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ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2026-05-08 Fri

#6220. 她åȥɷǯΰ [timeline][history][monarch][scotland][scots][scots_engish]

#6218. 饹ꥹåȥɻˤܡ ([2026-05-06-1]) ˤƥåȥɻˤƳؽǤ롥åĸγ̻ˤˤƤ礫ʤȤơ她åȥɡʽ˲Ȥǯ褦Ÿ Encyclopaedia Britannica Ǥ롥
Malcolm II βˤĤƤǯޤԳΤʤȤ¿Ūʰ˴ŤƤ뤳Ȥդ줿

843--858Kenneth I MacAlpin 
858--862Donald I 
862--877Constantine I 
877--878Aed (Aodh) 
878--889Eochaid (Eocha) and Giric (Ciric)* Eochaid ̤ǯǡGiric 師ͤäǽ
889--900Donald II 
900--943Constantine II 
943--954Malcolm I 
954--962Indulf 
962--966Dub 
966--971Culen 
971--995Kenneth II 
995--997Constantine III 
997--1005Kenneth III 
1005--34Malcolm II 
1034--40Duncan I 
1040--57Macbeth 
1057--58Lulach 
1058--93Malcolm III Canmore 
1093--94Donald Bane (Donalbane) 
1093--94Duncan II 
1094--97Donald Bane (restored) 
1097--1107Edgar 
1107--24Alexander I 
1124--53David I 
1153--65Malcolm IV 
1165--1214William I the Lion 
1214--49Alexander II 
1249--86Alexander III 
1286--90Margaret, Maid of Norway 
1290--92Interregnum 
1292--96John de Balliol 
1296--1306Interregnum 
1306--29Robert I the Bruce 
1329--71David II 
 House of Stewart (Stuart)* 16 <w> 礯ե󥹸αƶǥڥ󥰤Ѥä
1371--90Robert II 
1390--1406Robert III 
1406--37James I 
1437--60James II 
1460--88James III 
1488--1513James IV 
1513--42James V 
1542--67Mary, Queen of Scots 
1567--1625James VI* = James I of Englandʸ塤England Ʊ


Ϣơʲ⻲ȡ

#2547. 奤󥰥ɷǯΰ ([2016-04-17-1])
#3394. 奤󥰥ɷ۶Ԥΰ ([2018-08-12-1])
#2620. 󥰥īηϿޡ ([2016-06-29-1])
#6206. Scots λʬ ([2026-04-24-1])

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2026-05-06 Wed

#6218. 饹ꥹåȥɻˤ [scotland][history][scottish_history][review][toc][timeline]


Mackay, James, ed. ''Pocket Scottish History: Story of a Nation''. Broxburn: Lomond, 2024.



ܤΥåȥںǡƥåȥɤˤ򿶤֤äƤȻפäƤХǥνŹˤդäΩꡤåȥɴϢêʿѤߤƤΤܤǤ롥
Ūåȥɻˤܤǡ2019ǯ˽Ǥ줿Τ2024ǯǤФ£7.99ǹݥåȥʤȤϤꥹήΡ֥ݥåȥפʤΤǡ352ڡȽŸǥݥåȤˤʤˤɤߤ䤹200ʾΥ饹ȤޤޤƤȤΤ˼椫줿ܤ򳫤Ƥߤȡͽ۰ʾ˥饹ȡϿޡ̿ʤɤοǤ˭٤Υåȥɤʼ̿¿ޤޤƤΤǡϤ̿㤦ɤΤǤϤʤȻפۤɤ
§Ȥ1᤬2ڡûɤ߿ʤ뤳ȤǤŪˤд夫2023ǯޤǤ򥫥СƤ롥ʸΤۤˤϡѸ콸޽񡤺դƤ롥ǯɽդƤʤΤǰΩƤ٤ΤܼΤޤάǯɽȤʤäƤ򤹤뤳ȤǤʲܼǺܤ롥



Introduction

Mesolithic Hunters and Fishermen
Neolithic Farmers
Stone Circles and Alignments
Beaker People
The Bronze Age
Iron Age
Celtic Migrations
Crannogs
Brochs
Duns, Souterrains and Wheelhouses
Roman Period, AD 80--401
Mons Graupius
Occupation of Southern Scotland to AD 105
The Antonine Wall
Campaigns of Septimius Severus
Final Roman Campaigns in Scotland
The Coming of Christianity, 397--664
Patrick and Columba
St Kentigern
Missionary Activity
The Synod of Whitby
The Peoples of Scotland
The Britons of Strathclyde
The Scots of Dalriada
The Angles of Bernicia
Nechtansmere, 685
Norse Invasions
Kenneth MacAlpin
The Emergence of Scotland, 844--1034
The Battle of Brunanburh, 934
Carham
The Conquest of Lothian, 1018--34
Development of English Influence
Macbeth, 1040--57
Malcolm III Canmore, 1057--93
Queen Margaret
English Clergy and Court
Anglicisation of the Scottish Church
Anglicisation of the Administrative System
Introduction of the Feudal System
David I, 1124--53
The Battle of the Standard, 1138
Malcolm the Maiden, 1153--65
The Treaty of Falaise, 1174
William the Lion, 1165--1214
Alexander II, 1214--49
Alexander III, 1249--86
The Battle of Largs, 1263
The Maid of Norway
Competition for the Throne
Claims of English Overlordship
John Balliol, 1292--96
William Wallace
Robert Bruce, 1306--29
Bannockburn, 1314
Declaration of Arbroath, 1320
Treaty of Northampton, 1328
David II, 1329--71
Halidon Hill, 1333
David II in France, 1334--41
The Auld Alliance
Neville's Cross, 1346
The Release of David II
Robert II, 1371--90
Robert III, 1390--1406
Albany, Rothesay and the Regency
Robert, Duke of Albany, 1406--20
St Andrews University
A Parliamentary System Established
James I, 1437--60
James II, 1460--88
Sauchieburn, 1488
James IV, 1488--1513
The Union of the Thistle and the Rose, 1503
Flodden, 1513
James V, 1513--42
Mary, Queen of Scots
Mary in France, 1548--61
The Regency of the Queen Mother
The Reformation
Mary's Personal Rule, 1561--67
The Murders of Riccio and Darnley
Bothwell
Lochleven and Langside
Mary in England, 1568--87
James VI and I
The Ruthven Raid, 1582
James and Elizabeth
James and Spain
Religious Unrest, 1584--96
Further Plots and Conspiracies, 1587--1600
Union of the Crowns, 1603
Victory over the Church
Laud's Liturgy
The National Covenant, 1638
The Bishops' Wars, 1639--41
The Solemn League and Covenant, 1642
The Scots in the English Civil War
Agreement between the Scots and Charles I
Preston, 1648
Charles II Lands in Scotland
Dunbar, 1650
Scotland Under Military Occupation, 1651--60
The Restoration
Drumclog and Bothwell Bridge, 1679
The Killing Time, 1680--88
James VII and II, 1685--88
Killiecrankie and Dunkeld, 1689
The Religious Settlement, 1690
The Massacre at Glencoe, 1692
The Darien Scheme, 1698--1700
Proposals for Union, 1702--03
Act of Union, 1707
Rise of Jacobitism, 1708
Hanoverian Accession: George I, 1714--27
The Jacobite Rebellions of 1715
Wade's Military Roads
The Highland Forts
The Black Watch
George II, 1727--60
The Porteous Riots, 1736
Bonnie Prince Charlie
Falkirk and Culloden, 1745--46
Aftermath of Rebellion
The Destruction of the Clan System
The Highland Regiments
Industrial Progress
Agricultural Improvements
Social Changes
Henry Dundas, 1775--1801
The Friends of the People
The Downfall of Dundas
The Age of Enlightenment
The Highland Clearances
The Industrial Revolution
The Radical War, 1819--20
Burgh and Parliamentary Reform
Chartism in Scotland
The Great Disruption, 1843
Religious Division
The Development of Heavy Engineering, 1840--1900
Shipbuilding
Tourism
The Crofters' Commission, 1886
Emigration and Immigration
Changes in Local and Central Government
The Birth of Socialism, 1890--1914
Edwardian Scotland
The First World War, 1914--18
Red Clydeside
Postwar Depression
The Rise of Scottish Nationalism
The Local Government Act, 1929
Special Areas
The Second World War
The New Towns
The Scottish Economy
Local Government Acts 1973 and 1994
Resurgence of Nationalism
The Thatcher and Major Years
Devolution and the Scottish Parliament
The Independence Referendum and the Future

Glossary
Recommended Reading
Picture Credits & Acknowledgments
Index




Mackay, James, ed. Pocket Scottish History: Story of a Nation. Broxburn: Lomond, 2024.

Referrer (Inside): [2026-05-08-1]

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2026-04-08 Wed

#6190. ʸǯɽPowell ǡ [grammatology][timeline][history]

#1834. ʸǯɽ ([2014-05-05-1])#2399. ݷʸǯɽ ([2015-11-21-1])#2414. ʸǯɽʥӥ󥽥ǡˡ ([2015-12-06-1]) ³⤦1ľܤʸǯɽȤ Powell (xvii--xx) ΤΤǺܤ

9000 BC
 Widespread use of geometric tokens throughout Near East, c.8500 BC
 Appearance of complex tokens, c.4500--3400 BC
4000 BC
 Round clay bullae that enclose tokens, impressed with cylinder seals, c.3500--3400 BC
 Protocuneiform numerical flat clay tablets, sealed or unsealed, with impressions of three-dimensional tokens or imitations of token shapes by means of a stylus, c.3400--3300 BC; first logograms with numbers c.3300 BC
 ProtoElamite writing, c.3300(?)--3000 BC
 Egyptian hieroglyphic writing, Pharaonic civilization emerges, c.3250 BC
3000 BCEARLY BRONZE AGE
 Tokens disappear, c.3000 BC
 Sumerian cities flourish in Mesopotamia, c.2800--2340 BC
 Texts in Sumerian cuneiform that reflect order of words in speech; similar development in Egypt, c.2800--2400 BC
 Minoan civilization flourishes in Crete, c.2500--1450 BC
 Akkadian Empire in Mesopotamia, c.2334--2220 BC; Akkadian cuneiform
 Linear Elamite writing, c.2150 BC
 Third Dynasty of Ur, c.2120--2000 BC
 Cretan hieroglyphs, c.2100 BC--c.1700 BC
2000 BCMIDDLE BRONZE AGE
 Arrival of Indo-European Greeks in Balkan Peninsula, c.2000 BC
 Babylon's ascendance under Hammurabi, c.1810--1750 BC; Old Babylonian cuneiform
 Old Assyrian cuneiform, c.1800 BC
 Cretan Linear A, c.1800 BC--1450 BC
1600 BCLATE BRONZE AGE
 Hittite Empire rules in Anatolia, c.1600--1200 BC; Hittite cuneiform; Luvian Hieroglyphs
1500 BCWest Semitic syllabic writing invented, c.1500(?) BC
 Destruction of Cretan palaces, c.1450 BC
 Destruction of the rebuilt Cnossus, c.1375 BC
 Amarna tablets in Middle Babylonian cuneiform, c.1350 BC
 Trojan War occurs, c.1250(?) BC
 Chinese script first attested in the Shang Dynasty on oracle bones, c.1200 BC
1100 BCIRON AGE begins with destruction of Mycenaean cities in Greece and other sites in the Levant
 Earliest Mesoamerican "writing," from Olmec territory, c.1140--400 BC
1000 BCGreek colonies are settled in Asia Minor, c.1000 BC
 NeoAssyrian cuneiform, c.1000--600 BC
 NeoBabylonian cuneiform, c.1000--500 BC
900 BCNeoHittite cities flourish in northern Syria, c.900-700 BC
 Earliest "Isthmian" writing, c.900 BC (?)
800 BCGREEK ARCHAIC PERIOD begins with invention of Greek alphabet, c.800 BC
 Illiad and the Odyssey, attributed to Homer, are written down, c.800--775 BC
 Greek colonies in southern Italy and Sicily, c.800--600 BC
 Olympic Games begin, 776 BC
 Hesiod's Theogony is written down, c.775--700(?) BC
 Rome, allegedly, is founded, 753 BC
600 BCFormation of Hebrew Pentateuch (first "five books" of Bible) during Babylonian Captivity of the Hebrews, 586--538 BC
 Cyrus the Great of Persia, c.600--529 BC
 "Zapotec" writing from the valley of Oaxaca in Mexico, c.600--400 BC
 Expulsion of the Estruscan dynasty at Rome and the foundation of the "Roman Republic," 510 BC
500 BCLate Babylonian cuneiform, c.500 BC--AD 75
 Behistun inscriptions (Old Persian cuneiform, Late Babylonian cuneiform, Elamite cuneiform), c.500 BC
 CLASSICAL PERIOD begins with the end of Persian Wars, 480 BC
 Herodotus, c.484--420 BC
 Thucydides, c470--400 BC
 Plato, c.427--347 BC
400 BC
 Aristotle, c.384--322 BC
 Alexander the Great conquers the Persian Empire, founds Alexandria 336--323 BC
 HELLENISTIC PERIOD begins with death of Alexander in 323 BC
300 BC
 Earliest Mayan writing, c.250 BC
 Mouseion founded by Ptolemy II, ruled 285--246 BC
200 BC
 Ptolemy V carves the Rosetta Stone, 196 BC
 ROMAN PERIOD begins when Greece becomes Roman province, 146
100 BC
 Diodorus of Sicily, c.80--20 BC
 Vergil, 70--19 BC
 Augustus defeats Antony and Cleopatra at battle of Actium and annexes Egypt, 30 BC
 Augustus Caesar reigns, 27 BC--AD 14
Year 0
 Last Mesopotamian cuneiform, AD 75
AD 200Classic Maya Period, c.AD 250 until AD 900
 Plotinus, a NeoPlatonist Greek philosopher writes that the hieroglyphs are allegories, c.AD 250
 Coptic phase of pharaonic Egyptian recorded in modified Greek alphabet called Coptic script, c.third century AD
AD 300
 Last hieroglyphs inscribed at Philae near Aswan, AD 396
AD 400European MEDIEVAL PERIOD begins with fall of Rome in AD 476
 Hieroglyphics, by Horapollo(?) c.fifth century AD
AD 1500
 Herná Cortés lands in Mexico, AD 1519
AD 1600Mesoamerican writing disappears, c.AD 1600
 Travelers' reports bring information about cuneiform to Europe
AD 1700MODERN PERIOD
 Rosetta stone found in Egypt, AD 1799
AD 1800
 Jean François Champollion deciphers Egyptian hieroglyphs, AD 1822
 Henry Rawlinson and others decipher Mesopotamian cuneiform, c.AD 1850
AD 1900
 Micahel Ventris deciphers Linear B, AD 1951
 Yuri Knorosov establishes the phonetic basis of some Mayan signs, AD 1952


