McArthur αѸػŵΤʤˡ"A chronology of English" (475--81) ꤷƱѸǯɽǤƤ롥ʤĹܤǯɽǤ롥#2562. Mugglestone ԡˤαѸǯɽ ([2016-05-02-1]) ǵǯɽĹ⺣ McArthur ΤΤ¿͵Ƥ褦Ȥ櫓ḽˤƤαѸŪʳܤǯɽȤʤäƤ롥Ѥˤɤ
| 55 BC | Roman military expedition to Britain by Julius Caesar. |
|---|---|
| AD 43 | Roman invasion of Britain under the Emperor Claudius, beginning 400 years of control over much of the island. |
| 150 | From around this date, with Roman permission, small numbers of settlers arrive from the coastlands of Germany, speaking dialects ancestral to English. |
| 297 | First mention of the Picts of Caledonia, tribes beyond Roman control, well to the north of Hadrian's Wall. |
| 419 | Goths sack Rome. |
| 436 | The end of a period of gradual Roman withdrawal. Britons south of the Wall are attacked by the Picts and by Scots from Ireland. Angles, Saxons, and other Germanic settlers come first as mercenaries to help the Britons, then take over more and more territory. |
| 449 | the traditional date for the beginning of the Anglo-Saxon settlements. |
| 450--80 | The first surviving Old English inscriptions, in runic letters. |
| 495 | The Saxon kingdom of Wessex established. |
| 500 | The kingdom of Dalriada established in Argyll by Scots from Ireland. |
| 527 | The Saxon kingdoms of Essex and Middlesex established. |
| 550 | The Angle kingdoms of Mercia, East Anglia, and Northumbria established. |
| 557 | At the Battle of Deorham, the West Saxons drive a wedge between the Britons of Wales and Cornwall. |
| 597 | Aethelberht, king of Kent, welcomes Augustine and the conversion of the Anglo-Saxons to Christianity begins. |
| 613 | At the Battle of Chester, the angles of Northumbria drive a wedge between the Britons of Wales and Cumbria. |
| 638 | Edwin of Northumbria takes Lothian from the Britons. |
| 700 | The first manuscript records of Old English from about this time. |
| 792 | Scandinavians begin to raid and settle in Britain, Ireland, and France. In 793, they sack the monastery of Lindisfarne, the centre of Northumbrian scholarship. |
| 795 | The Danes settle in parts of Ireland. |
| 815 | Egbert of Wessex defeats the south-western Britons of Cornwall and incorporates Cornwall into his kingdom. |
| 828 | Egbert of Wessex is hailed as bretwalda (lord of Britain), overlord of the Seven Kingdoms of the Angles and Saxons (the Heptarchy). England begins to emerge. |
| 834 | The Danes raid England. |
| 843 | Kenneth MacAlpin, King of Scots, gains the throne of Pictland. |
| 865 | The Danes occupy Northumbria and establish a kingdom at York. Danish begins to influence English. |
| 871 | Alfred becomes king of Wessex, translates works of Latin into English, and establishes the writing of prose in English. |
| 886 | The boundaries of the Danelaw are settled. |
| 911 | Charles II of France grants lands on the lower Seine to the Viking chief Hrolf the Ganger (Rollo the Rover). The beginnings of Normandy and Norman French. |
| 954 | The expulsion of Eric Blood-Axe, last Danish king of York. |
| 965 | The English invade the northern Welsh kingdom of Gwynedd. |
| 973 | Edgar of England cedes Lothian to Kenneth II, King of Scots. Scotland multilingual: Gaelic dominant, Norse in the north, Cumbric in the South-west, English in the south-east, Latin for church and law. |
| 992 | A treaty between Ethelred of England and the Normans. |
| 1000 | The approximate date of the only surviving manuscript of the Old English epic poem Beowulf. |
| 1007 | Ethelred the Unready pays danegeld to stop the Danes attacking England. In 1013, however, they take the country and Ethelred flees to Normandy. |
| 1014 | The end of Danish rule in Ireland. |
| 1016--42 | The reigns of Canute/Knut and his sons over Denmark, Norway, and England. |
| 1051 | Edward the Confessor, King of England, impressed by the Normans and with French-speaking counsellors at his court, names as his heir William, Duke of Normandy, but reneges on his promise before his death. |
| 1066 | The Norman Conquest. William defeats King Harold at Hastings, and sets in train the Normanization of the upper classes of the Britain Isles. England multilingual: English the majority language, Danish in the north, Cornish in the far south-west, Welsh on the border with Wales, Norman French at court and in the courts, and Latin in church and school. |
| 1150 | The first surviving texts of Middle English. |
| 1167 | The closure of the University of Paris to students from England accelerates the development of a university at Oxford. |
| 1171 | Henry II invades Ireland and declares himself its overlord, introducing Norman French and English into the island. |
| 1204 | King John loses the Duchy of Normandy to France. |
| 1209 | The exodus of a number of students from Oxford leads to the Establishment of a second university in Cambridge. |
| 1272--1307 | The reign of Edward I, who consolidates royal authority in England, and extends it permanently to Wales and temporarily to Scotland. |
| 1282 | Death of Llewelyn, last native prince of Wales. In 1301, Edward of England's son and heir is invested as Prince of Wales. |
| 1284 | The Statute of Rhuddlan establishes the law of England in Wales (in French and Latin), but retains the legal use of Welsh. |
| 1314 | Robert Bruce reasserts Scottish independence by defeating Edward II at Bannockburn, an achievement later celebrated in an epic written in Scots. |
| 1337 | The outbreak of the Hundred Years War between England and France, which ends with the loss of all England's French possessions save the Channel Islands. |
| 1343?--1400 | The life of Geoffrey Chaucer. |
| 1348 | (1) English replaces Latin as medium of instruction in schools, but not at Oxford and Cambridge. (2) The worst year of the Black Death. |
| 1362 | (1) Through the Statute of Pleading, written in French, English replaces French as the language of law in England, but the records continue to be kept in Latin. (2) English is used for the first time in Parliament. |
| 1384 | The publication of John Wycliffe's English translation of the Latin Bible. |
| 1385 | The scholar John of Trevisa notes that 'in all the gramere scoles of Engelond, children leveth Frensche and construeth and lerneth in Englische'. |
| 1400 | By this date the Great Vowel Shift has begun. |
| 1450 | Printing by movable type invented in the Rhineland. |
| 1476 | (1) The first English book printed: The Recuyell of the Historyes of Troye. translated from French by William Caxton, who printed it at Bruges in Flanders. (2) Caxton sets up the first printing press in England, at Westminster. In 1478, he publishes Chaucer's Canterbury Tales. |
| 1485 | The Battle of Bosworth, after which the part-Welsh Henry Tudor becomes King of England. Welsh nobles follow him to London. |
| 1492 | Christopher Columbus discovers the new World. |
| 1497 | Giovanni Caboto (Anglicized as 'John Cabot'), in a ship from Bristol, lands on the Atlantic coast of North America. |
| 1499 | The publication of Thesaurus linguae romanae et britannicae (Treasury of the Roman and British Tongues), the first English-to-Latin wordbook, the work of Galfridus Grammaticus (Geoffrey the Grammarian). |
| 1504 | The settlement of St John's on Newfoundland as a shore base for English fisheries. |
| 1507 | The German geographer Martin Waldseemüller puts the name America on his map of the world. |
| 1525 | The publication of William Tyndale's translation of the New Testament of the Bible. |
| 1534 | Jacques Cartier lands on the Gaspé Peninsula in North America and claims it for France. |
| 1536 and 1542 | The Statue of Wales (Acts of Union) unites England and Wales, excluding Welsh from official use. |
| 1542 | Henry VIII of England proclaims himself King of Ireland. |
| 1549 | The publication of the first version of the Book of Common Prayer of the Church of England, the work in the main of Thomas Cranmer. |
| 1558--1603 | The reign of Elizabeth I. |
| 1450--1620 | The plantation of Ireland, first by English settlers and after 1603 also by Scots, establishing English throughout the island and Scots in Ulster. |
| 1564--1616 | The life of William Shakespeare. |
| 1583 | Sir Humphrey Gilbert establishes Newfoundland as England's first colony beyond the British Isles. |
| 1584 | The settlement of Roanoke Island by colonists led by Sir Walter Raleigh. In 1587, Virginia Dare born at Roanoke, first child of English parents in North America. In 1590, the settlers of Roanoke disappear without trace. |
| 1588 | The publication of Bishop Morgan's translation of the Bible into Welsh, sering as a focus for the survival of the language. |
| 1600 | English traders establish the East India Company. |
| 1603 | The Union of the Crowns under James VI of Scotland, I of England. |
| 1604 | The publication of Robert Cawdrey's Table Alphabeticall, the first dictionary of English. |
| 1606 | The Dutch explore northern New Holland (Terra Australis). |
| 1607 | The Jamestown colony in Virginia, the first permanent English settlement and the first representative assembly in the New World. |
| 1608 | Samuel Champlain founds the city of Quebec in New France. |
| 1611 | The publication of the Authorized or King James Version of the Bible, intended for use in the Protestant services of England, Scotland, and Ireland. A major influence on the written language and in adapting Scots towards English. |
