#3833. ֺ¡ֱѸˤȸ츻פ5֥ꥹȶפΤ ([2019-10-25-1]) ǰ⤷ī㡼ɶֺ112ڡˤ˽ޤ˻äƤǮ깭ޤ¿ˤ錄뤴Ŧ䥳Ȥؤ¤Ȥʤޤ
ֺ¤Ѥ饤ɻ֤ƤޤΤǡˤѤ饤ɤγƥڡؤΥĥäƤޤ
1. Ѹˤȸ츻5 ֥ꥹȶ
2. 5ꥹȶ
3. ܼ
4. 1. ɤΥꥹȶ
5. űѸޤǡ?1066ǯˤΥꥹȶ˴ؤάǯɽ
6. 2. κ
7. 롼ʸȤϡ
8. ¸ǸŤαʸϥ롼ʸǽƤ
9. 롼ʸΰ仺
10. űѸΥե٥å
11. űѸʸؤγ
12. 3. ƥμ
13. űѸäˤƥѸΨ
14. ꥹȶȰʸΥƥ
15. 4.
16. 5. ȸ
17. 轡ѸܸͿŪƶ
18. ܸˤ뽡
19. ޤȤ
20. 䡧ּεפγƻΥ
21. ʸ
6Ͼ2020ǯ321ڡˤ15:15?18:30Ȥʤޤ֥οפꤷƱѸ˾κΰѤͽǤ
ɤȥߤȤͻ礷ܤηإ륺ν (The Book of Kells) 饤ꡤܤ̩Ǥ롥ξ "The Medieval Masterpiece, the Book of Kells, Is Now Digitized & Put Online" ȤΤä

إ륺ν٤ϡinsular half-uncial ΤΥƥǽ줿4ʡǤ롥680ڡʤΤȤɤ˶ˤ̩ܤƤꡤηݽŪͤؤ롥7Ⱦ9ˤơ餯Υɽƻǡ֤Ի줿ΤμܤȤСޤμܤ̾ȤۤɤΥȥĤΰʤǤ롥Encyclopaedia Britannica ˤȡΤ褦˲⤬롥
Illuminated gospel book (MS. A.I. 6; Trinity College Library, Dublin) that is a masterpiece of the ornate Hiberno-Saxon style. It is probable that the illumination was begun in the late 8th century at the Irish monastery on the Scottish island of Iona and that after a Viking raid the book was taken to the monastery of Kells in County Meath, where it may have been completed in the early 9th century. A facsimile was published in 1974.
֥˹ԤȤ⡤ʤˤƤηį褦ˤʤäˤʤäʤ
Encyclopaedia Britannica. Encyclopaedia Britannica 2008 Ultimate Reference Suite. Chicago: Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2008.
إ֥饤 (hebrew) ϡ鷺Ȥ줿θǤꡤ䡦ꥹȶαƶˤ¿θ˱ƶͿƤѸ㳰ǤϤʤűѸѸޤǡƥ䥮ꥷ𤵤ǡ˸ŪʱƶäƤ켣 (119--20) ˽äơĤμѸ
amen: ֥סʵνθաˡ֤Ǥޤ褦ˡ (So be it!) ΰա
cabal: ֱġ̩ҡס
cherub [ʧérəb]: ֥ӥࡤ2ŷȡ
hallelujah: ֥ϥסʿ붫ӡˡּۤ (Praised be God!) ΰա
hosanna: ֥ۥʡסʿޤϥꥹȤ붫ӡˡֵߤ뤨 (Save, we pray) ΰա
jubilee: ֥٥ǯǰססʥ䶵50ǯȤ˹Ԥ©ǯˡ
leviathan: ֥סʵʳβʪˡ
manna: ֥ޥʡסʥ⡼ (Moses) Ψ줿饨ͤץæФ˺ݤƹǵȤäޤ줿ʪˡ
rabbi: ֥ӡסʥ䶵ԡΧˡؼˡ
sabbath: ְ©ס
satan: ֥ʥꥹȶǤ˰ס
schwa: ֥ʥȤΤʤˤޤ첻
seraph: ֥ԥࡤŷȡס
shibboleth: ֡ʤ볬顦ΤˡͭθաδʤɡϡסŨФ륨ե饤 (Ephraimites) [ʃ] ȯǤʤȤ顤쥢ǿ (Geleadites) Ũʬ뤿ˤθѤʵ Judges 12: 4--6 ˡ
ۤС (96) 䤨Сbar mitzvah ʥХ롦ߥĥС13Ф˻ҤνΰͼϡˡJehovah ʥϥˡRosh Hashana ʥοǯסˡsapphire ʥե, babel ʥХ٥ˡbehemoth ʥӥҥ⥹εáϡˡcider ʥˡjasper ˶̡ˡshekel ʥߡˡkosher ʡʿʪΧˡˤʤäˡkibbutz ʥ֥ġΥ饨νϡˤʤɤ롥
̾¿ȤդäƤȤơ#3408. Elizabeth οΰ̾ ([2018-08-26-1]) ȡ#3433. Ѹ̾ John ([2018-09-20-1]) ȡ
켣 رѸˡ١ҡ2000ǯ
礦ҡرѸ˳١dzƼҡ2007ǯ
Shakespeare νʤȶ (Authorized Version; King Jame Bible) ϤۤƱ˽Ƥʤ⡤줾αѸϽ¦̤ˤưۤʤäƤcf. #492. ѸζѲưɤ ([2010-09-01-1])#1418. 17 its μơ ([2013-03-15-1])#3491. dreamt dreamed ˡκ ([2018-11-17-1])ˡŪˤ Shakespeare ϳŪݼŪʸո¿Ȥ롥Crystal (275) ꡤκۤ㼨Ƥߤֵפȡֿפδ֤ɤƤư֤Ѱۤ濴ˡŵŪΤǤ롥
King James First Folio old form new form old form new form bare 175 bore 1 bare 10 bore 25 clave 14 cleft 2 clave 0 cleft 8 gat 20, gotten 25 got 7 gat 0, gotten 5 got 115 goeth 135 goes 0 goeth 0 goes 166 seeth 54 sees 0 seeth 0 sees 40 spake 585 spoke 0 spake 48 spoke 142 yonder 7 yon 0, yond 0 yonder 66 yon 9, yond 45
ϡʸ "The old Ecclesiastical Words to be kept, viz., the Word Church not to be translated Congregations, &c." ʤɤȽҤ٤Ƥ뤳Ȥͽ̤ۤꡤݼŪʸո褯ĤƤ롥θƤƸŤᤫȡޤ Tyndale ɽ줿1ۤαѸǥȤƤ뤳Ȥʤɤ顤ΤηˤĤäԻĤϤʤcf. #753. ʤθϸŤᤫ ([2011-05-20-1])ˡ
Shakespeare Τ褦ûҷȤθո̱̽ο͡θո˶ƤϤȤȤ⡤ưפǤƱǤ⡤Ѱ (register)ǥŪʤɤۤʤСޤǸΰ㤤ФΤȤȤƤ롤ѸˤιǤ롥
Crystal, David. The Stories of English. London: Penguin, 2005.
