#6218. 饹ꥹåȥɻˤܡ ([2026-05-06-1]) ˤƥåȥɻˤƳؽǤ롥åĸγ̻ˤˤƤ礫ʤȤơ她åȥɡʽ˲Ȥǯ褦Ÿ Encyclopaedia Britannica Ǥ롥
Malcolm II βˤĤƤǯޤԳΤʤȤ¿Ūʰ˴ŤƤ뤳Ȥդ줿
| 843--858 | Kenneth I MacAlpin | |
| 858--862 | Donald I | |
| 862--877 | Constantine I | |
| 877--878 | Aed (Aodh) | |
| 878--889 | Eochaid (Eocha) and Giric (Ciric) | * Eochaid ̤ǯǡGiric 師ͤäǽ |
| 889--900 | Donald II | |
| 900--943 | Constantine II | |
| 943--954 | Malcolm I | |
| 954--962 | Indulf | |
| 962--966 | Dub | |
| 966--971 | Culen | |
| 971--995 | Kenneth II | |
| 995--997 | Constantine III | |
| 997--1005 | Kenneth III | |
| 1005--34 | Malcolm II | |
| 1034--40 | Duncan I | |
| 1040--57 | Macbeth | |
| 1057--58 | Lulach | |
| 1058--93 | Malcolm III Canmore | |
| 1093--94 | Donald Bane (Donalbane) | |
| 1093--94 | Duncan II | |
| 1094--97 | Donald Bane (restored) | |
| 1097--1107 | Edgar | |
| 1107--24 | Alexander I | |
| 1124--53 | David I | |
| 1153--65 | Malcolm IV | |
| 1165--1214 | William I the Lion | |
| 1214--49 | Alexander II | |
| 1249--86 | Alexander III | |
| 1286--90 | Margaret, Maid of Norway | |
| 1290--92 | Interregnum | |
| 1292--96 | John de Balliol | |
| 1296--1306 | Interregnum | |
| 1306--29 | Robert I the Bruce | |
| 1329--71 | David II | |
| House of Stewart (Stuart) | * 16 <w> 礯եαƶǥڥѤä | |
| 1371--90 | Robert II | |
| 1390--1406 | Robert III | |
| 1406--37 | James I | |
| 1437--60 | James II | |
| 1460--88 | James III | |
| 1488--1513 | James IV | |
| 1513--42 | James V | |
| 1542--67 | Mary, Queen of Scots | |
| 1567--1625 | James VI | * = James I of Englandʸ塤England Ʊ |
Ϣơʲ⻲ȡ
#2547. 奤ɷǯΰ ([2016-04-17-1])
#3394. 奤ɷ۶Ԥΰ ([2018-08-12-1])
#2620. īηϿޡ ([2016-06-29-1])
#6206. Scots λʬ ([2026-04-24-1])

ܤΥåȥںǡƥåȥɤˤ֤äƤȻפäƤХǥνŹˤդäΩꡤåȥɴϢêʿѤߤƤΤܤǤ롥
Ūåȥɻˤܤǡ2019ǯ˽Ǥ줿Τ2024ǯǤФ£7.99ǹݥåȥʤȤϤꥹήΡ֥ݥåȥפʤΤǡ352ڡȽŸǥݥåȤˤʤˤɤߤ䤹200ʾΥ饹ȤޤޤƤȤΤ˼椫줿ܤƤߤȡͽ۰ʾ˥饹ȡϿޡ̿ʤɤοǤ˭٤Υåȥɤʼ̿¿ޤޤƤΤǡϤ̿㤦ɤΤǤϤʤȻפۤɤ
§Ȥ12ڡûɤ߿ʤ뤳ȤǤŪˤд夫2023ǯޤǤСƤ롥ʸΤۤˤϡѸ콸դƤ롥ǯɽդƤʤΤǰΩƤ٤ΤܼΤޤάǯɽȤʤäƤ뤳ȤǤʲܼǺܤ롥
Introduction
Mesolithic Hunters and Fishermen
Neolithic Farmers
Stone Circles and Alignments
Beaker People
The Bronze Age
Iron Age
Celtic Migrations
Crannogs
Brochs
Duns, Souterrains and Wheelhouses
Roman Period, AD 80--401
Mons Graupius
Occupation of Southern Scotland to AD 105
The Antonine Wall
Campaigns of Septimius Severus
Final Roman Campaigns in Scotland
The Coming of Christianity, 397--664
Patrick and Columba
St Kentigern
Missionary Activity
The Synod of Whitby
The Peoples of Scotland
The Britons of Strathclyde
The Scots of Dalriada
The Angles of Bernicia
Nechtansmere, 685
Norse Invasions
Kenneth MacAlpin
The Emergence of Scotland, 844--1034
The Battle of Brunanburh, 934
Carham
The Conquest of Lothian, 1018--34
Development of English Influence
Macbeth, 1040--57
Malcolm III Canmore, 1057--93
Queen Margaret
English Clergy and Court
Anglicisation of the Scottish Church
Anglicisation of the Administrative System
Introduction of the Feudal System
David I, 1124--53
The Battle of the Standard, 1138
Malcolm the Maiden, 1153--65
The Treaty of Falaise, 1174
William the Lion, 1165--1214
Alexander II, 1214--49
Alexander III, 1249--86
The Battle of Largs, 1263
The Maid of Norway
Competition for the Throne
Claims of English Overlordship
John Balliol, 1292--96
William Wallace
Robert Bruce, 1306--29
Bannockburn, 1314
Declaration of Arbroath, 1320
Treaty of Northampton, 1328
David II, 1329--71
Halidon Hill, 1333
David II in France, 1334--41
The Auld Alliance
Neville's Cross, 1346
The Release of David II
Robert II, 1371--90
Robert III, 1390--1406
Albany, Rothesay and the Regency
Robert, Duke of Albany, 1406--20
St Andrews University
A Parliamentary System Established
James I, 1437--60
James II, 1460--88
Sauchieburn, 1488
James IV, 1488--1513
The Union of the Thistle and the Rose, 1503
Flodden, 1513
James V, 1513--42
Mary, Queen of Scots
Mary in France, 1548--61
The Regency of the Queen Mother
The Reformation
Mary's Personal Rule, 1561--67
The Murders of Riccio and Darnley
Bothwell
Lochleven and Langside
Mary in England, 1568--87
James VI and I
The Ruthven Raid, 1582
James and Elizabeth
James and Spain
Religious Unrest, 1584--96
Further Plots and Conspiracies, 1587--1600
Union of the Crowns, 1603
Victory over the Church
Laud's Liturgy
The National Covenant, 1638
The Bishops' Wars, 1639--41
The Solemn League and Covenant, 1642
The Scots in the English Civil War
Agreement between the Scots and Charles I
Preston, 1648
Charles II Lands in Scotland
Dunbar, 1650
Scotland Under Military Occupation, 1651--60
The Restoration
Drumclog and Bothwell Bridge, 1679
The Killing Time, 1680--88
James VII and II, 1685--88
Killiecrankie and Dunkeld, 1689
The Religious Settlement, 1690
The Massacre at Glencoe, 1692
The Darien Scheme, 1698--1700
Proposals for Union, 1702--03
Act of Union, 1707
Rise of Jacobitism, 1708
Hanoverian Accession: George I, 1714--27
The Jacobite Rebellions of 1715
Wade's Military Roads
The Highland Forts
The Black Watch
George II, 1727--60
The Porteous Riots, 1736
Bonnie Prince Charlie
Falkirk and Culloden, 1745--46
Aftermath of Rebellion
The Destruction of the Clan System
The Highland Regiments
Industrial Progress
Agricultural Improvements
Social Changes
Henry Dundas, 1775--1801
The Friends of the People
The Downfall of Dundas
The Age of Enlightenment
The Highland Clearances
The Industrial Revolution
The Radical War, 1819--20
Burgh and Parliamentary Reform
Chartism in Scotland
The Great Disruption, 1843
Religious Division
The Development of Heavy Engineering, 1840--1900
Shipbuilding
Tourism
The Crofters' Commission, 1886
Emigration and Immigration
Changes in Local and Central Government
The Birth of Socialism, 1890--1914
Edwardian Scotland
The First World War, 1914--18
Red Clydeside
Postwar Depression
The Rise of Scottish Nationalism
The Local Government Act, 1929
Special Areas
The Second World War
The New Towns
The Scottish Economy
Local Government Acts 1973 and 1994
Resurgence of Nationalism
The Thatcher and Major Years
Devolution and the Scottish Parliament
The Independence Referendum and the Future
Glossary
Recommended Reading
Picture Credits & Acknowledgments
Index
Mackay, James, ed. Pocket Scottish History: Story of a Nation. Broxburn: Lomond, 2024.