| 1612 | (1) Bermuda colonized under the charter of the Virginia Company. (2) Traders of the East India Company establish themselves in Gujarat, India. |
| 1614 | King James writes in English to the Moghul Emperor Jehangir, in order to encourage trade with 'the Orientall Indies'. |
| 1619 | At the Jamestown colony in America, the first African slaves arrive on a Dutch ship. |
| 1620 | The Mayflower arrives in the New World and the Pilgrim Fathers set up Plimoth Plantation in Massachusetts. English is now in competition as a colonial language in the Americas with Dutch, French, Spanish, and Portuguese. |
| 1622 | Publication in London of the first English newspaper, Weekly News. |
| 1623 | Publication in London of the First Folio of Shakespeare's plays. |
| 1627 | An English colony established on Barbados in the Caribbean. |
| 1637 | (1) English traders arrive on the coast of China. (2) The Académie française founded. |
| 1640 | An English trading factory established at Madras. |
| 1647 | The Bahamas colonized by settlers from Bermuda. |
| 1652 | The first Dutch settlers arrive in southern Africa. |
| 1655 | England acquires Jamaica from Spain. |
| 1659 | The East India Company annexes St Helena in the south Atlantic. |
| 1660 | John Dryden expresses his admiration for the Académie française and its work in 'fixing' French and wishes for something similar to serve English. |
| 1662 | The Royal Society of London receives its charter from Charles II. In 1664, it appoints a committee to consider ways of improving English as a language of science. |
| 1670 | The Hudson's Bay Company founded for fur trading in northern America. |
| 1674 | Charles II receives Bombay from the Portuguese in the dowry of Catherine of Braganza and gives it to the East India Company. |
| 1687 | Isaac Newton writes Principia Mathematica in Latin: see 1704. |
| 1688 | The publication of Oronooko, or the History of the Royal Slave, by Aphra Behn: one of the first novels in English, by the first woman novelist in English, based on personal experience of a slave revolt in Surinam. |
| 1690 | A trading factory established at Calcutta in Bengal. |
| 1696 | British and French colonists in North America in open conflict. |
| 1697 | The Boston clergyman Cotton Mather applies the term American to English-speaking settlers in the New World. |
| 1702 | Publication in London of the first regular daily newspaper in English, The Daily Courant. |
| 1704 | Isaac Newton writes his second major work, Opticks, in English: see 1687. |
| 1707 | The Act of Union, uniting the Parliaments of England and Scotland, creating the United Kingdom of Great Britain, but keeping separate the state religions, educations systems, and laws of the two kingdoms. |
| 1712 | (1) Jonathan Swift in Dublin proposes an English Academy to 'fix' the language and compete adequately with French. (2) In India, the Moghul Empire begins to decline. |
| 1713 | (1) At the Treat of Utrecht, France surrenders Hudson's Bay, Acadia, and Newfoundland to the British. (2) Gibraltar is ceded to Britain by Spain. |
| 1726 | Ephraim Chambers publishes his Cyclopaedia, the first encyclopedia. |
| 1731 | The abolition of Law French in England. |
| 1746 | The Wales and Berwick Act, by which England is deemed to include Wales and the Scottish town of Berwick is incorporated into England. |
| 1755 | The publication of Samuel Johnson's Dictionary of the English Language. |
| 1757 | The East India Company becomes the power behind the government of Bengal. |
| 1759 | General James Wolfe takes Quebec for the British. |
| 1759--96 | The life of Robert Burns. |
| 1762 | The publication of Robert Lowth's Short Introduction to the English Grammar. |
| 1763 | The French cede New France to Britain, retaining only St Pierre and Miquelon (islands off Newfoundland). |
| 1768--71 | The partwork publication in Edinburgh of The Encyclopaedia Britannica. |
| 1770 | Captain James Cook takes possession of the Australian continent for Britain. |
| 1770--1850 | The life of William Wordsworth. |
| 1771--1832 | The life of Sir Walter Scott. |
| 1774 | (1) The Quebec Act creates the British province of Quebec, extending to the Ohio and Mississippi. (2) The Regulating Act places Bombay and Madras under the control of Bengal and the East India Company becomes a kind of state. |
| 1776 | The Declaration of Independence by thirteen British colonies in North America and the start of the American War of Independence (1776--83) which created the United States of America, the first nation outside the British Isles with English as its principal language. |
| 1778 | Captain James Cook visits and names the Sandwich Islands (Hawaii). |
| 1780--1800 | British Empire loyalists move from the US to Canada. |
| 1785 | In London, the newspaper The Daily Universal Register founded. Renamed The Times in 1788. |
| 1786 | (1) Lord Cornwallis is appointed first Governor-General of British India. (2) A British penal colony is established at Botany Bay in Australia. In 1788, the first convicts arrive there. |
| 1791 | (1) The British colonies of Upper Canada (Ontario) and Lower Canada (Quebec) are established. (2) In London, the newspaper The Observer is founded, the oldest national Sunday newspaper in Britain. |
| 1792 | The first Europeans settle in New Zealand. |
| 1794 | The publication of Lindley Murray's English Grammar. |
| 1802 | The establishment of the British colonies of Ceylon and Trinidad. |
| 1803 | (1) The Act of Union incorporating Ireland into Britain, as the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. (2) The Louisiana Purchase, by which the US buys from France its remaining North American territories, and doubles its size. |
| 1806 | The British take control of Cape Colony in southern Africa. |
| 1808 | The establishment of the British colony of Sierra Leone. |
| 1814 | (1) The British annex Cape Colony. (2) France cedes to Britain Malta, Mauritius, St Lucia, and Tobago. |
| 1816 | The establishment of the British colony of Bathurst (the Gambia). |
| 1819 | (1) The establishment of the British colony of Singapore. (2) The US purchases Florida from Spain. |
| 1820 | Christian missionaries from the US visit Hawaii. |
| 1821 | American settlers arrive in the Mexican territory of Texas. |
| 1828 | The publication of Noah Webster's American Dictionary of the English Language. |
| 1829 | Australia becomes a British dependency. |
| 1831 | The establishment of the colony of British Guiana. |
| 1833 | (1) The abolition of slavery in the British Empire. (2) St Helena becomes a British colony. |
| 1835 | Thomas Macaulay writes the Minute on Education whereby the British rulers of India endorse English as a language of education for Indians. |
| 1835--1910 | The life of Sam Clemens (Mark Twain). |
| 1836 | Texas declares its independence from Mexico. |
| 1839 | The first Boer Republic is established in Natal, South Africa, after the Great Trek from the Cape. |
| 1840 | (1) The Treaty of Waitangi, by which the Maori of New Zealand cede all rights and powers of government to Britain. (2) The transportation of convicts to Eastern Australia is ended. |
| 1841 | (1) Upper and Lower Canada are brought together as British North America. (2) New Zealand becomes a British colony. (3) In London, the founding of the weekly magazine Punch. |
| 1842 | (1) The opening of Chinese ports other than Canton to Western traders, after the defeat of China in the Opium War. Hong Kong is ceded by China to Britain as a Crown Colony. (2) The Philological Society is formed in London. |
| 1844 | The first telegraph message transmitted, between Washington and Baltimore. |
| 1845 | Texas becomes a state of the United States. |
| 1846 | The British annex Natal but recognize the Transvaal and the Orange Free State as autonomous Boer republics. |
| 1848 | In the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, Mexico cedes vast western territories to the US. |
| 1850 | (1) Britain takes control of the Bay Islands of Honduras, an English-speaking enclave in Central America. (2) Legislative councils are established in Australia by British Act of Parliament. |
| 1852 | The publication of Roget's Thesaurus. |
| 1853 | (1) Japan is forced by Commander Matthew Perry of the US Navy to open its harbours to Western trade. (2) The transportation of convicts to Tasmania is ended. |
| 1855 | The government of the colony of New South Wales is established. |
| 1856 | The governments of the colonies of Tasmania and Victoria are established. |
| 1857 | The Sepoy Rebellion (War of Independence, Indian Mutiny) in India leads to the transfer of British India from the East India Company to the Crown. |
| 1858 | (1) The Philological Society passes a resolution calling for a new dictionary of English on historical principles. (2) Britain cedes the Bay Islands to Honduras. |
| 1861 | The establishment of the British colony of Lagos (Nigeria). |
| 1862 | The establishment of the colony of British Honduras. |
| 1863 | The establishment of the Cambridge Overseas Examinations. |