1549ǯThomas Crammer Ի The Book of Common Prayer ʵˤ˽Ф1552ǯˤϡβǤФƤ롥εΰѸȤʤäƤΤ1539ǯ the Great Bible Ǥ롥褽1塤Ŵ1662ǯˡǤεǤ줿ߤ̤ѤƤ뤳οǤϡ1611ǯ the King James Bible ˴ŤƤꡤŪˤϤषݼŪǤ롥Ĥޤꡤ1552ǯǤ1662ǯǤε٤ƤߤȡԤΤۤǯȤƤ100ǯ;٤ˤ⤫餺ŪˤԤŤħȤȤȤʤΤǤϤʤԤͽ̤ꡤ꿷ħƤ⤢ʣ
Gramley (144) ϡNevalainen (1998) θȤʤ顤5ʸˡܤӤƤ롥
| feature | 1552 | 1662 |
|---|---|---|
| 3rd person singular ending | mixed {-th} and {-s} | reversion to {-th} |
| 2nd person singular personal | thou/thee but some ye/you | largely a return to thou/thee |
| nominative ye/you | both ye and you | largely a return to ye |
| nominative which/who | 56 who vs. 129 which | 172 who vs. 13 which |
| present tense plural be/are | 52 are vs. 105 be | 125 are vs. 32 be |
ε#3490. dreamt dreamed ء ([2018-11-16-1]) ȴϢơɸˤĤơξˡκĴ٤椬褦ΤʺϤʤ褦Ǥ롥ˡκȤƺȤ뤳Ȥ¿ꥫѸǤ dreamed ޤ졤ꥹѸǤξȤѤȤʾp. 422ˡ
Fowler's (231) ˤ "Dreamed, esp. as the pa.t. form, tends to be used for emphasis and in poetry." ȤꡤѰˤ뺹뤳ȤƤ롥
Ѹξ MED ƤߤȡȤơֵ§Ūʡ drēmed(e ȡԵ§Ūʡ drempte ξѤƤȤ狼뤬ʬȤƤϵ§εܤʤʤԵ§˸治ź (epenthesis) p äƤ뤳Ȥ (cf. #739. glide, prosthesis, epenthesis, paragoge ([2011-05-06-1]))
ѸǶ̣ΤϡShakespeare ǤξѤƤ뤬AV ˤ dreamt ϤʤȤ¤ʡرѸ츻ŵ١ˡAV Shakespeare ٤ʸŪǸʸˡ褯ݻƤȤΤǡ dreamed ΤۤȤФäΤ⤷ʤդˤСdreamt άŪˤˤϤդ路ʤȹͤ줿Τ⤷ʤ
ʤ1775ǯ Johnson μǤ "preter. dreamed, or dreamt" Ȥꡤdreamed ɮƬ˵Ƥ뤳Ȥ˿Ƥ
ͧ ԡظѸˡŵ١Ʋ2006ǯ
Burchfield, Robert, ed. Fowler's Modern English Usage. Rev. 3rd ed. Oxford: OUP, 1998.