#1834. ʸǯɽ ([2014-05-05-1])#2399. ݷʸǯɽ ([2015-11-21-1])#2414. ʸǯɽʥӥǡˡ ([2015-12-06-1]) ³⤦1ľܤʸǯɽȤ Powell (xvii--xx) ΤΤǺܤ
| 9000 BC | |
| Widespread use of geometric tokens throughout Near East, c.8500 BC | |
| Appearance of complex tokens, c.4500--3400 BC | |
| 4000 BC | |
| Round clay bullae that enclose tokens, impressed with cylinder seals, c.3500--3400 BC | |
| Protocuneiform numerical flat clay tablets, sealed or unsealed, with impressions of three-dimensional tokens or imitations of token shapes by means of a stylus, c.3400--3300 BC; first logograms with numbers c.3300 BC | |
| ProtoElamite writing, c.3300(?)--3000 BC | |
| Egyptian hieroglyphic writing, Pharaonic civilization emerges, c.3250 BC | |
| 3000 BC | EARLY BRONZE AGE |
| Tokens disappear, c.3000 BC | |
| Sumerian cities flourish in Mesopotamia, c.2800--2340 BC | |
| Texts in Sumerian cuneiform that reflect order of words in speech; similar development in Egypt, c.2800--2400 BC | |
| Minoan civilization flourishes in Crete, c.2500--1450 BC | |
| Akkadian Empire in Mesopotamia, c.2334--2220 BC; Akkadian cuneiform | |
| Linear Elamite writing, c.2150 BC | |
| Third Dynasty of Ur, c.2120--2000 BC | |
| Cretan hieroglyphs, c.2100 BC--c.1700 BC | |
| 2000 BC | MIDDLE BRONZE AGE |
| Arrival of Indo-European Greeks in Balkan Peninsula, c.2000 BC | |
| Babylon's ascendance under Hammurabi, c.1810--1750 BC; Old Babylonian cuneiform | |
| Old Assyrian cuneiform, c.1800 BC | |
| Cretan Linear A, c.1800 BC--1450 BC | |
| 1600 BC | LATE BRONZE AGE |
| Hittite Empire rules in Anatolia, c.1600--1200 BC; Hittite cuneiform; Luvian Hieroglyphs | |
| 1500 BC | West Semitic syllabic writing invented, c.1500(?) BC |
| Destruction of Cretan palaces, c.1450 BC | |
| Destruction of the rebuilt Cnossus, c.1375 BC | |
| Amarna tablets in Middle Babylonian cuneiform, c.1350 BC | |
| Trojan War occurs, c.1250(?) BC | |
| Chinese script first attested in the Shang Dynasty on oracle bones, c.1200 BC | |
| 1100 BC | IRON AGE begins with destruction of Mycenaean cities in Greece and other sites in the Levant |
| Earliest Mesoamerican "writing," from Olmec territory, c.1140--400 BC | |
| 1000 BC | Greek colonies are settled in Asia Minor, c.1000 BC |
| NeoAssyrian cuneiform, c.1000--600 BC | |
| NeoBabylonian cuneiform, c.1000--500 BC | |
| 900 BC | NeoHittite cities flourish in northern Syria, c.900-700 BC |
| Earliest "Isthmian" writing, c.900 BC (?) | |
| 800 BC | GREEK ARCHAIC PERIOD begins with invention of Greek alphabet, c.800 BC |
| Illiad and the Odyssey, attributed to Homer, are written down, c.800--775 BC | |
| Greek colonies in southern Italy and Sicily, c.800--600 BC | |
| Olympic Games begin, 776 BC | |
| Hesiod's Theogony is written down, c.775--700(?) BC | |
| Rome, allegedly, is founded, 753 BC | |
| 600 BC | Formation of Hebrew Pentateuch (first "five books" of Bible) during Babylonian Captivity of the Hebrews, 586--538 BC |
| Cyrus the Great of Persia, c.600--529 BC | |
| "Zapotec" writing from the valley of Oaxaca in Mexico, c.600--400 BC | |
| Expulsion of the Estruscan dynasty at Rome and the foundation of the "Roman Republic," 510 BC | |
| 500 BC | Late Babylonian cuneiform, c.500 BC--AD 75 |
| Behistun inscriptions (Old Persian cuneiform, Late Babylonian cuneiform, Elamite cuneiform), c.500 BC | |
| CLASSICAL PERIOD begins with the end of Persian Wars, 480 BC | |
| Herodotus, c.484--420 BC | |
| Thucydides, c470--400 BC | |
| Plato, c.427--347 BC | |
| 400 BC | |
| Aristotle, c.384--322 BC | |
| Alexander the Great conquers the Persian Empire, founds Alexandria 336--323 BC | |
| HELLENISTIC PERIOD begins with death of Alexander in 323 BC | |
| 300 BC | |
| Earliest Mayan writing, c.250 BC | |
| Mouseion founded by Ptolemy II, ruled 285--246 BC | |
| 200 BC | |
| Ptolemy V carves the Rosetta Stone, 196 BC | |
| ROMAN PERIOD begins when Greece becomes Roman province, 146 | |
| 100 BC | |
| Diodorus of Sicily, c.80--20 BC | |
| Vergil, 70--19 BC | |
| Augustus defeats Antony and Cleopatra at battle of Actium and annexes Egypt, 30 BC | |
| Augustus Caesar reigns, 27 BC--AD 14 | |
| Year 0 | |
| Last Mesopotamian cuneiform, AD 75 | |
| AD 200 | Classic Maya Period, c.AD 250 until AD 900 |
| Plotinus, a NeoPlatonist Greek philosopher writes that the hieroglyphs are allegories, c.AD 250 | |
| Coptic phase of pharaonic Egyptian recorded in modified Greek alphabet called Coptic script, c.third century AD | |
| AD 300 | |
| Last hieroglyphs inscribed at Philae near Aswan, AD 396 | |
| AD 400 | European MEDIEVAL PERIOD begins with fall of Rome in AD 476 |
| Hieroglyphics, by Horapollo(?) c.fifth century AD | |
| AD 1500 | |
| Herná Cortés lands in Mexico, AD 1519 | |
| AD 1600 | Mesoamerican writing disappears, c.AD 1600 |
| Travelers' reports bring information about cuneiform to Europe | |
| AD 1700 | MODERN PERIOD |
| Rosetta stone found in Egypt, AD 1799 | |
| AD 1800 | |
| Jean François Champollion deciphers Egyptian hieroglyphs, AD 1822 | |
| Henry Rawlinson and others decipher Mesopotamian cuneiform, c.AD 1850 | |
| AD 1900 | |
| Micahel Ventris deciphers Linear B, AD 1951 | |
| Yuri Knorosov establishes the phonetic basis of some Mayan signs, AD 1952 |

̾ޤԲϻϲͭˡظűѸ졦Ѹҿӡ١ʸҡˤ1225˽ͽǤ3300ߡˡҸHPζᴩʬŪˡֻɤߡפǤޤΤǡҥåƤߤƤֱѸ˴Ϣեơޤܡװˤ⥢Ǥޤ
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2025ǯ55hellog ǡ#5852. ԲϻϲͭˡظűѸ졦Ѹ2ǡʸҡ1986ǯˡ ([2025-05-05-1])
2025ǯ510helwa Сܽʷ7ʾ˻äƻϿʱĥѥˤפࡥüԡ̤뤤ϥ饤ˤϡari camin lacolaco Lilimi Galois Ͻؤtaku ykagata ߡ߷夵ྰƣ蘆
2025ǯ512hellog ǡ#5859. AIűѸաפξ --- פäĤθűѸȳإɤǡ ([2025-05-12-1])
2025ǯ515TakGottberg 嵭 heldio #1429 Υˤơ1986ǯǤΡ2011ǯ16ɽ䤽¾˸ڡܵȡ
2025ǯ529heldio #1460. ظűѸ졦Ѹ٤ᤰ뻨 --- ϿĤۿ
2025ǯ105heldio ˤ#1589. νɾ by khelf ƣ蘆 --- סˡػԲϻ١ʸҡ2023ǯˡۿ
2025ǯ105hellog ˤơ#6005. khelf οhelνɾפϤޤޤ --- khelf ƣ蘆Ҳ𤹤ػԲϻ١ ([2025-10-05-1])
2026ǯ120Ҥ꿷˥ʥ
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Բ ϲ ͭظűѸ졦Ѹҿӡ١ҡ2026ǯ
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112ˡʼȶǾ尴ظؤǥå衪ѸΡ֤ʤס١ʥʥĥҡǰۡ॰饦ɤǤ YouTube ֤ΤۤإͥˤܽҲ𤹤ۿޤ#384. Τۤܤϡ䤤ؤΤҤȤĤΤ --- ظؤǥå衪ѸΡ֤ʤס١ʥʥĥҡˡǤ16ʬȾۤɤưˡҤ
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ơ֤ΤۤפκǿǤϡܽιˤĤƸڤĤġ䤬ôĶäѸǯɽ (pp. 6--9) ϪޤޤǤѸˤάǯɽ͡ʷǺäƤޤǯɽȤȤˤϾǺߤĤޤȤޤñʤǯʾΡޤǤΤǤˤĤƷ겼Ƥߤޤ
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ȤѲ¿ѸǯɽǤϡñˤʤȤ¿ΤǤȤơѸˤκǤ벻Ѳ1ġ첻 (gvs) ͤƤߤޤ礦̤ˤѲ1400ǯ1700ǯˤơäꡤä굯ä뤳Ȥ¿ǤǤϡѲλϤޤȽ꤬βǯȤϷʤȤǤºݤ1400ǯθö˻Ϥޤä櫓Ǥ⡤1700ǯ糢˽ä櫓Ǥ⤢ޤǯɽȤ2Υ쥤Ȥǡɤ˻ϤޤȽ֤Τ뤤Ϥɤ줯餤λȤΤϡ١¤ȤȤʤޤ쥤Ⱦϡʸ䥤饹ȤȤη礤⤢ꡤʣޤ
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οʪǯɽʥӥ奢ǡˡ٤ѥѥįƤ롥2020ǯ˱ѸǽǤ줿 Timelines of Everone ΤǡäƤdzڤˤοʪǯɽŵǤ롥
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| 250ǯ | ǽƻ |
| 80ǯ | |
| 40ǯ | Ǽ |
| 44000ǯ | ƶɲ |
| 4ǯ | ǡд |
| 2ǯ | ƫ |
| 15000ǯ | Τ |
| 14000ǯ | ȥҥ |
| 12000ǯ | |
| 9000ǯ | ° |
| 8009ǯ | Ի |
| 3400ǯ | ʸ |
| 1500ǯ | β |
| 1750ǯ | |
| 1990ǯ | ԥ塼 |
ε#5274. 19ΥɱѸ椹յ ([2023-10-05-1]) Ǽ夲Ѹˤ Görlach ˤ19ɱѸƬˤϡ19ȤѸ˾ζڤˤϡä˼ҲŪŪʺ櫓ǤϤʤȽҤ٤Ƥ롥̤ (DeKeyser) ˤСϼ1ĤΥԡǤ1795ǯ Murray ˤʸˡȡ⤦1ĤΥԡǤ1906ǯ Fowler ˤ King's English ˶ޤ줿ȤŤƤϤ褦ղε̣Ϥ (Görlach 5)
ȤϤGörlach Ȥ⡤19ΥɱѸ椹ݤǰƬˤƤ٤̶ʬƤ뤷ϢҲʸŪʽŦƤ롥̶ʬȤơĹ19פ4ʬƤ (6)
1776--1800 William Pitt's coalitions; the beginnings of the Industrial Revolution; the separation of the United States; the colonization of Australia and occupation of Ceylon and Malta; the start of the Romantic Movement; th end of Irish independence; 1800--1830 The final phase of the Hanoverian reign, predating the great reforms; Napoleonic wars and the Regency; Romantic poetry; 1830--1870 The great reforms; the Chartist movements; the heyday of capitalist industrialism; the expansion of literacy and printed matter; increased mobility as a consequence of railways; 1870--1914 Late Victorian imperialism and the last phase of global 'stability'; general education; modern communication.
嵭β̶ʬȤ̤ˡ19˵äҲŪʴްդΤάǯɽηǼƤ (6) ⻲ͤޤǤ˵Ƥ
1824 the repeal of the Combination Acts; 1828 the emancipation of the Nonconformists; 1832 the First Reform Bill, which can be seen as a triumph of the middle class; 1833 the first important Factory Act restricting child work; 1834 the abolition of slavery; 1834 the Poor Law Amendment Act; 1838--48 the Chartist movement; publication of the People's Charter; 1846 the repeal of the Corn Laws; 1855 the final repeal of the Stamp Act of 1712 (making cheap newspapers available); 1867 the Second Reform Bill (1 million new voters) and Factory Acts; 1870 the Elementary Education Act (establishing compulsory education in the 1870s); 1884--5 the Third Reform Bill (2 million new voters)
Τ褦άǯɽį19ɤϼͳȤȤƤ褯ʬ롥λϡѸȤ줬Ū˳礷ƤǤȤȤˡǤ罰ŸƤäȤȤ館Ƥ褤
Görlach, Manfred. English in Nineteenth-Century England: An Introduction. Cambridge: CUP, 1999.