| 1865 | The abolition of slavery in the US, at the end of the Civil War. At the outbreak of the war there were over 4m slaves. |
| 1867 | (1) The Dominion of Canada is created, consisting of Quebec, Ontario, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick. (2) Alaska is purchased from Russia by the US. |
| 1868 | (1) Transportation of convicts to Western Australia is ended. (2) In the US, Christopher Latham Sholes and colleagues patent the first successful typewriter. |
| 1869 | (1) Rupert's Land and the Northwest Territories are bought by Canada from the Hudson's Bay Company. (2) Basutoland becomes a British protectorate. |
| 1870 | Manitoba becomes a province of Canada. |
| 1771 | British Columbian becomes a province of Canada. |
| 1873 | (1) The formation of the English Dialect Society (dissolved in 1896). (2) Prince Edward Islands becomes a provicen of Canada. |
| 1874 | The establishment of the British colony of the Gold Coast in West Africa. |
| 1879 | James A. H. Murray begins editing the Philological Society's New English Dictionary on Historical Principles. |
| 1882--1941 | The Life of James Joyce. |
| 1884 | (1) The Berlin Conference, in which European powers begin 'the scramble for Africa'. (2) Britain declares a protectorate over South East New Guinea. (3) The French, Germans, and British attempt to annex what shortly becomes the German colony of Kamerun. (4) Publication of the irst fascile, A--Ant, of Murray's dictionary (the OED). |
| 1886 | The aanexation of Burma into British India and the abolition of the Burmese monarchy. |
| 1888--94 | The establishment of Britisih protectorates in Kenya, Uganda, and Zanzibar. |
| 1889 | The formation of the American Dialect Society. |
| 1895 | The establishment of the British East African Protectorate, open to white settlers. |
| 1898 | (1) The annexation of Hawaii by the US. In 1900, it becomes a US territory. (2) Spain cedes the Philippines and Puerto Rico to the US. (3) Yukon Territory comes under Canadian government control. |
| 1901 | (1) The establishment of the Commonwealth of Australia as a dominion of the British Empire. (2) The first wireless telegraphy messages sent across the Atlantic by Guglielmo Marconi (Cornwall to Newfoundland). (3) The first film-show, in an arcade opened in Los Angeles, California. |
| 1903 | (1) A message from US President Theodore Roosevelt circles the world in less than 10 minutes by Pacific Cable. |
| 1903--50 | The life of George Orwell. |
| 1905 | (1) Alberta and Saskatchewan become provinces of Canada. (2) The first cartoon strip, 'Little Nemo', appears in the New York Herald. |
| 1906 | (1) The formation of the English Association. (2) The first full-length motion picture, The Story of the Kelly Gang. (3) the publication of the Fowler brothers' The King's English. |
| 1907 | (1) The establishment of New Zealand as a dominion of the British Empire. (2) The first regular studio-based radio broadcasts by the De Forest Radio Telephone Company in the US. (3) The foundation of Hollywood as a film-making centre. |
| 1910 | (1) The establishment of the Union of South Africa as a dominion of the British Empire. (2) The first radio receivers made in kit form for sale in the US. |
| 1911 | The publication of the Fowler borthers' Concise Oxford Dictionary. |
| 1913 | (1) The formation of the Society for Pure English. (2) The first crossword puzzle published, in the New York World. |
| 1914 | (1) A third Home Rule Bill for Ireland passed by the British Parliament, but prevented from coming into operation by the outbreak of the First World War. (2) The German colony of Kamerun invaded by the French and British. |
| 1915 | The death of Sir James A. H. Murray, aged 78, having finished the section Trink-Turndown in the OED. |
| 1916 | (1) The Easter Rising in Dublin, an unsuccessful armed rebellion against the British, during which an Irish Rebulic is proclaimed. (2) The Technicolor process is first used in the film The Gulf Between, in the US. |
| 1917 | The publication of Daniel Jones's English Pronoucing Dictionary. |
| 1918 | (1) The formation of the English-Speaking Union. (2) The US War Industries Board declares moving pictures an essential industry. |
| 1919 | (1) The German colony of Tanganyika ceded to Britain. (2) The German colony of Kamerun divided between France (Cameroun) and Britain (Cameroon). (3) The publication of H. L. Mencken's The American Language. |
| 1920 | (1) The Partition of Ireland. (2) Kenya becomes a British colony. (3) The first public radio station set up by Marconi in the US. |
| 1921 | (1) A treaty between the United Kingdom and the Irish Free State, which accepts dominion status within the British Empire. (2) The first full-length 'talkie' Dream Street produced by United Artists, in the US. |
| 1922 | (1) The establishment of the British Broadcasting Company, renamed the British Boradcasting Corporation (BBC). (2) The founding in the US of the monthly magazine The Reader's Digest. |
| 1923 | The founding of Time magazine in the US. |
| 1925 | (1) The borders of the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland established. (2) Afrikaans gains official status in South Africa. (3) The founding of the weekly magazine The New Yorker. |
| 1926 | The publication of Henry W. Fowler's Dictionary of Modern English Usage. |
| 1927 | (1) Fox's Movietone News, the first sound newsfilm, released in the US. (2) The first film with dialogue, They're Coming to Get Me. released in the US. |
| 1928 | The publication of Murray's Dictionary as The Oxford English Dictionaryy, 70 years after Trench's proposal to the Philological Society. |
| 1930 | (1) C. K. Ogden lauches Basic English. (2) The first television programme with synchronized sight and sound broadcast by the BBC. |
| 1931 | (1) The British Commonwealth of Nations formed. (2) South Africa becomes a dominion of the British Empire. (3) The Cambridge Proficiency Examination held outside Britain for the first time. |
| 1933 | The publication of supplement to The Oxford English Dictionary. |
| 1934 | Tghe British Council created as an arm of British cultural diplomacy and a focus for teaching English as a foreign language. |
| 1935 | (1) The Philippines become a self-governing Commonwealth in association withthe US. (2) The Publication of the first ten Penguin Paperback titles. |
| 1936 | The Republic of Ireland severs all constitutional links with Great Britain. |
| 1937 | (1) Burma is seprated from British India and granted a constitution and limited self-rule. (2) In Wales, a new constitution for the National Eisteddfod makes Welsh its official language. |
| 1938 | Photocopying invented. |
| 1942 | The publication in Japan of the Idiomatic and Syntactic English Dictionary. prepared before the war by A. S. Hornby, E. V. Gatenby, and H. Wakefield. |
| 1945 | Japan is occupied bythe Americans on behalf of the Allies. |
| 1946 | (1) The Philippines gain their independence from the US. (2) The French colony of Cameroun and the British colony of Cameroon become United Nations trusteeships. |
| 1947 | (1) British India is partitioned and India and Pakistan become independent states. (2) New Zealand gains its independence from Britain. |
| 1948 | (1) Burma and Ceylon gain their independence from Britain. (2) The dictionary of Hornby et al. is brought out by Oxford University Press as A Learner's Dictionary of Current English. |
| 1949 | (1) Newfoundland becomes a province of Canada. (2) Two New Guinea territories are combined by the United Nations as a Australian mandate: the United Nations Trust Territory of Papua and New Guinea. |
| 1951 | The launch of the first two working business computers: the LED in the UK and the UNIVAC in the US. |
| 1952 | Puerto Rico becomes a Commonwealth in association with the US. |
| 1957 | (1) The Gold Coast becomes independent from Britain as the Republic of Ghana. (2) Robert W. Burchfield is appointed editor of a new Supplement to The Oxford English Dictionary. |
| 1957--63 | The British colonies of Malaya and Borneo become independent and unite as Malaysia. |
| 1959 | Alask and Hawaii become states of the US. |
| 1960 | Nigeria and French Cameroun become independent. |
| 1961 | (1) South Africa becomes a republic, leaves the Commonwealth, and adopts Afrikaans and English as its two official languages. (2) The British colony of Cameroon divides, part joining Nigeria, part joining the ex-French colony to become the Republic of Cameroon. (3) Sierra Leone and Cyprus gain their independence from Britain. (4) The publication of Webster's Third International Dictionary. |
| 1962 | Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago, and Uganda gain their independence from Britain. |
| 1963 | (1) Kenya gains its independence from Britain. (2) The first protests in Wales by the Cymdeithas yr Iaith Gymraeg/Welsh Language Society, aimed at achieving fuller use of Welsh. |
| 1964 | (1) Malta, Nyasaland (as Malawai), Tanganyika and Zanzibar (as Tanzania), and Northern Rhodesia (as Zambia) gain their independence from Britain. (2) The publication in Paris of René Etiemble's Parlez-vous franglais? |
| 1965 | Gambia and Singapore gain their independence from Britain. |