߷ ˧ͺ (Խ紴)رѸ츻ŵ١ҡ1997ǯ
ȡ#3464. ͧǹֱ餷ޤ --- ˾ȱѸפȡֱѸΥڥԻġס ([2018-10-21-1]) ǰ⤷ͧǤιֱ餬λޤüԤΤߤʤƲⱿĴطԤ˸鿽夲ޤƲޤơȤƤڤǤ
1Ĥιֱ˾ȱѸפǤϡ֥ꥹȶȱѸס֥ΥޥȱѸס֥ꥫΩȱѸפ3ܤֱѸϡä͡ȤμҲˤäƷƤŪʻʪǤפȤĥޤٷƤ180ʬˤ錄ĹǤǮʹƤޤ̻Ūʻߤ뤳ȤǡѸ줬ΩŪΩ夬ꡤޤǤȤϰۤʤäˤʤäΤǤϤʤȻפޤ
ιֱѤ饤ɤʲ˥ڡȤ˵Ƥޤ
1. ˾ȱѸ
2. Ϥ
3. Ѹˤ̥
4. 夲
5. I. ꥹȶȱѸ
6. ֥ꥹȶȱѸפ
7. ֥ƥؤΥꥹȶ
8. 1. ޥե٥åȤƳ
9. 롼ʸȤϡ
10. 롼ʸε
11. Τ줶뿿¡¸ǸŤαʸϥ롼ʸǽƤ
12. űѸ쥢ե٥åȤ27ʸ
13. 2. ƥαѸäؤαƶ
14. ƥ줫μѸμ
15. 轡ѸܸͿŪƶ
16. 3. γ
17. ƻαѸǤΡּεפƬ
18. ͳ褹ɽ
19. ֥ꥹȶȱѸפΤޤȤ
20. II. ΥޥȱѸ
21. ֥ΥޥȱѸפ
22. 1. ΥޥȤϡ
23. Υޥͤε
24. Υޥͤήȥɤθ
25. 2. ѸؤθŪƶϡ
26. äؤαƶ
27. ѸäˤեѸΰ֤Ť
28. ؤαƶ
29. ֻؤαƶ
30. 3. ѸؤμҲŪƶϡ
31. ġرѸˡ p. 74
32. ֥ΥޥȱѸפΤޤȤ
33. III. ꥫΩȱѸ
34. ֥ꥫΩȱѸפ
35. 1. ꥫѸħ
36. ֻȯ (spelling pronunciation)
37. ꥫֻ
38. ꥫѸμҲŪħ
39. 2. ꥫΩʤ뤤ϡ֥ꥫ̿ "American Revolution"
40. ꥫѸλʬ
41. ΩȥꥫѸ
42. 3. Υֻ֥
43. ֥Ͽ (1)
44. ֥Ͽ (2)
45. ֻ֥פư
46. ֥ꥫΩȱѸפΤޤȤ
47.
48. ʸ
Ѹˤˤɸಽ (standardisation) ȤС1Ū˽դɸಽǰƬ֤Ƥ褦˻פ롥ܥ֥Ǥ⡤դɸಽˤĤƤ͡˾Ҳ𤷤ƤäդɸಽˤĤƤϰä#3356. ɸȯ18Ⱦ ([2018-07-05-1]) Ǥȯɸಽ夲ƤꡤäդɸಽΰϤΤΡäաפȡȯפȤƱǤϤʤäդˤϡȯʳʸˡäʤɤ¾¦̤⤢롥
äդɸಽˤĤơϲۤΡɸѸγΩ (93) ˵Ƥ복פѤ롥
դɸѸϴ15ȾޤǤˡɥ濴˷졤θ嶵ڤˤȤʤäƵ®˹ޤäȹͤƤ뤬äդɸϤޤκˤϤʤEModE ˤʤäƳΩ16ˤʤäƵ濴˾ή顤ʸ͡ǻȤ줿äդɸȤƳΩϥɥdz۳θդǤ뤫鳬ǤäơƱɥǤ⡤سθդɸȤʪǡ˥åˡ (Cockney) Ȥȯãޤʸˡ⼭ʤΤȤǡɸϡ줫ߤȯʸˡξ̤˷礱̣ǼͳʱѸǤ⤢äΤ褦ʱѸξطʤо줷ΤޤǤʤʸػ˾κȥԥ (William Shakespeare, 1564--1616) Ǥ롥ͤαѸϡάͶ¤ǡѸ2ĤθȸƤФƤ롥
ݥȤϡäդɸಽդɸಽ1ۤ٤ƻϤޤäȤǤ롥ޤδפȤʤäѼ郎ɥλ۳θäȤפǤ롥ɸಽκǽˤϡѼȤưͤǤϤʤ٤ѰۤƤִˤפΤäȤäƤ褤ʤȤ⸽ɸѸθ˸ФȤǤ롥䤿γؤǤֱѲáפϡ500ǯΥɥξήΤ٤˵ĤȤȤǤ롥
ϲ ͭ ԡ λҡ ¹̾ ԡرѸˡ١罤۽Ź1995ǯ
#3100. ɽפˤѸϰ̤θ¦̡ ([2017-10-22-1]) ǡ16Υɽפˤꡤɡ륺ǤϱѸθҤϹޤäȽϰ̤ȽҤ٤륺˴ؤƤϡ#1718. Wales ˤѸˡ ([2014-01-09-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡȵ륺줿ᡤ륺줬ݻ̤ȤʤäȤҤ٤륺ˤĤƤϡפαƶˤϰ̤ʤ줿Τݻ줿ΤɤʤΤʣʥ륺ξˤĤơʿ (27) ˲⤷Ƥ롥
طǤϡɥܤϰϻǯˡӵ륺ˡΧפ̲ᤵơȵ륺ϡ줫鸫ȽϤηȤʤäʤǤϡ륺ݻ˹Ⱦ̤ǡ륺ϽθȸʤơФ뤳ȤˤʤäϽʤȤơ¼ξͤ˻¸뤳Ȥˤʤä
ĤޤꡤϻΥ륺ˤơ륺ȵˤꡤ륺ͤɹˤȤɤƤֹءפѸֱѸءפͥ褷ƤΤǤ롥η̡Ǥϥ륺줬Ѥ졤θ¸³Ĺ줿䵧ɹȤƤⶵϸⶵǤһդɸݻ뤳ȤˤäơʤȤˡްĤäϸΰҿݤ줿ϥ¦ϡŪ֡פȸƤФ롥륺λ¸ϤΡŪ֡פ˰ͤäƤפˡפϡ륺륺ͤͿλ֡륺Ͻΰǰݻ줿
Ĥޤꡤפ̤ơ륺ɤФ줿ΤΡǤ̮̿ݤäȤȤ2Ĥΰۤʤפʬƹͤ뤳Ȥǡ츫̷⤷פΥ륺ؤαƶꥢǤ褦ˤʤä
420ˡ륺ˤ륦륺ϰ̤Ϥᤶޤ褷ƤȤˤʤ뤬֤äƤߤС16˾嵭ηаޤǥ륺βФ䤵˺ѤʤΤ¦ˤȤäơŪ֡פȤߤ̣狼롥
ʿ رѸθ1500ǯˡ١̼ҡ2016ǯ
4ϿεȤȤǡꡥwassail /ˈwɒseɪl, ˈwɑːsl/ Ȥϡ̾Ȥơ֡ʼ˥ꥹޥΡ˽ˤμפưȤơּ롨ǽˤפ̣롥ˤϡϤʤ be ư̿ŪޤƤCrystal 21 ȡˡ
űѸǤδդΰϡ꤬ñξˤ wes hal "(you (sg.)) be in good health"꤬ʣξˤ wesað hale "(you (pl.)) be in good health" ȸäwes wesað ϡߤǤϻȤƤʤ be ưΰ wesan 2;̿ʤ줾ñʣˤǤcf. #2600. űѸ be ưζޡ ([2016-06-09-1])ˡhal(e) ϡѸǡַʡʡפɽ魯 whole hale θűѸǤꡤСפȤƤӤб hail ȤƱǤcf. #1783. whole <w> ([2014-03-15-1])ˡűѸΥȥʡǤϡLuke 1.28 ŷȤޥꥢФ Hal wes ðu Ȱս꤬롥
ѸǤ wesan be ư̿ϾüƤäδդɽ wassail ȤƸ경֤Ĥäʤwassail Ф֤ΰϡdrinkhail Ǥ롥
ťΥɸˤƱɽ ves heill ꡤѸɽθ츻ȤƤϤषθťΥɸαƶ礭Ȥ뤬ߤ wassail ϤˤŪʥꥹδդλȤΤƤ롥
Crystal, David. The Story of Be. Oxford: OUP, 2017.
Algeo and Pyles αѸǯɽ3ƤϽѸ (153--55) ԤϽѸ1500--1800ǯȤƶڤäƤ뤳Ȥա#3193. űѸμפʽǯɽ ([2018-01-23-1]) ȡ#3196. Ѹμפʽǯɽ ([2018-01-26-1]) ⻲ȡ
| 1476 | William Caxton brought printing to England, thus both serving and promoting a growing body of literate persons. Before that time, literacy was confined to the clergy and a handful of others. Within the next two centuries, most of the gentry and merchants became literate, as well as half the yeomen and some of the husbandmen. |
| 1485 | Henry Tudor ascended the throne, ending the civil strife called the War of the Roses and introducing 118 years of the Tudor dynasty, which oversaw vast changes in England. |
| 1497 | John Cabot went on a voyage of exploration for a Northwest Passage to China, in which he discovered Nova Scotia and so foreshadowed English territorial expansion overseas. |
