳڤˤĤƤνإޡȥ٤ǤϡˡƿϽ٤Ѥ1ĤǤȽҤ٤Ƥ롥
ˤ⡤Źθָ뤳ȤǤ롥Ǥϡ֥פȸƤФإ֥饤쥢ե٥åȤ˴ŤŹθλ㤬ߤ롥ǤϡǽʸȺǸʸؤ2ܤʸȺǸ夫2ܤʸؤȤä褦ˡ٤ƤΥե٥åȤؤΤǤ롥ˤꡤإߥ25265141 Babel Sheshach ȴƤ롥ˤ̤ƿΰտޤϴ줺ޤǸλܳŪʰŹϢʤ뤳ȤˤʤŹθȤ٤ΤΤä
奮ꥷǤϡڥ륷Ȥ˴ؤ뷳ŪŪǡǤñǤϤ뤬ηŪʰŹ浻ѤȯãƤ5ꥷ˲ȥȥ奤ǥǥϡѥ륿ͤ奿졼ȤŹȯȤ˸ڤƤ롥礭ǡ˻򴬤դξ夫鲼ʸ񤤤Ƥäǻ򤯤ȡ̵̣ʸ¤ǤȤΤǤ롥ޤ2ˤϰŹؼԥݥӥ֥ݥӥΥåספȸƤФ55Υե٥åɽ˴ŤŹ浻ѤΩΰŹȯŸδäȤʤä
ˤƤϡ#2704. Ź ([2016-09-21-1]) ǿ줿Ź椬ͰƤ졤˲ɤʤ̤ƹȤ뤳Ȥˤʤä
Τ褦ˡŹˤˤϢưȯãƤΤǤ롥

եåɡBꥯˡ ˡذŹɻŵ١ϸҡ2013ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2016-10-14-1]

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2016-06-06 Mon

#2597. Book of Common Prayer (1549) [bible][history][literature][book_of_common_prayer][idiom]

ֵסʱѹ񶵲ҤθǧʸˤȤΤ The Book of Common Prayer νǤϡ1549ǯԻ줿׼Ԥˤƥ󥿥٥꡼綵 Thomas Crammer (1489--1556) 濴Ȥμ綵ԻǤΤǤꡤŪϡ񤭸դˤƤäդˤƤȤߤʤѸεʸ뤳Ȥä̾Τ The Booke of the Common Prayer and administracion of the Sacramentes, and other Rites and Ceremonies after the Use of the Churche of England Ǥ롥
εϡQueen Mary Oliver Cromwell ˤưλơߤޤϢʤѤ³Ƥ롥̤߰ѤƤΤϽǤ1塤1661--62ǯ˲줿ΤǤ뤬Ǥʬ褯ȤɤƤȤǡϢ³롥ε5᤯η֤Ƥˡ͸դʸ⾯ʤʤäˤ褯ΤƤΤϷ뺧Ǥʸ¾ξ¿Crystal (36) ꡤʲˤĤ󤲤Ƥߤ褦

[ 뺧ط ]

all my worldly goods
as long as ye both shall live
for better or worse
for richer for poorer
in sickness and in health
let no man put asunder
now speak, or else hereafter forever hold his peace
thereto I plight thee my troth
till death us do part
to have and to hold
to love and to cherish
wedded wife/husband
with this ring I thee wed

[ ¾ ]

all perils and dangers of this night
ashes to ashes
battle, murder and sudden death
bounden duty
dust to dust
earth to earth
give peace in our time
good lord, deliver us
peace be to this house
read, mark, learn and inwardly digest
the sins of the fathers
the world, the flesh and the devil


˴Ϣơ#745. 뺧 wedlock ([2011-05-12-1])#1803. Lord's Prayer ([2014-04-04-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿ޤ񤫤ξȤƤϡ#1439. ͳ褹ɽ ([2013-04-05-1]) 򻲾ȡ

Crystal, David. Evolving English: One Language, Many Voices. London: The British Library, 2010.