Powell ϡ#6158. Powell ˤʸʬ ([2026-03-07-1])#6159. ʸˤˤ3Ĥνפʶ̡ ([2026-03-08-1]) Ǥ⻲ȤפʸˤνҤǤ롥

Powell, Barry B. Writing: Theory and History of the Technology of Civilization. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009.

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2026-01-25 Sun

#6117. ŪظűѸ졦Ѹ٤ޤ [notice][kenkyusha][oe][me][review][timeline][link][kochushoho]


Ichikawa-Koeigo_front_cover_small.jpg



̾ޤԲϻϲͭˡظűѸ졦Ѹҿӡ١ʸҡˤ1225˽ͽǤ3300ߡˡҸHPζᴩʬŪˡֻɤߡפǤޤΤǡҥåƤߤƤֱѸ˴Ϣեơޤܡװˤ⥢Ǥޤ
ܽˤ򤶤äȤɤäƤߤޤ

1933--34ǯԲϻرѸǯ١ʸҡˤˤơΡظѸ٤ΤȤʤϢܵƤ
1935ǯԲϻˡظѸ٤Ǥ
1955ǯԲϻˡظѸٲǡʸҡԲ ϲ ͭˡظűѸ졦Ѹ2ǡʸҡǤʢꤸΤŦˤޤ2026/01/27(Tue)
1986ǯԲϻϲͭˡظűѸ졦Ѹ١ʸҡˤǤʾϲˤ̲
2023ǯסˡػԲϻ١ʸҡˤǤ

ʲhellogheldio¾ǸƤظűѸ졦Ѹ٤ľܡܤ˴ط륳ƥĤ˰ޤ

2025ǯ428heldio #1429. űѸ졦ѸؤӤʤޤ͡ --- ԲϻϲͭˡظűѸ졦Ѹ2ǡʸҡ1986ǯˡۿ
2025ǯ51ari note #268 ڻ̡ۻԲϡϲ1986ˡָűѸ졦ѸפȡÞOMEB äƤߤ
2025ǯ53פäĤ note Gemini ȸűѸɤ꡼򳫻Ϥ59ޤ6󴰷Υ꡼
2025ǯ55hellog ǡ#5852. ԲϻϲͭˡظűѸ졦Ѹ2ǡʸҡ1986ǯˡ ([2025-05-05-1])
2025ǯ510helwa Сܽʷ7ʾ˻äƻϿʱĥѥˤפࡥüԡ̤뤤ϥ饤ˤϡari camin lacolaco Lilimi Galois 󡤾Ͻؤtaku ykagata 󡤤󡤤ߡ󡤻߷夵ྰƣ蘆
2025ǯ512hellog ǡ#5859. AIűѸաפξ׷ --- פäĤθűѸȳإ꡼ɤǡ ([2025-05-12-1])
2025ǯ515TakGottberg 󤬡嵭 heldio #1429 Υˤơ1986ǯǤΡ2011ǯ16ɽ䤽¾˸ڡܵ򻲾ȡ
2025ǯ529heldio #1460. ظűѸ졦Ѹ٤ᤰ뻨 --- ϿĤۿ
2025ǯ105heldio ˤ#1589. νɾ by khelf ƣ蘆 --- סˡػԲϻ١ʸҡ2023ǯˡۿ
2025ǯ105hellog ˤơ#6005. khelf οhelνɾפϤޤޤ --- khelf ƣ蘆󤬾Ҳ𤹤ػԲϻ١ ([2025-10-05-1])
2026ǯ120Ҥ꿷˥ʥ󥹤
2026ǯ225ͽ

ˡܽȤμդˤĤơ򿼤ƤС Amazon ͽʸɤ

Բ ϲ ͭظűѸ졦Ѹҿӡ١ҡ2026ǯ
סػԲϻ --- Ѹˤνм򡤶ӡ١ҡ2023ǯ

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2025-11-04 Tue

#6035. ѸǯɽΤ񤷤 --- ֤ΤۤʤפΡĶäѸǯɽ΢ [inohota][inohotanaze][inoueippei][timeline][historiography][notice][youtube][periodisation]



112ˡʼȶǾ尴ظؤǥå衪ѸΡ֤ʤס١ʥʥĥҡǰۡ॰饦ɤǤ YouTube ֤ΤۤإͥˤܽҲ𤹤ۿޤ#384. Τۤܤϡ䤤ؤΤҤȤĤΤ --- ظؤǥå衪ѸΡ֤ʤס١ʥʥĥҡˡǤ16ʬȾۤɤưˡҤ
ܽϡ2ͤ3ǯȾˤ錄 YouTube ̤ƤƤŽ̤Ƥꡤͤȯ᡹礭ȿ򤤤ƤޤܽHPⳫߤƤޤΤǡꤼҤˬ䤯ޤSNS ʤɤǡϥå奿 #Τۤʤ źơܽ˴ؤ뤴ո䤴ۤʤɤ򤪴󤻤ޤȹǤ
ơ֤ΤۤפκǿǤϡܽιˤĤƸڤĤġ䤬ôĶäѸǯɽ (pp. 6--9) ΢ϪޤޤǤѸˤάǯɽ͡ʷǺäƤޤǯɽȤȤˤϾǺߤĤޤȤޤñʤǯʾΡޤǤΤǤˤĤƷ겼Ƥߤޤ
ǯɽˤꡤޤŪʽˤϡפ䤹ΤȡǤʤΤȤޤˤ䷳ˤˤ㤨1066ǯΥΥޥ (norman_conquest) Τ褦ʤΤϡǯʤդޤǡˤΤ˵ϿƤꡤǯɽ˷ǺܤݤǺߤϤޤ󡥡1066ǯΥޥפȥХäȽ񤭹Ф褤Ǥ
ȤѲ¿ѸǯɽǤϡñˤʤȤ¿ΤǤȤơѸˤκǤ벻Ѳ1ġ첻 (gvs) ͤƤߤޤ礦̤ˤѲ1400ǯ1700ǯˤơäꡤä굯ä뤳Ȥ¿ǤǤϡѲλϤޤȽ꤬βǯȤϷʤȤǤºݤ1400ǯθö˻Ϥޤä櫓Ǥ⡤1700ǯ糢˽ä櫓Ǥ⤢ޤǯɽȤ2Υ쥤Ȥǡɤ˻ϤޤȽ֤Τ뤤Ϥɤ줯餤λȤΤϡ١¤ȤȤʤޤ쥤Ⱦϡ񤭹ʸ䥤饹ȤȤη͹礤⤢ꡤʣޤ
ǯɽˤΤäȸȤơѸˤγǯɤ֤Ȥ礭꤬ޤκϡhellog periodisation ΥΤĤƵǸƤȤǤǯɽȿǤȤʤȡŪǯ򼨤Ȥ׵ᤵƤ褦ǡץå㡼礭ΤǤŪ˱ѸˤλϤޤ449ǯȤƤޤϡ󥰥ͤȸƤФޥͤΰɤ֥ƥܳŪ轱ǯȤƤ뤫Ǥäơ󥰥󲦹λϤޤꡤҤƤϥꥹλϤޤꡤƱѸλϤޤλ򤵤Ƥ櫓Ǥ
ץѡˤΩ줫餹ȡ449ǯϤäΤǤʤʤС󥰥ͤޤΦˤȤ448ǯȡ֥ƥ˾ΦȤ449ǯȤǡäƤ켫ΤϲѤäƤʤϤǤ
ϡҲŪʻˤäƵޤˤλѤѤΤǤϤʤޤǤäƤƤϢ³ΤȤ¸ߤƤޤ򤤤СѸˤϡĸޤǡʾʤȤ⤢٤ϡ³ǷҤäƤǤޤͤͤСθλϤޤˤҤäƤǽޤĤޤꡤ֡ˤλϤޤפȤڤϡʸŪʹθǤϤʤθäĤμҲŪˡʤˤˤȥƤ餦ǡصŪꤵƤˤʤΤǤ
Ȥ櫓ŪʽҤ˷Ǻܤǯɽǡ449ǯפʤɤʤȡ֤ǤϡѸˤϤĻϤޤäΤǤפȤѤʵ˥äʤʤ뤿ᡤŪʶڤҤȤޤѤƤˤʤȤȤʤΤǤǯɽ˽񤫤ƤǯϡؽصȤŪ˱뤿ŶλʪȤäƤ褤ΤǤʸϤǤС~ǯפʤɤȤäɽƨ뤳ȤǤΤǤǯɽȤǤϡɤƤľξ˥ԥݥȤŪ֤ȤäǥʴФ椨ǺޤΤǤˤϡ̿Τ褦ʷŪǤϤʤäѲƤեǤΤȤ򤷤ǡܽΡĶäѸǯɽפܤ̤Ƥȡ꿼ѸˤȤΤ˻פڤ뤳ȤǤ뤫Ȼפޤ
֤Τۤʤפ˴ؤϡ³֤Τۤإͥפ hellog ¾ΤǷ깭ƤĤǤϢϤ٤HPˤޤȤޤäƤޤΤǡꤤפޤ

ʼ δ졡ظؤǥå衪ѸΡ֤ʤס١ʥĥҡ2025ǯ

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2025-01-14 Tue

#5741. ֥ǥǤhel西饤 [helkatsu][hellog][twitter][voicy][heldio][helwa][youtube][inohota][instagram][heltube][heltalk][note][link][timeline]

֥ǥǤhel西饤 2009 2010 2011 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 hellog~Ѹ˥֥ (2009/05/01~) X/@chariderryu (2010/01~) Voicy: Ѹθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio) (2021/06/02~) YouTube: Τۤإͥ (2022/02/26~) Instagram/@chariderryu (2022/06/04~) YouTube: heltube --- Ѹ˥ͥ (2022/07/03~) note (2022/07/21~) Voicy: ץߥۿѸˤ (helwa) (2023/06/02~) stand.fm: ѸˤĤ֤䤭ͥ (heltalk) (2023/10/05~)   *

䤬ʥ֥ǥŸƤѸˤ˴ؤʾȯץåȥե򡤥饤ǤޤȤƤߤޤ嵭ΥեեåΤʤ顤󥯤ľ٤ޤʲ˥ꥹȤηǤ󤲤Ƥޤ

  1. 2009ǯ51~hellog~Ѹ˥֥
  2. 2010ǯ1~X/@chariderryu
  3. 2021ǯ62~Voicy: Ѹθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)
  4. 2022ǯ226~YouTube: Τۤإͥ
  5. 2022ǯ64~Instagram/@chariderryu
  6. 2022ǯ73~YouTube: heltube --- Ѹ˥ͥ
  7. 2022ǯ721~note
  8. 2023ǯ62~Voicy: ץߥۿѸˤ (helwa)
  9. 2023ǯ105~stand.fm: ѸˤĤ֤䤭ͥ (heltalk)