| 1534 | The Act of Supremacy established Henry VIII as "Supreme Head of the Church of England," and thus officially put civil authority above Church authority in England. |
| 1549 | The first Book of Common Prayer was adopted and became an influence on English literary style. |
| 1558 | At the age of 25, Elizabeth I became queen of England and, as a woman with a Renaissance education and a skill for leadership, began a forty-five-year reign that promoted statecraft, literature, science, exploration, and commerce. |
| 1577--80 | Sir Francis Drake circumnavigated the globe, the first Englishman to do so, and participated in the defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588, removing an obstacle to English expansion overseas. |
| 1590--1611 | William Shakespeare wrote the bulk of his plays, from Henry VI to The Tempest. |
| 1600 | The East India Company was chartered to promote trade with Asia, leading eventually to the establishment of the British Raj in India. |
| 1604 | Robert Cawdrey published the first English dictionary, A Table Alphabeticall. |
| 1607 | Jamestown, Virginia, was established as the first permanent English settlement in America. |
| 1611 | The Authorized or King James Version of the Bible was produced by a committee of scholars and became, with the Prayer Book and the works of Shakespeare, one of the major examples of and influences on English literary style. |
| 1619 | The first African slaves in North America arrived in Virginia. |
| 1642--48 | The English Civil War or Puritan Revolution overthrew the monarchy and resulted in the beheading of King Charles I in 1649 and the establishment of a military dictatorship called the Commonwealth and (under Oliver Cromwell) the Protectorate, which lasted until the Restoration of King Charles II in 1660. |
| 1660 | The Royal Society was founded as the first English organization devoted to the promotion of scientific knowledge and research. |
| 1670 | The Hudson's Bay Company was chartered for promoting trade and settlement in Canada. |
| ca. 1680 | The political parties---Whigs (named perhaps from a Scots term for 'horse drivers' but used for supporters of reform and parliamentary power) and Tories (named from an Irish term for 'outlaws' but used for supporters of conservatism and royal authority), both terms being originally contemptuous---became political forces, thus introducing party politics as a central factor in government. |
| 1688 | The Glorious Revolution was a bloodless coup in which members of Parliament invited the Dutch prince William of Orange and his wife, Mary (daughter of the reigning English king, James II), to assume the English throne, resulting in the establishment of Parliament's power over that of the monarchy. |
| 1702 | The first daily newspaper was published in London, followed by an extension of such publications throughout England and the expansion of the influence of the press in disseminating information and forming public opinion. |
| 1719 | Daniel Defoe published Robinson Crusoe, sometimes identified as the first modern novel in English, although the evolution of the genre was gradual and other works have a claim to that title. |