| 1966 | Barbados, Basutoland (as Lesotho), Bechuanaland (as Botswana), and British Guiana (as Guyana) gain their independence from Britain. |
| 1967 | The Welsh Language Act gives Welsh equal validity with English in Wales, and Wales is no longer deemed to be a part of England. |
| 1968 | Mauritius, Swaziland, and Nauru gain their independence from Britain. |
| 1969 | Canada becomes officially bilingual, with a commitment to federal services in English and French. |
| 1971 | The invention of the microprocessor, a revolutionary development in computing. |
| 1972 | (1) East Pakistan secedes and becomes its Republic of Bangladesh. (2) Two feminist magazines launched: Ms in the US and Spare Rib in the UK. |
| 1973 | The Bahamas gain their independence. |
| 1974 | Cyngor yr Iaith Gymraeg/Council for the Welsh Language set up to advise the Secretary of State for Wales on matters concerning the language. |
| 1975 | (1) Papua New Guinea gains its independence from Australia. (2) The Bas-Lauriol law is passed in France, requiring the use of the French language alone in advertising and commerce. |
| 1977 | (1) The spacecraft Voyager travels into deep space, carrying a message in English to any extraterrestrials. (2) In Quebec, Loi 101/Bill 101 is passed, making French the sole official language of the province, limiting access to English-medium school, and banning public signs in languages other than French. |
| 1978 | The government of Northern Territory in Australia is established. |
| 1980 | The British government averts a fast to the death by Gwynfor Evans, leader of Plaid Cymru (Welsh National Party), by honouring election pledges to provide a fourth television channel using both Welsh and English. |
| 1981 | British Honduras gains its independence as Belize. |
| 1982 | The patriation of Canada's constitution. The Canada Act is the last act of the British Parliament concerning Canadian affairs. |
| 1983 | The publication of The New Testament in Scots, a translation by William L. Lorimer. |
| 1984 | The launch of the Apple Macintosh personal (desktop) computer. |
| 1985 | (1) The publication by Longman of A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. (2) The publication by Belknap Press of the first volume of the Dictionary of American Regional English. (3) The launch by Cambridge University Press of the quarterly magazine-cum-journal English Today: The International Review of the English Language. |
| 1986 | Showing by the BBC in the UK and public television in the US of The Story of English, a television series with both British and American backers, accompanied by a book, and followed by a radio version on BBC World Service. |
| 1989 | The publication of the 2nd edition of The Oxford English Dictionary, blending the first edition and its supplements. |
ε#3552. 첻ܤ5Ĥ ([2019-01-17-1]) Ǽ夲褦ˡ첻 (gvs) ˤ꤬͡ΩϤäƤ롥5Τ٤Ƥ줹뺬Ū䤤ϡνդ餷ʤ˴ŤΤȤʸŪǤ롥ֻʬϤλ˱ơĹ첻2첻βѲΥߥ˴ؤԴ֤ǰۤʤäƤޤȤȤˤʤ꤫ͤʤ줬첻ܸκʤΤǤ롥
ʸѤˤꡤƲѲǯˤĤƤ٤λ¤ʬäƤƤ뤳ȤΤǤ롥ֻʳˤ⡤εӱδӱμؼԤˤ뵭Ҥʤɤⲻ˹Ƥ礹Ф٤μ֤⤫Ӿ夬äƤΤǤ롥Krug (249) ϡפԸޤȤǡ첻ܤγѲǯޤʲˡ"Dating the changes of Middle English long vowels" ꤵ줿οޤƸ褦
| Middle English | c.1500 | c.1600 | c.1700 | Modern English | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| c.1300 | (RP) | ||||||||
| (I) | iː | > | ɪi | > | əɪ | > | aɪ | ≈ | aɪ |
| (II) | uː | > | ʊu | > | əʊ | > | aʊ | ≈ | aʊ |
| (III) | eː | > | iː | ≈ | iː | ||||
| (IV) | oː | > | uː | ≈ | uː | ||||
| (V) | ɛː | > | e̞ː | > | eː | > | iː | ≈ | iː |
| (VI) | ɔː | > | oː | > | oʊ > əʊ | ||||
| (VII) | aː | > | æː > ɛː | > | eː | > | eɪ |
Dixon (242--44) ꡤѸ˴ؤ뼭ˤάǯɽǤ롥ޤǼפʼ (dictionary) Ѹ콸 (glossary) ˹ʤäƤΤաȤ櫓18ʹߤˤϡǵƤʤ¿μǤ줿Ȥαդ줿줾Υȥä˵ܤΤʤñ켭ؤƤꡤǯϽǤǯɽ魯
| c725 | Corpus Glossary. Latin to Latin, Old English, and Old French. |
| c1000 | Aelfric's glossary. Latin to Old English. |
| 1499 | Anonymous. Promptorium Parvalorum [ms version in 1430]. English to Latin. |
| 1500 | Anonymous. Hortus Vocabularum [ms version in 1440]. Latin to English. |
| 1535 | Ambrogio Calepino. Dictionarium Latinae Linguae. Monolingual Latin. |
| 1538 | Thomas Elyot. Dictionary. Latin to English. |
| 1552 | Richard Huloet. Abecedarium Anglo-Latinum. English to Latin. |
| 1565 | Thomas Cooper. Thesaurus Linguae Romanae & Britannicae. Latin to English. |
| 1573 | John Baret. An Alvearie or Triple Dictionarie. English, Latin, and French. |
| 1582 | Richard Mulcaster. Elementarie. [List of English words with no definitions.] |
| 1587 | Thomas Thomas. Dictionarium. Latin to English. |
| 1596 | Edmund Coote. The English Schoole-maister. |
| 1604 | Robert Cawdrey. A Table Alphabeticall. |
| 1613 | Academia della Crusca. Vocabulario. Monolingual Italian. |
| 1616 | John Bullokar. An English Expositor. |
| 1623 | Henry Cockeram. The English Dictionarie. |
| 1656 | Thomas Blount. Glossographia. |
| 1658 | Edward Phillips. The New World of English Words. |
| 1676 | Elisha Coles. An English Dictionary. |
| 1694 | Académie française. Dictionnaire. Monolingual French. |
| 1702 | John Kersey. A New English Dictionary. |
| 1721 | Nathan Bailey. A Universal Etymological English Dictionary. |
| 1730 | Nathan Bailey. Dictionarium Britannicum. |
| 1749 | Benjamin Martin. Lingua Britannica Reformata. |
| 1753 | John Wesley. The Complete English Dictionary. |
| 1755 | Samuel Johnson. Dictionary. |
| 1765 | John Baskerville. A Vocabulary, or Pocket Dictionary. |
| 1773 | William Kenrick. A New Dictionary of English. |
| 1775 | John Ash. The New and Complete Dictionary. |
| 1798 | Samuel Johnson, Junr. A School Dictionary. |
| 1828 | Noah Webster. American Dictionary. |
| 1830 | Joseph Emerson Worcester. Comprehensive Dictionary. |
| 1835--7 | Charles Richardson. A New Dictionary of the English Language. |
| 1847--50 | John Ogilvie. The Imperial Dictionary. |
| 1872 | Chambers's English Dictionary. Robert Chambers and William Chambers. |
| 1888--1928 | Oxford English Dictionary. James A. H. Murray et al. |
| 1889--91 | The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia. William Dwight Whitney. |
| 1893--5 | A Standard Dictionary. Isaac K. Funk. [Later known as Funk and Wagnalls.] |
| 1898 | Webster's Collegiate Dictionary. [No editor stated.] |
| 1898 | Austral English. Edward E. Morris. |
| 1909 | Webster's New International Dictionary. William Torey Harris and F. Sturgis Allen. |
| 1911 | The Concise Oxford English Dictionary of Current English. H. W. Fowler and F. G. Fowler. |
| 1927 | The New Century Dictionary. H. G. Emery and K. G. Brewster. |
| 1933 | The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary. C. T. Onions. |
| 1935 | The New Method English Dictionary. Michael West and James Endicott. |
| 1938--44 | A Dictionary of American English. William A. Craigie and James R. Hulbert. |
| 1947 | The American College Dictionary. Clarence Barnhart. |
| 1948 | The Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary. As. S. Hornby. |
| 1951 | A Dictionary of Americanisms. Mitford M. Mathews. |
| 1965 | The Penguin English Dictionary. George N. Garmonsway. |
| 1966 | The Random House Dictionary Unabridged. Jess Stein. |
| 1969 | The American Heritage Dictionary. Anne H. Soukhanov. |
| 1971 | Encyclopedic World Dictionary. Patrick Hanks. |
| 1978 | Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English. Paul Proctor. |
| 1979 | Collins English Dictionary. Patrick Hanks. |
| 1981 | The Macquarie Dictionary. Arthur Delbridge |
| 1987 | COBUILD English Dictionary. John Sinclair. |
| 1988 | The Australian National Dictionary. W. S. Ramson. |
| 1995 | The Oxford English Reference Dictionary. Judy Pearsall and Bill Trumble. |
| 1999 | The Australian Oxford Dictionary. Bruce Moore. |
˻إڥȥ٤įƤ顤θʸˤĤƤξޤȤޤäڡ (pp. 52--53) Ĥܤζʽˤ褯ǤƤꡤ뤳Ȥ¿p. 53 Ρָʸβɡפʤɤ¤ˤ褯Ƥ롥ʲ˺Ƹ褦
| ʸ | ɼ | ǯ | ɻϢ | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ʸʥҥա | ݥꥪʩ | 1822 | åȡ | |
| ܸʸ | ƥեȡȡ | 1802 | ڥ륻ݥꥹʸ | |
| ʱѡ | 1847 | ٥ҥȥʸ | ||
| ʸ | ̤ɡ | |||
| ùʸ | έ忶̡ݡˡš | 1903 | μȼκƲƤˤϰ¿ | |
| 쥿ʸ | ʸʳʸ | ̤ɡ | ||
| ʸA | ̤ɡ | |||
| ʸBʥߥʸ | ȥꥹʱѡˡɥåʱѡ | 1952 (1953) | ꥷŸɽ魯ʸȽ | |
| ҥåܸʸ | ֥ˡʥ | 1915 | ܥ祤ڤǴ | |
| ʡʥʸ | ֥饤ȡơ | 1966 | ե٥åȤ | |
| ֥顼եߡʸ | ץסʱѡ | 1840 | 硼ʸ | |
| ʸ | ȥॻʥǥޡ | 1893 | ۥʸ | |
| ޥ䳨ʸ | ȥץʱѡˤʤ | |||
ο֤Τˡ#3478. ؿ⥤ꥹˡ٤ǯɽ ([2018-11-04-1])#3479. ؿ⡡ꥹβ٤ǯɽ ([2018-11-05-1])#3487. ʪ졡ꥹˡʾ岼ˡ٤ǯɽ ([2018-11-13-1]) ʤɥꥹǯɽĤǤƤĤǤˤ⤦1Ķƣɧˡإꥹ10֡٤ǯɽ褦ʰʲpp. 2, 18, 42, 72, 114, 148, 176, 200, 248, 284 ˡΥꥹ˳ϡкѤʸˤܻۤˤȤδؤˤդʧäƤɤ߱롥ǯɽ [I] ϥɡ[S] ϥåȥɡ[A] ̥ꥫؤ
| 10000ǯʵ8000 | Τޤɹ֥ƥϥ衼åΦ礭Ⱦ |
| 6000 | ΤޤǤ˳̤徺֥ƥ礬и |
| 3000 | 顦֥쥤ʤɥΰ |
| 2300 | ȡإδ |
| 1000 | ȷϽ² |
| 55 | Υ֥˥ (--54) |
| 43 | 饦ǥΥ֥˥ |
| 122 | ϥɥꥢ̥ɷϤޤ롨Τ֥ѥޡʡ |
| 212 | ͳ̱˻̱ |
| 4 | ޥ²ΰܽ--5 |
| 461 | [I] ѥȥå۶ |
| 563 | [I, S] Сʤ˽ƻ |
| 570 | إ֥˥ǤˤĤơ |
| 597 | ƥ̥٥˶ |
| 731 | ١إꥹͤζˡ١űѸ˸ڡΤ륯ե |
| 793 | ν⡤Ϥޤ |
| 871 | եå粦 (--899) |
| 959 | ɥ (--975) |
| 1016 | ̡Ȳ (--35) ޤȺƺ |
| 1042 | ɥɾ (--66) |
| 1066 | 1. ϥɲ10. إƥ襤ǥ衼ʥꥢ˾ꥢ1 (--87)ΥޥۡѸλϤޤ |
| 1069 | [S] ޥ륫3ޡåȤȷ뺧 |
| 1135 | ̤ (--54) |
| 1154 | إ2 (-89)ˡȹɱ |
| 1189 | 㡼1ҿ (--99)3 |
| 1199 | ϲ (--1216) |
| 1215 | ޥʡ륿 |
| 1216 | إ3 (--72)̳ܤΩ |
| 1264 | ɡեȿ (--65) |
| 1272 | ɥ1Ĺ (--1307) ˡ֥ȵΤʪ |
| 1276 | 륺 (--83) |
| 1296 | åȥΩ (--1357) |
| 1327 | ɥ3 (--77) |
| 1337 | եɴǯ (--1453) |
| 1348 | Ҥդ뤦 (--50) |
| 1381 | Ƭǡ̱ʥȡ |
| 1400 | 硼إ٥ʪ |
| 1422 | إ6 (--61, 70--71) |
| 1455 | Х (--87) Τեƥإɤ١Τꥢͥ |
| 1476 | 㥯ȥɥdzǰϡѸλϤޤ |
| 1485 | إ7 (--1509)ƥ塼īϤޤ |
| 1497 | ܥåȡ˥塼եɥɤ |
| 1509 | إ8 (--47) |
| 1517 | 륿νϤޤ |
| 1519 | 5 (--56) |