ܥ֥15ǯȾʾΥȤǤʳϤ褽2021ǯʹߤΩ夲Ƥޤ2022ǯߥåʡˤäΤȴפޤȯΤˤĤƤ⡤³ꤤޤ

Referrer (Inside): [2025-01-15-1]

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2024-12-10 Tue

#5706. ˾βŪʽΰ [timeline][anthropology][homo_sapiens][writing]


Sekainojinbutsudainenpyo.png



οʪǯɽʥӥ奢ǡˡ٤ѥѥįƤ롥2020ǯ˱ѸǽǤ줿 Timelines of Everone Τǡ᤯äƤdzڤˤοʪǯɽŵǤ롥
Ƭˤۤɶᤤ pp. 10--11 ˡֿˡפꤹ븫Υեեå롥龮ФΤߤȴФƤߤ롥˾15βŪʽӽФƤ롥

250ǯǽƻ
80ǯ
40ǯǼ
44000ǯƶɲ
ǡд
ƫ
15000ǯ򤷤Τ
14000ǯȥҥ
12000ǯ
9000ǯ°
8009ǯԻ
3400ǯʸ
1500ǯβ
1750ǯ
1990ǯԥ塼


ǤԤˤ˾٥15ǤƤ櫓٥15ΥꥹȤϡ˲Ȥο䤬Ϥ⤷䤬ä顤ʤˡ˾ν¿󤬤äƤΤʡʤɤۤ嵭ΰǤϡ3400ǯʸʤȯˤνȤƥȥ꡼Ƥ롥

ͳ ¼ 鹾ƣ ҡˡοʪǯɽʥӥ奢ǡˡ١ϸҡ2022ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2023-10-06 Fri

#5275. 19Υ󥰥ɱѸȤʬȤʤ벼̶ʬ [periodisation][lmode][prescriptivism][prescriptive_grammar][sociolinguistics][timeline][history]

ε#5274. 19Υ󥰥ɱѸ򸦵椹յ ([2023-10-05-1]) Ǽ夲Ѹˤ Görlach ˤ19󥰥ɱѸƬˤϡ19ȤѸ˾ζڤˤϡä˼ҲŪŪʺ򤬤櫓ǤϤʤȽҤ٤Ƥ롥̤ (DeKeyser) ˤСϼ1ĤΥԡǤ1795ǯ Murray ˤʸˡȡ⤦1ĤΥԡǤ1906ǯ Fowler ˤ King's English ˶ޤ줿ȤŤƤϤ褦ղε̣Ϥ (Görlach 5)
ȤϤGörlach Ȥ⡤19Υ󥰥ɱѸ򸦵椹ݤǰƬˤƤ٤̶ʬ󼨤Ƥ뤷ϢҲʸŪʽŦƤ롥̶ʬȤơĹ19פ4ʬƤ (6)

1776--1800William Pitt's coalitions; the beginnings of the Industrial Revolution; the separation of the United States; the colonization of Australia and occupation of Ceylon and Malta; the start of the Romantic Movement; th end of Irish independence;
1800--1830The final phase of the Hanoverian reign, predating the great reforms; Napoleonic wars and the Regency; Romantic poetry;
1830--1870The great reforms; the Chartist movements; the heyday of capitalist industrialism; the expansion of literacy and printed matter; increased mobility as a consequence of railways;
1870--1914Late Victorian imperialism and the last phase of global 'stability'; general education; modern communication.


嵭β̶ʬȤ̤ˡ19˵äҲŪʴްդΤάǯɽηǼƤ (6) ⻲ͤޤǤ˵󤲤Ƥ

1824the repeal of the Combination Acts;
1828the emancipation of the Nonconformists;
1832the First Reform Bill, which can be seen as a triumph of the middle class;
1833the first important Factory Act restricting child work;
1834the abolition of slavery;
1834the Poor Law Amendment Act;
1838--48the Chartist movement; publication of the People's Charter;
1846the repeal of the Corn Laws;
1855the final repeal of the Stamp Act of 1712 (making cheap newspapers available);
1867the Second Reform Bill (1 million new voters) and Factory Acts;
1870the Elementary Education Act (establishing compulsory education in the 1870s);
1884--5the Third Reform Bill (2 million new voters)


Τ褦άǯɽį19󥰥ɤϼͳȤȤƤ褯ʬ롥λϡѸȤ줬Ū˳礷ƤǤȤȤˡ󥰥Ǥ罰ŸƤäȤȤ館Ƥ褤

Görlach, Manfred. English in Nineteenth-Century England: An Introduction. Cambridge: CUP, 1999.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2023-02-20 Mon

#5047. ҳάǯɽ --- ؿҳ٤ [timeline][history][age_of_discovery][me][emode][renaissance][link]

˾塤ҤȤ來Ӥ䤫˱Ǥҳ (age_of_discovery) ǤߤȡʤѸˤȤ̩ܤ˴ؤäƤcf. #4423. ֺ¡ֱѸˤȸ츻פ10ҳȳǰѡפ򽪤ޤ ([2021-06-06-1]
ʲؿҳ٤δ (pp. 109--10) άǯɽǺܤ롥ҳϰϤˤĤƤϤĤιͤ뤬1415ǯΥݥȥ뷳ˤ륻Τ˻Ϥޤꡤ1648ǯΥȥեꥢ˽ȤΤ1ĤθǤ롥άǯɽˤߤ褦ˡˤĹ

5饯ϸ饹Ѥޤǹҳ
ͥ륳ƥꥹϸޤõ
111롤ۤʻ
1ܥ񶽤
60--70إȥ鳤⵭
֥ҥåѥפˤ륢ӥҳˤʤ
2ȥޡɤθפʤ
166ءʥޥ륯ꥦˤλټ˻
207۹
4--5Υɲʤ
399--412쿸ˡΥɡιԡʩ񵭡٤
Ĥʻ礵
618
639ֿͤΥץȿ
꡼䲦ޥåθפ
671--95ʩεںߡˡ
750ХȤ˥åСī롥ǰפ˿ʽ
875ѡ˶
907˴彽
960׷񡥳ǰפδ
969եƥī˰ܤ롥ȳ̤ƤΥǰסʸ奨ץȤϹȳͳΥǰפƳ
10961 (--99) ꥢԤƬ
1127׶
11472 (--48)
1169ץȤ˥桼īΩ
1245--47ץΡԡˡĤ̿ˤꥫ饳˻ιԵ魯
1254֥奭Ĥ̿ˤꥫ饳ޤιԡιԵ
1258󥴥뷳ХΡåСī˴󥴥뷳ϥꥢץȤ˿Ǥ
1271--95ޥ륳ݥΥιԤںߡιԵ
1291ΥΥǥեꥫҳ
1293˥ޥѥҥȲΩ󥴥뷳˿
1312ΥΥơޥʥꥢ˹ҳ
1349ʥޥޡ֥󡦥Хȥ24ǯˤ錄륢եꥫιԤ饿󥸡˵
1336ɤ˥ʥ벦񶽤
1345ޥѥҥȡϳ
1351--54֥󡦥ХȥեꥫιԡػΦͷ٤
1360ޥǥΡιԵ٤κΩ
1368
1372Ȥ
1403ڥΥӡۡιԤƥࡼ˱ڤ顦ȥ٥󥯡롤ʥꥢ˹ҳ
1405ޤҳ1433ǯޤ7ˤ錄
1415ݥȥ뷳Ρ֤ʤեꥫϩõϤޤ
1434롦ͥܥɡ̨
1453ޥ󷳤ˤ륳󥹥ƥΡץ빶ά
1455ͥĥͥ⥹Ȥեꥫҳ
1475ĥǥץȥޥΡءٴ
1479ڥ󡤥ݥȥ֤˥륫
1482ݥȥեꥫεߥʷߡݥȥͥ󥴲ܿ
1488ǥˤ˾ȯҳ
1492֥1ҳ (--93)
1493֥2ҳ
1494ڥ󡤥ݥȥ֤˥ȥǥ㥹
1498ޤΥɹҳ֥3ҳڤã
1500֥롤ɤؤӼ֥饸ɺ
1501ꥴץåꥫ52ޤǹҳ
1502֥4ҳƱ߹ҳ
1505ȥġǹõķ
1508֥르ĤƱͤʼݤεķ
1509ᥤǥǡץȡ顼Ϣ
1510ݥȥ롤
1511ݥȥ롤ޥåά
1512ݥȥ͹
1513Хܥѥʥ϶Ǥʿδߤã
1519--21ƥΥᥭʥƥ
1520ޥ϶ȯʿΤǤƥեԥ˻
1522륫ΰʲ18͡ǽҤȤƥӥ
1527ƥۤΥ楫õ
1528--33ԥΥ
1529饴åˤΥݥȥ뵢°
1534ƥΥʥõ
1535ޥΥõ
1537Υ।ʥ֥
1538롦ġΥϢץǥȥ륳ͤ
1541󥵡ԥΥޥõΥ㡼ʡϸޤǹҳ (1542)
1543ͤΥݥȥ͡
1545ܥӥΥݥȥ仳ȯǯᥭǤ仳ȯ
1553ӡϩõ
1565͡ϩˤեԥ󤫤ᥭޤǹҳ
1567˥ʿιҳǯȯ
1568󡦥ۡ󥺡󡦥ե󡦥ǡ륢ǥڥδ񽱤򤦤æ
1570ɥ쥤ΥֳڥϤΫå
1571쥬ԡޥ˥Էߡꥹȶ̤γѥȤǥޥ˾
1575եӥå㡼ϩõļ
1577--80ɥ쥤ΫåҤ򤪤ʤ
1578륫롼ǥݥȥ뷳å
1584--85륿Υ˥̱ײ
1586--88٥ǥ
15951õ˥ʿõޥ륱ȯ
1598ե󡦥ΡȡͤȤƺǽ
1599ͥե󡦥ͥå쥤ɹҳ
1600ꥹ쥤ɲΩκ֥饸˺Ȥꡤեꥫ͢Ϥޤ
1605ιҳ˥塼إ֥ǥޤ
1606塤Ȥ˻Ĥ줿ȥ쥹˥塼˥ȥꥢ֤γȯޥ˥˸
1610ϥɥ󡤥˥󳤶ƹˤʤ
1614ǥԥȤιԵ򵭡ٴ
1615ͥۡƥȥ롦᡼ιҳ̨ۡȯ
16172󥮥õ
1620ᥤե˥塼󥰥ɤ
1622δ⡤⥵ӥǥι
1623ܥʻͤˤ륤ꥹܿͤ͡λʸ奤ꥹͤ쥤ɤιǰפűषɤ˽
1637եꥫΥߥå
1639ޥǰסΤԲǽˤʤ롥ޥʿιҳ
1641ͥޥåå
1642--43ޥ󡤥ȥꥢسԤ餫ˤ
1645ͥȡإ
1647ܥ細ΡʡƤΥե˥õ
1648ߥ󡦥ǥ˥աų̈ʥǥ˥̨ˤã١󥰳¸ߤˤϵĤʤäȥեꥢˤ뻰ǯνꡥΩǧ


hellog ǤϤޤǤϢǯɽ¿ǺܤƤҳȤδϢǡʲΥ󥯤󤲤Ƥ

#2371. ݥȥǯɽ ([2015-10-24-1])
#3197. Ѹμפʽǯɽ ([2018-01-27-1])
#3478. ؿ⥤ꥹˡ٤ǯɽ ([2018-11-04-1])
#3479. ؿ⡡ꥹβ٤ǯɽ ([2018-11-05-1])
#3487. ʪ졡ꥹˡʾ岼ˡ٤ǯɽ ([2018-11-13-1])
#3497. إꥹ10֡٤ǯɽ ([2018-11-23-1]) 򻲾ȡ

Ϻؿҳ١Ͻн˼ҡ2008ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2024-01-01-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2022-12-04 Sun

#4969. splendid ƱΥ饤 [cognate][synonym][lexicology][inkhorn_term][emode][borrowing][loan_word][renaissance][oed][timeline]

Ǥˡ#3157. ʤ splendid Ʊ ([2017-12-18-1]) Ǽ夲ǤҤͤäƤߤޤsplendid ʹڤʡʡΩɤʡ굱ˤȤƥư splendēre "to be bright or shining" ͳ褹ƻǤѸ˾塤Ʊ줬߽ФƤޤεǿʤäΤޤ OED Ĵ٤ñ󤹤ȡѸ13줢ޤ

resplendant, resplendent, resplending, splendacious, splendant, splendent, splendescent, splendid, splendidious, splendidous, splendiferous, splendious, splendorous