˾塤ҤȤ來Ӥ䤫˱Ǥҳ (age_of_discovery) ǤߤȡʤѸˤȤ̩ܤ˴ؤäƤcf. #4423. ֺ¡ֱѸˤȸ츻פ10ҳȳǰѡפޤ ([2021-06-06-1])ˡ
ʲؿҳ٤δ (pp. 109--10) άǯɽǺܤ롥ҳϰϤˤĤƤϤĤιͤ뤬1415ǯΥݥȥ뷳ˤ륻Τ˻Ϥޤꡤ1648ǯΥȥեꥢ˽ȤΤ1ĤθǤ롥άǯɽˤߤ褦ˡˤĹ
| 5 | 饯ϸ饹Ѥޤǹҳ |
| 4Ⱦ | ͥ륳ƥꥹϸޤõ |
| 111 | 롤ۤʻ |
| 1 | ܥ |
| 60--70 | إȥ鳤 |
| 1Ⱦ | ֥ҥåѥפˤ륢ӥҳˤʤ |
| 2 | ȥޡɤθפʤ |
| 166 | ءʥޥ륯ꥦˤλټ˻ |
| 207 | ۹ |
| 4--5 | Υɲʤ |
| 399--412 | 쿸ˡΥɡιԡʩ٤ |
| 7Ⱦ | Ĥʻ礵 |
| 618 | |
| 639 | ֿͤΥץȿ |
| 7Ⱦ | 䲦ޥåθפ |
| 671--95 | ʩεںߡˡ |
| 750 | ХȤ˥åСī롥ǰפ˿ʽ |
| 875 | ѡ˶ |
| 907 | ˴彽 |
| 960 | ǰפδ |
| 969 | եƥī˰ܤ롥ȳ̤ƤΥǰסʸ奨ץȤϹȳͳΥǰפƳ |
| 1096 | 1 (--99) ꥢԤƬ |
| 1127 | |
| 1147 | 2 (--48) |
| 1169 | ץȤ˥桼īΩ |
| 1245--47 | ץΡԡˡĤ̿ˤꥫ饳˻ιԵ魯 |
| 1254 | ֥奭Ĥ̿ˤꥫ饳ޤιԡιԵ |
| 1258 | 뷳ХΡåСī˴뷳ϥꥢץȤ˿Ǥ |
| 1271--95 | ޥ륳ݥΥιԤںߡιԵ |
| 1291 | ΥΥǥեꥫҳ |
| 1293 | ˥ޥѥҥȲΩ뷳˿ |
| 1312 | ΥΥơޥʥꥢ˹ҳ |
| 1349ʥޥޡ | ֥Хȥ24ǯˤ錄륢եꥫιԤ饿˵ |
| 1336 | ɤ˥ʥ벦 |
| 1345 | ޥѥҥȡϳ |
| 1351--54 | ֥ХȥեꥫιԡػΦͷ٤ |
| 1360 | ޥǥΡιԵ٤κΩ |
| 1368 | |
| 1372 | Ȥ |
| 1403 | ڥΥӡۡιԤƥࡼ˱ڤ顦ȥ٥롤ʥꥢ˹ҳ |
| 1405 | ޤҳ1433ǯޤ7ˤ錄 |
| 1415 | ݥȥ뷳Ρ֤ʤեꥫϩõϤޤ |
| 1434 | 롦ͥܥɡ̨ |
| 1453 | ޥˤ륳ƥΡץ빶ά |
| 1455 | ͥĥͥ⥹Ȥեꥫҳ |
| 1475 | ĥǥץȥޥΡءٴ |
| 1479 | ڥݥȥ֤˥륫 |
| 1482 | ݥȥեꥫεߥʷߡݥȥͥܿ |
| 1488 | ǥˤ˾ȯҳ |
| 1492 | ֥1ҳ (--93) |
| 1493 | ֥2ҳ |
| 1494 | ڥݥȥ֤˥ȥǥ㥹 |
| 1498 | ޤΥɹҳ֥3ҳڤã |
| 1500 | ֥롤ɤؤӼ֥饸ɺ |
| 1501 | ꥴץåꥫ52ޤǹҳ |
| 1502 | ֥4ҳƱ߹ҳ |
| 1505 | ȥġǹõķ |
| 1508 | ֥르ĤƱͤʼݤεķ |
| 1509 | ᥤǥǡץȡ顼Ϣ |
| 1510 | ݥȥ롤 |
| 1511 | ݥȥ롤ޥåά |
| 1512 | ݥȥ |
| 1513 | Хܥѥʥ϶Ǥʿδߤã |
| 1519--21 | ƥΥᥭʥƥ |
| 1520 | ޥ϶ȯʿΤǤƥեԥ˻ |
| 1522 | 륫ΰʲ18͡ǽҤȤƥӥ |
| 1527 | ƥۤΥ楫õ |
| 1528--33 | ԥΥ |
| 1529 | 饴åˤΥݥȥ뵢° |
| 1534 | ƥΥʥõ |
| 1535 | ޥΥõ |
| 1537 | Υ।ʥ֥ |
| 1538 | 롦ġΥϢץǥȥ륳ͤ |
| 1541 | ԥΥޥõΥ㡼ʡϸޤǹҳ (1542) |
| 1543 | ͤΥݥȥ͡ |
| 1545 | ܥӥΥݥȥ仳ȯǯᥭǤ仳ȯ |
| 1553 | ӡϩõ |
| 1565 | ͡ϩˤեԥᥭޤǹҳ |
| 1567 | ˥ʿιҳǯȯ |
| 1568 | ۡեǡ륢ǥڥδæ |
| 1570 | ɥ쥤ΥֳڥϤΫå |
| 1571 | 쥬ԡޥ˥Էߡꥹȶ̤γѥȤǥޥ˾ |
| 1575 | եӥå㡼ϩõļ |
| 1577--80 | ɥ쥤ΫåҤʤ |
| 1578 | 륫롼ǥݥȥ뷳å |
| 1584--85 | 륿Υ˥̱ײ |
| 1586--88 | ٥ǥ |
| 1595 | 1õ˥ʿõޥ륱ȯ |
| 1598 | եΡȡͤȤƺǽ |
| 1599 | ͥեͥå쥤ɹҳ |
| 1600 | ꥹ쥤ɲΩκ֥饸˺Ȥꡤեꥫ͢Ϥޤ |
| 1605 | ιҳ˥塼إ֥ǥޤ |
| 1606 | 塤Ȥ˻Ĥ줿ȥ쥹˥塼˥ȥꥢ֤γȯޥ˥˸ |
| 1610 | ϥɥ˥ƹˤʤ |
| 1614 | ǥԥȤιԵٴ |
| 1615 | ͥۡƥȥ롦ιҳ̨ۡȯ |
| 1617 | 2õ |
| 1620 | ᥤե˥塼ɤ |
| 1622 | δ⡤⥵ӥǥι |
| 1623 | ܥʻͤˤ륤ꥹܿͤ͡λʸ奤ꥹͤ쥤ɤιǰפűषɤ˽ |
| 1637 | եꥫΥߥå |
| 1639 | ޥǰסΤԲǽˤʤ롥ޥʿιҳ |
| 1641 | ͥޥåå |
| 1642--43 | ޥȥꥢسԤ餫ˤ |
| 1645 | ͥȡإ |
| 1647 | ܥ細ΡʡƤΥե˥õ |
| 1648 | ߥǥ˥աų̈ʥǥ˥̨ˤã١¸ߤˤϵĤʤäȥեꥢˤ뻰ǯνꡥΩǧ |
Ǥˡ#3157. ʤ splendid Ʊ ([2017-12-18-1]) Ǽ夲ǤҤͤäƤߤޤsplendid ʹڤʡʡΩɤʡ굱ˤȤƥư splendēre "to be bright or shining" ͳ褹ƻǤѸ˾塤Ʊ줬߽ФƤޤεǿʤäΤޤ OED Ĵ٤ñȡѸ13줢ޤ
resplendant, resplendent, resplending, splendacious, splendant, splendent, splendescent, splendid, splendidious, splendidous, splendiferous, splendious, splendorous
OED ˵ܤΤǯʤѸξϺǽǯˤ˴ŤƸΰ饤˥ץåȤƤߤΤʲοޤǤȤ櫓16--17˿о줬椷Ƥޤ

ۤ1796ǯ˽Ф resplendidly Ȥ1859ǯ˽Ф many-splendoured Ȥƻʤɡ碌ƹͤ⤢ޤˤѸˤΤʤѡʤ뤤¤ˤˤ϶äޤ͡
ǯǤ줿δˡرѸζܡ١ʥ٥ǡˤѥѥįƳڤǤ롥ʸŪʥɤĤ1ơޤ1ڡDz⤹롤ڤɤʸܤȤʤäƤ롥ɤɤǤ⤿ˤʤ롥ΩƤ
1ϡƤ
2ϡǯԻȽ
3ϡꥷȥޤο
4ϡȥꥹȶ
5ϡ̱
6ϡΤȤ
7ϡݡĤʸ
8ϡͶοʪ̱֤Υҡ
9ϡưʪ
10ϡʪ
1ϤȤˡֱƻάǯɽפǤƤ (10--11) ƻˤŤߤˤϡ٤ǯɽ⡤Τ餤άǯɽǤ롥ƻǯɽȤưʲ˵Ƥ
| ʵ | |
| 600ǯ | ֥ƥΦ饱ȿͤܽ |
| 55ǯ~4 | ޤξ롤֥ƥ˿~54 |
| Τꥹ | |
| ʵ | |
| 43 | ޤˤ֥ƥۤϤޤ |
| 409 | ֥ƥű |
| 597 | ޤ붵եƥ̥ˤ륭ꥹȶ۶Ϥޤ |
| 800 | ΤХοϤޤ |
| 871 | եåɲ¨ |
| 1016 | ǥޡ̡ (Canute) ɤ̤˽ |
| 1066 | ֥Υޥפǡꥢ1¨ |
| 1215 | ޥʥ륿ǧ |
| 1337 | ʩ֤ΡɴǯϤޤ (~1453) |
| 1348 | ¡Ҥ뤦 |
| 1455 | ֤ФϤޤ (~85) |
| 1509 | إ8¨ (~47) |
| 1534 | (Church of England) Ωޡȥå |
| 1558 | ꥶ٥1¨ (~1603) |
| 1588 | ɥ쥤ڥ̵Ũˤ |
| Τȥԥ | |
| 1600 | 쥤ɲҤΩ졤ΤȤľǰϤޤ |
| 1607 | ꥹͤƥꥫߤΥС˥˿̱ϥॺ (Jamestown) Ω |
| 1620 | ԥ륰ࡦեꥫ˰ܽ |
| 1640 | ԥ塼̿ (~60) |
| 1649 | 㡼륺1跺졤ɶ¹Ω |
| 1660 | (the Restoration) ǡ㡼륺2¨ (~85) |
| 1665 | ɥǹ¤ή |
| 1666 | ɥФǡԳ80%ü |
| 1688 | ̾̿ (the Glorious Revolution) Ϥޤ (~89) |
| 1707 | ɤȥåȥɤƱ졼ȥ֥ƥϢ粦Ω |
| 1775 | ꥫΩϤޤ |
| 1776 | ꥫΩ |
| 1789 | ե̿ȯ |
| 1801 | ꥹɤȹƱ |
| 1815 | ȥƥ襤ǥʥݥ쥪ˤ |
| 1830 | Хס롦ޥ֤ŴƻȤŴƻ夬 |
| 1837 | ӥȥꥢ¨ (~1901) |
| 1840 | إȯ (~42) |
| 1845 | ɤ絲 (~46) |
| 1851 | ɥ1ʥɥ˳ |
| 1861 | ꥫϤޤ |
| 1914 | 켡Ϥޤ (~18) |
| 1939 | Ϥޤ (~45) |
| 1952 | ꥶ٥2¨ |
| 1960 | ꥫṈ̀ư |
| 1965 | ٥ȥʥ (~75) |
| 1989 | ֥٥ɡ |
| 2019 | Ϥǡֿʥ륹ɡ (COVID-19) ȯ |
δرѸζܡ١٥ǡ2021ǯ
شθűѸμȤ⾯ĵƻ˾äƤطʤ뤿ˡդǥάǯɽǤǤˡ#2526. űѸѸʸػǯɽ ([2016-03-27-1])#2871. űѸΥ饤ǯɽ ([2017-03-07-1])#3193. űѸμפʽǯɽ ([2018-01-23-1]) ǯɽǤƤ뤬Хꥨäۤ褤ȹͤƤΤǺ Godden and Lapidge (xii--xiii) άǯɽƸ롥
Chronological table of the Anglo-Saxon period
| from c. 400 | Germanic peoples settle in Britain |
| c. 540 | Gildas in De excidio Britanniae laments the effects of the Germanic settlements on the supine Britons |
| 597 | St Augustine arrives in Kent to convert the English |
| 616 | death of Æthelberht, king of Kent |
| c. 625 | ship-burial at Sutton Hoo (mound 1) |
| 633 | death of Edwin, king of Northumbria |
| 635 | Bishop Aidan established in Lindisfarne |
| 642 | death of Oswald, king of Northumbria |
| 664 | Synod of Whitby |
| 669 | Archbishop Theodore and Abbot Hadrian arrive in Canterbury |
| 674 | monastery of Monkwearmouth founded |
| 682 | monastery of Jarrow founded |
| 687 | death of St Cuthbert |
| 689 | death of Cædwalla, king of Wessex |
| 690 | death of Archbishop Theodore |
| c. 700 | 'Lindisfarne Gospels' written and decorated |
| 709 | deaths of Bishops Wilfrid and Aldhelm |
| 716--57 | Æthelbald king of Mercia |
| 731 | Bede completes his Ecclesiastical History |
| 735 | death of Bede |
| 754 | death of St Boniface, Anglo-Saxon missionary in Germany |
| 757--96 | Offa king of Mercia |
| 781 | Alcuin of York meets Charlemagne in Parma and thereafter leaves York for the Continent |
| 793 | Vikings attack Lindisfarne |
| 802--39 | Ecgberht king of Wessex |
| 804 | death of Alcuin |
| 839--56 | Æthelwulf king of Wessex |
| 869 | Vikings defeat and kill Edmund, king of East Anglia |
| 871--99 | Alfred the Great king of Wessex |
| 878 | Alfred defeats the Viking army at the battle of Edington, and the Vikings settle in East Anglia (879--80) |
| 899--924 | Edward the Elder king of Wessex |
| 924--39 | Athelstan king of Wessex and first king of All England |
| 937 | battle of Brunanburh: Athelstan defeats an alliance of Scots and Scandinavians |
| 957--75 | Edgar king of England |
| 859--88 | Dunstan archbishop at Canterbury |
| 963--84 | Æthelwold bishop at Winchester |
| 964 | secular clerics expelled from the Old Minster, Winchester, and replaced by monks |
| 971--92 | Oswald archbishop at York |
| 973 | King Edgar crowned at Bath |
| 978--1016 | Æthelred 'the Unready' king of England |
| 975--7 | Abbo of Fleury at Ramsey |
| 991 | battle of Maldon: the Vikings defeat an English army led by Byrhtnoth |
| c. 1010 | death of Ælfric, abbot of Eynsham |
| 1011 | Byrhtferth's Enchiridion |
| 1013 | the English submit to Swein, king of Denmark |
| 1016--35 | Cnut king of England |
| 1023 | death of Wulfstan, archbishop of York |
| 1042--66 | Edward the Confessor king of England |
| 1066 | battle of Hastings: the English army led by Harold is defeated by the Norman army led by William the Conqueror |