| 1533 | ʶػˡˤƼ縢 |
| 1534 | ˡˤƹΩ |
| 1536 | 륺Ʊˡ (43ˤ |
| 1538 | Ͽˡ |
| 1541 | ɲˡ |
| 1542 | [S] ᥢꡦƥ奢 (--67) |
| 1547 | ɥ6 (--53) ޤʤ̵ˡ |
| 1533 | ᥢ1 (--58) ַޤߤᥢסޤʤեåؽԤν |
| 1558 | ꥶ٥1 (--1603) κƳΩ[S] ΤΥåν |
| 1568 | ͡ǥȡʥˤΩϤޤ |
| 1567 | [S] ॺ6 (--1625) |
| 1580 | ɥ쥤 |
| 1588 | ޥƥ٥α |
| 1594 | [I] 륹ȿ (--1603) |
| 1600 | ꥢࡦॺ彣ɺ塤ȹ˱ڸ쥤ɲΩԥإϥåȡ |
| 1601 | ̱кˡƥѱˡ |
| 1603 | ॺ1 (--25)ƥ奢īϤޤ |
| 1607 | [I, A] ץƥȤΥ륹̱˥̱ |
| 1611 | ضٴζ |
| 1613 | 쥤ɲҤΥꥹᤷ벦οƽȹ˱۸ |
| 1618 | ǯ (--48) |
| 1623 | ܥʻʸ졦ǰפϥ |
| 1625 | 㡼륺1 (--49) |
| 1638 | [S] ̱[I] ȥġֺ |
| 1639 | 綵ǯ2綵 |
| 1640 | 4. ûIJ11. ĹIJ (--60) ֥ԥ塼̿׳ |
| 1641 | 5. ȥʥȥե˽跺10--. ɡԻפ |
| 1642 | 1. Υǥ8. Ϥޤ |
| 1643 | [S] ͤƱ |
| 1645 | ˥塼ǥ뷳 |
| 1647 | ѥȥƤʷδȿʿɤε |
| 1649 | 1. ˡǥ㡼륺1ͭᡤ跺5. ɶ¹8. [I] ०롤ɽ |
| 1651 | [S] ǥХˤĹϷɡ㡼륺2״Τۥå֥إ |
| 1652 | Х (74ޤǷ³ |
| 1653 | ŵˤꥯ०ϸ֥ƥñζ¹ |
| 1660 | šʹ3ˡ㡼륺2 (--85) |
| 1661 | եǥ륤14ο (--1715) |
| 1665 | ɥǥڥήԡ롦ƥسؽѵסϴ |
| 1666 | ɥ |
| 1679 | ΤIJǥȡꡦۥΩ |
| 1685 | ॺ2 (--88) ǯ륤14ʥȲѤ楰̱ |
| 1688 | ǯƱ衤եķѾ衤--97ˡ6. ̾̿פϤޤ롥11. ˥Φ12. ॺ2˴̿ |
| 1689 | 2. ꥢ3 (--1702) & ᥢ2 (--94) ˡ12. ξŵå١[S] ǥХˤƸᡥ̾̿쥸λϤޤꡥɴǯγ (1815ޤǷ³ |
| 1690 | [I] ॺ2ȥꥢ3β |
| 1692 | [S] λ٤ǽιȯ |
| 1694 | ɶ |
| 1701 | ̷ѾˡڥѾ (--13) 饳 |
| 1703 | 奨 |
| 1707 | ɤȥåȥɤιƱʥ졼ȥ֥ƥΩ |
| 1713 | ȥҥȾΤ¿ǰפĹ |
| 1714 | 硼1 (--27)ϥΡīϤޤ롥ơ |
| 1715 | ˡϷѨȥ㥳ХȤȿ |
| 1720 | ҤΥХ֥ |
| 1721 | ݡ (--42) Τǥեեȡޥɥ롤ʹҡϥ趷褷̱Ū |
| 1740 | ȥꥢѾ (--48) |
| 1745 | Ѩȥ㥳ХȤȿǯ˻ |
| 1754 | ݿ |
| 1755 | رѸ켭ŵ١Ѹγ |
| 1756 | ǯ (--63) [A] ǯեᥤǥ |
| 1757 | ɤǥץå |
| 1759 | ֥ƥ塦ߥ塼೫ۡߥإ봶 |
| 1760 | 硼3 (--1820) |
| 1763 | ѥ̥ꥫڤˡɥǥ륯 (--74) |
| 1765 | [A] ǰ |
| 1771 | 饤Ȥοӹ |
| 1773 | [A] ܥȥ쥤ɲҵˡ |
| 1775 | [A] 13̱ϤΩ (--83) |
| 1776 | ߥؽ̱١١ܥإ˴ˡ١ڥإ |
| 1778 | ֥륯ǥŴζ |
| 1780 | ΤGDPǯĹΨ1%ʻȳ̿λư |
| 1782 | [I] 饿IJ |
| 1783 | ѥʹ罰Ωξǧˡԥåȼ (--1801, 04--06) |
| 1784 | åȡʣưžؤõ |
| 1786 | ʩ̾ʥǥ |
| 1789 | ޥ˾ӹ졥ե̿ (-99) 亮ȥ |
| 1791 | [I] ʥƥåɡå |
| 1793 | ХեƱˤ1815ޤ³ |
| 1799 | ͥ㥤ɡޥ˵サ1804˥ɥء |
| 1800 | ɹƱˡˤꡤǯϢ粦Ω |
| 1802/03 | ʤꥹ͢ʤ1̤ |
| 1808 | Ĺǥեȥ13ܤϡܹ饵פ͢ |
| 1814 | (--15) ǥʥݥ쥪ɴǯ轪 |
| 1825 | ιŴƻ̡ǯ˺ǽζܤǡְ۹ʧ |
| 1826 | ɥ (UCL) Ω |
| 1828 | ˡˡѻ |
| 1829 | ȥåˡ |
| 1830 | 9. ס롦ޥŴƻ̡11. 쥤 (--34) |
| 1832 | ˡ |
| 1834 | ̱кˡʿˡˡ12. ԡ (--35, 41--46) |
| 1837 | ȥꥢ (--1901) |
| 1838 | 8. ̱ϡ㡼ƥȱư9. ʪˡȿжǯʪˡȿƱ |
| 1840 | إ (--42) åɥȥȿб |
| 1845 | ǥ졼إӥ롽ޤ2Ĥι̱ |
| 1846 | ʪˡűѡȡʬ |
| 1851 | ʺǽˡ̿ΩĴ |
| 1854 | ߥ˻ (--56) |
| 1857 | ȿ (--58) ľܻۤ |
| 1860 | ʩ̾ʥ֥ǥˡʥƥδǸع |
| 1862 | ʸפθʡ͡Ȥԡˤϱ |
| 1863 | åǯ˥ꥱåȵ |
| 1867 | 2ˡХåȡإɤι١ʥϢˮ |
| 1868 | 2. ǥ졼ݼ (--68, 74--80) 12. åɥȥͳ (--74, 80--85, 86, 92--94) |
| 1869 | ϳ |
| 1870 | ˡ80˽ص̳ˡȸ̳ѻϤޤ |
| 1871 | ϫƯȹˡ |
| 1872 | һġʵˮԡˤϱ |
| 1876 | ɹΤ |
| 1884 | 3ˡեӥĥȻϤޤ |
| 1885 | ɹ̱ķ |
| 1886 | ɼˡơХͳޤʬ |
| 1887 | 1̱ϲġ֥㡼åۡॺϤޤ |
| 1889 | ץ East is East . . . |
| 1892 | ӥȥꥹݥåɥˡ֤ȷ뺧 |
| 1899 | եꥫ (--1902) |
| 1900 | Сϱ (--02) 㡼 |
| 1901 | ȥꥢϢˮɥ7 (--10) եȽ |
| 1902 | Ʊ (--23) |
| 1903 | ıԻԡפηϤޤ |
| 1906 | ϫƯޡ29̾ |
| 1907 | ˥塼ɼ |
| 1908 | (--16) Ϸǯˡ |
| 1910 | ɡ硼̳ο̱ͽեꥫϢˮ |
| 1912 | ˥å桤ҳ |
| 1914 | 켡 (--18) ɼˡΩê夲 |
| 1916 | ˪ħʼˡɡ硼 (--22) |
| 1917 | ̿Хե |
| 1918 | 30аʾν |
| 1919 | ѥ²ġ륵ȥԻˡ |
| 1921 | ֥졼ȥ֥ƥӥϢ粦פ֥ɼͳΩ |
| 1922 | (--23) BBC饸Ϥޤ |
| 1924 | ϫƯޥɥʥɼ (--24, 29--35) եإɤؤƻ |
| 1928 | ˽ʿ |
| 1929 | ?????????? |
| 1936 | ̷Ѿ硼6 (--52) ذ١ڥ֥å |
| 1939 | Хɥ۹ (--45) |
| 1940 | 㡼 (--45, 51--55) |
| 1942 | ֥٥åפμҲݾ㹽ۡޤê夲 |
| 1945 | ϫƯްǯҲݾ㡤ͭʤɼ¸ |
| 1947 | ɡѥʬΩ |
| 1948 | ֹˡפ̱륹̱ƳǧեꥫǥѥȥإϤޤ |
| 1949 | ɶ¹륹Υæ |
| 1952 | ꥶ٥2--ˡ¸ |
| 1956 | Ƚܤƿ꤫١ȯȳ |
| 1957 | E. H. Ρޥλࡥޥߥ (--63) 乥ĴȯΩ³եꥫΩ |
| 1960 | ӡȥ륺 (--70) |
| 1961 | EEC ˲63˥եݸȯư |
| 1964 | 륹 (--70, 74--76) |
| 1965 | ȥʥ (--73) ȿﱿưޤ |
| 1968 | ̥ʶ (--94) ѥοͼﺹȯ³ |
| 1971 | ȥˡ̲ɴˡڤؤˡ¤Ϥޤ |
| 1973 | Ϣ粦ɶ¹ȤȤ˥衼åѶƱ (EC) ˲ |
| 1978 | ֤餬ߡ (--79) |
| 1979 | å (--90) ΥȤ襤 |
| 1981 | 4. ֥ꥯȥ7. 㡼륺ҷ뺧 |
| 1982 | ե |
| 1986 | ͻͳʥӥåХˡɥԾγ |
| 1989 | ٥ |
| 1990 | 桼ȥͥ볫̡եꥫǥѥȥإűѡᥤ (--97) |
| 1991 | Ϣˮ |
| 1993 | ޡȥҥȾڤ EU ˲ΤɤϹǡ֥Ȥθספɾ |
| 1994 | IRA ƥưޥǥ顤եꥫΤ |
| 1997 | ϫƯް֥쥢 (--2007) °Ѿʤ |
| 2001 | 9.11 ꥫƱ¿ȯƥ |
| 2003 | ꥹ饯ؿʷ |
| 2010 | ݼޡͳ̱ޤϢΩ |
ꥹǯɽȤơľδˡʪ졡ꥹˡʾ岼ˡ٤δǯɽǤʾ崬 pp. 216--20 pp. 245--52 ˡɤߤ䤹̻ˤϡŪˤϥɲīˤӵIJˤεҤȤäƤ褤ʤ顤̸ˤطŪμȤˡҲˡкѻˤʤɤθ˽פǤ롥
| B.C. 6 | ȷϤ²ߤΥ졼ȡ֥ƥ꽻 |
| B.C. 55--54 | Υ֥˥ |
| A.D. 122 | ֥ϥɥꥢ̥ĹϤޤ (--132) |
| 5--7 | ²Υ֥˥ |
| 757 | ޡǥե¨ (--796) |
| 871 | åǥեå粦¨ (--899) |
| 924 | 륹ɲȤƥѡ״ |
| 973 | ɥɲȤƥС״ |
| 1066 | ꥢ1¨̡10ˡΥޥī (--1154) |
| 1067 | ꥢ1ˤϰ褬֥Υޥ (--1071) |
| 1085 | إɥॺǥ֥åĢˡ٤κ (--1086) |
| 1087 | ꥢ2¨̡9ˡ١ȤιϤޤ |
| 1107 | ꥢ2˻λࡥإ1¨̡8 |
| 1106 | إ1١ȤιΥޥǥѾ |
| 1135 | ƥ¨̡12ˡ (1135--53) |
| 1154 | إ2¨̡10ˡץͥåȲī (--1399)֥塼פη |
| 1173 | إ㲦餬إ2ʶλλϤޤ |
| 1189 | 㡼1¨̡7ˡ3˻ (--1194) |
| 1192 | 㡼ɤ٤κ (--1194) |
| 1199 | ¨̡4 |
| 1204 | Υޥǥ塼եˤ꼺 (--1205) |
| 1205 | ȥĥΥƥ3ȤϽǤƮ (--1213) |
| 1215 | ˡ֥ޥʡ륿ϡˡС6 |
| 1216 | إ3¨̡10ˡȤ⽪© (--1217) |
| 1258 | Ĥ֥åեɾפ6 |
| 1259 | ѥǥإ3եͭڤ12ˡ֥塼פξ |
| 1265 | ɡեεIJ1 |
| 1267 | ˤꡤסե֥륺פȤƥإ3ǧġ9 |
| 1272 | ɥ1¨̡11 |
| 1283 | ɥ1륺סեष륺̤ (--1283) |
| 1284 | ɥ1ҥɥɤ륺Ǥ̿ʽǤ1301ǯ2ˡʹߡɡʥꥹˤβ̷Ѿ1̤˻Ҥ֥륺פӤӤ뤳Ȥ |
| 1290 | åȥɽޡåȤष̷Ѿ꤬ |
| 1293 | ɥ1κˤꡤ٥ꥪ뤬åȥɹ¨ (--1296) |
| 1295 | ɥ1¯ԻɽԲĤʤϵIJפ11ˡåȥɤȥեָŤƱ̾״ط (--1560) |
| 1296 | ɡåȥ补֥Сפɷˤ1996ǯ˥åȥɤִԡˡ |
| 1297 | ꥢࡦ쥹åȥɤȿ𡥥襤ǥɷ˾ |
| 1299 | ɥ1륤ǥեȹ¡ҥɥɤȥե٥κΩ |
| 1306 | Сȡ֥롼åȥɲ̷Ѿɥ1åȥɱӾ» (1307ǯ7 |
| 1307 | ɥ2¨̡7 |
| 1314 | ХΥåС襤ǥ֥롼ɷˤС1Ȥƥåȥɹ¨̡1328ǯ˥ɤ⾵ǧ |
| 1327 | ɥ2IJѰ̡Ҥɥ3¨̡1ˡɥ2̩˽跺9 |
| 1330 | ɥ3ϡ10ˡκIJֵ²פȡֽ̱פ˰ܹ |
| 1337 | ҥɥɡʹҡˤߤ˽ʥɤǺǽθ̡߰ˡեեå6ɥ3κʩΤʩɴǯγ (--1453) |
| 1356 | ݥƥ襤ǹҤ9 |
| 1360 | ץƥˡᥫ졼롧ɥ3եβḢˡơͭǧ10 |
| 1376 | ɥ3ɵIJפš4--7ˡҵ6 |
| 1377 | 㡼2¨̡6 |
| 1381 | ƬǤȿФåȡ顼5--6 |
| 1382 | 㡼2ϡ˵IJȿȯ |
| 1399 | 㡼2Ѱ̡ߥإ꤬إ4¨̡9ˡīΩ (--1471) |
| 1413 | إ5¨̡3 |
| 1415 | إ5եȤ襤羡10 |
| 1420 | ȥ5ˡإΥե̷Ѿǧ졤إȥեȥ̤η뺧ޤ롥ͤδ֤˹ҥإ꤬1421ǯ12 |
| 1422 | إ6¨̡8ˡե6λˤꡤ2Ȥƥե̤Ѿ10 |
| 1429 | 7̡륯Ƴ졤Ʋ״7 |
| 1431 | ̡륯ʲ5ˡ2ʥإ6ˤѥΥΡȥƲ״12 |
| 1453 | ܥɡ10ˡɤʩΤȾʱʩɴǯνˡإ6˴٤8 |
| 1454 | 衼ߥ㡼ɤ˽Ǥ3 |
| 1455 | ɤȥ衼ɤιϤޤ롧Х (--1485) |
| 1460 | 衼ߥ㡼ɤ12ˡĹ˥ɥɤѾ |
| 1461 | 衼ɤɥإ6Ѥɥ4ס3ˡ켡ν롥衼ī (--1485) |
| 1470 | ɥ4ͥɤˤäव졤֥르˥Τ˴̿إ6̡10 |
| 1471 | ɥ4ͥɤˡν롥إ6跺5ˡɥ4 (--1483) |
| 1478 | 說ߥ硼ɥ4Ȥ¤ǽ跺2 |
| 1483 | ɥ5¨̡4ˡΥߥ㡼ɤ˽Ǥɥ5Ѱ̡㡼3¨̡6ˡХåߤ跺11 |
| 1485 | ܥ襤ǥåߥإ꤬㡼3˾㡼3ࡥإ7¨̡8ˡƥ塼ī (--1603) |
| 1486 | إ7ȥ衼ȤΥꥶ٥뺧1 |
| 1491 | ѡ٥å (--1499) |
| 1494 | ݥ˥ˡꡧɵIJθ½̾ |
| 1501 | ҥȥڥ㥵뺧11ˡ5˥षĹإȥ㥵Ȥη뺧ģ龵ǧ |
| 1509 | إ8¨̡4ˡ㥵ȷ뺧6 |
| 1517 | ޥƥ륿νϤޤ10ˡإ8ϥ륿ɤɥ1518ǯ10 |
| 1527 | إ8㥵ȤΥģ˿5ˡ륫5ʥ㥵αˤˤ˻ |
| 1529 | إ8IJ (--1536) |
| 1533 | إ8֡ȶ뺧1ˡʶػˡ3ˡ㥵ȤΥΩ4ˡȤδ֤˥ꥶ٥9 |
| 1534 | ˡ11ˡɹΩ |
| 1536 | 跺5ˡإ8⥢ȷ뺧ƻβǥȥå̤餬ʡֲνס10 |
| 1537 | إ8ȥȤδ֤˥ɥ10 |
| 1539 | 罤ƻ |
| 1541 | إ8֥ɹפξιӤ |
| 1544 | إ8åȥɿʱϼԤء |
| 1547 | ɥ6¨̡1ˡΥޥåȸߤ˽Ǥåȥɤ˿ԥ襤Ǿ9 |
| 1549 | եåȥϢ̡6ˡޥåȸӡ10ˡåߡ1551ǯΡХɸߡˤ¸ |
| 1553 | ɥ6ΡХɸߤˤꥸ쥤פ뤬̡9֤νˡᥢ1¨̡7 |
| 1554 | ᥢ1ڥҥեڤȷ뺧7ˡɹѤȥå |
| 1556 | եڤڥե2ˡڥե褬ȯᥢ1ʩ۹1557ǯ6 |
| 1558 | 졼ӼΦϤ˼1ˡᥢ1ꥶ٥1¨̡11 |
| 1559 | ˡˡIJ̲4ˡɹ |
| 1561 | åȥɽᥢʥƥ奢ȡˤե굢 |
| 1567 | åȥɽᥢ꤬²ȾͤѰ̡7ˡॺ6¨ (--1625) ᥢ68ǯɤ˴̿ |
| 1569 | ȥå²ˤϡ10ˡ70ǯ2ð졤ľ˥ꥶ٥1϶ģˤ |
| 1587 | ᥢꡦƥ奢Ƚ跺2ˡեɥ쥤ǥ4 |
| 1588 | ڥ̵Ũ⤬7ޥ襤ˡɷ |
| 1600 | 쥤ɲΩ |
| 1601 | ˡ |
| 1603 | ꥶ٥13ˡƥ塼ī䡥åȥɹॺ6ɹॺ1¨̡ƱϢˡ3ˡƥ奢Ȳī (--1714) |
| 1605 | ϥץȥȲġ1ˡɹȥåȥɶ줾μήɤȤ˾ǧʥȥåؤް³ |
| 1605 | Ż11 |
| 1610 | פIJξǧ˼ԡ11 |
| 1625 | 㡼륺1¨̡3ˡեꥨåޥꥢȷ뺧5 |
| 1628 | ָ۲ġ3ˡ¦Хå߰Ż8 |
| 1629 | 㡼륺1IJ3ˡɡᥦȥ (--1640) |
| 1638 | ᤰꥹåȥɤȯ (--1640) |
| 1640 | 㡼륺1IJ4--5ûIJˡåȥɤȤ褬9ˡ㡼륺1ٵIJ11ĹIJ |
| 1642 | İ1ˡȵIJ̳̿ȯ (--1649) |
| 1645 | ०ˤIJ¦˥塼ǥ뷳2ˡ͡ӡ襤ǵIJ6 |
| 1648 | ̡8ˡ֥ץ饤ɤʥѡˡס12 |
| 1649 | 㡼륺1跺1ˡȵ²ѻߡ3ˡ०뷳ɱ8?1650ǯ9 |
| 1650 | ०뷳åȥɱ8--1651ǯ9 |
| 1651 | ˤǰפؤҳˡ10 |
| 1652 | 켡ɡ (--1654) |
| 1653 | ०뤬ĹIJ4ˡŵפ졤०뤬˽Ǥ12ˡγ (--1659) |
| 1657 | IJָʤȴפФ०˲̤3ˡ०Ϲ¨̤Ǽ5ˡܤθǤԡ6 |
| 1658 | ०9ˡ㡼ɡ०뤬Ѿ |
| 1659 | 㡼ɡ०뤬Ǥ5 |
| 1660 | ĹIJ褷㡼륺1ΰˤ뷯ٻ֥IJ4ˡ㡼륺2¨̡5ˡ |
| 1661 | 㡼륺2״4ˡεIJ5 |
| 1665 | ɡ (--1667) ɥǥڥή |
| 1666 | ɥС9 |
| 1670 | ɡ̩5Хʤɤᤰʩ֤̩ |
| 1672 | 㡼륺2ֿļͳۡ軰ɡ (--1674) |
| 1673 | ˡ3ˡ衼ߥॺᴱǤ |
| 1677 | 衼ߤĹᥢȥĥब뺧11 |
| 1679 | ̷ѾӽˡƤοĤϡ5ˡˤ1680ǯȾ顤IJ˥ȡȥۥåȤĤɤо |
| 1685 | ॺ2¨̡2ˡޥ6 |
| 1687--88 | ॺ2٤ˤ錄ֿļͳۡˡ˰ȿ״ȥå̤ǸǤϤ |
| 1688 | ҥॺ6ˡɼȤȤĥबɤ˾Φ11ˡॺ2˴̿ |
| 1689 | IJˤָפФ졤ꥢ3ᥢ2ζƱ2ˡָŵפ12ˡ̾̿δ֤ˡꥢ3μƳˤꡤɤ⥪¦ˤĤʩ۹5ǯؤλ |
| 1690 | ܥ襤ǥꥢ3ɤΥȥå̱Ի7ˡॺ2ɾΦǰ |
| 1694 | ɶΩ7ˡᥢ212 |
| 1697 | 쥤ǥ륤14ꥢ3β̾ǧ9 |
| 1701 | ̷Ѿˡ6ˡȥå̤ˤ벦̷Ѿ²Υȥå̤Ȥη뺧ػߤ (--2013) ꥢ3ˤꡤϡƱ9ˡڥ̷Ѿؤλ |
| 1702 | ¨̡3ˡХեϷ³ |
| 1704 | ֥ϥ襤ǥɷե羡8 |
| 1713 | ȥҥȾ4ˡꥹ֥륿롤ߥΥ륫ʤͭ |
| 1714 | ƥ奢Ȳī롥ϥΡե륯硼1¨̡8ˡϥΡī (--1901) |
| 1715 | 켡㥳ХȤ9 |
| 1716 | ǯIJˡ5 |
| 1720 | ˢ |
| 1721 | Сȡݡ뤬¢˽Ǥ4ˡˢߤ˽硼1鿮Ǥ |
| 1727 | 硼2¨̡6 |
| 1739 | ֥μȯ10ˡǯΥȥꥢ̷Ѿ1740--48ǯˤ˵礵졤衼å |
| 1742 | ݡء2ˡ¢ּפȤǤʵıˤꥹ |
| 1745 | 㥳ХȤ (--1746) մ (--1746) |
| 1754 | ꥫǥեɡǥȯ (--1763) |
| 1756 | ꥹץ֤ǥȥߥ롧ǯ1756--63ǯˤȯŸ |
| 1759 | ִפǯסʥꥹΦϤ羡 |
| 1760 | 硼3¨̡10 |
| 1761--62 | ȼ׳νʥ˥塼ߡԥåȡ˴֤Ω㲽 |
| 1764--65 | ̥ꥫ̱ϤФơֺǡסְǡפǡܹȿ̱ϴ֤ΩﲽܥȥԻ1770ǯˡܥȥ1773ǯˤʤɤȯŸ |
| 1775 | Ƴ4ˡꥫΩ (--1783) |
| 1776 | 13̱ϤΩפɽ7ˡθ塤եڥꥫ¦ˤĤꥹϤ |
| 1783 | ѥǥꥫ罰Ω9ˡԥåȤ˽Ǥ12 |
| 1788 | 硼3ȯ¡10ˡԥåɤȥեåɤδ֤ǡפˡ--1789ǯ2 |
| 1793 | ԥåȤ֤켡ʩƱ2ˡꥹե̿ (--1799) ˻ |
| 1799 | ʩƱ6ˡեǥʥݥ쥪ܥʥѥȤ11 |
| 1800 | ɹˮ3ˡʥݥ쥪賫 (--1815) |
| 1804 | ԥåȤʥݥ쥪1¨̡5 |
| 1805 | 軰ʩƱ8ˡȥե륬10ˡƥåĤ襤12 |
| 1806 | ԥåȵ1ˡեå9ˡꥹ¤ |
| 1807 | ꥹǰפζػߤ |
| 1810 | 硼3ȯ¡10ˡҥ硼ȤˡƤķ1811ǯ2ˡ (--1820) |
| 1812 | ѡ꤬̱ӡǰŻ5ˡסɤĹ (--1827) ʥݥ쥪Υԡ6--12 |
| 1814 | ʥݥ쥪褬ä4ˡɥϢ˲š6ˡij11--1815ǯ6 |
| 1815 | ʥݥ쥪Ρɴŷס3--6ˡƥ襤ǽ©6ˡʪˡ3 |
| 1819 | ֥ԡ롼εԻ8ˡϻˡ11 |
| 1820 | 硼4¨̡1ˡ饤ޤȤΥư (--1821) |
| 1822 | 硼˥ꡤСȡԡʤɲɤѤ졤ּͳȡפλ夬Ϥޤ |
| 1828--29 | ȥݼˤꡤˡˡѻߡȥå̲Ƥꡧȡʬʤ |
| 1830 | ꥢ4¨̡6˥ޥȥס֤Ŵƻ̡9ˡ쥤ߤɤȤۥå쥫˥ɡĶȡϢΩΩ11ˡ٥륮ΩĴ䤹ɥĤѡޥȥĹ˿ʤ (--1832) |
| 1832 | 켡ˡΩʲ滺θͼ |
| 1833 | ˡꡥꥹˤ٤ѻ |
| 1834 | ˡꡥꥢ4ˤС꤬ų11ˡԡˤ֥Ρפȯɽ졤ȡ꤬ݼޡפȲ̾12 |
| 1837 | ȥꥢ¨̡6 |
| 1838 | ֿ̱ϡפȯɽ롧㡼ƥȱưι |
| 1839 | ɥȿʪˡƱ |
| 1840 | ȥꥹ쥤ɲҤδ֤ǥإȯ (--1842) ȥꥢСȸȷ뺧2ˡ45˷äޤ |
| 1842 | ԡݼˤꡤǺƳƼѻߡ |
| 1845 | ɤǥ㥬ȯ8 |
| 1846 | ԡݼˤʪˡѻߡ6ˡݼʬ |
| 1849 | ҳˡѻߡ6ˡͳǰפβ |
| 1851 | ɥš5--10 |
| 1854 | ʩȥ륳¦ˤĤƥߥ˻3--1856ǯ3 |
| 1856 | Ȥδ֤˥إȯ (--1860) |
| 1857 | ȯ5ˡ쥤ɲҤϲꥹˤ륤ľۤϡ1858ǯ8 |
| 1859 | ۥåԡɡɤˤּͳޡ6 |
| 1867 | ӡݼˤˡΩԻԤϫƯԳθͼˡʥꥹǽμΤˡ7 |
| 1868 | Ǽͳޤꥢࡦåɥȥη̤ľŪˤĤʤäǽλ㡧12 |
| 1869 | ɹѻ |
| 1870 | ˡꡥˡʾعε̳鲽 |
| 1871 | ؿˡꡥϫƯȹˡꡥΦ䴱ѻ |
| 1872 | ̩ɼ٤Ƴ7 |