OED ˵ܤΤǯʤѸξϺǽǯˤ˴ŤƸΰ򥿥饤˥ץåȤƤߤΤʲοޤǤȤ櫓16--17˿о줬椷Ƥޤ

splendid and its synonyms

ۤ1796ǯ˽Ф resplendidly Ȥ1859ǯ˽Ф many-splendoured Ȥƻʤɡ碌ƹͤ⤢ޤˤѸˤΤʤ׼ѡʤ뤤¤ˤˤ϶äޤ͡

[ | ѥڡ ]

2022-07-13 Wed

#4825. ƻάǯɽ --- رѸζܡ٤ [review][toc][timeline]

ǯǤ줿δˡرѸζܡ١ʥ٥ǡˤѥѥįƳڤǤ롥ʸŪʥɤ󤲤Ĥ1ơޤ1ڡDz⤹롤ڤɤʸܤȤʤäƤ롥ɤɤǤ⤿ˤʤ롥ΩƤ򼨤



1ϡƤ
2ϡǯԻȽ
3ϡꥷȥޤο
4ϡȥꥹȶ
5ϡ̱
6ϡΤȤ
7ϡݡĤʸ
8ϡͶοʪ̱֤Υҡ
9ϡưʪ
10ϡʪ




1Ϥ򳫤ȤˡֱƻάǯɽפǤƤ (10--11) ƻˤŤߤˤϡ٤ǯɽ⡤Τ餤άǯɽǤ롥򲡤ƻǯɽȤưʲ˵Ƥ


ʵ
600ǯ֥ƥΦ饱ȿͤܽ
55ǯ~4ޤξ롤֥ƥ˿~54
 Τꥹ
ʵ
43ޤˤ֥ƥۤϤޤ
409޷֥ƥű
597ޤ붵եƥ̥ˤ륭ꥹȶ۶Ϥޤ
800ΤХ󥰤οϤޤ
871եåɲ¨
1016ǥޡ̡ (Canute) 󥰥ɤ̤˽
1066֥Υޥפǡꥢ1¨
1215󲦡ޥʥ륿ǧ
1337ʩ֤Ρɴǯ׻Ϥޤ (~1453)
1348¡԰Ҥ򿶤뤦
1455֤Ф׻Ϥޤ (~85)
1509إ꡼8¨ (~47)
1534񶵲 (Church of England) Ωޡȥå
1558ꥶ٥1¨ (~1603)
1588ɥ쥤ڥ̵Ũˤ
 Τȥԥ
1600쥤ɲҤΩ졤ΤȤľǰ׻Ϥޤ
1607ꥹͤƥꥫߤΥС˥˿̱ϥॺ (Jamestown) Ω
1620ԥ륰ࡦեꥫ˰ܽ
1640ԥ塼꥿̿ (~60)
1649㡼륺1跺졤󥰥ɶ¹Ω
1660 (the Restoration) ǡ㡼륺2¨ (~85)
1665ɥǹ¤ή
1666ɥФǡԳ80%ü
1688̾̿ (the Glorious Revolution) Ϥޤ (~89)
1707󥰥ɤȥåȥɤƱ졼ȥ֥ƥϢ粦Ω
1775ꥫΩϤޤ
1776ꥫΩ򤵤
1789ե󥹳̿ȯ
1801ꥹɤȹƱ
1815ȥ󡤥ƥ襤ǥʥݥ쥪󷳤ˤ
1830Хס롦ޥ֤ŴƻȤŴƻ夬
1837ӥȥꥢ¨ (~1901)
1840إȯ (~42)
1845ɤ絲 (~46)
1851ɥ1ʥɥ˳
1861ꥫϤޤ
1914켡Ϥޤ (~18)
1939Ϥޤ (~45)
1952ꥶ٥2¨
1960ꥫṈ̀ư
1965٥ȥʥ (~75)
1989֥٥ɡ
2019Ϥǡֿʥ륹ɡ (COVID-19) ȯ




δرѸζܡ١٥ǡ2021ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2022-07-31-1] [2022-07-14-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2022-05-05 Thu

#4756. 󥰥άǯɽ [timeline][anglo-saxon][oe][literature]

شθűѸμȤ⾯ĵƻ˾äƤطʤ򤹤뤿ˡդǥ󥰥άǯɽǤǤˡ#2526. űѸѸʸػǯɽ ([2016-03-27-1])#2871. űѸΥ饤ǯɽ ([2017-03-07-1])#3193. űѸμפʽǯɽ ([2018-01-23-1]) ǯɽǤƤ뤬Хꥨ󤬤äۤ褤ȹͤƤΤǺ Godden and Lapidge (xii--xiii) άǯɽƸ롥

Chronological table of the Anglo-Saxon period

from c. 400Germanic peoples settle in Britain
c. 540Gildas in De excidio Britanniae laments the effects of the Germanic settlements on the supine Britons
597St Augustine arrives in Kent to convert the English
616death of Æthelberht, king of Kent
c. 625ship-burial at Sutton Hoo (mound 1)
633death of Edwin, king of Northumbria
635Bishop Aidan established in Lindisfarne
642death of Oswald, king of Northumbria
664Synod of Whitby
669Archbishop Theodore and Abbot Hadrian arrive in Canterbury
674monastery of Monkwearmouth founded
682monastery of Jarrow founded
687death of St Cuthbert
689death of Cædwalla, king of Wessex
690death of Archbishop Theodore
c. 700'Lindisfarne Gospels' written and decorated
709deaths of Bishops Wilfrid and Aldhelm
716--57Æthelbald king of Mercia
731Bede completes his Ecclesiastical History
735death of Bede
754death of St Boniface, Anglo-Saxon missionary in Germany
757--96Offa king of Mercia
781Alcuin of York meets Charlemagne in Parma and thereafter leaves York for the Continent
793Vikings attack Lindisfarne
802--39Ecgberht king of Wessex
804death of Alcuin
839--56Æthelwulf king of Wessex
869Vikings defeat and kill Edmund, king of East Anglia
871--99Alfred the Great king of Wessex
878Alfred defeats the Viking army at the battle of Edington, and the Vikings settle in East Anglia (879--80)
899--924Edward the Elder king of Wessex
924--39Athelstan king of Wessex and first king of All England
937battle of Brunanburh: Athelstan defeats an alliance of Scots and Scandinavians
957--75Edgar king of England
859--88Dunstan archbishop at Canterbury
963--84Æthelwold bishop at Winchester
964secular clerics expelled from the Old Minster, Winchester, and replaced by monks
971--92Oswald archbishop at York
973King Edgar crowned at Bath
978--1016Æthelred 'the Unready' king of England
975--7Abbo of Fleury at Ramsey
991battle of Maldon: the Vikings defeat an English army led by Byrhtnoth
c. 1010death of Ælfric, abbot of Eynsham
1011Byrhtferth's Enchiridion
1013the English submit to Swein, king of Denmark
1016--35Cnut king of England
1023death of Wulfstan, archbishop of York
1042--66Edward the Confessor king of England
1066battle of Hastings: the English army led by Harold is defeated by the Norman army led by William the Conqueror


Godden, Malcolm and Michael Lapidge, eds. The Cambridge Companion to Old English Literature. Cambridge: CUP, 1986.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2021-11-17 Wed

#4587. ܱѸƻάǯɽ [timeline][english_in_japan][elt]

#4578. īɥإ५२Хǥ٤ϤޤäƤޤ ([2021-11-08-1]) ǽҤ٤褦ˡܤˤѸƤˤϡ̣ǤαѸˤ1¦̤Ȥߤ뤳ȤǤ롥ѸοʽФȼƤȤǤϻ¤ۤʤΤΡѸγΰǤ뤳Ȥϴְ㤤ʤ
ܤαѸ춵Ѹؽˤˤľ뤹ǤꡤѸطԤδ֤ǤäȴؿޤäƤ٤ȻפäƤ롥ƣ (198--99) ʲΤ褦˽Ҥ٤ƤȤǤ롥

ѸᤰǶεʹƤȡʤȤˡ֥ߥ˥ǽϤ濴Ȥ˱ѸϤγؽˡ뤵Ƥ褦ʵƤʤʤˡŪʱѸؽˡ桦ȯСϤǴ֤٤ȤǤܤαѸؽˡᤰϡĤͤܿͤˤȤäƱѸȤϲʤΤȤ䤤ƧޤƤʤФʤʤƤ䤤ϡܿͤˤȤäƱѸȤϲäΤȤ䤤αĹˤΤʤΤǤ롥


ʲƣ (195--97) ܱѸƻάǯɽפǤ褦Ѹƻˤθ3̾ΰο͡ʡϸ͡СʻʾξǤ⤢ˤưϢưƤΤˡǤ롥Ϣơ#3695. ܤˤѸطˤάǯɽ ([2019-06-09-1]) ⻲ȡ

ǯǯܱѸƻ˾ν׻ʡϸ͡Фưư
1600ʷĹ5ꥢࡦॺ˭ɺ塥ʴإ襤 ꥹ쥤ɲҤǤ롥
 1776  ꥫΩ򤹤롥
 1808ʸ5եȥ  
 1811ʸ8ܽαѸؾ䥡롥  
 1834ŷ5 ʡޤ롥 
 1840  إ褬롥
 1841ŷ12Ϻꥫ˵߽ФƥꥫϤ롥  
 1848ʲűʸʥɡޥɥʥ˾Φ  
 1853ʲű6ҡ  
 1854ʰ¿ƾ롥  
 1856ʰ3ٽĴ꤬ߤ롥  
 1859ʰ6ͳʡͤ򸫳ؤѳؤž 
 1860丵 ʡ״ݤǥꥫء 
 1861  ꥫ褬롥
 1862ʸ2ܽΰα¼رµ٤Ǥ롥ϸ͡ޤ롥 
 1867ʷı3 Сͤޤ롥 
1868 ʡΤΤȲΡ 
 18747ĤδΩγعѸعȲΡ  
 1876ع  
 1877αѸعΩαѸعѹȤʤ롥ϸ͡عء 
 1884 ϸ͡ơ 
 1894褬롥  
 1896ƣϺ§Ѹعߡ  
 1900߻ҡұѳؽΩСϱѡ 
 1901Ʊ롥ʡ 
 1903 СعĹȤʤ롥 
1914켡˻ 켡郎Ϥޤ롥
 1916 С 
 1922ϥɡѡޡ  
 1923ʴ̺Ҥ롥  
 1924Ѹ¸Ȥʤ롥 ꥫ̱ˡΩ
1933 ϸ͡ 
 1939  郎Ϥޤ롥
 1941ʿ褬Ϥޤ롥  
 1945ʽ  
 1946֥५Ѹáϡ  
 1951ʥե󥷥¾Ĵ  
 1954⹻AFSαػϤޤ롥  
 1963ܱѸ측궨ȯ­  
 1972عؽƳβֽ3̼֡»ܡ  
ʿ1990  Ѵ褬롥
 1994֥롦ߥ˥ABCܤ˲ä롥  
 1999ؽƳβ  
 2000޼դλ䵡ء21ܤιۡ׺̲񤬡ֱѸѸ첽פ  
 2002ʸʾʡ֡رѸ줬Ȥܿ͡٤ΰΤάۡס  
 2002ʸʾʡ֡رѸ줬Ȥܿ͡٤ΰΤιưײס  
 2009⹻ؽƳι𼨡2013ܹԡˡּȤϱѸǹԤȤܤȤפȵꡥ  
 2013ʸʾʡ֥Х벽бѸ춵׼»ܷײס  


ƣ ˡرѸ콱ܿ --- ʤ³ȶ١ҡ2017ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2022-11-25-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2020-03-06 Fri

#3966. ѸμפŪѲΰ [syntax][language_change][word_order][timeline]

Fischer et al. (4--6) ˱ѸμפŪѲΰɽ롥ѤʤΤǡ"Overview of syntactic categories and their changes" ꤵ줿ΰƸƤĤįǤ⡤ѸˤɤΤ褦꤬ΤĤ롥