| 1755 | Samuels Johnson published his Dictionary of the English Language, a model of comprehensive dictionaries of English |
| 1775--83 | The American Revolution resulted in the foundation of the first independent nation of English speakers outside the British Isles. Large numbers of British loyalists left the former American colonies for Canada and Nova Scotia, introducing a large number of new English speakers there. |
| 1788 | The English first settled Australia near modern Sydney. |
Worcester Cathedral, Dean and Chapter Library F 174 Ȥܤ Fol. 63r, lines 14--28 ˡˤƬûƥȤƤ롥ꥸʥϸűѸǽƤ褦ΥƥȤθϤǤ˽ѸŪħƤ롥ܤϤ餯132Ⱦ (C13a2) ΩΥƥȤľˤ Ælfic Grammar Glossary ľˤ "Body and Soul" ˴ؤƬƤ롥Τ "Worcester tremulous hand" ȤΤ̻ˤäƽƤ롥
ƥȤƤϡɸ˼褦ˡΥޥ˶ʤɤθŪʾ̤DZѸ줬ѤʤʤäƤޤäȤؤòǤ롥θűѸˤϱѸǶ餬Ԥʤ졤ɤʸŪȿǤƤΤˡѸäʤΥޥͤդȤʤäƤޤäƤ롤˸ơò路Ȥ衤Ȥݤ
ݥȤϡl. 15 l. 18 Ǥ롥űѸˤϥͤζդѸǿ͡餷Ƥ (l. 15)ΥޥκǤϡ¾ο͡סʤΦϤäƤΥޥͤ¾θǡ˿͡餷ƤȡòƤ롥Ѹ줬Ūϰ̤鿶Ȥ졤䤫줿ͻҤ狼롥Dickins and Wilson (2) ΥƥȤ
[S]anctus Beda was iboren her on Breotene mid us, And he wisliche [bec] awende Þet þeo Englise leoden þurh weren ilerde. And he þeo c[not]ten unwreih, þe questiuns hoteþ, Þa derne diȝelnesse þe de[or]wurþe is. 5 Ælfric abbod, þe we Alquin hoteþ, He was bocare, and þe [fif] bec wende, Genesis, Exodus, Vtronomius, Numerus, Leuiticus, Þu[rh] þeos weren ilærde ure leoden on Englisc. Þet weren þeos biscop[es þe] bodeden Cristendom, 10 Wilfrid of Ripum, Iohan of Beoferlai, Cuþb[ert] of Dunholme, Oswald of Wireceastre, Egwin of Heoueshame, Æld[elm] of Malmesburi, Swiþþun, Æþelwold, Aidan, Biern of Wincæstre, [Pau]lin of Rofecæstre, S. Dunston, and S. Ælfeih of Cantoreburi. Þeos læ[rden] ure leodan on Englisc, 15 Næs deorc heore liht, ac hit fæire glod. [Nu is] þeo leore forleten, and þet folc is forloren. Nu beoþ oþre leoden þeo læ[reþ] ure folc, And feole of þen lorþeines losiæþ and þet folc forþ mid. Nu sæiþ [ure] Drihten þus, Sicut aquila prouocat pullos suos ad volandum, et super eo[s uolitat.] 20 This beoþ Godes word to worlde asende, Þet we sceolen fæier feþ [festen to Him.]
l. 20 ΥƥϡDeuteronomy 32:11 ꡥThe King James Version бսѤ "As an eagle stirs up her nest, flutters over her young, spreads abroad her wings, takes them, bears them on her wings: / So the Lord alone did lead him, and there was no strange god with him." (ll. 11--12) Ȥ롥褽褿ֿפ¤ޤȤä
μܤˤĤƤϡLAEME ξ⻲ȡ
Dickins, Bruce and R. M. Wilson, eds. Early Middle English Texts. London: Bowes, 1951.
#1803. Lord's Prayer ([2014-04-04-1]) ǸűѸ줫鸽ѸˤƤΡּεפΥ٤˽ΥåȥΥä褦
ؼȩΥåȥɲ James VI (1566--1625) 1580ǯ˱ʸǡּεפ Scots ǺƤܿͤˤΤΤ London, British Library, MS Royal 18 B.xvi, f. 44 ˳ǧ롥James VI English English ǤϤʤ Scots (English) ǽȤˤ餤ƤͻҤϤʤƲǤCrystal (125) Ƹ褦
THE LORDIS PRAYER
Ô michtie father that in heauin remainis
thy noble name be sanctifeit alwayes
thy kingdome come, in earth thy will & rainis
euen as in heauunis mot be obeyed with prayse
& giue us lorde oure dayly bread & foode
forgiuing us all oure trespassis aye
as we forgiue ilk other in lyke moode
lorde in temptation lead us not ue praye
but us from euill deliuer euer moire
for thyne is kingdome ue do all record
allmichtie pouer & euerlasting gloire
for nou & aye so mot it be ô lorde.