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2016-03-04 Fri

#2503. Ѹʸ [me][literature][chaucer][norman_conquest][romance][reestablishment_of_english][wycliffe][bible][langland][sggk][pearl][lydgate]

ѸαѸǽ񤫤줿ʸؤˤĤơȤ Baugh and Cable 110 "Middle English Literature" (149--51) ˰͵򤷡Ѹˤ˴Ϣϰ绨Ĥ˳礷
Ѹ줬ҲŪˤɤä̿ȡѸʸؤ̩ܤ˥󥯤Ƥ롥Υޥˤꡤե󥹸äήʸŪϹϡʤե󥹸ǽ񤫤줿ʪظäƤꡤѸǽ񤫤줿Τ˥ѥȥդǽϳ̵äѸʪԤȤϳΤǤꡤ̤Ūǽ񤯤Ȥ԰٤ԤʤäƤΤǤ롥ϡѸ줷򤵤ʤ̱̽˥ꥹȶ۶褦ȤǮ˶줿Ԥääơ1150--1250ǯѸ˱Ѹǽ񤫤줿Τϡۤܤ٤ƤŪ͡ŪʸؤǤ롥Ancrene Riwle Ormulum (c. 1200) Τ褦ʡβܤ䡤űѸͳ褹ⶵξƤľλαѸʸؤä㳰Ū Layamon's Brut (c. 1200) The Owl and the Nightingale (c. 1195) Τ褦󽡶ŪʸؤФ㳰ȸäƤ褤λϡ§Ȥ "Period of Religious Record" ȸƤ٤
100ǯ֤ϡե󥹸ФƱѸ줬򼨤ᡤѸ줬깭ʸؤȤɽ蘆褦ˤʤäƤե󥹸ǽ񤫤줿ʸؤʤɤơ14ˤƱѸʸؤƤŪˤϡ󽡶Ūʥޥ (romance) Ȥ뤬ѸȤΤ˾褻褦ˤʤä1250--1350ǯαѸʸؤλϡ"Period of Religious and Secular Literature" ȸƤ֤ȤǤ
14θȾޤǤˤϡ󥰥ɤˤƱѸϤܴۤ (reestablishment_of_english) ̤λѸʸػˤˤڤθ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥Canterbury Tales Troilus and Criseyde ȤäĤ Geoffrey Chaucer (1340--1400) ȤơҲŪ Piers Plowman (1362--87) 路 William LanglandʪĤ򤫤⤷ John Wycliffe (d. 1384)Sir Gawain and the Green Knight ۤ3ĤζŪŪʼ̤λĤͤ졤ޤ "Period of Great Individual Writers" ȸäƤ褤
15ϡChaucer ʤɤΰͤαƶǡѸʸػ˾塤ƤȤʤäƤꡤ"Imitative Period"뤤Ͻ Shakespeare ޤǤΤĤʤλȤ̣ "Transition Period" ʤɤȸƤФƤ롥ʸػŪˤŪ˲ᾮɾƤ餤뤬Lydgate, Hoccleve, Skelton, Hawes ʤɤηʪƤ롥åȥɤǤ⡤Henryson, Dunbar, Gawin Douglas, Lindsay ʤɤʤˤ Malory Caxton 뤬15θؤʸؤϤäȿ˰Ƥ٤Ǥ롥κǸλθءʸŪˤĤƤϡ#292. aureate diction ([2010-02-13-1]) ӡ#1719. Scotland ˤѸˡ ([2014-01-10-1]) ׻ȡ

Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.

Referrer (Inside): [2016-08-05-1] [2016-03-27-1]

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2016-02-15 Mon

#2485. ʸȽ [writing][alphabet][religion][history][geolinguistics][geography][sociolinguistics][greek][christianity][bible]

졦ʸȽδطˤĤƤϡܥ֥͡ʲսǿƤ (㤨С#296. 轡ѸܸͿŪƶ ([2010-02-17-1])#753. ʤθϸŤᤫ ([2011-05-20-1])#1455. gematria ([2013-04-21-1])#1545. "lexical cleansing" ([2013-07-20-1])#1546. ʬۤȽʬۡ ([2013-07-21-1])#1636. Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian ([2013-10-19-1])#1869. ܸˤʩá ([2014-06-09-1])#2408. ץʸˤߤѰۤȻΤѲ ([2015-11-30-1])#2417. ʸݼƿ ([2015-12-09-1]) ʤɤ򻲾)
ˤȤäơʸˤ礭2Ĥ䤬ΤǤϤʤ1Ĥϡŵ경ΰҿݻ䡤⤦1ĤϡդνĤƻ޲ȤƤǤ롥ԤܼŪʸݼ򶯲ƯΤФơԤˤƤʸɬפ˱Ƥ뤳Ȥ⤢롥ºݡඵǤϡϰǤΥӥʸΰҿ⤯ݤƤ뤳Ȥ顤ʸԤ䤬ͥǤ롥ꥹȶǤϡषƻ衹ǡʸηϤ߽ФȤˤ֤ƤƤꡤʸθԤ䤬ŦΤϡʸȽ (103--27) ꤹʸϤ路ʸؼԤǤ롥Ϣʬ3սȴФ