| 1875 | ǥ졼ݼˤꥹϲҳ11 |
| 1876 | ιˡˤȥꥢ֥ɹפ¨̤ |
| 1877 | Ω (--1947) |
| 1878 | ȥ륳Ĵ䤹٥Ĥǥץλ۸ |
| 1879 | åɥȥˤߥɥڡ11--12 |
| 1882 | ꥹˤ륨ץȿάʥץȤ¾ݸ |
| 1883 | ԵڤӰˡɻˡ8ˡȿμޤ궯 |
| 1884 | 軰ˡΩϫƯԳθͼ |
| 1885 | ʺʬˡꡧܳŪƳ |
| 1886 | åɥȥͳˤꥢɼˡƤФ뤬̡ͳޤʬ6 |
| 1887 | ȥꥢκ߰50ǯǰŵ1̱ϲĤⳫš |
| 1889 | ˡʥեȥꤷɸء |
| 1893 | ܤΥɼˡƤ̱̲᤹²ݷ9ˡϡǥΩϫƯ |
| 1897 | ȥꥢκ߰60ǯǰŵ2̱ϲĤⳫš |
| 1899 | ܡեꥫȯ (--1902) |
| 1901 | ɥ7¨̡1ˡåСī (--1917) |
| 1902 | Ʊ1 |
| 1903 | ɥ7ѥˬ5ˡ˱ʩط̩ |
| 1904 | ʩ4ˡϪȯ (--1905) |
| 1906 | ȷ϶η㲽 (--1912) ϫƯޡ1 |
| 1907 | Ϫ8 |
| 1909 | ͳˤֿ̱ͽФ뤬²ݷ11 |
| 1910 | 硼5¨̡5ˡ˾ǯ٤»ܡ112ˡֿ̱ͽΩ |
| 1911 | ²ݼޡˤȽ̱ʼͳޡˤη㤷θ˵IJˡ8ˡ²θ¤̾ء硼5ɹ״ǥǵԡ12 |
| 1912 | ܤΥɼˡƤС1914ǯΩء |
| 1914 | 켡ȯ7ˡꥹλ8 |
| 1915 | Ω5 |
| 1916 | ħʼ٤Ƴ1ˡưܳʲ꼭Ǥǥåɡɡ硼Ѿ12 |
| 1917 | ī˲̾7ˡ̿ˤ¾Υæ3ˡꥫʩ¦ˤĤƻ4 |
| 1918 | ͼˡΩ˻30аʾν¸ˡ켡ν11 |
| 1919 | ѥ²ġˡꤵ⡤Ȥǥưڤdzء1920ǯ-- |
| 1921 | ɼͳΩ12ˡ亮ȥ̲ġƱǤء11--1922ǯ2 |
| 1922 | ȥ֤ݼİɡ硼ȤϢΩäꡧɡ硼꼭Ǥ10 |
| 1924 | ॼޥʥɤɤȤϫƯñΩ1 |
| 1925 | 衼åѤˤݾꤷξ12 |
| 1926 | Ūʥͥ롦ȥ饤5ˡĤˤ꼫Τܹϰʿǧ11 |
| 1928 | ˡΩʽ¸ |
| 1929 | ƹΡפȯ10 |
| 1930 | ɥ̲ġ1--4 |
| 1931 | ĴˤޥɥʥɤɤȤΩ8 |
| 1932 | 硼5ˤ̱Ρ֥ꥹޥåפ BBC ʱѹˤΥ饸̤Ƴϡ12 |
| 1936 | ɥ8¨̡1ˡꥹץȤΡֲҤפˤ̡硼6¨̡12 |
| 1937 | ͥ롦Х˽Ǥ5ˡͨܳʲ |
| 1938 | ߥإ̤ǥɥĤ˥ǡƥʥ˳9 |
| 1939 | ȯ9ˡȥ㡼뤬 |
| 1940 | ִ̯1939ǯ9--40ǯ3ˡפФơɥķ衼åѳƹ˿4--5ˡХ㡼뤬꽢Ǥ5ˡեɥĤ˹6ˡ֥֥ƥ襤׳ϡ7 |
| 1941 | ȥγϡ6ˡ㡼 F. D. Ȥξ̡7ˡƳ |
| 1942 | ݡ뤬ܷˤ2ˡȾϢƱѥ¦˷ž̥եꥫʿΡϢǡ |
| 1943 | ̡Ʊ桧11ˡƥإġƱѥ11--12 |
| 1944 | ΥޥǥΦ6ˡѥ8 |
| 1945 | 륿̡Ʊѥ2ˡɥĹ5ˡݥĥ̡Ʊѥ7--8ˡ10ǯ֤ϫƯޤ羡㡼뤬ǤȡȥϫƯñΩ7ˡܹ8ˡν9 |
| 1946 | ɶԤͭ㡼ΡŴΥƥױ3ˡ̱ݸˡ8ˡ̱ݸˡ11 |
| 1947 | úſùͭ1ˡɤѥΩ8 |
| 1948 | ŴƻϹͭ1--4ˡ㡼ΡֻĤءױ10 |
| 1951 | ݼޤ㡼ݼΩ10 |
| 1952 | ꥶ٥2¨̡2ˡ״53ǯ6˵ |
| 1955 | 㡼ࡥˡǥǤˡ4 |
| 1956 | 10--11 |
| 1957 | ϥɡޥߥݼμ˽Ǥ1 |
| 1958 | 嵮²ˡ4 |
| 1960 | ֥եꥫǯסեꥫ衼åѳƹΩ |
| 1963 | ꥹ EEC ʲкѶƱΡ˲˼ԡ1ˡ²ˡΩ7ˡޥߥ꼭Ǥҥ塼ˡ10 |
| 1964 | ϫƯޤϥɡ륽ˡ10 |
| 1967 | ݥڤ겼EC ʲƱΡ˲˼ԡ11 |
| 1968 | 륽꤬줫αѷűɽ1 |
| 1973 | ɥɡҡݼˤꡤꥹ EC 1ˡ10 |
| 1975 | 륽ϫƯβ EC α˴ؤ̱ɼ6 |
| 1977 | ꥹܤ IMF ʹ̲ߴˤڴء1 |
| 1979 | ݼޤޡåȡå㡼Ω5 |
| 1982 | ե4--6ˡꥹ |
| 1984 | ˾úۥȥ饤3--1985ǯ3ˡϫƯȹ7ˡIRA ʥɶ¹ˤˤ륵å㡼Ż̤10 |
| 1984--87 | ſáư֡ҶʤɹͭȤ̱IJ |
| 1985--89 | Ϣ˥ХսĹо줷å㡼ƥǾ̤¸衼åѤˤƥ郎 |
| 1988 | å㡼Υ֥롼9ˡEC ʤ |
| 1990 | ǡʿƬǡƳ4ˡݼ¤ȿꡤå㡼ءᥤ㡼ˡ11 |
| 1991 | Ѵ1--3ˡꥹ⻲ |
| 1992 | ݥɤʡְŹοסˤERM ʰᥫ˥١ˤ饤ꥹΥæ9ˡҤΥ̵кҤǥꥶ٥2ֺǯϤҤɤǯפȱ12 |
| 1993 | EC ˸ƤΥޡȥҥȾڡ7ˡꥹ̲ҲϤŬѽƻäءEU ʲϢȯ11 |
| 1997 | ϫƯޤ羡ȥˡ֥쥢Ω5ˡʸޤѥǻλ8ˡåȥɡ륺IJ֤̱ɼǷ9 |
| 1998 | ꥹɴ֤̥˴ؤιաΩ4 |
| 1999 | åȥɡ륺ǵIJ5ˡ²²ε︺10ˡ̥ɵIJߡ11 |
| 2001 | ꥫƱ¿ȯƥ9ˡե10--11ˡꥹ⥢ꥫ̶Ϥ |
| 2002 | ꥶ٥2߰50ǯǰŵ6 |
| 2003 | 饯3--5ˡꥹ⥢ꥫ̶Ϥ |
| 2005 | ɥƱ¿ȯƥ7 |
| 2007 | ֥쥢ءɥ֥饦 |
| 2008 | ƹζͻʥޥå9 |
| 2010 | ݼޤͳ̱ޤȤϢΩˤǥåɡΩ5 |
| 2012 | ꥶ٥2߰60ǯǰŵ6ˡɥǥԥåȥѥԥåš7--8 |
| 2014 | åȥɤǡΩפ̱ɼԤ졤Ϣ粦˻α̤ˡ9 |
ε#3478. ؿ⥤ꥹˡ٤ǯɽ ([2018-11-04-1]) ³ơꥹòꥹǯɽǤ롥ԤδؿȿǤΡ۶ԡפˤ̤δؿʧƤǯɽǤ롥#3394. 奤ɷ۶Ԥΰ ([2018-08-12-1]) ⻲ȡ
| 1050 | ꥢ1ޥƥ֡Ρȷ뺧 |
| 1066 | ɥ |
| 1066 | ϥ1¨̡ΥޥǥꥢΥꥹꥢ1¨̡ΥޥīϤޤ |
| 1085 | ɥॺǥ֥å |
| 1087 | ꥢ2¨ |
| 1100 | إ1¨̡ޥƥ֡åȥɤȷ뺧 |
| 1118 | ޥƥס1121ǯإ1ǥ饤֡롼Ⱥƺ |
| 1135 | ƥ¨̡1115ǯޥƥ֥֡˥ȷ뺧 |
| 1139 | ƥȥޥƥʥإ1̼ˤ襤Ϥޤ |
| 1154 | إ2¨̡1152ǯ쥢Ρ롦֡ơ̤ȷ뺧ˡץͥåīϤޤ |
| 1170 | ٥롼ʶ٥åȰŻ |
| 1189 | 㡼ɻҿ¨ |
| 1191 | 㡼ɻҿ٥ꥢ֡ʥȷ뺧㡼ɻҿåΡӤ˥ȥꥢκȤʤ |
| 1199 | ¨̡1189ǯ٥顦֡ȷ뺧 |
| 1200 | ٥顦֡졼Ⱥƺ |
| 1204 | եαӼ |
| 1215 | ֥ޥʡ륿פ˽̾ |
| 1216 | إ3¨ |
| 1236 | 쥢Ρ롦֡ץȷ뺧 |
| 1265 | ɡե롤IJΩʲε |
| 1272 | ɥ1¨̡1254ǯ쥢Ρ롦֡ƥȷ뺧 |
| 1277?95 | 륺Ϥޤ |
| 1290 | åȥɤȤϤޤ |
| 1295 | ɥ1ϵIJ |
| 1299 | ɥ1ޡåȡ֡եȺƺ |
| 1307 | ɥ2¨ |
| 1308 | ɥ2٥顦֡եȷ뺧 |
| 1327 | ɥ3¨̡ե̷Ѿĥ |
| 1328 | ɥ3եåѡ֡Ρȷ뺧 |
| 1337?1453 | ʩɴǯ |
| 1346 | 쥷襤Ǿ |
| 1347 | 졼 |
| 1356 | ݥƥ襤ʹҤγ |
| 1377 | 㡼2¨ |
| 1381 | åȡ顼 |
| 1382 | 㡼2֡ۥإߥȷ뺧 |
| 1384 | إ4ᥢɡ֡ȷ뺧 |
| 1394 | 㡼2٥顦֡Ⱥƺ |
| 1399 | إ4¨̡īϤޤ |
| 1402 | إ4祢֡ʥȺƺ |
| 1413 | إ5¨ |
| 1415 | 襤ǥե˾ |
| 1420 | إ5㥵֡ȷ뺧ȥ롥եβ̷Ѿ |
| 1422 | إ6¨ |
| 1429 | 쥢襤ǥե |
| 1444 | إ6ޡåȡ֡塼ȷ뺧 |
| 1453 | ɴǯ轪 |
| 1455?85 | |
| 1461 | ɥ4¨ |
| 1464 | ɥ4ꥶ٥֡åɥȷ뺧 |
| 1483 | 㡼3¨̡1473ǯ֡åȷ뺧 |
| 1485 | ܥ襤㡼3ˤ졤轪롨إ7¨̡塼īϤޤ |
| 1486 | إ7ꥶ٥֡衼ȷ뺧 |
| 1509 | إ8¨̡㥵֡饴ȷ뺧 |
| 1533 | إ8֡ȷ뺧 |
| 1534 | ĹȯۡѹΩ |
| 1535 | ȥޥ⥢跺 |
| 1547 | ɥ6¨ |
| 1553 | ᥢ1¨ |
| 1554 | 磻åȤ𡨥쥤跺 |
| 1554 | ᥢ1ڥΥեڲҤȷ뺧 |
| 1557 | ڥ̷Ѿ˻ |
| 1558 | ڥХե˻졼å |
| 1558 | ꥶ٥1¨ |
| 1588 | ڥ̵Ũˤ |
| 1593 | ̤ȶư |
| 1600 | 쥤ɲΩ |
| 1603 | åȥɲॺ6ꥹॺ1Ȥ¨̡1589ǯ֡ǥޡȷ뺧ˡ奢ȲīϤޤ |
| 1605 | ֲŻȯ |
| 1607 | ƥ˥˱ѿ̱Ϸ |
| 1608 | 100͡ॹƥ˰ܽ |
| 1610 | ॺ1IJȾ |
| 1616 | ԥ |
| 1620 | 102͡ᥤեǥꥫ˰ܽ |
| 125 | 㡼륺1¨̡إꥨåޥꥢȷ뺧 |
| 1628 | 㡼륺1IJ |
| 1642 | ȵIJȯ |
| 1645 | ͥӡ襤ǹԤ |
| 1649 | 㡼륺1跺 |
| 1649?60 | ०ƻҤˤ붦 |
| 1652 | 1 |
| 1660 | 㡼륺2¨ |
| 1662 | 㡼륺2㥵֥֡饬ȷ뺧 |
| 1665 | 2 |
| 1666 | ɥ |
| 1673 | ॺ2ᥢ֡ǥʤȷ뺧 |
| 1685 | ॺ2¨ |
| 1688 | ̾̿Ϥޤ |
| 1689 | ָξŵꡨꥢ3ᥢ2¨ |
| 1690 | åΡؿʹָ |
| 1694 | ɶΩ |
| 1702 | ¨̡1683ǯǥޡҥ硼ȷ뺧ˡڥ̷Ѿ˻1701?14ǯ |
| 1713 | ȥҥڥ̷Ѿ轪롥 |
| 1714 | 硼1¨̡1688ǯեɥƥȷ뺧ˡϥΡīϤޤ |
| 1720 | ˢ |
| 1727 | 硼2¨̡1705ǯ饤֡Хåȷ뺧 |
| 1753 | ʪΩ |
| 1756 | 7ǯȯʥꥹץƱХȥꥢե |
| 1760 | 硼3¨ |
| 1761 | 硼3㡼åȡ֡å֥륯ȥåĤȷ뺧ȳ̿Ϥޤ |
| 1780 | 衼åѽΩƱȤȯ |
| 1805 | ͥ륽ġȥե륬ǥʥݥ쥪ˤ |
| 1820 | 硼4¨̡1795ǯ饤֥֡饦åȷ뺧 |
| 1830 | ꥢ4¨̡1818ǯǥ쥤ɡ֡ޥ˥ȷ뺧 |
| 1837 | ȥꥢ¨ |
| 1839 | ȥꥢСҥСȤȷ뺧 |
| 1840 | ˥塼ɤͭ |
| 1840?42 | إ |
| 1851 | ɥŤ |
| 1897 | ȥꥢ߰60ǯǰŵ |
| 1901 | ɥ7¨̡1863ǯǥޡ쥰ɥȷ뺧ˡСīϤޤ |
| 1902 | Ʊ |
| 1904 | ʩ |
| 1910 | 硼5¨̡1893ǯᥢ֡ƥåȷ뺧 |
| 1926 | Υͥȵ |
| 1935 | ˡ |
| 1936 | ɥ8¨̡ɥ8̡ǯꥹץȷ뺧硼6¨̡1923ǯꥶ٥Х饤ȷ뺧ˡīȲ̾ |
| 1938 | ߥإ |
| 1952 | ꥶ٥2¨̡1947ǯեåסޥȥХåƥȷ뺧 |
| 1956 | ư |
| 1968 | ̥ʶȯ |
| 1982 | եʶ |
| 1981 | 㡼륺Ҥȥʷ뺧 |
| 1996 | 㡼륺ҤȥΥ |
| 1997 | ̻λ |
奢˭٤Ǥ褯Ǥꥹˤܡ pp. 154--56 Ρ֥ꥹάǯɽפǤ褦
| 7 | ȿͤ褬Ϥޤ |
| 55--54 | 2ˤ錄֥˥ |
| 61 | ܥǥåȿ |
| 122 | ϥɥꥢ̥ξɷ¤Ϥޤ |
| 140 | ȥ˥̥ξɷ¤Ϥޤ |
| 2 | ꥹȶ |
| 5?6 | ͤ衤Ĥβ |
| 597 | ƥ̥ˤޡȥåƻ |
| 664 | åȥӤζ |
| 757 | ޡåե¨̡?796 |
| 779 | åեݷ¤ |
| 8 | ǡͤ轱Ϥޤ?9 |
| 843 | вʥåȥɡˤΩ |
| 871 | åեå¨̡?899 |
| 10 | 㥤ʽ٤Ƴ |
| 1015 | ̡Ȥο1016ǯɲˡ?1035 |
| 1042 | ɥɾԲ¨̡?66 |
| 1066 | إƥ襤ǥꥢξʥΥޥ |
| 1085 | ɥॺǥ֥å |
| 1135 | إ1塤ƥȥޥƥ襤Ϥޤ?53 |
| 1154 | إ2¨̡ʥץͥåīλϤޤ |
| 1170 | ٥ʶ٥åȰŻ |
| 1209 | ĥΥƥ3礵 |
| 1215 | ޥʡ륿ǧ |
| 1264 | ɡե?65 |
| 1276 | ɥ1ˤ륦륺Ϥޤʰʸ95ǯޤǡ4ϤäƷ³ˡƱåȥɤؤβ |
| 1295 | ϵIJ |
| 1296 | ɤȥåȥɤϤޤ롥Ф롥 |
| 1314 | ХΥåС襤ǡСȡ֥롼ɥ2ˤ |
| 1327 | ɥ2Ѱ̡ɥ3¨ |
| 1337 | ɴǯ褬Ϥޤ |
| 1346 | 쥷襤 |
| 1348 | ¤ήԡ?49ˤΤ1374ǯˤή |
| 1356 | ݥƥ襤 |
| 1376 | ɵIJ |
| 1381 | åȡ顼 |
| 1399 | 㡼2Ѱ̡إ4¨̡ʥīλϤޤ |
| 1415 | إ5ˤʩƳ襤 |
| 1420 | ȥˤإ5Υե̷Ѿǧ |
| 1429 | ̡륯γˤ륪쥢ˡ7״ |
| 1453 | ɴǯ轪 |
| 1455 | ХϤޤ |
| 1461 | ɥ4¨̡ʥ衼īλϤޤ |
| 1476 | ȥꥹǽγǰ̱˳ |
| 1483 | 㡼3ɥ5Ѥ¨ |
| 1485 | ܥ襤ǥ㡼3Իࡥإ7¨̡ʥƥ塼īλϤޤ |
| 1501 | ҥȥ饴Υ㥵η뺧ǯ |
| 1509 | إ8¨̡饴Υ㥵Ȥη뺧 |
| 1529 | IJλϤޤ?36 |
| 1534 | ˡˤγΩ |
| 1536 | ƻ륺ιƱ |
| 1539 | 罤ƻ |
| 1541 | إ8ɲΤ |
| 1542 | åȥɡɿ˼Ԥॺ5Իࡨᥢꡦƥ奢Ȥ¨ |
| 1547 | ɥ6¨̡ץƥȲοŸ |
| 1559 | ˡˡˤκƳΩ |
| 1567 | åȥɽᥢꡦƥ奢Ѱ̡ɤ˴̿ |
| 1569 | ȿǯð |
| 1587 | ᥢꡦƥ奢Ȥν跺 |
| 1588 | ڥ̵Ũν |
| 1600 | 쥤ɲΩ |
| 1603 | ꥶ٥1ॹ1¨̡ʥƥ奢īλϤޤ |
| 1605 | Ż |
| 1628 | |
| 1639 | 綵Ϥޤ |
| 1640 | ĹIJ |
| 1642 | ȵIJȯ |
| 1648 | IJĹϷɤ |
| 1649 | 㡼륺1ν跺²ѤΩ०Υ |
| 1652 | 1?54 |
| 1653 | ०Ȥʤ?56 |
| 1660 | |
| 1665 | 2表ɥǥ٥ή |
| 1666 | ɥ |
| 1685 | ॺ2¨̡ޥȿ |
| 1688 | ̾̿ |
| 1689 | ꥢ3ᥢ2¨̡ξŵ |
| 1694 | ɶǹΩᥢ2 |
| 1702 | ¨̡ڥѾؤλ |
| 1707 | åȥɤȤιƱ |
| 1714 | 硼1¨̡ʥϥΡīλϤޤ |
| 1720 | ˢΤǯݡ¢˽Ǥ |
| 1739 | Хڥ賫ϡǯȥꥢѾ |
| 1745 | 㥳ХȤȿ?46 |
| 1757 | ץå襤 |
| 1774 | ꥫΩϤޤ?83ˡκȳ̿ܳŪ˿ʹ |
| 1789 | ե̿ȯ |
| 1793 | 1ʩƱ |
| 1799 | 2ʩƱ |
| 1802 | ߥ |
| 1805 | 3ʩƱͥ륽ȥե륬ǥեڥ |
| 1807 | ǰפζػ |
| 1815 | ʪˡꡨƥ襤 |
| 1819 | ԡ롼εԻ |
| 1829 | ȥåˡΩ |
| 1830 | ޥס֤Ŵƻ |
| 1832 | 1ˡ |
| 1833 | Ǥѻ߷ꡨˡ |
| 1838 | ̱Ϥιɾʸ40ǯޤǥ㡼ƥȱư |
| 1840 | إ?42 |
| 1846 | ʪˡѻ |
| 1851 | ɥǽƤ |
| 1854 | ߥ?56 |
| 1857 | ɤǥݥȿ |
| 1858 | 쥤ɲҲɤľΤȤʤ |
| 1867 | 2ˡ |
| 1875 | ϳι |
| 1877 | ȥꥢˡ֥ɹפΤ |
| 1880 | ˡˤꡤؤε̳ |
| 1881 | ǥޥեǥ |
| 1882 | ꥹˤ륨ץȤñ |
| 1884 | եӥη3ˡ |
| 1887 | ȥꥢ¨50ǯǰŵ1̱ϲ |
| 1893 | ΩϫƯޤη |
| 1897 | ȥꥢ¨60ǯǰŵ |
| 1899 | եꥫϤޤ?1902 |
| 1901 | ȥꥢɥ7¨ |
| 1902 | Ʊ |
| 1904 | ʩ |
| 1907 | ϪˤꡤΩ |
| 1908 | Ϸǯˡ |
| 1910 | ɡ硼̱ͽ |
| 1911 | ̱ݸˡ |
| 1914 | ɼˡΩʼ»ܤ1Τˡ1ȯ?18ǯ |
| 1916 | ɤ¨Ω륤˪ |
| 1918 | 4ˡ30аʾν˻ǧ |
| 1919 | ѥʿ²ġ?20 |
| 1920 | |
| 1922 | ɼͳΩ |
| 1924 | ޥɥʥɼˤϫƯΩ |
| 1931 | ȥߥϤˤꥳ륹ʱϢˮˤȯ |
| 1932 | кѲġΥ֥åкѷ |
| 1935 | ˡ |
| 1936 | ɥ8뺧 |
| 1938 | ߥإ |
| 1939 | 2ȯ?45 |
| 1940 | 㡼ˤա?45 |
| 1941 | 㡼ȥ롼٥ΡηϤȯɽ |
| 1942 | ٥åȯɽ |
| 1945 | ȥϫƯȯȤιͭʤ |
| 1947 | ɡѥΩ |
| 1951 | ѹפγ |
| 1952 | ꥶ٥2¨ |
| 1956 | 表1950ǯȾ60ǯˤơեꥫο̱ϤΩ꼡 |
| 1962 | ӡȥ륺Υ쥳ɡǥӥ塼 |
| 1968 | ̥ʶϤޤ |
| 1971 | ̲ߤ |
| 1972 | ̥ɤμ |
| 1973 | ECʥ衼åѶƱΡ˲ȯ |
| 1973 | ʲ |
| 1979 | å㡼ݼȯ |
| 1982 | ե |
| 1984 | Ȥˤ1997ǯιִԤ |
| 1986 | ¤ȯɤƳǧ |
| 1990 | ֿƬǡפؤȿбư夬롨å㡼 |
| 1992 | ̲١ERMˤΥæ |
| 1997 | ֥쥢ϫƯդΩܹλࡨåȥɡ륺ϰIJ֤䤦̱ɼˤꡤ֤ |
| 1999 | ²βפˤꡤ²εİʤ |
| 2000 | Ϥﳲ˸ |
| 2001 | ܤ˸֤ήԡǥ֥쥢ΨϫƯޤΰ |
Fisher and Allen θ֤ˤ "A Chaucer Chronology" Ƹ롥Chaucer ǺǤ˻äˡϺưȯƤȤȤ狼롥1380ǯ?1390ǯ夬The Canterbury Tales μɮޤࡤǤΤΤäǤ롥
| 1327 | Edward III crowned, age 14. | ||
| 1328 | Edward marries Philippa of Hainault; Sir Paon de Roet in her entourage. | ||
| 1330 | Birth of Edward, the Black Prince. | ||
| 1331 | England at war with Scotland; France intervenes on behalf of Scotland. | ||
| 1338 | Unsuccessful invasion of northern France (beginning of Hundred Years' War); John Chaucer (Geoffrey's father) in the King's company. | ||
| 1340 | (?)Birth of Geoffrey Chaucer. Birth of John of Gaunt. Edward III takes title "King of France" | ||
| 1346 | Battle of Crécy | ||
| 1348 | Black Death | ||
| 1356 | Battle of Poitiers; high point of England's success in the wars with France. | ||
| 1357 | First record of Chaucer: in household of Countess of Ulster, wife of Prince Lionel. Philippa Pan' also in household. | ||
| 1359 | May: (?) Chaucer at wedding of John of Gaunt and Blanche of Lancaster. Gaunt becomes Duke of Lancaster. After November 3: Chaucer in French war in Prince Lionel's company. | ||
| 1360 | Chaucer captured and ransomed by the King. | ||
| 1361 | Black Prince marries Joan of Kent. (?) Chaucer at Inns of Chancery. | Prier a Nostre Dame; Romaunt of the Rose; early Complaints (--1367) | |
| 1363 | Death of Countess of Ulster. (?) Philippa Pan' enters service of Queen Philippa. (?) Chaucer at Inns of Court. | ||