#4578. īɥإ५२Хǥ٤ϤޤäƤޤ ([2021-11-08-1]) ǽҤ٤褦ˡܤˤѸƤˤϡ̣ǤαѸˤ1¦̤Ȥߤ뤳ȤǤ롥ѸοʽФȼƤȤǤϻ¤ۤʤΤΡѸγΰǤ뤳Ȥϴְ㤤ʤ
ܤαѸ춵Ѹؽˤˤľ뤹ǤꡤѸطԤδ֤ǤäȴؿޤäƤ٤ȻפäƤ롥ƣ (198--99) ʲΤ褦˽Ҥ٤ƤȤǤ롥
ѸᤰǶεʹƤȡʤȤˡ֥ߥ˥ǽϤ濴Ȥ˱ѸϤγؽˡ뤵Ƥ褦ʵƤʤʤˡŪʱѸؽˡ桦ȯСϤǴ֤٤ȤǤܤαѸؽˡᤰϡĤͤܿͤˤȤäƱѸȤϲʤΤȤ䤤ƧޤƤʤФʤʤƤ䤤ϡܿͤˤȤäƱѸȤϲäΤȤ䤤αĹˤΤʤΤǤ롥
ʲƣ (195--97) ܱѸƻάǯɽפǤ褦Ѹƻˤθ3̾ΰο͡ʡϸ͡СʻʾξǤ⤢ˤưϢưƤΤˡǤ롥Ϣơ#3695. ܤˤѸطˤάǯɽ ([2019-06-09-1]) ⻲ȡ
| ǯ | ǯ | ܱѸƻ˾ν | ʡϸ͡Фư | ư |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1600ʷĹ5 | ꥢࡦॺ˭ɺ塥ʴإ襤 | ꥹ쥤ɲҤǤ롥 | ||
| 1776 | ꥫΩ롥 | |||
| 1808ʸ5 | եȥ | |||
| 1811ʸ8 | ܽαѸؾ䥡롥 | |||
| 1834ŷ5 | ʡޤ롥 | |||
| 1840 | إ褬롥 | |||
| 1841ŷ12 | Ϻꥫ˵߽ФƥꥫϤ롥 | |||
| 1848ʲűʸ | ʥɡޥɥʥ˾Φ | |||
| 1853ʲű6 | ҡ | |||
| 1854ʰ | ¿ƾ롥 | |||
| 1856ʰ3 | ٽĴ꤬ߤ롥 | |||
| 1859ʰ6 | ͳ | ʡͤؤѳؤž | ||
| 1860丵 | ʡ״ݤǥꥫء | |||
| 1861 | ꥫ褬롥 | |||
| 1862ʸ2 | ܽΰα¼رµ٤Ǥ롥 | ϸ͡ޤ롥 | ||
| 1867ʷı3 | Сͤޤ롥 | |||
| 1868 | ʡΤΤȲΡ | |||
| 1874 | 7ĤδΩγعѸعȲΡ | |||
| 1876 | ع | |||
| 1877 | αѸعΩαѸعѹȤʤ롥 | ϸ͡عء | ||
| 1884 | ϸ͡ơ | |||
| 1894 | 褬롥 | |||
| 1896 | ƣϺ§Ѹعߡ | |||
| 1900 | ҡұѳؽΩ | Сϱѡ | ||
| 1901 | Ʊ롥 | ʡ | ||
| 1903 | СعĹȤʤ롥 | |||
| 1914 | 켡˻ | 켡郎Ϥޤ롥 | ||
| 1916 | С | |||
| 1922 | ϥɡѡޡ | |||
| 1923 | ʴ̺Ҥ롥 | |||
| 1924 | Ѹ¸Ȥʤ롥 | ꥫ̱ˡΩ | ||
| 1933 | ϸ͡ | |||
| 1939 | 郎Ϥޤ롥 | |||
| 1941 | ʿ褬Ϥޤ롥 | |||
| 1945 | ʽ | |||
| 1946 | ֥५Ѹáϡ | |||
| 1951 | ʥե¾Ĵ | |||
| 1954 | AFSαػϤޤ롥 | |||
| 1963 | ܱѸ측궨ȯ | |||
| 1972 | عؽƳβֽ3̼֡»ܡ | |||
| ʿ | 1990 | Ѵ褬롥 | ||
| 1994 | ֥롦ߥ˥ABCܤ˲ä롥 | |||
| 1999 | ؽƳβ | |||
| 2000 | դλ䵡ء21ܤιֱ̲ۡѸѸ첽פ | |||
| 2002 | ʸʾʡ֡رѸ줬Ȥܿ͡٤ΰΤάۡס | |||
| 2002 | ʸʾʡ֡رѸ줬Ȥܿ͡٤ΰΤιưײס | |||
| 2009 | ؽƳι2013ܹԡˡּȤϱѸǹԤȤܤȤפȵꡥ | |||
| 2013 | ʸʾʡ֥Х벽бѸ춵»ܷײס |
Fischer et al. (4--6) ˱ѸμפŪѲΰɽ롥ѤʤΤǡ"Overview of syntactic categories and their changes" ꤵ줿ΰƸƤĤįǤ⡤ѸˤɤΤ褦꤬ΤĤ롥
| Changes in: | Old English | Middle English | Modern English | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| case form and function: | genitive | various functions | genitive case for subjective/poss.; of-phrase elsewhere | same |
| dative | various functions/PP sporadic | increase in to-phrase; impersonal dative lost | same | |
| accusative | main function: direct object | accusative case lost, direct object mainly marked by position | same | |
| determiners: | system | articles present in embryo form, system developing | articles used for presentational and referential functions | also in use in predicative and generic contexts |
| double det. | present | rare | absent | |
| quantifiers: | position of | relatively free | more restricted | fairly fixed |
| adjectives: | position | both pre- and postnominal | mainly prenominal | prenominal with some lexical exceptions |
| form/function | strong/weak forms, functionally distinct | remnants of strong/weak forms; not functional | one form only | |
| as head | fully operative | reduced; introduction of one | restricted to generic reference/idiomatic | |
| 'stacking' of | not possible | possible | possible | |
| adjectival or relative clause | relative: se, se þe, þe, zero subject rel. | new: þæt, wh-relative (except who), zero obj. rel. | who relative introduced | |
| adj. + to-inf. | only active infinitives | active and passive inf. | mainly active inf. | |
| aspect-system: | use of perfect | embryonic | more frequent; in competition with 'past' | perfect and 'past' grammaticalized in different functions |
| form of perfect | BE/HAVE (past part. sometimes declined) | BE/HAVE; HAVE becomes more frequent | mainly HAVE | |
| use and form of progressive | BE + -ende; function not clear | BE + -ing, infrequent, more aspectual | frequent, grammaticalizing | |
| tense-system: | 'present' | used for present tense, progressive, future | used for present tense and progr.; (future tense develops) | becomes restricted to 'timeless' and 'reporting' uses |
| 'past' | used for past tense, (plu)perfect, past progr. | still used also for past progr. and perfect; new: modal past | restricted in function by grammaticalization of perfect and progr. | |
| mood-system: | expressed by | subjunctive, modal verbs (+ epistemic advbs) | mainly modal verbs (+ develop. quasi-modals); modal past tense verbs (with exception features) | same + development of new modal expressions |
| category of core modals | verbs (with exception features) | verbs (with exception features) | auxiliaries (with verbal features) | |
| voice-system: | passive form | beon/weorðan + (inflected) past part. | BE + uninfl. past part | same; new GET passive |
| indirect pass. | absent | developing | (fully) present | |
| prep. pass. | absent | developing | (fully) present | |
| pass. infin. | only after modal verbs | after full verbs, with some nouns and adject. | same | |
| negative system | ne + verb (+ other negator) | (ne) + verb + not; rare not + verb | Aux + not + verb; (verb + not) | |
| interrog. system | inversion: VS | inversion: VS | Aux SV | |
| DO as operator | absent | infrequent, not grammaticalized | becoming fully grammaticalized | |
| subject: | position filled | some pro-drop possible; dummy subjects not compulsory | pro-drop rare; dummy subjects become the norm | pro-drop highly marked stylistically; dummy subj. obligat. |
| clauses | absent | that-clauses and infinitival clauses | new: for NP to V clauses | |
| subjectless/impersonal constructions | common | subject position becomes obligatorily filled | extinct (some lexicalized express.) | |
| position with respect to V | both S (...) V and VS | S (...) V; VS becomes restricted to yes/no quest. | only S (adv) V; VS > Aux SV | |
| object: | clauses | mainly finite þæt-cl., also zero/to-infinitive | stark increase in infinitival cl. | introduction of a.c.i. and for NP to V cl. |
| position with respect to V | VO and OV | VO; OV becomes restricted | VO everywhere | |
| position IO-DO | both orders; pronominal IO-DO preferred | nominal IO-DO the norm, introduction of DO for/to IO | IO-DO with full NPs; pronominal DO-IO predominates | |
| clitic pronouns | syntactic clitics | clitics disappearing | clitics absent | |
| adverbs: | position | fairly free | more restricted | further restricted |
| clauses | use of correlatives + different word orders | distinct conjunctions; word order mainly SVO | all word order SVO (exc. some conditional clauses) | |
| phrasal verbs | position particle: both pre- and postverbal | great increase; position: postverbal | same | |
| preposition stranding | only with pronouns (incl. R-pronouns: þær, etc.) and relative þe | no longer with pronouns, but new with prep. passives, interrog., and other relative clauses | no longer after R-pronouns (there, etc.) except in fixed expressions | |
եˤǤϤʤΤΡѸˤ겼뤿ˤȤեˤμۤȤȤǡʤ̴ؿƤ롥 Perret (179--81) եˤǯɽ "Chronologie" Ǥ褦åιԤϡŪǯ塦ҤȤ̣Ǥ롥
[ Préhistoire des langues du monde ]
Il y a 4 ou 5 millions d'années: apparition de l'australopithèque en Afrique.
Il y a 1,6 million d'années: homo erectus colonise l'Eurpope et l'Asie.