Υåȥɲ James VI 1603ǯ˥ɤΥīγĤȤƥɲ James I Ȥʤ櫓ΤȤ˿òμԤȤȤˤ Scots ɥε˱֤ȤȤʤäϤƥɤ̱ϡҤѼȤǧΤȯˡʤȤ⤢ΥåϴȤդˤСScots ΥɱѸ첽Ϥޤäִ֤Ȥ⤤
η˴طȤơ#491. Stuart ī˿षʿʸˤ뱪Ū do ([2010-08-31-1])#1719. Scotland ˤѸˡ ([2014-01-10-1])#1952. Ųפ Your Majesty ˤߤɰա ([2014-08-31-1])#2128. "than" ȤƤ nor or ([2015-02-23-1])#3095. Your Grace, Your Highness, Your Majesty ([2017-10-17-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿
Crystal, David. Evolving English: One Language, Many Voices. London: The British Library, 2010.
Ѹˤˤ륭ꥹȶΰյˤĤơޤȤ饤 (HTML) äΤǸ롥ɤ礭ǤꥹȶϱѸ (1) ޥե٥åȤˤܳŪʸʸƳ(2) ƥ줫μѸ¿⤿餷(3) ϤȤ3ĤˤơѸ˾˷פΤʤյĤȷŤޤ
1. ꥹȶȱѸ
2.
3. ֥ƥؤΥꥹȶ (#2871)
4. 1. ޥե٥åȤƳ
5. 롼ʸȤϡ
6. ¸ǸŤαʸϥ롼ʸǽƤ
7. űѸ쥢ե٥å
8. űѸʸ (#2526)
9. 2. ƥαѸäؤαƶ
10. 轡ѸܸͿŪƶ (#206)
11. 3. γ
12. ¿δɽ
13. ޤȤ
14. ʸ
15. 1: Beowulf Ƭ11 (#2893)
16. 2ּεפγƻΥ (#1803)
¾Ρ֤ޤȤ饤ɡפȤơ#3058. ֱѸˤˤ¤ΰյפΤޤȤ饤ɡ ([2017-09-10-1])#3068. ֽפȱѸˡפΤޤȤ饤ɡ ([2017-09-20-1])#3089. ֥ꥫΩȱѸפΤޤȤ饤ɡ ([2017-10-11-1]) ⤴
#2927. סѡѸϰ̤θ ([2017-05-02-1])#2937. סѡѸϰ̤θ (2) ([2017-05-12-1])#3066. פȼΨ ([2017-09-18-1]) ϤȤ reformation ΤĤεǡ16ΥɽפѸϰ̤夵ˤĤƹͤƤפˡפʤ͡ˤȤäơŪʸҤäƥŨǤꡤषѸɥĸʤɳơ (vernaculars) Ż뤵٤Ȥʷϵ줿16ˤĤǤ줿αꡤ1549ǯ Thomas Crammer ˤ The Book of Common Prayer ʱѸ쵧ˤԻꡤפ줿Ѹϰ̤Τ˹ʡ#1427. פʱ˴ؤǯɽ ([2013-03-24-1])#1472. ͥθŪ ([2013-05-08-1])#2597. Book of Common Prayer (1549) ([2016-06-06-1]) ȡˡ
Τ褦ʱѸϰ̤θϡѸȤ륤ɤ¿ο͡ˤȤäƤϯäɤμǥȤθ졦ʸݤäƤɤˤȤäƤɬϯǤϤʤä (70) ϡդλ˿ʤ齡פȱѸϰ̤θˤĤƤ롥
ϥɤնϰˤɤΤ褦ˤƽפդ뤫Ȥ礭ȤäƤɥɼνפϡѸǤʤѸ쵧禱ƳȤʤäƤᡤɡ륺Ǥ⥳ʤɤαѸȰۤʤ줬ѤƤϰۤɤƳˤϺäȹͤ롥
ζ趵Ǥϥ졼ȡХ֥Ф붵̱δؿѹ⤯礭ʽʪμϤ˿꤬ͤǤۤɤǤäȤȥåοĤˤȤäƺǤפʥƥϡԤ٤ʶ͡ꤵ줿Ǥä̱οĤ̲˸Ȥߤʤ줿ץƥȤϥ衼åѳϤ˸ϸǤοդ뤳Ȥ
դΤϡɡ륺ʤɤαѸȤʤϰˤƤ⡤Ѹ䵧Ƴ줿ȤǤ롥Ĥޤꡤϰο͡ˤȤäƤߤСפɬָϸǤοդ뤳ȤפʤäΤǤ롥ˤȤäƤϡθ줬ƥ줫ѸإեȤˤǤȤǤϲѲʤäɤνפϡΥȷϤο͡ˤȤäơޤˤƥβĤäƤ줿Ԥ⤷ʤɤˤѸβĤ⤿餷ԤǤ⤢ä
(85) ۩֥֥ƥˤ뽡פϡѸȤλѤĤξǵ̳Ť뤳ȤˤĤʤäᡤθΥȷϽλѾˤ礭ʱƶͿΤȤסѸŪʤϡѸ줬Ȥʤä20--21ͭΤΤǤϤʤ16餽˨꤬줿Ȥ
Τҡؿ⡡ƥ塼īˡ١Ͻн˼2011ǯ
Ѹˤˤ뽡פΰյˤĤơreformation γƵǹͤƤǤȤơֽפȱѸˡפΤޤȤ饤 (HTML) ɤ * *
15礫ʤ륹饤ɤǡܼϰʲ̤ꡥ
1. פȱѸ
2.