Changes in:Old EnglishMiddle EnglishModern English
case form and function:genitivevarious functionsgenitive case for subjective/poss.; of-phrase elsewheresame
dativevarious functions/PP sporadicincrease in to-phrase; impersonal dative lostsame
accusativemain function: direct objectaccusative case lost, direct object mainly marked by positionsame
determiners:systemarticles present in embryo form, system developingarticles used for presentational and referential functionsalso in use in predicative and generic contexts
double det.presentrareabsent
quantifiers:position ofrelatively freemore restrictedfairly fixed
adjectives:positionboth pre- and postnominalmainly prenominalprenominal with some lexical exceptions
form/functionstrong/weak forms, functionally distinctremnants of strong/weak forms; not functionalone form only
as headfully operativereduced; introduction of onerestricted to generic reference/idiomatic
'stacking' ofnot possiblepossiblepossible
adjectival or relative clauserelative: se, se þe, þe, zero subject rel.new: þæt, wh-relative (except who), zero obj. rel.who relative introduced
adj. + to-inf.only active infinitivesactive and passive inf.mainly active inf.
aspect-system:use of perfectembryonicmore frequent; in competition with 'past'perfect and 'past' grammaticalized in different functions
form of perfectBE/HAVE (past part. sometimes declined)BE/HAVE; HAVE becomes more frequentmainly HAVE
use and form of progressiveBE + -ende; function not clearBE + -ing, infrequent, more aspectualfrequent, grammaticalizing
tense-system:'present'used for present tense, progressive, futureused for present tense and progr.; (future tense develops)becomes restricted to 'timeless' and 'reporting' uses
'past'used for past tense, (plu)perfect, past progr.still used also for past progr. and perfect; new: modal pastrestricted in function by grammaticalization of perfect and progr.
mood-system:expressed bysubjunctive, modal verbs (+ epistemic advbs)mainly modal verbs (+ develop. quasi-modals); modal past tense verbs (with exception features)same + development of new modal expressions
category of core modalsverbs (with exception features)verbs (with exception features)auxiliaries (with verbal features)
voice-system:passive formbeon/weorðan + (inflected) past part.BE + uninfl. past partsame; new GET passive
indirect pass.absentdeveloping(fully) present
prep. pass.absentdeveloping(fully) present
pass. infin.only after modal verbsafter full verbs, with some nouns and adject.same
negative systemne + verb (+ other negator)(ne) + verb + not; rare not + verbAux + not + verb; (verb + not)
interrog. systeminversion: VSinversion: VSAux SV
DO as operatorabsentinfrequent, not grammaticalizedbecoming fully grammaticalized
subject:position filledsome pro-drop possible; dummy subjects not compulsorypro-drop rare; dummy subjects become the normpro-drop highly marked stylistically; dummy subj. obligat.
clausesabsentthat-clauses and infinitival clausesnew: for NP to V clauses
subjectless/impersonal constructionscommonsubject position becomes obligatorily filledextinct (some lexicalized express.)
position with respect to Vboth S (...) V and VSS (...) V; VS becomes restricted to yes/no quest.only S (adv) V; VS > Aux SV
object:clausesmainly finite þæt-cl., also zero/to-infinitivestark increase in infinitival cl.introduction of a.c.i. and for NP to V cl.
position with respect to VVO and OVVO; OV becomes restrictedVO everywhere
position IO-DOboth orders; pronominal IO-DO preferrednominal IO-DO the norm, introduction of DO for/to IOIO-DO with full NPs; pronominal DO-IO predominates
clitic pronounssyntactic cliticsclitics disappearingclitics absent
adverbs:positionfairly freemore restrictedfurther restricted
clausesuse of correlatives + different word ordersdistinct conjunctions; word order mainly SVOall word order SVO (exc. some conditional clauses)
phrasal verbsposition particle: both pre- and postverbalgreat increase; position: postverbalsame
preposition strandingonly with pronouns (incl. R-pronouns: þær, etc.) and relative þeno longer with pronouns, but new with prep. passives, interrog., and other relative clausesno longer after R-pronouns (there, etc.) except in fixed expressions


Fischer, Olga, Hendrik De Smet, and Wim van der Wurff. A Brief History of English Syntax. Cambridge: CUP, 2017.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2019-10-28 Mon

#3836. ե󥹸ˤǯɽ [timeline][hfl][french][anthropology][indo-european][hfl]

ե󥹸ˤǤϤʤΤΡѸˤ򷡤겼򤹤뤿ˤȤե󥹸ˤμۤȤȤǡʤ̴ؿ󤻤Ƥ롥 Perret (179--81) ե󥹸ˤǯɽ "Chronologie" Ǥ褦åιԤϡŪǯ塦ҤȤ̣Ǥ롥

[ Préhistoire des langues du monde ]

Il y a 4 ou 5 millions d'années: apparition de l'australopithèque en Afrique.
Il y a 1,6 million d'années: homo erectus colonise l'Eurpope et l'Asie.
Il y a 850 000 ans: premiers hominidés en Europe.
Avant - 100 000: Homo sapiens en Europe (Neandertal) et en Asie (Solo).
- 100 000: un petit groupd d'Homo sapiens vivant en Afrique (ou au Moyen-Orient) se met en marche et recolonise la planète. Les autres Homo sapiens se seraient éteints. (Hypothèse de certains généticiens, les équipes de Cavalli-Sforza et de Langaney, dite thèse du «goulot d'étranglement»).
- 40 000: première apparition du langage?

[ Préhistoire des Indo-Européens ]

- 10000: civilisation magdalénienne en Dordogne. Premier homme en Amérique.
- 7000: les premières langues indo-européennes naissent en Anatolie (hypothèse Renfrew).
Entre - 65000 et - 5500: les Indo-Européens commencent leur migration par vagues (hypothèse Renfrew).
- 4500: les Indo-Européens occupent l'ouest de l'Europe (hypothèse Renfrew).
- 4000 ou - 3000: les Indo-Européens commencent à se disperser (hypothèse dominante).
- 3500: civilisation dite des Kourganes (tumuluss funéraires), débuts de son expansion.
- 3000: écriture cunéiforme en Perse, écriture en Inde. Première domestication du cheval en Russie? (- 2000, premières représentations de cavaliers).

[ Préhistoire du français ]

- 4000 ou - 3000: la civilisation des constructeurs de mégalithes apparaît en Bretagne.
- 3000: la présence des Celtes est attestée en Bohème et Bavière.
- 2500: début de l'emploi du bronze.
- 600: premiers témoignages sur les Ligure et les Ibères.
- 600: des marins phocéens s'installent sur la cõte méditerranéenne.
- 500: une invasion celte (précédée d'infiltrations?): les Gaulois.

[ Histoire du français ]

- 1500: conquête de la Provence par les Romains et infiltrations dans la région narbonnaise.
- 59 à - 51: conquête de la Gaule par les Romains.
212: édit de Caracalla accordant la citoyenneté à tous les hommes libres de l'Empire.
257: incursions d'Alamans et de Francs jusqu'en Italie et Espagne.
275: invasion générale de la Gaule par les Germains.
312: Constantin fait du christianisme la religion officielle de l'Empire.
Vers 400: traduction en latin de la Bible (la Vulgate) par saint Jérôme.
450--650: émigration celte en Bretagne (à partir de Grande-Bretagne): réimplantation du celte en Bretagne.
476: prise de Rome et destitution de l'empereur d'Occident.
486--534: les Francs occupent la totalité du territoire de la Galue (496, Clovis adopted le christianisme).
750--780: le latin cesse d'être compris par les auditoires populaires dans le nord du pays.
800: sacre de Charlemagne.
813: concile de Tours: les sermons doivent être faits dans les langues vernaculaires.
814: mort de Charlemagne.
842: les Serments de Strasbourg, premier document officiel en proto-français.
800 à 900: incursions des Vikings.
800--850: on cesse de comprendre le latin en pays de langues d'oc.
880: Cantilène de sainte Eulalie, première elaboration littéraire en proto-français.
911: les Vikings sédentarisés en Normandie.
957: Hugues Capet, premier roi de France à ignorer le germanique.
1063: conquête de l'Italie du Sud et de la Sicile par des Normands.
1066: bataille de Hastings: une dynastie normande s'installe en Angleterre où on parlera français jusqu'à la guerre de Cent Ans.
1086: la Chanson de Roland.
1099: prise de Jérusalem par les croisés: début d'une présence du français et du provençal en Moyen-Orient.
1252: fondation de la Sorbonne (enseignement en latin).
1254: dernière croisade.
1260: Brunetto Latini, florentin, compose son Trésor en français.
1265: Charles d'Anjou se fait couronner roi des deux Siciles, on parlera français à la cour de Naples jusqu'au XIVe siècle.
1271: réunion du Comté de Toulouse, de langue d'oc, au royaume de France.
1476--1482: Louis XI rattache la Bourgogne, la Picardie, l'Artois, le Maine, l'Anjou et la Provence au royaume de France.
1477: l'imprimerie. Accélération de la standardisation et de l'oficialisation du français, premières «inventions» orthographiques.
1515: le Consistori del Gai Saber devient Collège de rhétorique: fin de la littérature officielle de langue d'oc.
1523--1541: instauration du français dans le culte protestant.
1529: fondation du Collège de France (rares enseignements en fançais).
1530: Esclarcissment de la langue française, de Palsgrave, la plus connue des grammaires du français qui parassient à l'époque en Angleterre.
1534: Jacques Cartier prent possession du Canada au nom du roi de France.
1539: ordonnace de Villers-Cotterêts, le français devient langue officielle.
1552: la Bretagne est rattachée au royaume de France.
1559: la Lorraine est rattachée au royaume de France.
1600: la Cour quitte les bords de Loire pour Parsi.
1635: Richelieu officialise l'Académie française.
1637: Descartes écrit en français Le Discours de la méthode.
1647: Remarques sur la langue française de Vaugelas: la norme de la Cour prise comme modèle du bon usage.
1660: Grammaire raisonnée de Port-Royal.
1680: première traduction catholique de la Bible en français.
1685: révocation de l'édit de Nantes: un million de protestants quittent la France pour les pays protestants d'Europe, mais aussi pour l'Afrique et l'Amérique.
1694: première parution du Dictionnaire de l'Académie.
1700: début d'un véritable enseignement élémentaire sans latin, avec les frères des écoles chrétiennes de Jean-Baptiste de la Salle.
1714: traité de Rastadt, le français se substitue au latin comme languge de la diplomatie en Europe.
1730: traité d'Utrecht: la France perd l'Acadie.
1739: mise en place d'un enseignment entièrement en français dans le collège de Sorèze (Tarn).
1757: apparition des premiers textes en créole.
1762: explusion des jésuites, fervents partisans dans leur collèges de l'enseignement entièrement en latin; une réorganisation des collèges fait plus de place au français.
1763: traité de Paris, la France perd son empire colonial: le Canada, les Indes, cinq îles des Antilles, le Sénégal et la Lousinane.
1783: la France recouvre le Sénégal, la Lousiane et trois Antilles.
1787: W. Jones reconnaît l'existence d'une famille de langues regroupant latin, grec, persan, langues germaniques, langues celte et sanscrit.
1794: rapport Barrère sur les idiomes suspect (8 pluviôse an II); rapport Grégoire sur l'utilité de détruire les patois (16 prairial an II).
1794--1795: la Républic s'aliène les sympathies par des lois interdisant l'usage de toute autre langue que le français dans les pays occupée.
1797: tentative d'introduire le français dans le culte (abbé Grégoire).
1803: Bonaparte vend la Louisiane aux Anglais.
1817: la France administre le Sénégal.
1827: Préface de Cromwell, V. Hugo, revendication de tous les registres lexicaux pour la langue littéraire.
1830: début de la conquête de l'Algérie.
1835: la sixième édition du Dictionnaire de l'Académie accepte enfin la graphie -ais, -ait pour les imparfiat.
1879: invention du phonographe.
1881: Camille Sée crée un enseignment public à l'usage des jeunes fille.
1882: lois Jules Ferry: enseignement primaire obligatoire, laïquie et gratuie (en français).
1885: l'administration du Congo (dit ensuite de Belge) est confiée au roi des Belges.
1901: arrêté proposant une certaine tolérance dans les règles orthographiques du français.
1902: l'enseignement secondaire moderne sans latin ni grec est reconnu comme égal à la filière classique.
1902--1907: publication de l'Atlas linguistique de la France par régions de Gilliéron et Edmont.
1950: autorisation de soutenir des thèses en français.
1919: traité de Versalles, le français perd son statue de langue unique de la diplomatic en Europe.
1921: début de la diffusion de la radio.
1935: invention de la télévision.
1951: loi Deixiome permet l'enseignement de certaines langues régionales dans le second cycle.
1954--1962: les anciennes colonies de la France deviennent des états indépendents.
1962--1965: concile de Vatican II: la célébration do la messe, principal office du culte catholique, ne se fait plus en latin.
1987: un créole devient langue officielle en Haïti.
1990: un «rapport sur les rectifications de l'orthographe» propose la régularisation des pluriels de mots composés et la suppression de l'accent circonflexe.
1994: première création d'un organism de soutien à la francophonie.

Perret, Michèle. Introduction à l'histoire de la langue française. 3rd ed. Paris: Colin, 2008.