ʹ֤ʸȯľܤưϡʤȤ⥪ꥨȤˤƤϡкѳưȴطΤֵϿפΤǤä褦˻פ뤬Ȥηդ⤫ʤ礭ʬƤ褦ʵ롥ꥨȤǤϾ嵭ΡֵϿפ¿Ͽ¤ǿΤǤäνʸʹùʸˤϿ̿ꤦȤνưڤΥʤäǤ롥(p. 105)

ꥹȶλ̱ۤ²Τ勞ۤΤǤꡤζϹҤ٤ΤǤä濴ŪʸǤؿ١ʥء͡ǥơˤꥹȤäȻפǤϤʤơζʿפʥꥷʥ͡ˤǵ줿ꥹȶ̤ɬ⥮ꥷɤळȤ뤳ȤϤʤꥹȶڤǮƻԤʤξؿ٤Ǥ뤬ǤϳŵȤŵȸƤФʸޤळȤ⤢ˤƤƤ뤫Ǥ롥ǮϡʸʤȤʸϤФۤɤǤꡤƸФʸɽŪʤΤȤƤϥץʸʸʸƥեΥ˥ʸ른ʸ롥 (pp. 110--11)

إ٤ϥඵ̤ˤȤäƥå顼θդΤΤǤ뤬줬ӥɽ蘆줿Ȥ顤ӥϤпʸȹͤ졤ඵ̤ˤϥӥγؽݤ뤳Ȥˤʤäƥඵ̥ӥڤäƤڤʤĤʤĤȤˤʤꡤˤϥӥʸŤڤϤޤäꥹȶ٤ѶŪ˹ԤʤϤ̱²ˤʸ¤ԤʤäΤФơඵϡإ٤ؤʥǤ϶ǯ˻ޤǸˤǤʤäϥȥ륳ϤᤤĤƤˡӥˤإ٤γؽϤΥޥɥ饵ʥ⥹°ΥعˤǹԤʤä褿ΤˡӥμդǤϥӥʸѤ뤳ȤˤʤäΥʥڥ륷ˡե˥ʥѥȥʤɡˡѥʥɥʤɡˤʤɤΤۤĤƤΥȥ륳ȥ륭ʥޥ󡦥ȥ륳ʤɡˡեꥫʥҥꥴʤɡˡɥͥʵ쥤ɥͥ졤ޥ饤ʤɡˤǤ롥 (pp. 124--25)


Τ褦ˡʸȿ2ĤȤϡꥹȶȥඵߤ롥츫ȡꥹȶϳŪඵĺŪȤΩŪʿ޼Ǥ롥狼䤹ǤˡդʤФʤʤ⤢롥λˤ򻲾ȤСꥹȶǤˤޤĤʤޤˤ¿ϿƤඵǤ⾯ʤϰǥӥΥϼºݤƤ
Ʊͤˡʸˤݼȳ׿ܼŪäƤ롥Ȥ꤬ʸΤ򡤤ʤŪѤ뤫˱ơʸѰۤ롤ȤȤǤϤʤ

ʸסʸؤΤΤߡ١罤ۡ1977ǯ

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2016-01-19 Tue

#2458. ܸˡرѸ첽϶̱٤첽Τ [review][linguistic_imperialism][hel][japanese][language_planning][language_myth][hel_education][elt][bible]