3. פȤϡ
4. Ūط
5. ɤνפȤð
6. ͥȤϡ
7. ɤˤ뽡פȥͥζ¸
8. ѸʸؤΥѥ
9. ץƥƥγ
10. űѸ츦γ
11. äᤰ
12. Ϣ
13. ޤȤ
14. ʸ
15. 䡧11:1--9 ʡ֥Х٥סˤζḽ8ܿƱ
̤Ρ֤ޤȤ饤ɡפȤơ#3058. ֱѸˤˤ¤ΰյפΤޤȤ饤ɡ ([2017-09-10-1]) ⤴
ε#3063. Sir John Cheke αѸ ([2017-09-15-1]) Cheke θŪ˾ƤѸ˾塤Cheke ϤΤۤˡֻˤؤäƤ뤳ȤΤƤcf. #1940. 16ֻԤη ([2014-08-19-1])#1939. 16ˡᤰ ([2014-08-18-1])ˡƤ⤦1ġCheke ϥꥷȯˤĤơҲŪʰյȤͭ̾Ǥ롥
ꥷȯäƤϡοʸ Desiderius Erasmus (1466?--1536) ƵƤΥꥷβɤǤϡۤʤ첻֤ƤƤƱ褦ȯȤäErasmus Ϥ줬ĤƤϰۤʤ첻ɽ路Ƥ˰㤤ʤȿ¬ȯʤΤä Dialogus de recta latini graecique sermonis pronuntiatione (1528)
Cheke ŰŪ˸ŵꥷȯ椷ƤCheke ϡ1540ǯ˥֥åؤΥꥷ춵ȤʤäƤ顤ŪʥꥷȯϸǤȤƲפɬ⤤֥åĹ Stephen Gardiner פä1542ǯ˲ȯؤΤǤ롥ѥǤ Erasmus βȯʸˡΰüפȤƶػߤ줿ȯݻ뤳ȤǸҤꤿ¦Υȥå¤ȯزפ褦ȤȿŪʥץƥȤĤȤޤǤ롥
Gardiner ϲƤΤKnowles (68) Ѥ롥
It is difficult to believe that Gardiner was threatened by sounds and the study of pronunciation. What did present a threat, and a serious one, was the precise study of texts. This point had been understood by the Lollard translators. The Bible was at this time increasingly proclaimed by reformers as the ultimate authority, and, the more scholarly and accurate the written text, the more effectively it could be used to challenge the traditional oral authority of the church.
Gardiner was extremely conservative not only in language but also in politics and religion. When, after 1553, Queen Mary sought to return the English church to Rome, Gardiner was her lord chancellor; and in this capacity he played a role in the burning of heretics, and one of his potential victims --- had he not recanted --- was Sir John Cheke. After Gardiner's death in 1555, Cheke published the correspondence between himself and Gardiner under the title Disputationes de pronuntiatione graecae linguae. What is important and perhaps surprising in this story is that the study of pronunciation could be regarded as a political issue.
ѤκǸǻŦƤȤꡤλǤ⤷ΤϡȯλȤ٤꤬ȽˤޤȯŸȤˤƤϡ1뤤1Τ̿äƤȤºݤˤꤦ롥ˤ⤷ˤ
colour 1ʸ color Ȥ뤳Ȥʤֻפʤ Noah Webster ⡤Ωꥫؤΰ˶ợ̿ƤΤǤϤʤä
Knowles, Gerry. A Cultural History of the English Language. London: Arnold, 1997.
Sir John Cheke (1514--57) ϥ֥åؤζꥮꥷֺ¤ν嶵äα͡˻ߤ줿ǤꡤCheke 1550ǯˡ֥ޥפӡ֥ޥ륳פκǽΰκݡ#1410. Ƚ ([2013-03-07-1]) ǸȤꡤCheke ϸŪ (purism) Ωꡤˤ괶ΤʤФʣˤѤCheke ϡThe Authorised Version (1611) ٤ƽŪȤФи Tyndale (1525) ⤵˽ŪǤꡤ̤ä14Ⱦ Wycliffe ӤƤʼ롥ʲˡ֥ޥפꤤĤˤĤӤ褦p. 239ˡ
| Cheke | Wycliffe (1380) | Tyndale (1525) | Authorized Version (1611) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ʥХӥء˰ܤ | outpeopling | transmygracioun | captivate | carrying away | chap. i. 17 |
| ͽ | wiseards | astromyens | wyse men | wise men | chap. ii. 16 |
| Ƥ | mooned | lunatik | lunatyke | lunaticke | chap. iv. 24 |
| ߤĤ | tollers | pupplicans | publicans | publicans | chap. v. 46 |
| ɴĹ | hundreder | centurien | centurion | centurion | chap. viii. 5 |
| frosent | apostlis | apostles | apostles | chap. x. 2 | |
| Ȥ | biwordes | parablis | similitudes | parables | chap. xiii. 3 |
| freschman | prosilite | ư칽ʸ | proselyte | chap. xxiii. 15 | |
| ͤˤ줿 | crossed | crucified | crucified | crucified | chap. xxvii. 22 |
14Ⱦ Wycliffe ʰˤˤϡѹˤˤΤߤʤ餺ѸˤˤƤפʤǤȤǤ롥ƥ츶ŵ鴰ȤƽΤΤǤꡤϤ뤫ꤷֽספΤΤä
Wycliffe ϡˤα褦Ȥθ夬Wyclif's Treatise, De Officio Pastorali (Chapter 15) ˸롥ѸƥȤιɤŬƤսȻפΤǡCrystal (198) ˷ǺܤƤ빻ƥȤѤ褦
Also the worthy reume of Fraunse, notwithstondinge alle lettingis, hath translated the Bible and the Gospels, with othere trewe sentensis of doctours, out of Lateyn into Freynsch. Why shulden not Engliyschemen do so? As lordis of Englond han the Bible in Freynsch, so it were not aghenus resoun that they hadden the same sentense in Engliysch; for thus Goddis lawe wolde be betere knowun, and more trowid, for onehed of wit, and more acord be bitwixe reumes.