Referrer (Inside): [2020-09-29-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2019-10-26 Sat

#3834. ؿե󥹤ˡ٤ǯɽ [timeline][history]

Ρ#3828. ؿե󥹤ˡ٤ܼ ([2019-10-20-1]) ˰³Ʊδ (177--79) ˤ֥ե󥹻άǯɽפǤꥹˤǯɽˤĤƤϡ#3478. ؿ⥤ꥹˡ٤ǯɽ ([2018-11-04-1])#3479. ؿ⡡ꥹβ٤ǯɽ ([2018-11-05-1])#3487. ʪ졡ꥹˡʾ岼ˡ٤ǯɽ ([2018-11-13-1])#3497. إꥹ10֡٤ǯɽ ([2018-11-23-1]) 򻲾ȡ

9ȿ͡ꥢذܽ
BC121޷ꥢ
BC52롤ꥢڤ
372ȥΥޥƥ̥ޥƥƻΩ
418²ơ꽻
476˴
486諒襤ī򳫤
496ȥӥå襤ȥå˲
575ȥʶ쥴ꥦإե󥯿ͤˡ
732ȥ롦ݥƥ֤襤롦ޥƥ롤Ϥ
751ԥԥ3ʾԥԥˡī򳫤
800ĥ쥪3ޡ˥޹״
843λʬ
987ѥ桼ڡե󥹲¨̡ڡīϤޤ (--1328)
1154ꡦץ󥿥ͥåȡ󥰥ɲ¨̡ʥإ2ˡ󥸥塼Ω
1190եå23󽽻˽ȯ
1202եå2ѲΦ׼
1209ĥΥƥ3ʩΥɤ򹶷⡤ӥスϤޤ
1214̤֡襤
1226륤9¨̡칡֥󥷥塦ɡƥ (--34)
1229ȥ롼ӥス
1248륤96󽽻˻
1270륤97󽽻˽ȯƥ˥»
1302եå4ǽѥˤƾ
1303ʡ˻ĥܥ˥եƥ8ʰ
1305եå4ܥɡʶ򶵹ĤΩʥ5
1307եå4ƥץ뵳İ
1309ĥ5ģ򥢥˥˰ܤ
13284סڡī䡥եå6¨̡īγ (--1589)
1337ɴǯϤޤ
1348¤եڤή
1358ƥ̡ޥ륻Υѥ̿
1415Ѳإ5Υޥǥ˾Φ (8.12) 󥯡襤 (10.25)
1420ȥ
1429̡륯쥢7󥹤״
1431̡륯з
1453ƥ襤ɴǯ轪λ
1477֥르˥Ϳʸࡤ֥르˥Τ
14948ꥢؿꥢϤޤ (--1559)
1516ܥ˥
1525ѥ襤ե󥽥1κ
1530ե󥽥1ΩĤ
1534ʸץƥȤؤư
1539롦ȥ첦ᡥʸˤե󥹸ѡĢκ̳Ť
1559ȡ֥쥸󡤥ꥢ轪λ2
1562ǥץƥȤԻϤޤ (--98)
1572󡦥ХƥߤεԻ
1576ꡤȥåƱʥ꡼ˤ
15893Żī䡥4¨̡֥ܥīϤޤ (--1792)
15934󡦥ɥˤǥȥå˲
15944ȥ񲦡Τ
1598ʥȲ
1604ݡåˡǯǤλʧ˸ǧ
1624ꥷ塼˽Ǥ
1629쥹ᡤץƥȤå
1630ֵ줿Ԥסޥꡦɡǥ
1635ե󥹡ǯ˻
1639Υޥǥȿ˪֥˥塦ԥ­ޡˤ
1648եɤȯ (--53)
1659ԥ͡
1661ޥס륤14򳫻
1665١롤̳Ƥ˽Ǥ
1667ѥ˷ٻƿ֡եɥϤޤ (--68)
1672Ϥޤ (--78)
1685ʥȲѻ
1688֥륯ƱϤޤ (--97) ̱ʼƳ
1695ԥʿƬǡƳ
1701ڥѾϤޤ (--13)
1710ǥʽʬΰǡƳ
1715륤14ס륤15¨̡쥢
1720֥Υƥþ
1733ݡɷѾϤޤ (--35)
1740ȥꥢѾϤޤ (--48)
1756ǯϤޤ (--63)
1771ˡסˤˡ
1775ʴ
1786̡ʬоݤȤ뿷Ǥ
1789̱IJΩ (6.17)ѻ (8.4)͸ (8.26)륵Կ (10.5)
1790̱ˡ
1791̻ (6.20)1791ǯˡ (9.3)
1792ȥꥢ۹ (4.20)810ʲߡˡߤ襤 (9.20)γ (9.21)
1793륤16跺 (1.21)Ⱥۡǹˡ (9.29)
1794ƥߥɡȿư (7.27)ɼ
1796ʥݥ쥪󡤥ꥢ
1799֥᡼18Υǥʥݥ쥪򾸰
1800ե󥹶Ω
1804ʥݥ쥪ˡŵ̱ˡŵˡʥݥ쥪󡤹¨
1806٥ļΦ
1814ʥݥ쥪󡤹̡ء륤18ѥ˵
1815ʥݥ쥪ɴŷ
1824륤18ס10¨
1830̿륤եå¨̡ʼγϡ
1847ǽΡֲױ
1848̿ȯ (2.23)Ω륤ʥݥ쥪Τ (12.10)
1852륤ʥݥ쥪󡤹¨̡ (--70)
18551ѥ񳫺 (--56)
1870ʩȯ
1871ѥꡦߥ塼
1881--82塼롦ե꡼ˡꡥ̵̳
1884ǥå륽ˡꡥϫƯȹˡ
1889֡󥸥
1898顤ֻƳ
1901ˡ
1905ʬΥˡȿΩ
1914켡ȯ
1918ԥ˥οϢ緳ȥɥĤȤεﶨ
1919륵Ĵ
1924ե󥹡Ϣǧ
1928å֥ꥢʥѥ
1933󥹥ʶͻˡι⶯ޤ
1936֥̱Ω
1939ȯ
1940ѥ (6.14)Ω (7.10)ˡ (10.3)
1943󡦥ࡼ󡤥쥸ɾIJ (CNR) Υ쥸󥹤
1944ѥ (8.25)ɥ׻Ω (9.9)
1945ؿͻ
1947ޡ롦ץ˻
1954ǥ󡦥ӥ󡦥ա (5.7) ȥʥűࡥ른ꥢϤޤ (11.1)
1957衼åѷкѶƱ (EEC) Ĵ
1958른ꥢǥȷȿ (5.13)ɥΩ (6.1)޶ϡɥ롤Τ (12.21)
1962ꡥ른ꥢ轪
1966ե󥹡NATO ηæ
1967衼åѶƱ (EC) Ω
19685̿
1969ɥ롤ΤǤ (4.28) ݥԥɥΤ
1974ǥΤ
1981ߥåƥΤ
1986饯˽Ǥݳ׶¸ʥӥΩ
1992衼åϢʥޡȥҥȾˤĴ
1993EU Ω
1995饯Τ
1999EU ñ̲ߡ֥桼Ƴ
2003饯ȿСʼ
2005̱ɼ EU ˡݡѥٳ˽ư
2007륳Τ
2012ɡΤ


ؿե󥹤ˡ俷ǡϽн˼ҡ2016ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2019-09-08 Sun

#3786. ޥ󡦥֥ƥάǯɽϿ [roman_britain][timeline][history][map]

#3784. ޥ󡦥֥ƥθ (1) ([2019-09-06-1]) ȡ#3785. ޥ󡦥֥ƥθ (2) ([2019-09-07-1]) ǡޥ󡦥֥ƥ夲ͤؤΥꥹ˳򻲾Ȥơλ濴ȤάǯɽƤߤʥꥹΤǯɽˤĤƤϡ#3478. ؿ⥤ꥹˡ٤ǯɽ ([2018-11-04-1])#3487. ʪ졡ꥹˡʾ岼ˡ٤ǯɽ ([2018-11-13-1])#3497. إꥹ10֡٤ǯɽ ([2018-11-23-1]) ʤɤ򻲾ȡˡ

81ǯ֥ƥն˿बサ
ĺν̱サʵд
7--6ǯ֥ƥ礬ΦʬΥ
̡ܤγϡʿдγϡ
22--20ӡͤƼγϡ
18ȡإη¤
6ȷϤΥ٥륬ͤ
2٥륬ͤ٤Ŵʸʸۤ
55--54ǯΥ֥꥿˥
43ǯ޹륯饦ǥΥ֥꥿˥
50ǯǥ˥ʥɥˤη
61ǯ²νܥǥåȿ
80ǯ޷åȥɤ
122--132ǯϥɥꥢ̥Ĺη¤
140ǯȥ˥̥Ĺη¤ʤ60ǯ
2ɥ濴ԻԤȤȯãƻ
211ǯ֥ƥ󡤥ޤȶ뤷Ʊԡפ
306ǯ֥꥿˥¨̤󥹥ƥ̥κԤ
ꥹȶ衤衼ȥɥ˻ʶ
406ǯΦΥޥ²饤Ķƥꥢؿ
410ǯޡ֥꥿˥ű
449ǯ󥰥褬Ϥޤ
6
597ǯƥ̥ꥹȶ붵Τ˶ĥ쥴ꥦ1ˤäƥޤ饱Ȳɸ
664ǯåȥӡνĤǥޥꥹȶ̤ͥǧ


ޥ󡦥֥ƥδϢϿޤ⡤ (9) Ρ֥֡ۤΥ֥ƥפȡEncyclopaedia Britannica Τ (Encyclopaedia Britannica 2008 Ultimate Reference Suite. Chicago: Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2008.) 󤲤Ƥ

Map of Roman Britain
Map of Roman Britain

ĤǤ Encyclopaedia Britannica 鸫Ĥ޷񹳤²νܥǥå19Dz󤲤Ƥ (Queen Boudicca leading a revolt against the Romans, engraving, 19th century. The Granger Collection, New York)

Queen Boudicca leading a revolt against the Romans, engraving, 19th century. <em>The Granger Collection</em>, New York

ޥ󡦥֥ƥΤ¾ˤĤƤϡ#3440. ޷λĤ -chester, -caster, -cester ̾Ȥʬۡ ([2018-09-27-1]) ۤ roman_britain γƵ򻲾ȡ

ľδʪ졡ꥹˡʾ岼ˡ١ҡӡ2015ǯ
ؿ⥤ꥹˡ١Ͻн˼ҡ2002ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2019-07-26 Fri

#3742. 륺ǯɽ [wales][welsh][timeline][history]

#1715. Ireland ˤѸˡ ([2014-01-06-1])#2361. ǯɽ ([2015-10-14-1]) εǡɤȱѸˤ⤷Υ륺ǤˤĤơޤǤεǡ#1718. Wales ˤѸˡ ([2014-01-09-1]) ʤɤϽ񤤤Ƥ֥륺ǯɽפϤޤǤƤʤäΤǡάǯɽ򼨤ʲϡˡʪ졡륺ˡ٤δǯɽ (249--51) ꡥ륺󥰥ɤʻ礵1536ǯޤǤˤǡĻˤäưǻø⤢뤬ؤͭѤάǯɽǤ롥

60?61ǯ²νܥǥåȿ
410ǯޤΥ֥ƥű
󥰥ͤΥ֥ƥ翯Ϥޤ
476ǯ˴
5?6֥ꥢ̥Ψ֥ȥͤ٥ɥε֤ǥ󥰥ͤ˴
634ǯͥɥ󡤥Ρ֥ꥢ
900?950ǯϥɲμ
1057ǯեס륺
1066ǯΥޥ
 ΥޥͤΥ륺
1093ǯΥޥͤˤǥϥСե꡼סƥɥλ
1107?1111ǯեɥͤΥ륺ܽ
1155ǯե꡼סեʥɡե꡼ˡǥϥС¨
1174ǯɡ֡륺֥쥳ʶ˽Ǥ
1176ǯɤ1󥻥ȡǥåʶϤޤ
1195ǯ󥦥󥦥󡤥ݥ¨
1198?1203ǯɤ2󥻥ȡǥåʶ
1199󡦥ס衼祵ˡ̥륺̾
1218ǯ祵󡤥󥰥ɤȥ
1258ǯ󡦥סեʺǸΥˡ륺̾
1276?1277ǯ1륺
1282?1283ǯ2륺补륺ŪΩ
1400ǯ磻󡦥ɡ˪륺̾
1404ǯ磻륺ϤεIJ򾷽
1405ǯ磻󡤥ե󥹤Ʊ
1409ǯϥåҾ롤磻λ¾νλ
1412ǯ磻Ǹܷ
1457ǯإ꡼ƥ塼륺Υڥ֥ޤ
1461ǯڥ֥롤4ФΥإ꡼ƥ塼衼ɥꥢࡦϡСȤݸ
1470ǯꥢࡦϡС̡إ꡼ƥ塼Υ㥹ѡȺƲ
1471ǯ14ФΥإ꡼ƥ塼֥륿˥˴̿
1485ǯ828ФΥإ꡼ƥ塼ե󥹤ĤΨƥ륺롥ܥ襤ǥ㡼3ͤ
1485ǯ10إ꡼ƥ塼إ꡼7Ȥƥ󥰥ɹ񲦤¨