#2306. ʰ鹧ˡرѸγǡ٤ȱѸȽ ([2015-08-20-1]) ǾҲ𤷤ҤνǤȤ褽ƱˡܸˡرѸ첽϶̱ܤιϤϤ٤Ȥ⤦1ĤαѸȽν񤬸ƤϡѸȽΤΤȤܤαѸ첽ؤηپ֤Ƥ롥ʬνҤϳ줺ĩȯŪʥȥԤؤ䶵ؤȪǤϤʤؼԤǤȤǡˤȤäơ줿θƶ¿ä
ܤΥХ벽ȱѸ첽λϡˤɤäƤή˵չԤƤꡤषȤԤϼĥ롥ζϡޤǰǤäƥ줬ͭƤŪŪøͤѸ졤ꥢ졤ڥ졤ե󥹸졤ɥĸʤϰ̤뤳Ȥˤäơ͡δ֤ʬ֤ƤʤμԤϤ餻뤳Ȥǽˤ̤͡˭ʾܤ뤳ȤǤ褦ˤʤꡤ̤ȤƳ֤γʺʤä줬岽θưϤȤŪˤϡγؤθ̤礭ä
⤷ǿʹԤƤѸ첽䤬ƴλĤƤΥƥΤ褦ø褦ˤʤСѸ򤷤ʤѸüԤϾؤΥεå졤ҲΤ¦̤פĤޤꡤ¿ο͡β̱Τ褦ϰ̡Ĥޤֶ̱פϰ̤ؤƤȤΤˡܿͤˤȤäơܸȤ졦̤ƾ˥Τʪ򡦵ۼΤˤϺǤΨ褤ϤǤꡤΤѸ˼äƤޤСǽΨϳʤϤ
Ԥϡܻؤ٤ϱѸ첽ǤϤʤष첽ǤȤžȯۤ򲡤ФƤ롥ǤϡDZѸ䤽¾θˤȯͤϡɤΤ褦˾ò뤳ȤǤκɤˡϡؤǤȤܤμͤä٤ϤȤơ¿βͤθäܸ˿Ʃ뤳Ȥ褦ˡܿͤ⡤䤨֤ʤϤˤäơѸϤȤ볰줿ܸȤΤꤢ碌忴٤Ǥ롤 (see #1630. 졤ʸ졤ץ ([2013-10-13-1]))
Ѹ줬̵ΤǤȤäѸ첽Ȥο̢䤷Ƥ롥ŪǰŪʱѸѤˤϡѸˤؤ֤ΤᤤȹͤƤ롥 (215) μμĥⷹİͤ롥

ѸδΰϡΤܤСꥹƥꥫο̱ϻۤˤˤ롥ޤ塤ꥹ䥢ꥫ̱Ϥݡ쿢̱Ϥˤ¼ŪϤӥͥͭĤᡤάΰüȤƱѸƸŪϰ̤ݤʤ褦ؤƤ̡פǤ⤢롥


رѸ첽϶̱٤ꥭɤ򽦤äΤǡ˼ƤѸ춵סѸѸ첽롦󥰥å塤Х벽˴ѡؼͳʳкѡ¡ܡˡTPPܡ쥹٥롦ʥʥꥺࡤˡ§

رѸ첽϶̱ܤιϤϤ١ѼҡҽѼҿӡ2015ǯ

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2015-10-16 Fri

#2363. hapax legomenon [hapax_legomenon][terminology][lexicology][lexicography][word_formation][productivity][bible][zipfs_law][frequency][corpus][shakespeare][chaucer]

ε#2362. haplology ([2015-10-15-1]) ǥꥷ haplo- (one, single) ˿줿θ캬˴ϢƤ⤦1ʸؤ伭ؤѸȤƤФнв hapax (legomenon) 夲褦Τʤǡʥ׿ǤϤʤȡǡ1٤ѤƤʤʶˤؤꥷ hapax (once) + legomenon (something said) ʤʣʣ hapax legomena Ȥ
"nonce word" hapax legomenon ƱȤƤ뼭⤢뤬Ԥϡ׻פ֤λ¤Ѥפؤnonce-word Ͽ׻ŪǰƬѤ뤳Ȥ¿ΤФhapax legomenon ʸ˸1٤Ǥ뤳Ȥ˾ƤƤȤ㤤롥nonce ʤξ¤ΡˤȤθ츻ˤĤƤϡ#1306. for the nonce ([2012-11-23-1]) 򻲾ȡ
hapax legomenon ϡȤδϢǡФиڤƤˤ롥OED ˤȱѸˤ1692ǯΤȤǡ"J. Dunton Young-students-libr. 242/1 There are many words but once used in Scripture, especially in such a sence, and are called the Apax legomena." Ȥ롥
ʸؤ츻ؤˤơhapax legomenon ϤФȤʤ롥θθ츻Ϥ̣Ǥ뤳Ȥʤʤ伭ؤǤϡΡָפȤǧƤ褤Τδְ㤤ǤϤʤ˷Ǻܤ٤ݤȤƬˤ꤬ (see #912. ʤ񤷤 (3) ([2011-10-26-1])) ǡ䤽Ȥϡhapax legomenon ϽפʹͻоݤȤʤ롥ȤΤϡ1٤׻Ū˽и뤿ˤϡüԤŪʸȤʤФʤʤǤ (see #938. (4) ([2011-11-21-1]))
ºݤΤȤ halax legomenon Ϸ褷ƾʤʤΤȤϡåפˡ§˾Ȥ餻жä٤ȤǤϤʤ (see #1101. Zipf's law ([2012-05-02-1]), #1103. GSL ˤ Zipf's law θڡ ([2012-05-04-1])) ѸȤƤϡChaucer Ѥnortelrye (education) Shakespeare honorificabilitudinitatibus, ޤ Dickens sassigassity (audacity?) ʤɤ󤲤롥