Il y a 850 000 ans: premiers hominidés en Europe.
Avant - 100 000: Homo sapiens en Europe (Neandertal) et en Asie (Solo).
- 100 000: un petit groupd d'Homo sapiens vivant en Afrique (ou au Moyen-Orient) se met en marche et recolonise la planète. Les autres Homo sapiens se seraient éteints. (Hypothèse de certains généticiens, les équipes de Cavalli-Sforza et de Langaney, dite thèse du «goulot d'étranglement»).
- 40 000: première apparition du langage?
[ Préhistoire des Indo-Européens ]
- 10000: civilisation magdalénienne en Dordogne. Premier homme en Amérique.
- 7000: les premières langues indo-européennes naissent en Anatolie (hypothèse Renfrew).
Entre - 65000 et - 5500: les Indo-Européens commencent leur migration par vagues (hypothèse Renfrew).
- 4500: les Indo-Européens occupent l'ouest de l'Europe (hypothèse Renfrew).
- 4000 ou - 3000: les Indo-Européens commencent à se disperser (hypothèse dominante).
- 3500: civilisation dite des Kourganes (tumuluss funéraires), débuts de son expansion.
- 3000: écriture cunéiforme en Perse, écriture en Inde. Première domestication du cheval en Russie? (- 2000, premières représentations de cavaliers).
[ Préhistoire du français ]
- 4000 ou - 3000: la civilisation des constructeurs de mégalithes apparaît en Bretagne.
- 3000: la présence des Celtes est attestée en Bohème et Bavière.
- 2500: début de l'emploi du bronze.
- 600: premiers témoignages sur les Ligure et les Ibères.
- 600: des marins phocéens s'installent sur la cõte méditerranéenne.
- 500: une invasion celte (précédée d'infiltrations?): les Gaulois.
[ Histoire du français ]
- 1500: conquête de la Provence par les Romains et infiltrations dans la région narbonnaise.
- 59 à - 51: conquête de la Gaule par les Romains.
212: édit de Caracalla accordant la citoyenneté à tous les hommes libres de l'Empire.
257: incursions d'Alamans et de Francs jusqu'en Italie et Espagne.
275: invasion générale de la Gaule par les Germains.
312: Constantin fait du christianisme la religion officielle de l'Empire.
Vers 400: traduction en latin de la Bible (la Vulgate) par saint Jérôme.
450--650: émigration celte en Bretagne (à partir de Grande-Bretagne): réimplantation du celte en Bretagne.
476: prise de Rome et destitution de l'empereur d'Occident.
486--534: les Francs occupent la totalité du territoire de la Galue (496, Clovis adopted le christianisme).
750--780: le latin cesse d'être compris par les auditoires populaires dans le nord du pays.
800: sacre de Charlemagne.
813: concile de Tours: les sermons doivent être faits dans les langues vernaculaires.
814: mort de Charlemagne.
842: les Serments de Strasbourg, premier document officiel en proto-français.
800 à 900: incursions des Vikings.
800--850: on cesse de comprendre le latin en pays de langues d'oc.
880: Cantilène de sainte Eulalie, première elaboration littéraire en proto-français.
911: les Vikings sédentarisés en Normandie.
957: Hugues Capet, premier roi de France à ignorer le germanique.
1063: conquête de l'Italie du Sud et de la Sicile par des Normands.
1066: bataille de Hastings: une dynastie normande s'installe en Angleterre où on parlera français jusqu'à la guerre de Cent Ans.
1086: la Chanson de Roland.
1099: prise de Jérusalem par les croisés: début d'une présence du français et du provençal en Moyen-Orient.
1252: fondation de la Sorbonne (enseignement en latin).
1254: dernière croisade.
1260: Brunetto Latini, florentin, compose son Trésor en français.
1265: Charles d'Anjou se fait couronner roi des deux Siciles, on parlera français à la cour de Naples jusqu'au XIVe siècle.
1271: réunion du Comté de Toulouse, de langue d'oc, au royaume de France.
1476--1482: Louis XI rattache la Bourgogne, la Picardie, l'Artois, le Maine, l'Anjou et la Provence au royaume de France.
1477: l'imprimerie. Accélération de la standardisation et de l'oficialisation du français, premières «inventions» orthographiques.
1515: le Consistori del Gai Saber devient Collège de rhétorique: fin de la littérature officielle de langue d'oc.
1523--1541: instauration du français dans le culte protestant.
1529: fondation du Collège de France (rares enseignements en fançais).
1530: Esclarcissment de la langue française, de Palsgrave, la plus connue des grammaires du français qui parassient à l'époque en Angleterre.
1534: Jacques Cartier prent possession du Canada au nom du roi de France.
1539: ordonnace de Villers-Cotterêts, le français devient langue officielle.
1552: la Bretagne est rattachée au royaume de France.
1559: la Lorraine est rattachée au royaume de France.
1600: la Cour quitte les bords de Loire pour Parsi.
1635: Richelieu officialise l'Académie française.
1637: Descartes écrit en français Le Discours de la méthode.
1647: Remarques sur la langue française de Vaugelas: la norme de la Cour prise comme modèle du bon usage.
1660: Grammaire raisonnée de Port-Royal.
1680: première traduction catholique de la Bible en français.
1685: révocation de l'édit de Nantes: un million de protestants quittent la France pour les pays protestants d'Europe, mais aussi pour l'Afrique et l'Amérique.
1694: première parution du Dictionnaire de l'Académie.
1700: début d'un véritable enseignement élémentaire sans latin, avec les frères des écoles chrétiennes de Jean-Baptiste de la Salle.
1714: traité de Rastadt, le français se substitue au latin comme languge de la diplomatie en Europe.
1730: traité d'Utrecht: la France perd l'Acadie.
1739: mise en place d'un enseignment entièrement en français dans le collège de Sorèze (Tarn).
1757: apparition des premiers textes en créole.
1762: explusion des jésuites, fervents partisans dans leur collèges de l'enseignement entièrement en latin; une réorganisation des collèges fait plus de place au français.
1763: traité de Paris, la France perd son empire colonial: le Canada, les Indes, cinq îles des Antilles, le Sénégal et la Lousinane.
1783: la France recouvre le Sénégal, la Lousiane et trois Antilles.
1787: W. Jones reconnaît l'existence d'une famille de langues regroupant latin, grec, persan, langues germaniques, langues celte et sanscrit.
1794: rapport Barrère sur les idiomes suspect (8 pluviôse an II); rapport Grégoire sur l'utilité de détruire les patois (16 prairial an II).
1794--1795: la Républic s'aliène les sympathies par des lois interdisant l'usage de toute autre langue que le français dans les pays occupée.
1797: tentative d'introduire le français dans le culte (abbé Grégoire).
1803: Bonaparte vend la Louisiane aux Anglais.
1817: la France administre le Sénégal.
1827: Préface de Cromwell, V. Hugo, revendication de tous les registres lexicaux pour la langue littéraire.
1830: début de la conquête de l'Algérie.
1835: la sixième édition du Dictionnaire de l'Académie accepte enfin la graphie -ais, -ait pour les imparfiat.
1879: invention du phonographe.
1881: Camille Sée crée un enseignment public à l'usage des jeunes fille.
1882: lois Jules Ferry: enseignement primaire obligatoire, laïquie et gratuie (en français).
1885: l'administration du Congo (dit ensuite de Belge) est confiée au roi des Belges.
1901: arrêté proposant une certaine tolérance dans les règles orthographiques du français.
1902: l'enseignement secondaire moderne sans latin ni grec est reconnu comme égal à la filière classique.
1902--1907: publication de l'Atlas linguistique de la France par régions de Gilliéron et Edmont.
1950: autorisation de soutenir des thèses en français.
1919: traité de Versalles, le français perd son statue de langue unique de la diplomatic en Europe.
1921: début de la diffusion de la radio.
1935: invention de la télévision.
1951: loi Deixiome permet l'enseignement de certaines langues régionales dans le second cycle.
1954--1962: les anciennes colonies de la France deviennent des états indépendents.
1962--1965: concile de Vatican II: la célébration do la messe, principal office du culte catholique, ne se fait plus en latin.
1987: un créole devient langue officielle en Haïti.
1990: un «rapport sur les rectifications de l'orthographe» propose la régularisation des pluriels de mots composés et la suppression de l'accent circonflexe.
1994: première création d'un organism de soutien à la francophonie.
Perret, Michèle. Introduction à l'histoire de la langue française. 3rd ed. Paris: Colin, 2008.