Ϣơ#1742. ȤƤȳ (2) ([2014-02-02-1])#3292. ˾ǽαѸ쿢̱ Pembroke ([2018-05-02-1])#3303. 󥰥ɽפιȤ򤯤̤륺 ([2018-05-13-1]) ε⻲ȡ

Ӿʪ졡륺 --- Ȥ̱ȥ١ѼҡҽѼҿӡ2017ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2021-08-13-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2019-06-09 Sun

#3695. ܤˤѸطˤάǯɽ [timeline][hel_education][english_in_japan]

شۤΡرѸŵ٤ˡܤˤѸƻˤμפʻǯ󤷤άǯɽ (460--61) 1600ǯ2ľޤǤ3ȾϤܤȱѸȤܿ­פé

ǯ
1600ʷĹ5ǯꥢࡦॺWilliam AdamsĿˡ˭峤ߤɺ塥ꥢࡦॺܤ˺ǽ褿ѹͤȤ롥ȹ˽Ѥ줿
1808ʸ5ǯեȥ (Phaeton Incident) ꥹηϥեȥ椬Ĺλ򤭤äˡؤѳؤذܹԡ
1814ʸ11ǯذʤ󤲤ꤢ󤿤ˡٽǡѻȤԤޤ줿ܺǽα¼
1841ŷ12ǯϺ̾Ρˡݸ롥ϺϽеʿξθ񡥤θ˵߽졤ꥫǶ1851ǯ
1855ʰ2ǯγؽΩǯٽĴȤʤ롥γؽܤ֤γظꡥ
1858ʰ5ǯƽ̾롥ܤȷǽξ
1859ʰ6ǯإܥإܥ (James Curtis Hepburn) Τϥإܥ󼰥޻ͭ̾Իܸ¾ʸ¿δͿ򤷤
18601ǯ״ݥꥫ˸йҡܤη״ݤϡƽ̾ڤΤθƻĤ褻ݥϥ˿ԤƱˤʡ͡ȡʤɤƤ
1862ʸ2ǯرµʤ夦˼ٽǡãǵ¾ԡܺǽܳŪ¼
1866ʷı2ǯλ٥٥ȥ顼Ȥʤ롥ʡ͡Ȥʸ礭ʱƶͿ
1867ʷı3ǯ±Ѹӽٽǡإܥˤǽ±Ѽŵθ䤵줿
18714ǯ߻ơ߻Ҥܽνα1900ǯұѳؽΡʸߤĽȡˤߡ
18769ǯ顼ΡعǤ顼 (William Smith Clark) Τϻعʸ̳ƻء˽嶵Ƭ̳롥⤢뤬Boys, be ambitious! ͭ̾ƱϿϸͰ¤ʤˤȤ٤ʤˡ¼ջʤͥʿͺڽФ롥
189023ǯեǥϡեǥϡ (Patrick Lafcadio Hearn̾ȬˤϺȡʸؼԡءؤʤɤǶܤȤ롥ز̡١ؿ٤ʤɡ
19144ǯؽϸܰձ漭ŵٽǡƣϺŪƤϡθα¼礭ʱƶͿ롥
19187ǯ±缭ŵٽǡܽܳŪ±ѼŵǡԤθҡؿ±缭ŵ٤ȡ𿮡ʤΤ֡ͳϺԡ
192211ǯѡޡ (Harold E. Palmer) 롦᥽åɡOral MethodƬˡˤ򾧤ʸαѸ춵礭ʱƶͿ
1927ʾ2ǯҡؿ缭ŵٽǡܽܳŪ缭ŵߤ6ǤФƤ뤬ǤԤϲͳϺ
1945ʾ20ǯƲüĢ٥٥ȥ顼Ȥʤ롥2ФʤǤǡ360ȯŪԤ򼨤
1946ʾ21ǯʿͣ졤ѸϡʿͣNHKΤ֥५ѸפôԡαѸ֡θĤȤʤ롥


ش۳켭ŵԽԡˡرѸŵ١شۡ2006ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2021-11-17-1] [2021-11-08-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2019-03-30 Sat

#3624. ƣͺرѸ٤αѸǯɽ [timeline][history]