Referrer (Inside): [2016-09-23-1]

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2015-03-24 Tue

#2157. word pair μȸ [binomial][french][loan_word][chaucer][ancrene_wisse][bible]

binomial 2।ǥˤȸƤФ "A and B" ʤɤηɽˤĤơbinomial εǰäƤbinomials ϡword pair, paired word, doublets, collocated words ʤɤȤƤФ롥"A and B" ˸¤餺ȡ³ˤ礵줿Ʊ֤2סҸp. 170ˤȤʤʰʲǤϸƾΤ word pair ˡѸˤˤ word pair θϤȤʤŤѸǤ word pair ˭äǤ롥ä˶ѸλϤޤޤǤϡ̤˸줿
word pair ˤ⤤ʷ뤬츻Ūˤߤ줫ʼȤƥե󥹸줫Ρ˼Ѹ줫ȤȤ߹碌ˤäƱѱѥסʽƱǡ˱ʩסʩʩפʬ롥word pair θ̤ˤ⤤Ĥμब̤롥#820. ʩƱ ([2011-07-26-1]) ǤҤ٤ʸŪŪ⤢СߤΤʤθ¥ˡߤο⤦θźȤ⤢롥뤤ϡ#1443. ˡΧѸˤƱ ([2013-04-09-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡä˱ʩפˡΧѸˤơƤ줫򤹤ȤϫȤʤäȤȤ⤢뤫⤷ʤޤξˤ⡤̣ĴȤƯϤ٤ϴޤޤƤΤǤϤʤ
Ǥθ츻ܤʬȸ̤ܤʬबʤطˤΤȤ϶̣Ȥ櫓ʩפ˴ؤơե󥹼Ѹΰ̣򤵤뤿źȤܤ㤬¿Ȥ񤯤ʤJespersen (89--90) ϡAncrene Riwle ȤƼΤ褦 word pair 󤲤Ƥ롥

cherité þet is luve
in desperaunce, þet is in unhope & in unbileave forte beon iboruwen
Understondeð þet two manere temptaciuns---two kunne vondunges---beoð
pacience, þet is þolemodnesse
lecherie, þet is golnesse
ignoraunce, þet is unwisdom & unwitenesse


Chaucer ϱʩפʸŪŪˡ뤤϶ĴŪǻѤ뤳Ȥ¿äȤ롥Jespersen (90) ϤΤȤʲΤ褦ڤƤ롥

In Chaucer we find similar double expressions, but they are now introduced for a totally different purpose; the reader is evidently supposed to be equally familiar with both, and the writer uses them to heighten or strengthen the effect of the style; for instance: He coude songes make and wel endyte (A 95) = Therto he coude endyte and make a thing (A 325) | faire and fetisly (A 124 and 273) | swinken with his handes and laboure (A 186) | Of studie took he most cure and most hede (A 303) | Poynaunt and sharp (A 352) | At sessiouns ther was he lord and sire (A 355).


ë򻲾ȤҸ (174--75) ˤСChaucer ʸѤ word pairs ΤΤ73%ޤǤʩפʩʩפǤȤ졤Chaucer İɼԤ˵᤿ե󥹸οι⤵롥
Ѥ word pair μ˴ؤ Chaucer жˤ˶ᤤȤˤΤȤơҸ (174--75) ϡѱѥפΨŪ˹⤤ʸ󤲤Ƥ롥ΥƥȤǤϡѱѥפ word pairs ΤȾ᤯뤤ϤʾƤȤ Chaucer Ȱۤʤ餺ʸŪŪʤΤΤ褦Ǥ롥ȤΤϡѱѥפ¿Ѥ뤳ȤǡֹӺǤϤ뤬϶ʸΡסҸp. 175ˤФȤ˹׸Ƥ뤫word pair μȸ̤ͤǤϡġκȤƥȤθɬפȤȤ