Ρ#3828. ؿեˡ٤ܼ ([2019-10-20-1]) ˰³Ʊδ (177--79) ˤ֥եάǯɽפǤꥹˤǯɽˤĤƤϡ#3478. ؿ⥤ꥹˡ٤ǯɽ ([2018-11-04-1])#3479. ؿ⡡ꥹβ٤ǯɽ ([2018-11-05-1])#3487. ʪ졡ꥹˡʾ岼ˡ٤ǯɽ ([2018-11-13-1])#3497. إꥹ10֡٤ǯɽ ([2018-11-23-1]) ȡ
| 9 | ȿ͡ꥢذܽ |
| BC121 | ꥢ |
| BC52 | 롤ꥢڤ |
| 372 | ȥΥޥƥ̥ޥƥƻΩ |
| 418 | ²ơ꽻 |
| 476 | ˴ |
| 486 | 諒襤ī |
| 496 | ȥӥå襤ȥå˲ |
| 575 | ȥʶ쥴ꥦإեͤˡ |
| 732 | ȥ롦ݥƥ֤襤롦ޥƥ롤Ϥ |
| 751 | ԥԥ3ʾԥԥˡī |
| 800 | ĥ쥪3ޡ˥״ |
| 843 | λʬ |
| 987 | ѥ桼ڡե¨̡ڡīϤޤ (--1328) |
| 1154 | ꡦץͥåȡɲ¨̡ʥإ2ˡ塼Ω |
| 1190 | եå23˽ȯ |
| 1202 | եå2ѲΦ |
| 1209 | ĥΥƥ3ʩΥɤ⡤ӥスϤޤ |
| 1214 | ̤֡襤 |
| 1226 | 륤9¨̡칡֥塦ɡƥ (--34) |
| 1229 | ȥ롼ӥス |
| 1248 | 륤96˻ |
| 1270 | 륤97˽ȯƥ˥» |
| 1302 | եå4ǽѥˤƾ |
| 1303 | ʡ˻ĥܥ˥եƥ8ʰ |
| 1305 | եå4ܥɡʶĤΩʥ5 |
| 1307 | եå4ƥץ뵳İ |
| 1309 | ĥ5ģ˥˰ܤ |
| 1328 | 4סڡī䡥եå6¨̡īγ (--1589) |
| 1337 | ɴǯϤޤ |
| 1348 | ¤եڤή |
| 1358 | ƥ̡ޥ륻Υѥ̿ |
| 1415 | Ѳإ5Υޥǥ˾Φ (8.12) 襤 (10.25) |
| 1420 | ȥ |
| 1429 | ̡륯쥢7״ |
| 1431 | ̡륯з |
| 1453 | ƥ襤ɴǯ轪λ |
| 1477 | ֥르˥Ϳʸࡤ֥르˥Τ |
| 1494 | 8ꥢؿꥢϤޤ (--1559) |
| 1516 | ܥ˥ |
| 1525 | ѥ襤ե1κ |
| 1530 | ե1ΩĤ |
| 1534 | ʸץƥȤؤư |
| 1539 | 롦ȥ첦ᡥʸˤեѡĢκ̳Ť |
| 1559 | ȡ֥쥸ꥢ轪λ2 |
| 1562 | ǥץƥȤԻϤޤ (--98) |
| 1572 | ХƥߤεԻ |
| 1576 | ꡤȥåƱʥˤ |
| 1589 | 3Żī䡥4¨̡֥ܥīϤޤ (--1792) |
| 1593 | 4ɥˤǥȥå˲ |
| 1594 | 4ȥΤ |
| 1598 | ʥȲ |
| 1604 | ݡåˡǯǤλʧ˸ǧ |
| 1624 | ꥷ塼˽Ǥ |
| 1629 | 쥹ᡤץƥȤå |
| 1630 | ֵ줿Ԥסޥꡦɡǥ |
| 1635 | եǯ˻ |
| 1639 | Υޥǥȿ˪֥˥塦ԥޡˤ |
| 1648 | եɤȯ (--53) |
| 1659 | ԥ͡ |
| 1661 | ޥס륤14 |
| 1665 | ١롤̳Ƥ˽Ǥ |
| 1667 | ѥ˷ٻƿ֡եɥϤޤ (--68) |
| 1672 | Ϥޤ (--78) |
| 1685 | ʥȲѻ |
| 1688 | ֥륯ƱϤޤ (--97) ̱ʼƳ |
| 1695 | ԥʿƬǡƳ |
| 1701 | ڥѾϤޤ (--13) |
| 1710 | ǥʽʬΰǡƳ |
| 1715 | 륤14ס륤15¨̡쥢 |
| 1720 | ֥Υƥþ |
| 1733 | ݡɷѾϤޤ (--35) |
| 1740 | ȥꥢѾϤޤ (--48) |
| 1756 | ǯϤޤ (--63) |
| 1771 | ˡסˤˡ |
| 1775 | ʴ |
| 1786 | ̡ʬоݤȤ뿷Ǥ |
| 1789 | ̱IJΩ (6.17)ѻ (8.4) (8.26)륵Կ (10.5) |
| 1790 | ̱ˡ |
| 1791 | ̻ (6.20)1791ǯˡ (9.3) |
| 1792 | ȥꥢ۹ (4.20)810ʲߡˡߤ襤 (9.20)γ (9.21) |
| 1793 | 륤16跺 (1.21)Ⱥۡǹˡ (9.29) |
| 1794 | ƥߥɡȿư (7.27)ɼ |
| 1796 | ʥݥ쥪ꥢ |
| 1799 | ֥18Υǥʥݥ쥪 |
| 1800 | եΩ |
| 1804 | ʥݥ쥪ˡŵ̱ˡŵˡʥݥ쥪¨ |
| 1806 | ٥ļΦ |
| 1814 | ʥݥ쥪̡ء륤18ѥ˵ |
| 1815 | ʥݥ쥪ɴŷ |
| 1824 | 륤18ס10¨ |
| 1830 | ̿륤եå¨̡ʼγϡ |
| 1847 | ǽΡֲױ |
| 1848 | ̿ȯ (2.23)Ω륤ʥݥ쥪Τ (12.10) |
| 1852 | 륤ʥݥ쥪¨̡ (--70) |
| 1855 | 1ѥ (--56) |
| 1870 | ʩȯ |
| 1871 | ѥꡦߥ塼 |
| 1881--82 | 塼롦եˡꡥ̵̳ |
| 1884 | ǥå륽ˡꡥϫƯȹˡ |
| 1889 | ֡ |
| 1898 | 顤ֻƳ |
| 1901 | ˡ |
| 1905 | ʬΥˡȿΩ |
| 1914 | 켡ȯ |
| 1918 | ԥ˥οϢ緳ȥɥĤȤεﶨ |
| 1919 | 륵Ĵ |
| 1924 | եϢǧ |
| 1928 | å֥ꥢʥѥ |
| 1933 | ʶͻˡιޤ |
| 1936 | ֥̱Ω |
| 1939 | ȯ |
| 1940 | ѥ (6.14)Ω (7.10)ˡ (10.3) |
| 1943 | ࡼ쥸ɾIJ (CNR) Υ쥸 |
| 1944 | ѥ (8.25)ɥΩ (9.9) |
| 1945 | ؿͻ |
| 1947 | ޡ롦ץ˻ |
| 1954 | ǥӥա (5.7) ȥʥűࡥ른ꥢϤޤ (11.1) |
| 1957 | 衼åѷкѶƱ (EEC) Ĵ |
| 1958 | 른ꥢǥȷȿ (5.13)ɥΩ (6.1)ϡɥ롤Τ (12.21) |
| 1962 | ꡥ른ꥢ轪 |
| 1966 | եNATO ηæ |
| 1967 | 衼åѶƱ (EC) Ω |
| 1968 | 5̿ |
| 1969 | ɥ롤ΤǤ (4.28) ݥԥɥΤ |
| 1974 | ǥΤ |
| 1981 | ߥåƥΤ |
| 1986 | 饯˽Ǥݳ¸ʥӥΩ |
| 1992 | 衼åϢʥޡȥҥȾˤĴ |
| 1993 | EU Ω |
| 1995 | 饯Τ |
| 1999 | EU ñ̲ߡ֥桼Ƴ |
| 2003 | 饯ȿСʼ |
| 2005 | ̱ɼ EU ˡݡѥٳ˽ư |
| 2007 | 륳Τ |
| 2012 | ɡΤ |
#3784. ޥ֥ƥθ (1) ([2019-09-06-1]) ȡ#3785. ޥ֥ƥθ (2) ([2019-09-07-1]) ǡޥ֥ƥ夲ͤؤΥꥹ˳Ȥơλ濴ȤάǯɽƤߤʥꥹΤǯɽˤĤƤϡ#3478. ؿ⥤ꥹˡ٤ǯɽ ([2018-11-04-1])#3487. ʪ졡ꥹˡʾ岼ˡ٤ǯɽ ([2018-11-13-1])#3497. إꥹ10֡٤ǯɽ ([2018-11-23-1]) ʤɤȡˡ
| 81ǯ | ֥ƥն˿बサ |
| 1ǯ | ĺν̱サʵд |
| 7--6ǯ | ֥ƥ礬ΦʬΥ |
| 4ǯ | ̡ܤγϡʿдγϡ |
| 22--20 | ӡͤƼγϡ |
| 18 | ȡإη¤ |
| 6 | ȷϤΥ٥륬ͤ |
| 2 | ٥륬ͤ٤Ŵʸʸۤ |
| 55--54ǯ | ꥦΥ֥˥ |
| 43ǯ | 륯饦ǥΥ֥˥ |
| 50ǯ | ǥ˥ʥɥˤη |
| 61ǯ | ²νܥǥåȿ |
| 80ǯ | åȥɤ |
| 122--132ǯ | ϥɥꥢ̥Ĺη¤ |
| 140ǯ | ȥ˥̥Ĺη¤ʤ60ǯ |
| 2 | ɥ濴ԻԤȤȯãƻ |
| 211ǯ | ֥ƥޤȶ뤷Ʊԡפ |
| 306ǯ | ֥˥¨̤ƥ̥κԤ |
| 4Ⱦ | ꥹȶ衤衼ȥɥ˻ʶ |
| 406ǯ | ΦΥޥ²饤Ķƥꥢؿ |
| 410ǯ | ޡ֥˥ű |
| 449ǯ | 褬Ϥޤ |
| 6 | 7Ω |
| 597ǯ | ƥ̥ꥹȶ붵Τ˶ĥ쥴ꥦ1ˤäƥޤ饱Ȳɸ |
| 664ǯ | åȥӡνĤǥޥꥹȶ̤ͥǧ |



#1715. Ireland ˤѸˡ ([2014-01-06-1])#2361. ǯɽ ([2015-10-14-1]) εǡɤȱѸˤ⤷Υ륺ǤˤĤơޤǤεǡ#1718. Wales ˤѸˡ ([2014-01-09-1]) ʤɤϽƤ֥륺ǯɽפϤޤǤƤʤäΤǡάǯɽʲϡˡʪ졡륺ˡ٤δǯɽ (249--51) ꡥ륺ɤʻ礵1536ǯޤǤˤǡĻˤäưǻø⤢뤬ؤͭѤάǯɽǤ롥
| 60?61ǯ | ²νܥǥåȿ |
| 410ǯ | ޤΥ֥ƥű |
| 5Ⱦ | ͤΥ֥ƥ翯Ϥޤ |
| 476ǯ | ˴ |
| 5?6 | ֥ꥢ̥Ψ֥ȥͤ٥ɥε֤ǥͤ˴ |
| 634ǯ | ͥɥΡ֥ꥢ |
| 900?950ǯ | ϥɲμ |
| 1057ǯ | եס륺 |
| 1066ǯ | Υޥ |
| ΥޥͤΥ륺 | |
| 1093ǯ | ΥޥͤˤǥϥСեסƥɥλ |
| 1107?1111ǯ | եɥͤΥ륺ܽ |
| 1155ǯ | եסեʥɡեˡǥϥС¨ |
| 1174ǯ | ɡ֡륺֥쥳ʶ˽Ǥ |
| 1176ǯ | ɤ1ȡǥåʶϤޤ |
| 1195ǯ | ݥ¨ |
| 1198?1203ǯ | ɤ2ȡǥåʶ |
| 1199 | ס衼祵ˡ̥륺̾ |
| 1218ǯ | 祵ɤȥ |
| 1258ǯ | סեʺǸΥˡ륺̾ |
| 1276?1277ǯ | 1륺 |
| 1282?1283ǯ | 2륺补륺ŪΩ |
| 1400ǯ | 磻ɡ˪륺̾ |
| 1404ǯ | 磻륺ϤεIJ |
| 1405ǯ | 磻եƱ |
| 1409ǯ | ϥåҾ롤磻λ¾νλ |
| 1412ǯ | 磻Ǹܷ |
| 1457ǯ | إƥ塼륺Υڥ֥ޤ |
| 1461ǯ | ڥ֥롤4ФΥإƥ塼衼ɥꥢࡦϡСȤݸ |
| 1470ǯ | ꥢࡦϡС̡إƥ塼Υ㥹ѡȺƲ |
| 1471ǯ | 14ФΥإƥ塼֥륿˥˴̿ |
| 1485ǯ8 | 28ФΥإƥ塼եĤΨƥ륺롥ܥ襤ǥ㡼3ͤ |
| 1485ǯ10 | إƥ塼إ7Ȥƥɹ¨ |
شۤΡرѸŵ٤ˡܤˤѸƻˤμפʻǯάǯɽ (460--61) 1600ǯ2ľޤǤ3ȾϤܤȱѸȤܿפé
| ǯ | ||
|---|---|---|
| 1600ʷĹ5ǯ | ꥢࡦॺWilliam AdamsĿˡ˭峤ߤɺ塥 | ꥢࡦॺܤ˺ǽ褿ѹͤȤ롥ȹ˽Ѥ줿 |
| 1808ʸ5ǯ | եȥ (Phaeton Incident) | ꥹηϥեȥ椬Ĺλäˡؤѳؤذܹԡ |
| 1814ʸ11ǯ | ذʤꤢˡٽǡ | ѻȤԤޤ줿ܺǽα¼ |
| 1841ŷ12ǯ | Ϻ̾Ρˡݸ롥 | ϺϽеʿξθθ˵߽졤ꥫǶ1851ǯ |
| 1855ʰ2ǯ | γؽΩǯٽĴȤʤ롥 | γؽܤ֤γظꡥ |
| 1858ʰ5ǯ | ƽ̾롥 | ܤȷǽξ |
| 1859ʰ6ǯ | إܥ | إܥ (James Curtis Hepburn) Τϥإܥͭ̾Իܸ¾ʸ¿δͿ |
| 18601ǯ | ״ݥꥫ˸йҡ | ܤη״ݤϡƽ̾ڤΤθƻĤ褻ݥϥ˿ԤƱˤʡ͡ȡʤɤƤ |
| 1862ʸ2ǯ | رµʤ夦˼ٽǡ | ãǵ¾ԡܺǽܳŪ¼ |
| 1866ʷı2ǯ | λ٥٥ȥ顼Ȥʤ롥 | ʡ͡Ȥʸ礭ʱƶͿ |
| 1867ʷı3ǯ | ±Ѹӽٽǡ | إܥˤǽ±Ѽŵθ䤵줿 |
| 18714ǯ | ơ | Ҥܽνα1900ǯұѳؽΡʸߤĽȡˤߡ |
| 18769ǯ | 顼ΡعǤ | 顼 (William Smith Clark) Τϻعʸ̳ƻء˽嶵Ƭ̳롥⤢뤬Boys, be ambitious! ͭ̾ƱϿϸͰ¤ʤˤȤ٤ʤˡ¼ջʤͥʿͺڽФ롥 |
| 189023ǯ | եǥϡ | եǥϡ (Patrick Lafcadio Hearn̾ȬˤϺȡʸؼԡءؤʤɤǶܤȤ롥ز̡١ؿ٤ʤɡ |
| 19144ǯ | ؽϸܰձ漭ŵٽǡ | ƣϺŪƤϡθα¼礭ʱƶͿ롥 |
| 19187ǯ | ±缭ŵٽǡ | ܽܳŪ±ѼŵǡԤθҡؿ±缭ŵ٤ȡʤΤ֡ͳϺԡ |
| 192211ǯ | ѡޡ (Harold E. Palmer) | 롦åɡOral MethodƬˡˤʸαѸ춵礭ʱƶͿ |