| 1366 | February 22--May 24: safe conduct for Chaucer to travel in Spain. Philippa Chaucer (so designated) granted royal annuity of 10 marks. | ||
| 1367 | Geoffrey Chaucer granted royal annuity of of 20 marks. Chaucer enters the King's service. | ||
| 1368 | Death of Blanche, Duchess of Lancaster. French war active. Chaucer on mission in France. | Book of the Duchess (--1369) | |
| 1369 | Chaucer with Gaunt in raid on Picardy. Death of Queen Philippa. (?) Philippa Chaucer enters Gaunt's household. | ||
| 1370 | June 20--September 29: Chaucer on mission in France, (?) with Gaunt in Aquitaine. | ||
| 1371 | Gaunt marries Princess Costanza of Castile. | ||
| 1372 | Katherine Swynford, sister of Philippa Chaucer, bears first son by Gaunt. August 30: Gaunt grants Philippa Chaucer annuity of ?10. December 1: Chaucer leaves for Genoa, visits Florence. (Boccaccio in Florence; Petrarch in Padua.) | Parliament of Fowls; St. Cecilia; Monk's tragedies; Anelida (--1377) | |
| 1373 | May 23: Chaucer returns to London. (?) Birth of Thomas Chaucer. July 13: Gaunt goes to French wars. | ||
| 1374 | April 10: Gaunt returns from French wars. April 23: Chaucer receives a royal grant of a pitcher of wine daily. May 10: Chaucer leases Aldgate house and sets up housekeeping. June 8: Chaucer made controller of customs. June 13: Geoffrey and Philippa receive ?10 annuity from Gaunt. | ||
| 1376 | Death of Black Prince. Chaucer on mission to Calais. | ||
| 1377 | February 17, April 30: Chaucer on missions in France concerning peace treaty and marriage of Richard. June 22: death of Edward III and accession of his grandson, Richard II, age 10. Government controlled by Gaunt. | ||
| 1378 | January 16--March 9: Chaucer in France concerning marriage of Richard to French king's daughter Marie. April 18: daily pitcher of wine replaced by annuity of 20 marks. May 28--September 19: Chaucer in Lombardy to treat with Barnado Visconti (Gower given Chaucer's power of attorney). | House of Fame; Boece; Boethian balades; Palamon and Arcite (--1381) | |
| 1380 | May 1: Chaucer released from suit for "raptus" of Cecily Champain. (?) Birth of Lewis Chaucer. | ||
| 1381 | Peasants' Revolt. June 19: deed of Geoffrey Chaucer, son of John Chaucer, vintner of London, quitclaiming his father's house. | ||
| 1382 | Richard II marries Anne of Bohemia. | Troylus and Criseyde; Legend of Good Women (--1386) | |
| 1383 | Chaucer obtains first loan against his annuity. | ||
| 1385 | October 12: Chaucer appointed justice of the peace in Kent. Political struggle between Gaunt and his brother, Thomas of Woodstock. September: death of Joan of Kent. | ||
| 1386 | Justice of peace reaffirmed. February 19: Philippa admitted to fraternity of Lincoln Cathedral. August: Chaucer elected member of parliament from Kent. October 5: Aldgate house rented to Richard Forester. October 15: Scrope-Grosvenor trial. December 4: Adam Yardley appointed controller of customs. | Canterbury Prologue; early Tales (Knight, Part VII) (--1387) | |
| 1387 | June 18: last payment of annuity of Philippa Chaucer. | ||
| 1388 | May 1: Chaucer surrenders his royal annuities to John Scalby of Lincolnshire. | Fabliaux (Miller, Reeve) (--1389) | |
| 1389 | King Richard assumes power. Chaucer appointed clerk of the King's works (more than ?30 a year). | ||
| 1390 | Commissions to repair St. George's Chapel, Windsor; to oversee repairs on the lower Thames sewers and conduits; to build bleachers for jousts at Smithfield, etc. The three robberies. Chaucer appointed subforester of North Petherton, Somerset. | Marriage group (Wife of Bath, Friar, Summoner, Merchant, Clerk, Franklin); Astrolabe; Equatorie (--1394) | |
| 1391 | June 17: another clerk of the works appointed. | ||
| 1393 | Chaucer granted a gift of ?10 from Richard for services rendered "in this year now present." | ||
| 1394 | Death of Queen Anne. Chaucer granted a new annuity of ?20. | ||
| 1395 | Richard marries Isabella of France. Thomas Chaucer marries heiress Maud Burghersh. | ||
| 1396 | John of Gaunt marries Katherine Swynford. | Balades to Scogan, Bukton (--1399) | |
| 1398 | Chaucer borrows against his annuity; action for debt against Chaucer; letters of protection from the King. | ||
| 1399 | Deposition of Richard II. Election of Henry IV. Death of John of Gaunt. October 13: on his coronation day, Henry doubles Chaucer's annuity. December 24: Chaucer signs 53-year lease for tenement in the garden of the Lady Chapel, Westminster Abbey. | ||
| 1400 | September 29: last record of Chaucer: quittance given by him for a tun of wine received. October 25: date of Chaucer's death on tombstone in Westminster Abbey (erected in 1556) |
#2547. 奤ɷǯΰ ([2016-04-17-1]) Ǥ褦ʰꥢ1ʹߤˤĤơܤֹڤӲޡ̻˰ɽפ (626--31) ˸ĤΤǷǤƤޡ̻ˤξޤǴޤޤƤΤĶ̣
| ڤӲޡ̻ | ǯ | 뺧 | ߰ | ǯ | ޡ̻ˤνп | |
| Υޥ | ||||||
| ꥢ1 | 1027? | 1050? | 1066--1087 | 1087 | ||
| ޥƥ֡ե | 1031 | 1050? | 1083 | եɥ | ||
| ꥢ2 | 1060? | 1087--1100 | 1100 | |||
| إ1 | 1068 | 11000 | 1100--1135 | 1135 | ||
| (1) ޥƥ֡åȥ | 1080 | 1100 | 1118 | åȥ | ||
| (2) ǥ饤֡롼 | 1102 | 1121 | 1151 | ե | ||
| ƥ | 1097? | 1115 | 1135--1154 | 1154 | ||
| ޥƥ֡֡˥ | 1103? | 1115 | 1152 | Υޥ | ||
| ץ˥åȲ | ||||||
| إ2 | 1133 | 1152 | 1154--1189 | 1189 | ||
| ʡ֡ơ | 1122? | 1152 | 1204 | ե | ||
| 㡼1 | 1157 | 1191 | 1189--1199 | 1199 | ||
| ٥ꥢ֡ʥ | 1174 | 1191 | 1230? | ڥ | ||
| 1167 | 1189 | 1199--1216 | 1216 | |||
| (1) ٥롦֡ | ? | 1189 | 1217 | | ||
| (2) ٥롦֡졼 | 1188 | 1200 | 1246 | ե | ||
| إ3 | 1207 | 1236 | 1216--1272 | 1272 | ||
| ʡ֡ץ | 1226? | 1236 | 1291 | ե | ||
| ɥ1 | 1239 | 1254 | 1272--1307 | 1307 | ||
| (1) ʡ֡ƥ | 1244 | 1254 | 1290 | ڥ | ||
| (2) ޡåȡ֡ե | 1282? | 1299 | 1318 | ե | ||
| ɥ2 | 1284 | 1308 | 1307--1327 | 1327 | ||
| ٥롦֡ե | 1292 | 1308 | 1358 | ե | ||
| ɥ3 | 1312 | 1328 | 1327--1377 | 1377 | ||
| եåѡ֡Ρ | 1314? | 1328 | 1369 | եɥ | ||
| 㡼2 | 1367 | 1382 | 1377--1399 | 1400 | ||
| (1) ֡ܥإߥ | 1366 | 1382 | 1394 | ܥإߥ | ||
| (2) ٥롦֡ | 1389 | 1396 | 1409 | ե | ||
| | ||||||
| إ4 | 1367 | 1380 | 1399--1414 | 1413 | ||
| (1) ᥢɥ֡ | 1370 | 1381 | 1394 | | ||
| (2) 祢֡ʥ | 1370? | 1403 | 1437 | ڥ | ||
| إ5 | 1387 | 1420 | 1413--1422 | 1422 | ||
| 㥵֡ | 1401 | 1420 | 1437 | ե | ||
| إ6 | 1421 | 1444 | 1422--1461, 1470--1471 | 1471 | ||
| ޡåȡ֡ | 1429 | 1444 | 1482 | ե | ||
| ƥ塼 | ||||||
| إ7 | 1457 | 1486 | 1485--1509 | 1509 | ||
| ꥶ٥֡衼 | 1465 | 1486 | 1503 | | ||
| إ8 | 1491 | 1509 | 1509--1547 | 1547 | ||
| (1) 㥵֡饴 | 1485 | 1509 | 1536 | ڥ | ||
| (2) ֡ | 1507? | 1533 | 1536 | | ||
| (3) ⥢ | 1509? | 1536 | 1537 | | ||
| (4) ֡졼 | 1515 | 1540 | 1557 | եɥ | ||
| (5) 㥵ϥ | 1521? | 1540 | 1542 | | ||
| (6) 㥵ѡ | 1512? | 1543 | 1548 | | ||
| ɥ6 | 1537 | 1547--1553 | 1553 | |||
| ᥢ1 | 1516 | 1554 | 1553--1558 | 1558 | ||
| եڡ֡ڥ | 1527 | 1554 | ʥڥ1556--1598 | 1598 | ڥ | |
| ꥶ٥1 | 1533 | 1558--1603 | 1603 | |||
| ƥ奢Ȳ | ||||||
| ॺ1 | 1566 | 1589 | 1603--1625 | 1625 | ||
| ֡ǥޡ | 1574 | 1589 | 1619 | ǥޡ | ||
| 㡼륺1 | 1600 | 1625 | 1625--1649 | 1649 | ||
| إꥨåޥꥢ | 1609 | 1625 | 1669 | ե | ||
| ƶƥ奢Ȳ | ||||||
| 㡼륺2 | 1630 | 1662 | 1660--1685 | 1685 | ||
| 㥵֥֡饬 | 1638 | 1662 | 1705 | ݥȥ | ||
| ॺ2 | 1633 | 1660 | 1685--1688 | 1701 | ||
| (1) ϥ | 1637 | 1660 | 1671 | | ||
| (2) ᥢ֡ǥ | 1658 | 1673 | 1718 | ꥢ | ||
| ᥢ2ʶƱ | 1662 | 1677 | 1689--1694 | 1694 | ||
| ꥢ3ʶƱ | 1650 | 1677 | 1689--1702 | 1702 | ||
| 1665 | 1683 | 1702--1714 | 1714 | |||
| ץ硼֡ǥޡ | 1653 | 1683 | 1708 | ǥޡ | ||
| ϥΡ | ||||||
| 硼1 | 1660 | 1682 | 1714--1727 | 1727 | ||
| եɥƥ | 1666 | 1682 | 1726 | ɥ | ||
| 硼2 | 1683 | 1705 | 1727--1760 | 1760 | ||
| 饤֡ѥå | 1683 | 1705 | 1737 | ɥ | ||
| 硼3 | 1738 | 1761 | 1760--1820 | 1820 | ||
| 㡼åȡ֡å֥륯ȥå | 1744 | 1761 | 1818 | ɥ | ||
| 硼4 | 1762 | 1795 | 1820--1830 | 1830 | ||
| 饤֥֡å | 1768 | 1795 | 1821 | ɥ | ||
| ꥢ4 | 1765 | 1818 | 1830--1837 | 1837 | ||
| ǥ쥤ɡ֡ޥ˥ | 1792 | 1818 | 1849 | ɥ | ||
| ȥꥢ | 1819 | 1840 | 1837--1901 | |||
| ץС | 1819 | 1840 | 1861 | ɥ | ||
| С | ||||||
| ɥ7 | 1841 | 1863 | 1901--1910 | 1910 | ||
| 쥰ɥ顦֡ǥޡ | 1841 | 1863 | 1925 | ǥޡ | ||
| | ||||||
| 硼5 | 1865 | 1893 | 1910--1936 | |||
| ᥢ֡ƥå | 1867 | 1893 | 1953 | ɥ | ||
| ɥ8 | 1894 | 1937 | 1936--1936 | 1972 | ||
| ʥꥹץ͡ | 1896 | 1937 | 1986 | ꥫ | ||
| 硼6 | 1895 | 1923 | 1936--1952 | 1952 | ||
| ꥶ٥Х饤 | 1900 | 1923 | åȥ | |||
| ꥶ٥2 | 1926 | 1947 | 1952-- | |||
| ץեåסޥȥХåƥ | 1921 | 1947 | ǥޡ | |||
ִ50ǯ꤬ǥǼ夲Ƥ롥628ִäīʹǥꡤĤεؤΥĥ1830ǯ˽ƾؤäƤꥫͥܥ졼λ¹μ̿ߤ롥
䳤硤ұۤʸϤ礦ִԣǯ
֤ޤϥɥޡ仺οʱ̿
褬嫤־ִԤβΡá
˴̴פˡɤ夤̱Ϻ
θˡüǤꡤ#2559. αѸ ([2016-04-29-1]) ȡ#2596. ־ȤСפ ([2016-06-05-1]) ˤƤޤʬäƤʤȤ¿Τ캮ǻ̩Ĺ®ƤˤĤȤָΰפȸƤФƤʥp. 155ˡ
ʲ71īʹī˷ǺܤƤ־ǯɽפѤƤˡߡ̤ۤڤޤ礦
| 1830ǯ | ˲ƤʿνͰܽ |
| 76ǯ | ܤͭ |
| 82ǯ | Ʒ̱餬 |
| 95ǯ | ο4ͤˡʺ1944ǯ7711͡ |
| 1941ǯ | ʿȯ |
| 45ǯ | 2Ƴʼ⤬βΦԤƹ¦6821͡¦21Ķ8 |
| 46ǯ | Ʒ̱129ͤ |
| 52ǯ | ե¾ȯ硦졦ƹ |
| 65ǯ | ܿ͵̱軲 |
| 68ǯ | 626ִԡܿͤεϤޤ |
| 72ǯ | 4֤ |
| 76ǯ | 5硦֤ |
| 79ǯ | 4褬¼ |
| 83ǯ | 6ڴ֤á¨äǽ |
| 88ǯ | λԾ߰Ƥɽ |
| 96ǯ | ԾͽϤǴʪĤꡤԾƤű |
| 2005ǯ | Ķ®ײ褬ܺ |
| 2011ǯ | 6仺Ͽ7֥ߤϾǥİ®ǡ̿ǽ |
ǯɽ (timeline) ΰĤȤơ#3226. ꥹʸشϢάǯɽ ([2018-02-25-1]) ˥饤ɤǤǯɽ˺ľʲޤåˡ饤ɤǤǯɽȤƤϡ#2358. 饤ɤǤѸǯɽ ([2015-10-11-1])#2871. űѸΥ饤ǯɽ ([2017-03-07-1])#3164. 饤ɤǤѸǯɽ (2) ([2017-12-25-1])#3205. 饤ɤǤѸǯɽ (3) ([2018-02-04-1]) ⻲ȡ

ɧإꥹʸػ١ҡ1986ǯ
ǯɽ (cf. timeline) ϡꥹʸػˤάǯɽˤʸػ˳δ˵ƤΤǤ (175--80) ꥹˤܻˤȤδϢդ⤢ꡤįƳڤ롥
| ꥹʸء˴ط | ͻ | |
|---|---|---|
| 410 | ޤ Britain ۽ | |
| 1000 | Ǽҡ١缰ظʪ٤κ | |
| 1066 | Ρޥꥢ¨ (--1087) | |