Jespersen, Otto. Growth and Structure of the English Language. 10th ed. Chicago: U of Chicago, 1982.
Ҹ ס󥰥ɿԤλʸˤεˡס˸ʸˡԶɽȯù԰١١ʶ ҡ ԡ̾ ҡԡˡˡҤĤ˼2014ǯ163--88ǡ
ë Chaucer λʸʤˤɥڥѡסؤȤФζѸեȸء١ʺ ¼ סԡˡˡʸҡ2008ǯ89--116ǡ

Referrer (Inside): [2017-06-26-1] [2016-03-07-1]

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2015-03-23 Mon

#2156. C16b--C17a 3ñ -th -s Ѳ [verb][conjugation][emode][language_change][suffix][inflection][3sp][lexical_diffusion][schedule_of_language_change][speed_of_change][bible]

Ѹˤư츽߿;θ -th -s ѲˤĤƤϡ#1855. ꥫѸ˿ʤǤ3ñ -th -s ([2014-05-26-1])#1856. ưľˡ߷ -eth 17Ⱦˤ -s ȯƤ ([2014-05-27-1])#1857. 3ñ -th -s Ѳθưϡ ([2014-05-28-1])#2141. 3ñ -th -s Ѳγס ([2015-03-08-1]) ʤɤǼ夲Ƥ󡤤˴Ϣ Bambas ʸɤߤκǿθ̤ȿǤƤ櫓ǤϤʤ⤷ʤˤ褯ޤȤޤäƤ롥
ѸˤǤϡ1600ǯդξȤ The Authorised Version Լˤ3ñ -s ̵Ǥ뤳ȤФˤ롥Bacon The New Atlantis (1627) ˤ -s ʤȤΤƤ롥顤ʸŪʸǤ -s ϸŪˤȤ򤱤Τ̤äΤǤϤʤȤ¬Ωġ Jespersen (19) ϤΤ褦ʰոǤ롥

Contemporary prose, at any rate in its higher forms, has generally -th'; the s-ending is not at all found in the A[uthorized] V[ersion], nor in Bacon A[tlantis] (though in Bacon E[ssays] there are some s'es). The conclusion with regard to Elizabethan usage as a whole seems to be that the form in s was a colloquialism and as such was allowed in poetry and especially in the drama. This s must, however, be considered a licence wherever it occurs in the higher literature of that period. (qtd in Bambas, p. 183)


Bambas (183) ˤСꥶ٥īλʸȤΥƥȤ򹭤ĴƤߤȡºݤˤ1590ǯޤǤˤʸŪʸˤƤ -s ǧƤꡤ򤵤ƤͻҤϤʤθ⡤Ŀͤˤä٤ΰ㤤礭ΤΡ-s 򤱤줿ȹͤͳϤʤȤJespersen θϡ-s βᾮɾǤȡ

The fact seems to be that by the 1590's the -s-form was fully acceptable in literary prose usage, and the varying frequency of the occurrence of the new form was thereafter a matter of the individual writer's whim or habit rather than of deliberate selection.


ơ17 -th -s ˼äƵˤʤäƤäȸ롥Wyld (333--34) ۩

From the beginning of the seventeenth century the 3rd Singular Present nearly always ends in -s in all kinds of prose writing except in the stateliest and most lofty. Evidently the translators of the Authorized Version of the Bible regarded -s as belonging only to familiar speech, but the exclusive use of -eth here, and in every edition of the Prayer Book, may be partly due to the tradition set by the earlier biblical translations and the early editions of the Prayer Book respectively. Except in liturgical prose, then, -eth becomes more and more uncommon after the beginning of the seventeenth century; it is the survival of this and not the recurrence of -s which is henceforth noteworthy. (qtd in Bambas, p. 185)


Bambas Ϥˤ۵Ĥ򾧤롥Wyld θϡ-eth βᾮɾǤȡĤޤȤ Bambas ϡ1600ǯ򶴤ǯδ֡-s -th ŪˤԤԤִȤήǤϤ뤬ξ¸λȤߤΤŬڤǤȤոΰո٤ΤϡBambas ȤԤä16ȾФ17ȾФˤƤλʸˤĴ̤Ǥ롥Bambas (186) ɽƸ褦