| 1927ʾ2ǯ | ҡؿ缭ŵٽǡ | ܽܳŪ缭ŵߤ6ǤФƤ뤬ǤԤϲͳϺ |
| 1945ʾ20ǯ | ƲüĢ٥٥ȥ顼Ȥʤ롥 | 2ФʤǤǡ360ȯŪԤ |
| 1946ʾ21ǯ | ʿͣ졤Ѹϡ | ʿͣNHKΤ֥५ѸפôԡαѸ֡θĤȤʤ롥 |
ܥ֥ǤĤǺܤƤѸǯɽΥ쥯ˡ⤦1Ĥä褦ƣͺرѸ٤1ϤˡֱѸγ̻ˡפꤹǯɽ (4--17) Ǥ롥塦ˤĤƤʤܤΤħĹˡ
| OE ̻ (449--1100) | |
| ˻ | |
| 2500--2000BC | ڥեˤ⽻ǤûȡȱοдͼǤ Iberia ²menhir ΩСˡdolmen ʴľСˤʤɤεаפĤ |
| ڥ²ΰܽ | |
| c2000BC | ² (Celts)Φ Armorica (=Brittany) Britannica (=Britain) Ϥ롥䤬ơԥ² (Picts)Scythia ʤ餯 Scandinaviaˤ Caledonia (=Scotland) ˰ܽΤˡå² (Scots)Hibernia (=Ireland) Scotland Ⱦʬ˰ܽ롥 |
| ڥͤˤ (Roman Conquest) | |
| 55--54BC | Caesar, 2٤ˤ錄֥ƥ |
| AD47 | Claudius, ֥ƥʸ350ǯ֡λ۲֤ |
| 122--26 | Hadrianus 롤åȥϢ緳οάɤŪǡ125ξ (Hadrian's Wall) ۤ |
| 395 | ʬ |
| 410 | ǸΥġVandal ²ޤ餿˥֥ƥ礫űࡥ |
| ڥο | |
| 449 | ֥ƥ Pict ²ηΦΥ塼² (Jutes) ˰ꡤPict ²ȤǤˤ롥 |
| 455 | Jute ²Kent ˰ܽ |
| 477 | Saxon ²Sussex ˰ܽ |
| 496 | ̤ Saxon ²Wessex 꽻 |
| 547 | Angle ²Humber ̤ Northumbria 6ޤǤ Anglo-Saxon Heptarchy 7ˤλȤʤ롥 |
| ڥꥹȶ | |
| 563 | St. Columbaɤ12ͤνƻΤȼIona [aióunə] ϤꡤƻΩʥɷϥꥹȶˡ |
| 597 | St. Augustine, ꥹȶ붵Τ˶ Gregory I ˤäƥޤ Kent ɸʥޥꥹȶˡ |
| 604 | Kent ɥ St. Paul's ƲϷ |
| 617--85 | Northumbriaɤơʸ濴Ȥʤ롥 |
| 635 | ޤ St. Aidan [éidn], Northumbria ϤꡤLindisfarne ˽ƻߡ붵ؤ롥 |
| 657--80 | Whitby νҽƻεǤä Cædmon, ŷλ (Hymn) Τ |
| 664 | Northumbria Whitby Ǥνġޥꥹȶ̤ͥǧ롥 |
| c725 | ޥǸŤν Beowulf θʤBritish Library ¢ͣθ¸ܤ1000ǯΤΡˡ |
| 731 | Jarrow νƻλʺ St. Bede, Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum ʱѹ̱ˡˤʸƥ졤²ꥹȶ줿ˤҤ٤ˡ |
| 780--850 | Cynewulf (Elene, The Fates of the Apostles, Christ II, Juliana) |
| ڥǡͤ | |
| 793--4 | Lindisfarne Jarrow νƻǡ (Danes) ˤΫå롥 |
| 829 | Wessex Egbert, Mercia 7줹롥 |
| 851 | ǡ͡ɤǽƱߡLondon, Canterbury Ρ |
| 866--71 | ǡ͡East Anglia, Northumbria, Mercia ά³ Wessex ˿ |
| 871--99 | Alfred 粦μαηߡؤ롥 Gregory, Orosius, Boethius Bede ζˤ OE Anglo-Saxon Chronicle ԽƳ롥 |
| 878 | Wedmore ꡤAlfred ԥǡͤˤꡤLondon Chester ¦ǡ (Danelaw) ʥǡͤˡΧڤӡĵサϰˤȤˡ |
| c890 | Englisch (= English) Ȥ졤Bede OE ˽С |
| 901--50 | Υ륦͡ɤФƥǡ϶ذܽ |
| 937 | Brunanburh 襤Wessex AthelstanǡͤˤꡤѹΩ |
| 978 | EthelredѹȤʤ롤ǡͤιάɤ"the Unready" ̵ˤȤ̾롥 |
| c990--98 | Ælfric, ʶΤⶵ Homilies ƻʸȯãιOE ǽؼѥƥʸˡ |
| 991 | Olaf ʤΤ Norway ˡѹ˿ (The Battle of Maldon ʸ¸Τ325ԡˤϤΤޤΤäΡˡ |
| c1000 | Beowulf ܡʸظ West-Saxon ˴ŤɮԡˡWest-Saxon Gospels (West-Saxon ˤǽܳŪǡ6μܤĤäƤˡ |
| 1013 | ǥޡ Sveinѹ Ethelred ̤å |
| 1016 | Svein © Canuteѹ (--35) ˤĤʥǥޡ (1019--35)Υ륦 (1028--35) ͤˡ |
| 1042 | Ethelred ̵© Edwardѹ (--66) Ȥʤꡤǡͤ겦̤롥"the Confessor" ƿˤȸƤФ졤̤롥 |
| ڥΥޥͤ | |
| 1066 | Wessex Harold, Edward ѤDz̤ˤĤNormandy William, Hastings 襤 Harold ˤꡤѹ William I Ȥʤ (--87) ۳ϥΥޥեȤ¿Υե졤Ѹή롥 |
| 1079 | Gregory VII, Vulgata ʥƥ˰ճλѤػߡ¾θؤϰüȤߤʤ줿ˡ |
| 1086 | William I ļ̿ˤꡤǤΤĢ Domesday Book |
| 1087 | William II ¨ (--1100) |
| 1096 | åԤΤ1 (--99) ʸ2ˤ錄ä81270ǯˤޤ³ܿ롥 |
| ME ̻ | |
| 1100 | Henry I ¨ (--35) |
| 1106 | Henry I, Ĺ Normandy ѹν°Ȥ롥 |
| 1135 | Blois StephenѹȤʤ (--54) |
| 1154 | Anjou Henryѹ Henry II Ȥʤ (--89) Plantagenet īϤޤ (--1399) ǯޤ Peterborough νƻ Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (Laud Manuscript) Ĥ졤1080ǯʹߤʬαѸ餫 ME ħƤ롥ʤ⤦Ľפʼ Parker Manuscript 1070ǯǽäƤ롥 |
| 1162 | Thomas à Becket, Canterbury ʶȤʤ롥λ帢ĥ Henry II Ω |
| 1170 | Oxford ΩThomas à Becket¦˰Ż롥 |
| c1175 | Poema Morale 400Ԥʤ뽡ѸǽƤεӱѤˡ |
| 1189 | Henry II 3 Richard the Lion-Hearted ҿˡѹȤʤ (--99) 3Ψ롥 |
| 1199 | Henry II John Lackland ϲˡѹȤʤ (--1216) |
| c1200 | Layamon: Brut, Ancrene Riwle 'Rule for Anchoress', Ormulum, The Owl and the Nightingale ʤեǤϤʤѸ (ie ME) ǽƤܤͤˡ |
| 1204 | John ե Philip II äơNormandy ʬΦΤå롥 |
| 1215 | John ²졤Magna Carta Ĵ |
| 1216 | John © Henry III9Фˤ¨ (--72) |
| a1225 | King Horn ʱѹǽαʸޥˡ200Υե줬롥 |
| ڱѸ | |
| c1250 | ѹ Henry III ȥե Lous IX Фѹ²롥 |
| 1258 | Henry III, ߤβפ֥åեɾ (Provisions of Oxford) ۡʱѸȥեǽƤ |
| 1264 | ֵ²襤 (Baron's War) . Simon de Montfort Ψ뵮²Henry III ͩĤ֥åեɾפν᤹롥 |
| 1265 | ѹߡ |
| 1272 | Henry III 1 Edward I ¨ (--1307) Wales (-1307) |
| 1300 | ѸƤӾή1Ȥʤ롥 |
| 1307 | Edward II ¨ (--27) |
| 1314 | Edward II, Scotland 襤Ԥ롥 |
| a1325 | Cursor Mundi ԡסѤŷ¤ǸοȽޤǤĹԽˡˡ |
| 1327 | Edward III ¨ (--77) |
| 1337 | ɴǯ (Hundred Years' War) (--1453) Edward III θˤäƥե̤ᤷƿάϤᡤʩ֤³Ūˤʤ줿˻Ϥޤ롥 |
| 1348 | (Black Death) 衼åڤ˹ꡤ¿Ԥ˴θѼΤᡤgrammar school ѹϤߤ (--50) ϫƯǤѸνǹη̥ (the Order of the Garter) ꡥ |
| 1350 | ѹIJ岼ξʬ롥 |
| 1356 | London, Middlesex ˡDZѸλѻϤޤ |
| 1362 | IJ⡤ƱѸǹԤʤ롥ˡ (Statute of Pleading) ˤꡤˡѸѸȤʤ롥 |
| c1362 | William Langland, Piers Plowman ʶŪʪˡˡ |
| ڽס | |
| 1374 | John Wyclif νױưϤޤ롥 |
| 1377 | Richard II ¨ (--99) Plantagenet īǸβˡ |
| 1381 | Wat Tyler, John Ball ̱ (Peasants' Revolt) ˤꡤθǤѸν |
| 1383 | ǸŤαѸΰ롥 |
| c1384 | ǽδѸ Wycliffite Bible Wyclif λƳΤȤ˸ǧƥ Vulgate ˡWyclif, Τ˽롥 |
| 1385 | Ѹˤ붵顤٤Ƥ grammar school 夹롥 |
| c1387 | Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales (--1400) Chaucer ʤΥޥμΨ51.8% |
| 1388 | Purvey, Wycliffite Bible شŪʱѸˤ٤ꡥ |
| c1390 | Sir Gawayne and the Grene Knight ǽ줿ME ޥɽŪˡ |
| c1393 | John Gower, Confessio Amantis ˤιˡʪΡˡGower äΤޥѸ42.1%54.9%ON 1.9%Ǥ롥 |
| c1395 | Wycliffite Bible 롥 |
| 1399 | Lancaster Richard II ˤꡤHenry IV ȤʤLancaster īϤޤ (--1361)ˡ |
| 1400 | ̤˱ѸǽϤ롥 |
| 1413 | Henry V ¨ (--22) |
| 1415 | Henry V (Agincourt) ǥե緲ˤꡤѹͤ˼Ϳ롥 |
| 1423 | εĻϿѸǵ롥 |
| 1425 | ɥɸŪʽդˤʤꡤʸѤ롥 |
| 1431 | Jeanne d'Arc (1412--) ʲ롥 |
| 1438 | ɥĤ GutenbergϤ롥 |
| 1442 | Henry VI ¨ (--61), York Edward ˲̤å졤Scotland ˴̿롥 |
| 1450 | ԻԤεϿѸǹԤʤ롥 |
| 1455 | Х (Wars of Roses) ȯ̷Ѿᤰä York Ȥ Lancaster Ȥδ֤줿 (--85) |
| 1461 | Edward IV ¨ (--70) York īϤޤ롥 |
| a1470 | Thomas Malory, Le Morte Darthur ʻʸˤ Arthur ʥȿ͡νʸʸΤ˷ŪʱƶͿˡ |