And herfore freris han taught in Englond the Paternoster in Engliysch tunge, as men seyen in the pley of York, and in many othere cuntreys. Sithen the Paternoster is part of Matheus Gospel, as clerkis knowen, why may not al be turnyd to Engliysch trewely, as is this part? Specialy sithen alle Cristen men, lerid and lewid, that shulen be sauyd, moten algatis sue Crist, and knowe His lore and His lif. But the comyns of Engliyschmen knowen it best in ther modir tunge; and thus it were al oon to lette siche knowing of the Gospel and to lette Engliyschmen to sue Crist and come to heuene.
ҤΤǤ롥٤ΥեǤʤƤǤϤʤޤɽ̱ˤȤäƤ⡤ѸΤۤ䤹ǤϤʤβ桹ˤȤäƤϼ¤ͳŤ14ΥɤǤϡιͤϰüüä
ˡλˤϡŪʰü⤵뤳Ȥʤ顤⾰ʥƥȤɮΤ˱ѸäƤȤȼΤޤΩȤϤʤäƤʤäƱΥ硼ʸؤѸǽ櫓켫ΰǤꡤ¸äȤͤ롥ˤ뤬ֱѸǽפȤ٤ǤʤäȤϡΩĽѸǤ⤽ä³ѸǤꡥϢơ#2861. Cursor Mundi ԤѸǽͳ ([2017-02-25-1])#2612. 14˥եǤϤʤѸǽȤ櫓 ([2016-06-21-1])#1407. Ѹ3Ĥ ([2013-03-04-1])#2580. Ѹιռʳ ([2016-05-20-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿
Crystal, David. The English Language. 2nd ed. London: Penguin, 2002.
Ѹ calling ϡʼĥä쥸ǡŷȡפ̣롥ư call ̾ȤơָƤ֤ȡפθǤϽѸ줫ʸڤ뤬ŷפθ16ȾΤȤǤ롥OED ˤȡθ (8c) Ǥνϰʲ̤ꡥ
c. A profession devoted to the service of God; an office or position within the church. Hence in extended use: any profession or way of life which a person feels called or destined to pursue.
. . . .
1544 R. Tracy Supplycacion to Kynge Henry VIII sig. Bviiiv, As the byshop is ignorante in Godes worde, so he admytteth suche as be vnlerned in Gods worde, evyn suche as by noo possybylite can execute the office of their callinge.
ֿˤ뾤פǤ뤫顤ȷӤĤƤɽǤ뤳Ȥͽۤ롥ºݡ㤨 KJV 1 Cor. 7.20 ˡ"Let every man abide in the same calling wherein he was called." ȸ롥
ֿˤ뾤פŷפؤΰ̣ѲϡѸ calling Τߤʤ餺ɥĸ Beruf ˤ⸫롥䡤ΤˤСɥĸọ̇ѲбѸ˵ڤȤ٤Ǥ롥Ĥޤꡤΰ̣ (semantic_translation) beroepǥޡ kaldǥ kallelse ƱͤǤ롥
ɥĸϤȤ륲ޥǤΰ̣Ѳϡ16Υ륿ˤ뽡פȴˤƤϹͤʤץƥƥȤ礭ʼҲưȤȼΰ̣ѲζưԤǤ롥ޥåС̾إץƥƥȻܼ (96--97) ꡤBeruf θˤĤƲ⤷սѤ褦˵ǼƤˡ
ơֿ̡ȡפ̣ͥɥĸΡ֥٥롼աסBerufԤȤΤˡޤƱ̣礤ıѸΡ֥סcallingԤȤΤˤƤˡ뽡Ūʡ餢줿̿ (Aufgabe) ȤǰȤƤꡤġξˤθФۤɡ줬ˤʤäƤ뤳ȤϸȤ̻¤⡤θŪˤĤޤޤʸ̱θˤ錄äɵ椷ƤߤȡޤΤꤦΤϡȥå̤ͥʽ̱²ˤ⡤ޤŵξˤ⡤줬¯Ūʿȡʤϰ̡ϫƯΰȤ̣礤ƻȤäƤBerufԡŷפȤθĴĤ褦ɽФȤǤʤΤˡץƥȤͥʽ̱²ξˤʤ餺줬¸ߤ롤ȤȤΤꤦΤϡξ粿餫̱²ŪȤС֥ޥ̱²פθȤäΤͿƤΤǤϤʤơषθȤ줬ĸߤΰ̣礤ͳ褷Ƥꡤ⸶ʸǤϤʤԤͳ褷ƤȤȤåǤϡޤ֥٥ηáס̵ŵΰͤΰĽʰˤǸȤޤäƱ̣ѤƤ褦˻פ롥θޤʤθϡץƥȽ̱²¯ѸΤʤǸߤΰ̣Ĥ褦ˤʤäƤäˤϤ̱²¯Ūʸɤˤ⤳˨ϤޤäǧʤŪʸǤ⡤Τꤦ뤫ꡤɥĿȤΰͤΤۤˤϤǧ뤳ȤǤʤοȤåˤܤƶϼΤΤȤ
礭ʸŪ郎ʸΰ̣ѲǤ롥
ޥåСˡ ͺˡإץƥƥȻܼ١ȽŹ1989ǯ
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