ܥ֥ǤĤǺܤƤѸǯɽΥ쥯ˡ⤦1Ĥä褦ƣͺرѸ٤1ϤˡֱѸγ̻ˡפꤹǯɽ (4--17) Ǥ롥塦ˤĤƤʤܤΤħĹˡ

OE ̻ (449--1100)
      ˻
2500--2000BCڥ󡦥ե󥹤ˤ⽻ǤûȡȱοдͼǤ Iberia ²menhir ΩСˡdolmen ʴľСˤʤɤεаפĤ
      ڥ²ΰܽ
c2000BC² (Celts)Φ Armorica (=Brittany) Britannica (=Britain) Ϥ롥䤬ơԥ² (Picts)Scythia ʤ餯 Scandinaviaˤ Caledonia (=Scotland) ˰ܽΤˡå² (Scots)Hibernia (=Ireland) Scotland Ⱦʬ˰ܽ롥
      ڥ޿ͤˤ (Roman Conquest)
55--54BCCaesar, 2٤ˤ錄֥ƥ򿯹
AD47޹ Claudius, ֥ƥʸ350ǯ֡λ۲֤
122--26Hadrianus 롤åȥϢ緳οάɤŪǡ󥰥125ξ (Hadrian's Wall) ۤ
395ʬ
410ǸΥ޷ġVandal ²ޤ餿˥֥ƥ礫űࡥ
      ڥ󥰤ο
449֥ƥ󲦡 Pict ²ηΦΥ塼² (Jutes) ˰ꡤPict ²ȤǤˤ롥
455Jute ²Kent ˰ܽ
477Saxon ²Sussex ˰ܽ
496̤ Saxon ²Wessex 꽻
547Angle ²Humber ̤ Northumbria 6ޤǤ Anglo-Saxon Heptarchy 7ˤλȤʤ롥
      ڥꥹȶ
563St. Columbaɤ12ͤνƻΤȼIona [aióunə] ϤꡤƻΩʥɷϥꥹȶˡ
597St. Augustine, ꥹȶ붵Τ˶ Gregory I ˤäƥޤ Kent ɸʥޥꥹȶˡ
604Kent ɥ St. Paul's ƲϷ
617--85Northumbria󥰥ɤơʸ濴Ȥʤ롥
635ޤ St. Aidan [éidn], Northumbria ϤꡤLindisfarne ˽ƻߡ붵ؤ롥
657--80Whitby νҽƻεǤä Cædmon, ŷλ (Hymn) Τ
664Northumbria Whitby Ǥνġޥꥹȶ̤ͥǧ롥
c725ޥǸŤν Beowulf θʤBritish Library ¢ͣθ¸ܤ1000ǯΤΡˡ
731Jarrow νƻλʺ St. Bede, Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum ʱѹ̱ˡˤʸƥ졤󥰥²ꥹȶ줿ˤҤ٤ˡ
780--850 Cynewulf (Elene, The Fates of the Apostles, Christ II, Juliana)
      ڥǡͤ
793--4Lindisfarne Jarrow νƻǡ (Danes) ˤΫå롥
829Wessex Egbert, Mercia 7줹롥
851ǡ͡󥰥ɤǽƱߡLondon, Canterbury Ρ
866--71ǡ͡East Anglia, Northumbria, Mercia ά³ Wessex ˿
871--99Alfred 粦μαηߡؤ롥 Gregory, Orosius, Boethius Bede ζˤ OE 󾧡Anglo-Saxon Chronicle ԽƳ롥
878Wedmore ꡤAlfred ԥǡͤˤꡤLondon Chester ¦ǡ (Danelaw) ʥǡͤˡΧڤӡĵサϰˤȤˡ
c890Englisch (= English) Ȥ졤Bede OE ˽С
901--50Υ륦͡ɤФƥǡ϶ذܽ
937Brunanburh 襤Wessex AthelstanǡͤˤꡤѹΩ
978Ethelredѹ񲦤Ȥʤ롤ǡͤιάɤ"the Unready" ̵ˤȤ̾롥
c990--98Ælfric, ʶΤⶵ Homilies 񤤤ƻʸȯãι׸OE ǽؼѥƥʸˡ񤤤
991Olaf ʤΤ Norway ˡѹ˿ (The Battle of Maldon ʸ¸Τ325ԡˤϤΤޤΤäΡˡ
c1000Beowulf ܡʸظ West-Saxon ˴ŤɮԡˡWest-Saxon Gospels (West-Saxon ˤǽܳŪǡ6μܤĤäƤˡ
1013ǥޡ Sveinѹ Ethelred 񳰤̤å
1016Svein © Canuteѹ񲦰 (--35) ˤĤʥǥޡ (1019--35)Υ륦 (1028--35) ͤˡ
1042Ethelred ̵© Edwardѹ (--66) Ȥʤꡤǡͤ겦̤롥"the Confessor" ƿˤȸƤФ졤̤󤻤롥
      ڥΥޥͤ
1066Wessex Harold, Edward ѤDz̤ˤĤNormandy William, Hastings 襤 Harold ˤꡤѹ William I Ȥʤ (--87) ۳ϥΥޥե󥹸Ȥ¿Υե󥹸졤Ѹή롥
1079 Gregory VII, Vulgata ʥƥ˰ճλѤػߡ¾θؤϰüȤߤʤ줿ˡ
1086William I ļ̿ˤꡤǤΤĢ Domesday Book
1087William II ¨ (--1100)
1096åԤΤ1󽽻 (--99) ʸ2ˤ錄ä81270ǯˤޤ³ܿ롥
ME ̻
1100Henry I ¨ (--35)
1106Henry I, Ĺ Normandy ѹ񲦤ν°Ȥ롥
1135Blois Stephenѹ񲦤Ȥʤ (--54)
1154Anjou Henryѹ Henry II Ȥʤ (--89) Plantagenet īϤޤ (--1399) ǯޤ Peterborough νƻ Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (Laud Manuscript) 񤭤Ĥ졤1080ǯʹߤʬαѸ餫 ME ħ򼨤Ƥ롥ʤ⤦Ľפʼ Parker Manuscript 1070ǯǽäƤ롥
1162Thomas à Becket, Canterbury ʶȤʤ롥λ帢ĥ Henry II Ω
1170Oxford ΩThomas à Becket¦˰Ż롥
c1175Poema Morale 400Ԥʤ뽡ѸǽƤεӱѤˡ
1189Henry II 3 Richard the Lion-Hearted ҿˡѹ񲦤Ȥʤ (--99) 3󽽻Ψ롥
1199Henry II John Lackland ϲˡѹ񲦤Ȥʤ (--1216)
c1200Layamon: Brut, Ancrene Riwle 'Rule for Anchoress', Ormulum, The Owl and the Nightingale ʤե󥹸ǤϤʤѸ (ie ME) ǽ񤫤Ƥܤͤˡ
1204John ե󥹲 Philip II äơNormandy ʬΦΤå롥
1215John ²׵򤤤졤Magna Carta Ĵ
1216John © Henry III9Фˤ¨ (--72)
a1225King Horn ʱѹǽαʸޥ󥹡ˡ200Υե󥹼줬롥
      ڱѸ
c1250ѹ Henry III ȥե󥹲 Lous IX Фѹ²롥
1258Henry III, ޻ߤβפ֥åեɾ (Provisions of Oxford) ۡʱѸȥե󥹸ǽ񤫤Ƥ
1264ֵ²襤 (Baron's War) . Simon de Montfort Ψ뵮²Henry III ͩĤ֥åեɾפν׵᤹롥
1265ѹ񲼱ߡ
1272Henry III 1 Edward I ¨ (--1307) Wales (-1307)
1300ѸƤӾή1Ȥʤ롥
1307Edward II ¨ (--27)
1314Edward II, Scotland 襤Ԥ롥
a1325Cursor Mundi ԡסѤŷ¤ǸοȽޤǤ򰷤ĹԽˡˡ
1327Edward III ¨ (--77)
1337ɴǯ (Hundred Years' War) (--1453) Edward III θˤäƥե󥹲̤׵ᤷƿά򳫻Ϥᡤʩ֤³Ūˤʤ줿˻Ϥޤ롥
1348 (Black Death) 衼åڤ˹ꡤ¿Ԥ˴θѼΤᡤgrammar school ѹϤߤ (--50) ϫƯǤѸνǹη̥ (the Order of the Garter) ꡥ
1350ѹIJ񡤾岼ξʬ롥
1356London, Middlesex ˡDZѸλѻϤޤ
1362IJ񳫲⡤ƱѸǹԤʤ롥ˡ (Statute of Pleading) ˤꡤˡѸѸȤʤ롥
c1362William Langland, Piers Plowman ʶŪʪˡˡ
      ڽס
1374John Wyclif νױưϤޤ롥
1377Richard II ¨ (--99) Plantagenet īǸβˡ
1381Wat Tyler, John Ball ̱ (Peasants' Revolt) ˤꡤθǤѸν
1383ǸŤαѸΰ񤫤롥
c1384ǽδѸ Wycliffite Bible Wyclif λƳΤȤ˸ǧƥ Vulgate ˡWyclif, Τ˽޶롥
1385Ѹˤ붵顤٤Ƥ grammar school 夹롥
c1387Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales (--1400) Chaucer ʤΥޥ󥹸μΨ51.8%
1388Purvey, Wycliffite Bible شŪʱѸˤ٤ꡥ
c1390Sir Gawayne and the Grene Knight ǽ񤫤줿ME ޥ󥹤ɽŪˡ
c1393John Gower, Confessio Amantis ˤιˡʪ򽸤᤿ΡˡGower äΤޥ󥹼Ѹ42.1%54.9%ON 1.9%Ǥ롥
c1395Wycliffite Bible
1399Lancaster Richard II ˤꡤHenry IV ȤʤLancaster īϤޤ (--1361)ˡ
1400񡤰̤˱Ѹǽ񤫤Ϥ롥
1413Henry V ¨ (--22)
1415Henry V󥯡 (Agincourt) ǥե󥹤緲ˤꡤѹͤ˼Ϳ롥
1423εĻϿѸǵ롥
1425ɥɸŪʽ񤭸դˤʤꡤʸѤ롥
1431Jeanne d'Arc (1412--) ʲ롥
1438ɥĤ GutenbergϤ롥
1442Henry VI ¨ (--61), York Edward ˲̤å졤Scotland ˴̿롥
1450ԻԤεϿѸǹԤʤ롥
1455Х (Wars of Roses) ȯ̷Ѿᤰä York Ȥ Lancaster Ȥδ֤줿 (--85)
1461Edward IV ¨ (--70) York īϤޤ롥
a1470Thomas Malory, Le Morte Darthur ʻʸˤ Arthur ʥȿ͡νʸʸΤ˷ŪʱƶͿˡ
1470Henry VI Lancaster ȡˡ̲ (--71)
1471Edward IV York ȡˡƤӲ̲ (--83)
1476William Caxton, Westminster DZѹǽΰʪǤϤᡤɸѸڤ롥
1483Edward V York ȡˡ2ֱѹ򼣤뤬Ȥν Richard, Edward ŻRichard III York ȡˤȤʤ (--85)
1485Lancaster Ȥη Henry Tudor, Richard III ȷ路Ƥ򻦤Henry VII ȤʤTudor īϤޤ (--1603)ˡ
1489٤ƤˡᡤѸǵϿ1300ǯޤǤϥƥ졤ʸϥե󥹸Ǥäˡ
ModE ̻
   EModE (1500--1700)
1500ͥå (--1650) ع餬ڤƳˤäơŵʤ˹Ԥ졤ˡ˳ΩƤä˥ƥ줫1θȤȤˡ̱²ռ˻٤ơѸ줬ؽѸȤƤѤ褦ˤʤä
1509Henry VIII ¨ (--47)
1522ɥĤ Martin LutherΥɥĸǡ
1525William Tyndale [tìndl]ꥷ츶ŵ꿷ɥĤǽǡѤˤͺդʸϡΤζѸ (AV) ʤɤμܤȤʤä
1534Henry VIII޶魯롥Martin Luther쿷Υɥĸ
1535Henry VIII, Oxford ؤ˸ŵʸعֺ¤ߤ롥Coverdale's Bible ʵ쿷ޤबLuther Vulgata 񤫤νǤäˡ
1536Henry VIIIƻ˲򻶤ϤȺ⻺׼롥Tyndaleʼʲ˽褻롥
1537Matthew Bible Tyndale Coverdale Ĥʤ碌Ρˡ
1539Henry VIII罤ƻΡ¿μܡʸʶˡThe Great Bible 礭 folio ǤΤᡤƤФ줿ˡCoverdale 紴Ǵʺǽαѹ񶵲θǧˡ
1541Henry VIII, King of Ireland ξι򥢥ɵIJ˾ǧ롥
1543inkhorn terms ʥաˤȤѸ OED ˤ㡥򤵤Τ椨޾С񤵤줿
1547Henry VIII 1 Edward VI, 10Ф¨ (--53)
1549Edward VI, The Book of Common Prayer ʤθ塤βФ1662ǯǤǡˡ
?1552 Edmund Spenser ޤ (--99)
1553Henry VIII 1׿̼ͤ Mary I (Bloody Mary) ¨ (--58) Ʊͥȥå̤ǡѹ򥫥ȥå᤽Ȥ¿ο̤跺롥
1560The Geneva Bible ʥ͡˴̿ Calvin ɤγؼԤˤΤʸϡΤζѸ礭ʱƶͿˡ
1561ڤ Merchant Taylors' School ιĹ Richard MulcasterѸŵͥ褹롥
1564͡ William Shakespeare ޤ (--1616)
1568The Bishops' Bible (Canterbury 綵 Parker 紴ȤơThe Great Bible ꤷΡˡ
1582The Rheims-Douai Bible ܤưƨΦ˴̿Υȥå̤ Vulgata 񤫤鿷Ρˡ1609--10ǯ˽ǡ
1586Bullokar, Bref Grammar for English ʺǽαʸˡˡ
1588Drake, Hawkins 顤ڥ̵Ũ (Invincible Armada) ࡤѹγʽФƻ򳫤
1590--1620ѹ塥
1603åȥɤ James VIѹ James I ȤʤꡤStuart īϤޤ (--1714) (Divine Right) 򿮤ȥå̤̤롥
1605James I ˼˾ȥå̤ˤ롤ˤ褦ȤŻ (Gunpowder Plot) ȥå Guy Fawkes š
1611ضѸ (The Authorized Version of the Bible, AV) 줬¿Ѥ졤90%ѸʸΤ礭ʱƶͿѶ缭ŵǤ Shakespeare ȴƺθ
1620102̾ Pilgrim FathersͳŷϤ̱ɤ Cape Cod ˾ΦNew England ηߤ˾Ф
1623Condell and Heminge, Shakespeare First Folio ǡ
1625James I λ Charles I ¨ (--49) ե󥹲ȷ뺧˥ȥåŪŪƩ
1631͡ȡɾ John Dryden (--1700) ޤ롥
1636Harvard Ω
1638Sir Henry Spelman, Cambridge ؤ Anglo-Saxon ֺ¤ôʤޤʤˡ
1640Ben JonsonͤΤ The English Grammar
1642 (Civil War) (--51) Charles I̤ưŪǵIJ̵뤷ᡤ񤬲 (Cavaliers) ȵIJ (Roundheads) ʬäؤηĺ
      ڶϤޤ
1649Charles I 跺졤 (Commonwealth) Ϥޤ (--60)
1650λ (Age of Reason) (--1714) Х󥹡Ĵ¡ʰ̡Ť󤸤롥
1653Oliver Cromwell (1599--1658) (Lord Protector) Ȥʤ롥
      ڲš
1660ե󥹤˴̿ Charles II ʡ۵ʲ͡ "Merry Monarch"¨̡ (Restoration) 롥Ƴ
1662ѹػα (Royal Society) ǧġʲ˴ʷɽ׵ᤷΤǡʸȯãˤ׸ˡ
1664ѹػαֱѸɰѰפ֡John Dryden ǤѶŪƯˡ
1667John Milton, Paradise Lost سڱӼ١ΤѤƿʹ֤θȿ⤯
1678John Bunyan, The Pilgrim's Progress ŷϩ١ʶʪˡɤޤƾֶε¥
1685York James II Ȥ¨ (--88) ȥå̤ŪǤäᡤͿΥȿ̿򾷤
1688̾̿ (Glorious Revolution) James II ϡɤƨ˴ Mary William of Orange ʥ͡ˤMary II (--1694), William III (--1702) ȤơƱDz̤Ѥ
   LModE (1700--1900)
      ڥ㡼ʥꥺֶ
1702Mary II Anne ¨ (--14) ʸ (Augustan Age) Ϥޤ (--26) Samuel Beckley, ѹǽʹ The Daily Courant ϴ (--35)
1704Daniel Defoe, A Weekly Review of the Affairs of France and of All Europe ϴ (--12)
1707Scotland εIJEngland εIJȹήϢ粦 (The United Kingdom of Great Britain) Ω롥
1708ɥ coffee-house ǡο3000ʸءʤɤ롥
1709Sir Richard Steele, 3ȯԤδʪ The Tatler ȯ (--11)
1711 The Spectator ϴ (--14) ͤԼ Addison Steele αѸϡȤʿǤꡤθαѸʸΤ礭ƶ
1712Swift, "A Proposal for Correcting, Improving and Ascertaining the English Tongue" ʥǥߡ󾧡ˡ
1714Anne סTory ޸Ϥ򼺤Whig ޤο䤹 James I ¹ Hanover George Louis George I ȤƲ̤ˤĤʺޤ³ Honaver īλϤޤˡϥɥĿͤѸ줬äǤϥե󥹸ѤյĤʤǡդΩޤä
1721Bailey, An Universal Etymological English Dictionary. ǤʤܸϿܳŪ˸츻⼨ǽαѸ켭Johnson λŵδäȤʤ롥³1802ǯޤ30ǤŤͤ
1727George II ¨ (--60)
1731ѸȤƤΥƥѤ롥
1753ʪ (British Museum) Ω
1755Samuel Johnson, A Dictionary of the English Language. ŵѤȤƹԤʤ֤󼨤θ경˴ͿμŵϡѹǤϤǤʤäǥߡȤȸ롥
1760George III ¨ (--1820)
1762Robert Lowth [lauθ], A Short Introduction to English Grammar. ŵŪʵʸˡǡɤޤ졤ƹǤ⹥ɾ
1768Encyclopaedia Britannica ʽ3ȯ4 (1801--10) 20ˡ
1776ꥫ罰Ω74ˡ
1783James Watt, ؤȯ³ƻȳ̿롥
1795Lindley Murray, English Grammar. will shall λȤʬꡤIt's me ζػߤʤɡ18հεʸˡνǡ19ޤdzعʸˡӤ
1805Nelson ġTrafalgar ǥե󥹴ˤꡤ򰮤롥ѹǰפʬѸΰҿޤ롥
1806Noah Webster, A Compendious Dictionary of the English Language. Τ˥ꥫ֤Ȥ夹뿷֤ˡѡμɴʼŪԻˡϥꥫμȤʤ롥ǿ֤ Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language (1961) ǡǰʤɴʼŵŪƤޤä
1820George IV ¨ (--30)
1832First Reform Bill ʾȼԤ󸢡ˡ
1837Victoria ¨ (--1901)
1861ꥫ (Civil Law) (--65)
1867Second Reform Bill ǼǤƤή󸢡ˡ
1881Revised Version (RV) οǡ1885ǯ
1884The New English Dictionary (NED) Part I (A--Ant) Ԥ1928ǯ˴10ˡΤ13ʬ The Oxford English Dictionary (OED) ȲΡSupplement (1933)
1884Third Reform Bill ʾͤ󸢡ˡ
   PE (1900--)
1901Edward VII ¨ (--10) The American Standard Version of the Bible (ASV) ƹǽǡ
1910George V ¨ (--36)
1914켡 (--18)
1928Last Reform Bill ʽ󸢡ˡ
1936Edward VIII ¨ (--36) George VI ¨ (--52)
1939 (--45)
1946ASV β Revised Standard Version οƹǽǡ1952ǯ
1952Elizabeth II ¨̡
1961The New English Bible (NEB) ǡ1970ǯαѸˤĤơ̤餭ӤȽˤ餵롥
1966The Jerusalem Bible ʳƽβÿˡ
1988OED 2ǡ20˴ԡ
1989The Revised English Bible NEB ̲ˡβ The New Revised English Bible (1990) Ǥϡthou, thee ʤɤ졤ɽ򤵤Ƥ롥


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