AuthorTitleDateIncidence of -s
Ascham, RogerToxophilus15456%
Robynson, RalphMore's Utopia15510%
Knox, JohnThe First Blast of the Trumpet15580%
Ascham, RogerThe Scholmaster15700.7%
Underdowne, ThomasHeriodorus's Anaethiopean Historie15872%
Greene, RobertGroats-Worth of Witte; Repentance of Robert Greene; Blacke Bookes Messenger159250%
Nashe, ThomasPierce Penilesse159250%
Spenser, EdmundA Veue of the Present State of Ireland159618%
Meres, FrancisPoetric159813%
Dekker, ThomasThe Wonderfull Yeare 1603160384%
Dekker, ThomasThe Seuen Deadlie Sinns of London160678%
Daniel, SamuelThe Defence of Ryme160762%
Daniel, SamuelThe Collection of the History of England1612--1894%
Drummond of Hawlhornden, W.A Cypress Grove16237%
Donne, JohnDevotions162474%
Donne, JohnIvvenilia163364%
Fuller, ThomasA Historie of the Holy Warre16380.4%
Jonson, BenThe English Grammar164020%
Milton, JohnAreopagitica164485%


ץåȤȡʲ̤ˤʤ롥

Incidence of -s in Prose between C16b and C17a by Bambas

δ֤Ǥǯ0.5789%ΨǾ徺Ƥ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥ط0.49Ǥ롥ΤȤƤϱ夬˰㤤ʤġΤФĤˤ롥ΤȤᾮɾɾ⤹٤ǤϤʤȤΤ Bambas η

Bambas, Rudolph C. "Verb Forms in -s and -th in Early Modern English Prose". Journal of English and Germanic Philology 46 (1947): 183--87.
Jespersen, Otto. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part VI. Copenhagen: Ejnar Munksgaard, 1942.
Wyld, Henry Cecil. A History of Modern Colloquial English. 2nd ed. London: Fisher Unwin, 1921.

Referrer (Inside): [2017-02-21-1] [2015-05-06-1]

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2015-03-08 Sun

#2141. 3ñ -th -s Ѳγ [verb][conjugation][emode][language_change][suffix][inflection][3sp][bible][shakespeare][schedule_of_language_change]

#1857. 3ñ -th -s Ѳθưϡ ([2014-05-28-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡ173ñζ޸ -th -s ؤ֤äƤäϡλ夫ʹԤƤִηаޤ򾯤Ҳ𤷤褦
űѸǹԤʤƤ3ñ -s ̤ˤСѸ -s Ƹ줿Τ14ΥɥΥƥȤˤƤǤ롥Ϥޤä15˽٤ȯŪΤ16--17ˤƤǤ롥Ȥ櫓ȿǤƤ褦ʥƥȤˤơ٤ޤäƤä褦-s ϡ褽1600ǯޤǤɸȤʤäƤȻפ뤬16ΥƥȤˤɤ줬ߤΤ¤Ǥ롥Ť -th 첻ȼä -eth ȤƲ-s ϲʤäᡤξԤϱΧŪǻȤʬ줿פ (ex. that hateth thee and hates us all) 㤨СShakespeare ǤϻʸǤϤۤȤ -s ѤƤ뤬ʸǤ -th 롥ȤϤξ٤ϡΧŪװʸŪװʾ˸ĿͤޤϺʤʤ˰¸뤳Ȥ¿쳵뤳ȤϤǤʤdoth hath ʤ٤˹⤤ˤĤơŷФ餯ͥǤ³-s ٤줿ȤȤϡŪħ1ĤȤõ
Lass (162--65) ϡִΥ塼ˤĤƼΤ褦󤷤Ƥ롥

In the earlier sixteenth century {-s} was probably informal, and {-th} neutral and/or elevated; by the 1580s {-s} was most likely the spoken norm, with {-eth} a metrical variant.