| 1470 | Henry VI Lancaster ȡˡ̲ (--71) |
| 1471 | Edward IV York ȡˡƤӲ̲ (--83) |
| 1476 | William Caxton, Westminster DZѹǽΰʪǤϤᡤɸѸڤ롥 |
| 1483 | Edward V York ȡˡ2ֱѹ뤬Ȥν Richard, Edward ŻRichard III York ȡˤȤʤ (--85) |
| 1485 | Lancaster Ȥη Henry Tudor, Richard III ȷ路ƤHenry VII ȤʤTudor īϤޤ (--1603)ˡ |
| 1489 | ٤ƤˡᡤѸǵϿ1300ǯޤǤϥƥ졤ʸϥեǤäˡ |
| ModE ̻ | |
| EModE (1500--1700) | |
| 1500 | ͥå (--1650) ع餬ڤƳˤäơŵʤ˹Ԥ졤ˡ˳ΩƤä˥ƥ줫1θȤȤˡ̱²ռ˻٤ơѸ줬ؽѸȤƤѤ褦ˤʤä |
| 1509 | Henry VIII ¨ (--47) |
| 1522 | ɥĤ Martin LutherΥɥĸǡ |
| 1525 | William Tyndale [tìndl]ꥷ츶ŵ꿷ɥĤǽǡѤˤͺդʸϡΤζѸ (AV) ʤɤμܤȤʤä |
| 1534 | Henry VIII魯롥Martin Luther쿷Υɥĸ |
| 1535 | Henry VIII, Oxford ؤ˸ŵʸعֺ¤ߤ롥Coverdale's Bible ʵ쿷ޤबLuther Vulgata νǤäˡ |
| 1536 | Henry VIIIƻ˲ϤȺ롥Tyndaleʼʲ˽褻롥 |
| 1537 | Matthew Bible Tyndale Coverdale Ĥʤ碌Ρˡ |
| 1539 | Henry VIII罤ƻΡ¿μܡʸʶˡThe Great Bible 礭 folio ǤΤᡤƤФ줿ˡCoverdale 紴Ǵʺǽαѹθǧˡ |
| 1541 | Henry VIII, King of Ireland ξιɵIJ˾ǧ롥 |
| 1543 | inkhorn terms ʥաˤȤѸ OED ˤ㡥Τ椨С줿 |
| 1547 | Henry VIII 1 Edward VI, 10Ф¨ (--53) |
| 1549 | Edward VI, The Book of Common Prayer ʤθ塤βФ1662ǯǤǡˡ |
| ?1552 | Edmund Spenser ޤ (--99) |
| 1553 | Henry VIII 1̼ͤ Mary I (Bloody Mary) ¨ (--58) Ʊͥȥå̤ǡѹȥåȤ¿ο̤跺롥 |
| 1560 | The Geneva Bible ʥ͡˴̿ Calvin ɤγؼԤˤΤʸϡΤζѸ礭ʱƶͿˡ |
| 1561 | ڤ Merchant Taylors' School ιĹ Richard MulcasterѸŵͥ褹롥 |
| 1564 | ͡ William Shakespeare ޤ (--1616) |
| 1568 | The Bishops' Bible (Canterbury 綵 Parker 紴ȤơThe Great Bible ꤷΡˡ |
| 1582 | The Rheims-Douai Bible ܤưƨΦ˴̿Υȥå̤ Vulgata 鿷Ρˡ1609--10ǯ˽ǡ |
| 1586 | Bullokar, Bref Grammar for English ʺǽαʸˡˡ |
| 1588 | Drake, Hawkins 顤ڥ̵Ũ (Invincible Armada) ࡤѹγʽФƻ |
| 1590--1620 | ѹ塥 |
| 1603 | åȥɤ James VIѹ James I ȤʤꡤStuart īϤޤ (--1714) (Divine Right) ȥå̤̤롥 |
| 1605 | James I ˼˾ȥå̤ˤ롤ˤ褦ȤŻ (Gunpowder Plot) ȥå Guy Fawkes š |
| 1611 | ضѸ (The Authorized Version of the Bible, AV) 줬¿Ѥ졤90%ѸʸΤ礭ʱƶͿѶ缭ŵǤ Shakespeare ȴƺθ |
| 1620 | 102̾ Pilgrim FathersͳŷϤ̱ɤ Cape Cod ˾ΦNew England ηߤ˾Ф |
| 1623 | Condell and Heminge, Shakespeare First Folio ǡ |
| 1625 | James I λ Charles I ¨ (--49) եȷ뺧˥ȥåŪŪƩ |
| 1631 | ͡ȡɾ John Dryden (--1700) ޤ롥 |
| 1636 | Harvard Ω |
| 1638 | Sir Henry Spelman, Cambridge ؤ Anglo-Saxon ֺ¤ôʤޤʤˡ |
| 1640 | Ben JonsonͤΤ The English Grammar |
| 1642 | (Civil War) (--51) Charles I̤ưŪǵIJ̵뤷ᡤ (Cavaliers) ȵIJ (Roundheads) ʬäؤηĺ |
| ڶϤޤ | |
| 1649 | Charles I 跺졤 (Commonwealth) Ϥޤ (--60) |
| 1650 | λ (Age of Reason) (--1714) ХĴ¡ʰ̡Ť롥 |
| 1653 | Oliver Cromwell (1599--1658) (Lord Protector) Ȥʤ롥 |
| ڲš | |
| 1660 | ե˴̿ Charles II ʡ۵ʲ͡ "Merry Monarch"¨̡ (Restoration) 롥Ƴ |
| 1662 | ѹػα (Royal Society) ǧġʲ˴ʷɽᤷΤǡʸȯãˤˡ |
| 1664 | ѹػαֱѸɰѰפ֡John Dryden ǤѶŪƯˡ |
| 1667 | John Milton, Paradise Lost سڱӼ١ΤѤƿʹ֤θȿ⤯ |
| 1678 | John Bunyan, The Pilgrim's Progress ŷϩ١ʶʪˡɤޤƾֶε¥ |
| 1685 | York James II Ȥ¨ (--88) ȥå̤ŪǤäᡤͿΥȿ̿ |
| 1688 | ̾̿ (Glorious Revolution) James II ϡɤƨ˴ Mary William of Orange ʥ͡ˤMary II (--1694), William III (--1702) ȤơƱDz̤Ѥ |
| LModE (1700--1900) | |
| ڥ㡼ʥꥺֶ | |
| 1702 | Mary II Anne ¨ (--14) ʸ (Augustan Age) Ϥޤ (--26) Samuel Beckley, ѹǽʹ The Daily Courant ϴ (--35) |
| 1704 | Daniel Defoe, A Weekly Review of the Affairs of France and of All Europe ϴ (--12) |
| 1707 | Scotland εIJEngland εIJȹήϢ粦 (The United Kingdom of Great Britain) Ω롥 |
| 1708 | ɥ coffee-house ǡο3000ʸءʤɤ롥 |
| 1709 | Sir Richard Steele, 3ȯԤδʪ The Tatler ȯ (--11) |
| 1711 | The Spectator ϴ (--14) ͤԼ Addison Steele αѸϡȤʿǤꡤθαѸʸΤ礭ƶ |
| 1712 | Swift, "A Proposal for Correcting, Improving and Ascertaining the English Tongue" ʥǥߡˡ |
| 1714 | Anne סTory ϤWhig ޤο䤹 James I ¹ Hanover George Louis George I ȤƲ̤ˤĤʺޤ³ Honaver īλϤޤˡϥɥĿͤѸ줬äǤϥեѤյĤʤǡդΩޤä |
| 1721 | Bailey, An Universal Etymological English Dictionary. ǤʤܸϿܳŪ˸츻⼨ǽαѸ켭Johnson λŵδäȤʤ롥³1802ǯޤ30ǤŤͤ |
| 1727 | George II ¨ (--60) |
| 1731 | ѸȤƤΥƥѤ롥 |
| 1753 | ʪ (British Museum) Ω |
| 1755 | Samuel Johnson, A Dictionary of the English Language. ŵѤȤƹԤʤ֤θ경˴ͿμŵϡѹǤϤǤʤäǥߡȤȸ롥 |
| 1760 | George III ¨ (--1820) |
| 1762 | Robert Lowth [lauθ], A Short Introduction to English Grammar. ŵŪʵʸˡǡɤޤ졤ƹǤɾ |
| 1768 | Encyclopaedia Britannica ʽ3ȯ4 (1801--10) 20ˡ |
| 1776 | ꥫ罰Ω74ˡ |
| 1783 | James Watt, ؤȯ³ƻȳ̿롥 |
| 1795 | Lindley Murray, English Grammar. will shall λȤʬꡤIt's me ζػߤʤɡ18հεʸˡνǡ19ޤdzعʸˡӤ |
| 1805 | Nelson ġTrafalgar ǥեˤꡤ롥ѹǰפʬѸΰҿޤ롥 |
| 1806 | Noah Webster, A Compendious Dictionary of the English Language. Τ˥ꥫ֤Ȥ夹뿷֤ˡѡμɴʼŪԻˡϥꥫμȤʤ롥ǿ֤ Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language (1961) ǡǰʤɴʼŵŪƤޤä |
| 1820 | George IV ¨ (--30) |
| 1832 | First Reform Bill ʾȼԤˡ |
| 1837 | Victoria ¨ (--1901) |
| 1861 | ꥫ (Civil Law) (--65) |
| 1867 | Second Reform Bill ǼǤƤήˡ |
| 1881 | Revised Version (RV) οǡ1885ǯ |
| 1884 | The New English Dictionary (NED) Part I (A--Ant) Ԥ1928ǯ˴10ˡΤ13ʬ The Oxford English Dictionary (OED) ȲΡSupplement (1933) |
| 1884 | Third Reform Bill ʾͤˡ |
| PE (1900--) | |
| 1901 | Edward VII ¨ (--10) The American Standard Version of the Bible (ASV) ƹǽǡ |
| 1910 | George V ¨ (--36) |
| 1914 | 켡 (--18) |
| 1928 | Last Reform Bill ʽˡ |
| 1936 | Edward VIII ¨ (--36) George VI ¨ (--52) |
| 1939 | (--45) |
| 1946 | ASV β Revised Standard Version οƹǽǡ1952ǯ |
| 1952 | Elizabeth II ¨̡ |
| 1961 | The New English Bible (NEB) ǡ1970ǯαѸˤĤơ̤餭ӤȽˤ餵롥 |
| 1966 | The Jerusalem Bible ʳƽβÿˡ |
| 1988 | OED 2ǡ20˴ԡ |
| 1989 | The Revised English Bible NEB ̲ˡβ The New Revised English Bible (1990) Ǥϡthou, thee ʤɤ졤ɽƤ롥 |
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