켣 (217--18) ˤȤ̤˸ƤߤȡThe Authorised Version (1611) Bacon The New Atlantis (1627) ˤ -s ʤȿФ Milton (1608--74) Ǥ doth hath ̤ˤ -th ʤShakespeare ǤϡJulius Caesar (1599) ʬۤ˸¤äƤߤȡ-s Ψ do have ǤϤ줾 11.76%, 8.11% ʳΰ̤ưǤ 95.65% ȰݤƤ롥
Ȥ櫓16--17ξڵ˴Ťˤդ٤ϡ#1856. ưľˡ߷ -eth 17Ⱦˤ -s ȯƤ ([2014-05-27-1]) Ǹ褦ˡɽ -th ȤäȤƤ⡤줬Ǥ [s] ȯƤǽȤȤǤ롥
ִΥ塼ˤĤƤϡ#1855. ꥫѸ˿ʤǤ3ñ -th -s ([2014-05-26-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿

Lass, Roger. "Phonology and Morphology." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 3. Cambridge: CUP, 1999. 56--186.
켣 رѸˡ١ҡ2000ǯ

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2014-11-09 Sun

#2022. ѲˤĿͤαƶ [neolinguistics][geolinguistics][dialectology][idiolect][chaucer][shakespeare][bible][literature][neolinguistics][language_change][causation]

#1069. ե顼ɡɡ --- üԸĿͤοŤ󤸤ѡ ([2012-03-31-1])#2013. ꥢ (1) ([2014-10-31-1])#2014. ꥢ (2) ([2014-11-01-1])#2020. ۩Ѳθ "expressivity" Ǥ ([2014-11-07-1]) εǡϢꥢؤ夲ƤؤǤϡѲˤĿͤ䤬̤˲Ф롥ɤϳƼȤʬۤ˶ؿäɤǤ⤢뤬Ȥ¼ñ̤ǰۤʤѤȤ̤˭˶òʬŪʵǤĿ͸ (idiolect) ؤδؿ˹Ԥ夤ΤȻפ롥ѲθĿͤɽϤΤʤ˸ȤΤϡˤȤäɬǤä
ѸˤΤ褦˸̸ˤ礭Ȥ館Ω줫ϡѲˤüԸĿͤαƶϤϤۤ礭ʤȤȤ롥㤨С#257. Chaucer Ѹ˾˲̤Ȥϡ ([2010-01-09-1]) #298. Chaucer Ѹ˾˲̤Ȥϡ (2) ([2010-02-19-1]) εǤߤ褦ˡ Chaucer αѸ˾䤬ɾƤ餤뤳ȤŦƤ롥ʸػ˾ȸ˾ϡΤ̸Ĥ˹ͤ٤
Ǥ⡤#1412. 16Ⱦ˸Ū׸򤷤2ͤ Thomas ([2013-03-09-1]) #1439. ͳ褹ɽ ([2013-04-05-1]) ʤɤεǤߤ褦ˡθĿͤΤʤۤȤɤξϸáˤˤƸŪʤܤ˸׸򤷤Ȥ¤ϻĤ롥¿ζĤ Shakespeare Ϥᡤʸػˤ˻Ĥ褦ʸͤϱѸ˲餫αƶĤƤΤǤ롥
Ѹˤ̾񤤤 Bradley ϡѲˤĿͤαƶȤˤĤơŪȤ٤ȤäƤ롥

It is a truth often overlooked, but not unimportant, that every addition to the resources of a language must in the first instance have been due to an act (though not necessarily a voluntary or conscious act) of some one person. A complete history of the Making of English would therefore include the names of the Makers, and would tell us what particular circumstances suggested the introduction of each new word or grammatical form, and of each new sense or construction of a word. (150)

Now there are two ways in which an author may contribute to the enrichment of the language in which he writes. He may do so directly by the introduction of new words or new applications of words, or indirectly by the effect of his popularity in giving to existing forms of expression a wider currency and a new value. (151)


Bradley ϡΤ Wyclif, Chaucer, Spenser, Shakespeare, Milton ʤɤ̾Ϣͤơ󤲤Ƥ椯
Ǥ롥ΤȤƤߤСθĿͤϸŪȤ虜ʤΤǤϤʤȡϹͤƤ롥Ū¿ξ硤ĿͤϤΰѤǤȤ "indirectly" ʤΤˤȤɤޤꡤȤƱѸȤΤΤʤ糤ΰũˤʤθĿͤũȤΤϼ¤϶ä٤ȤǤ뤫顤θ¤ˤƤθĿͤαƶϤɾ뤳ȤѲˤĿͤαƶϡޥʻϲɾʤ褦դߥʻϲᾮɾʤ褦դȤΤΩ

Bradley, Henry. The Making of English. New York: Dover, 2006. New York: Macmillan, 1904.

Referrer (Inside): [2021-01-19-1] [2015-03-06-1]

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