| 1154 | ץͥåīϤޤ (--1399) | |
| 1167 | Oxford ؤδ | |
| 1313 | ʥ˥ơؿʡ٤κꥢʸĬ | |
| 1337 | ʩɴǯϤޤ (--1453) | |
| 1349 | ʥ˥ܥåإǥ | |
| 1380 | Wyclif Ϥ | |
| 1382 | Chaucer, Troilus and Criseyde (--1385. 1484) | |
| 1387 | Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales ɮϡʽ 1478 | |
| 1455 | Ф (--1485) | |
| 1469 | Malory, Le Morte d'Arthur ʽ 1485 | |
| 1475 | W. Caxton, ǽαѸˤʪ | |
| 1485 | إ¨ (--1509) | |
| 1492 | ʥ˥֥Φعҳ | |
| 1513 | ʥ˥ޥ٥ط٤κ | |
| 1516 | More, Utopia | |
| 1517 | 륿νϤޤ | |
| 1519 | ޥ (--1522) | |
| 1534 | The Church of England (or Anglican Church) ΩEngland ν | |
| 1535 | Sir Thomas More (1478--) 跺 | |
| 1543 | ˥ݥȥ͡ | |
| 1557 | England the Stationers' Company ʽҽǶȹ | |
| 1558 | Elizabeth I ¨ (--1603) | |
| 1576 | ǽξ߸ The Theatre | |
| 1579 | Spenser, E., The Shepheardes Calendar | |
| 1587 | Scotland Mary 跺 | |
| 1588 | Drake, Hawkins 顤ڥ̵Ũ (The Armada) ˤ | |
| 1589 | Spenser, E., The Faerie Queene, I?۪II | |
| 1593 | ڥήԤΤɥη줬2ǯޤĺ | ˺ǽdzܰ |
| 1595 | Shakespeare, Romeo and Juliet | |
| 1596 | Shakespeare, A Midsummer Night's Dream; Spenser, E., The Faerie Queene, IV?۷I | |
| 1597 | Shakespeare, The Merchant of Venice | |
| 1599 | ַ쳫 | |
| 1600 | Shakespeare, As You Like It | |
| 1601 | Shakespeare, Hamlet | |
| 1603 | ॹ¨ (--1625) | |
| 1605 | Shakespeare, Othello | ʥ˥Хƥإɥۡơ |
| 1606 | Shakespeare, King Lear; Macbeth | |
| 1618 | ʥɡ˻ǯʽ (--1648) | |
| 1620 | Pilgrim Fathers Mayflower ǥꥫϹ | |
| 1634 | Milton, Comus | |
| 1642 | ̳̿Ϥޤ | |
| 1649 | 㡼륺跺졤ѻߤ졤ꥹϡֶ¹ˤƼͳפȤʤ (--1660) | |
| 1666 | ɥ | |
| 1667 | Milton, Paradise Lost ʽ10ܡ | |
| 1684 | Bunyan, The Pilgrim's Progress, Pt. ii (Pt. i 1678 | |
| 1687 | ˥塼ȥͭϤˡ§ȯɽ | |
| 1688 | ̾̿ (Glorious Revolution) | |
| 1702 | The Daily Courant ϴʥꥹǽʹ | |
| 1707 | England, Scotland ʻ硤Great Britain Ω | |
| 1711 | Addison Steele The Spectator ϴ | |
| 1714 | 硼¨ (--1727) ϥΡīϤޤ | |
| 1719 | Defoe, Robinson Crusoe | |
| 1721 | R. ݡ뤬ȳդꥹǽμȤʤ | |
| 1724 | ˶ι纸 (1635-- | |
| 1726 | Swift, Gulliveris Travel | |
| 1731 | ꥹѸȤƤΥƥ | |
| 1739 | ꥹȥڥ | |
| 1740 | Richardson, Pamela | |
| 1742 | Fielding, Joseph Andreas | |
| 1748 | ʩ˥ƥˡ | |
| 1749 | Fielding, Tom Jones | |
| 1755 | Johnson ΡرѸ켭ŵ | |
| 1756 | ʩ֤˼ǯϤޤ | |
| 1760 | Sterne, Tristram Shandy | |
| 1767 | κꥹȳ̿ | |
| 1774 | ˿ĸزο١ʥɡ˥ơؼ㤭ƥǺߡ | |
| 1776 | ꥫΩ | |
| 1789 | ե̿ | |
| 1791 | The Observer ϴ | |
| 1798 | Wordsworth & Coleridge, Lyrical Ballads | |
| 1801 | ꥹɤʻ硤the Union of Great Britain and Ireland Ω | |
| 1805 | Wordsworth, The Prelude | |
| 1807 | ꥹػ | |
| 1812 | Byron, Childe Harold's PilgrimageϤޤ (--1814) | |
| 1813 | Austen, Pride and Prejudice | |
| 1817 | Byron, Manfred | ˥ꥹ |
| 1819 | Keats, 'Ode to a Nightingale'; Scott, Ivanhoe | |
| 1820 | Shelley, Prometheus Unbound; 'To a Skylark' | |
| 1823 | Lamb, The Essays of Elia | |
| 1836 | Dickens, Pickwick Papers ʽǤ1837ˡꥹкѶϤޤ | |
| 1837 | Dickens, Oliver Twistȥꥢ¨ (--1901) | |
| 1840 | ꥹ New Zealand ʻ硨إϤޤ (--42) | |
| 1847 | C. Brontë, Jane Eyre; E. Brontë, Wuthering Heights; Thackeray, Vanity Fair | |
| 1848 | ޥ륯ᥨ륹ض٤ɥȯɽ | |
| 1849 | Dickens, David Copperfield | |
| 1850 | Tennyson, In Memoriam | |
| 1851 | ɥ | |
| 1854 | ߥ赯 (--1856)˥ڥҡ¿ƾ | |
| 1856 | ꥹɤľ | ܡƽ̾ |
| 1859 | Darwin, On the Origin of Species; G. Eliot, Adam Bede | |
| 1865 | Carroll, Alice's Adventures in Wonderland | |
| 1868 | ȲͤȲ | |
| 1871 | G. Eliot, Middlemarch | Ҥ饢ꥫα |
| 1872 | Butler, Erewhon | ʡ͡ȡسΤ |
| 1877 | Ω | |
| 1883 | Stevenson, Treasure Island | |
| 1891 | Hardy, Tess | |
| 1893 | Wilde, Salomé ʩǡǤ1894 | |
| 1894 | Shaw, Arms and the Man; Kipling, The Jungle Book | |
| 1895 | Wells, The Time Machine | |
| 1896 | ƥͤǶ奪ԥå | |
| 1899 | ܡ (--1902) | |
| 1900 | Conrad, Lord Jim | ҡұѳؽΡĽءΩСꥹα |
| 1901 | ȥꥢǡɥɼ¨ | |
| 1902 | The Times Literary Supplement ϴ | ƱΩ |
| 1907 | ˱Ѹ츦ҡʤΤҡ϶ | |
| 1909 | إϥåȡ١ʰʸ弡 | |
| 1913 | Lawrence, Sons and Lovers | |
| 1914 | Joyce, Dubliners | 켡Ϥޤ (--18) |
| 1917 | ̿ | |
| 1920 | ϢΩ | |
| 1922 | T. S. Eliot, The Waste Land; Galsworthy, The Forsyte Saga; Joyce, Ulysses ʥѥǽǡ; Ireland ͳΩ | |
| 1924 | Forster, A Passage to India | |
| 1925 | Woolf, Mrs. Dalloway | |
| 1927 | Woolf, To the Lighthouse | |
| 1928 | Lawrence, Lady Chatterley's Lover; Huxley, Brave New World | |
| 1929 | ܱʸز | |
| 1936 | ɥȬץͤȤη뺧Ӳ硼ϻ¨ (--52) | ڥ (--39) |
| 1937 | Ireland ͳ̾ (Eire) Ȳ | |
| 1936 | Joyce, Finnegans Wake | Ϥޤ |
| 1940 | Greene, The Power and Glory | |
| 1941 | ܡƱѤ۹ | |
| 1945 | Orwell, Animal Farm | ェ |
| 1948 | Greene, The Heart of the Matter | |
| 1949 | Orwell, Nineteen Eighty-Four; Eire ¹Ireland ¹ȤΩ | |
| 1950 | ˥ƣإ㥿졼ͤ͡ȯ | |
| 1951 | ưݾĴ | |
| 1952 | Beckett, En Attendant GodotʡإɡԤʤ١ˡꥶ٥¨ | |
| 1954 | Golding, Lord of the Flies; Murdock, Under the Net | |
| 1956 | Osborne, Look Back in Anger | |
| 1957 | Braine, Room at the Top | |
| 1958 | Weaker, Chicken Soup with Barley | |
| 1959 | Sillitoe, The Loneliness of the Long-Distance Runner | |
| 1960 | Pinter, The Caretaker | ƿݾΩ |
| 1963 | ˼ѱѸϤޤ | |
| 1964 | ԥå | |
| 1965 | Pinter, The Homecoming | ɴ |
| 1970 | | |
| 1971 | ʾ٤ˡڤؤ | |
| 1975 | ٥ȥʥ轪 | |
| 1979 | å㡼ꥹνȤʤ | ߥå |
| 1980 | 졼ꥫΤ˽Ǥԥå⥹ | |
| 1981 | 㡼륺ҡʡڥȷ뺧 | |
| 1982 | ˡˬѡѹ² | |
| 1984 | T. Hughes, J. Betjeman ΤȤη˴ͤȤʤ | ԥå륹 |
ī㡼ɶdz֤Ƥֺ֥ڥǤɤѸˡ⡤53ޤ210ڡˤ˳줿3515̤ through --- ѸΥڥפѤ饤ɻ˥åפƤޤ
ϡѸΩڥ濴˿ʤΤ褦Ω֤ɤΤ褦ˤ줬λˤƲäƤȤˤʤäޤݥȤȤưʲ3Ŧޤ
Υޥˤɸֻڥ˱
ȤƼ˴Ťڥ͡ʲ
Ѹڥɸಽ
ΤȤơɸŪڥˡȤȯۤƶḽŪʤΤǤ뤳ȤǧǤΤǤϤʤȻפޤʲ饤ɤΥڡȤ˥ĥäƤޤ褫ΥפޤơȤƤɤ
1. ֺ¡إڥǤɤѸˡ3515̤ through--- ѸΥڥ
2.
3. (1) Υޥڥ
4. ΥޥѸޤǤά
5. 515̤ through (#53, #54), 134̤ such
6. 6ñǤߤѸڥ
7. busy, bury, merry
8. Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales Ƭ
9. 7ܤμܴ (#2788)
10. (2) ڥ͡ʲ
11. (3) ڥκɸಽ
12. ޤȤ
13. ʸ
#2358. 饤ɤǤѸǯɽ ([2015-10-11-1])#2871. űѸΥ饤ǯɽ ([2017-03-07-1])#3164. 饤ɤǤѸǯɽ (2) ([2017-12-25-1]) ˰³⤦1ĤΥ饤ɱѸǯɽ롥
ǶεǡAlgeo and Pyles αѸ˳˴ŤǯɽǺܤ (see #3193. űѸμפʽǯɽ ([2018-01-23-1])#3196. Ѹμפʽǯɽ ([2018-01-26-1])#3197. Ѹμפʽǯɽ ([2018-01-27-1])#3200. Ѹμפʽǯɽ ([2018-01-30-1])ˡΥ饤ɤϡ Algeo and Pyles ǤȤ˺ܿŪʤ⡤ĹΤǡɤߤʤؽǤ

Algeo, John, and Thomas Pyles. The Origins and Development of the English Language. 5th ed. Thomson Wadsworth, 2005.
Algeo and Pyles αѸǯɽΥȤʤ4ƤϡѸ (201--02) ԤΤ Late Modern English ϡ1800ǯʹߤαѸؤƤ롥λǯɽϡ#3193. űѸμפʽǯɽ ([2018-01-23-1])#3196. Ѹμפʽǯɽ ([2018-01-26-1])#3197. Ѹμפʽǯɽ ([2018-01-27-1]) ȡ
| 1805 | A victory over the French at the battle of Trafalgar established British naval supremacy. |
| 1806 | The British occupied Cape Colony in South Africa, preparing the way for the arrival in 1820 of a large number of British settlers. |
| 1828 | Noah Webster's American Dictionary of the English Language was published. |
| 1840 | In New Zealand, by the Treaty of Waitangi, native Maori ceded sovereignty to the British crown. |
| 1857 | A proposal at the Philological Society of London led to work that resulted in the New English Dictionary on Historical Principles (1928), reissued as the Oxford English Dictionary (1933). |
| 1858 | The Government of India Act transferred power from the East India Company to the crown, thus creating the British Raj in India. |
| 1861--5 | The American Civil War established the indissolubility of the Union and abolished slavery in America. |
| 1898 | The four-month Spanish-American War resulted in the United States becoming a world power with overseas possessions and thus a major participant in international politics. |
| 1906 | The first radio broadcast, leading in 1920 to the first American commercial radio station in Pittsburgh. |
| 1914--8 | World War I created an alliance between the United States and the United Kingdom. |
| 1922 | The British Broadcasting Company (after 1927, Corporation) was established and became a major conveyor of information in English around the world. |
| 1927 | The first motion picture with spoken dialog, The Jazz Singer, was released. |
| 1936 | The first high-definition television service was established by the BBC, to be followed by cable service in the early 1950s and satellite service in the early 1960s. |
| 1939--45 | World War II further solidified the British-American link. |
| 1945 | The charter of the United Nations was produced at San Francisco. |
| 1947 | British India was divided into India and Pakistan, and both became independent. |
| 1952 | The Secretariat building of the United Nations was constructed in Manhattan. |
| 1961 | The Merriam Webster's Third New International Dictionary was published. |
| 1983 | The Internet was created. |
| 1991 | The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was dissolved, leaving the United States as the world's only superpower. |
| 1992 | The first Web browser for the World Wide Web was released. |
The history of English since 1800 has been a story of expansion---in geography, in speakers, and in the purposes for which English is used. Geographically, English has been spread around the world, first by British colonization and empire-building, and more recently by the prominence of America in world affairs. The number of its speakers has undergone a population explosion, not alone of native speakers but also of nonnative speakers of English as an additional language. And the uses to which English is put have ramified with the growth of science, technology, and commerce.
פˡѸϡǽȤ3̤ˤƱŪλǤ롥ˤСؤƻҤäƤȤ⤤롥
Algeo, John, and Thomas Pyles. The Origins and Development of the English Language. 5th ed. Thomson Wadsworth, 2005.
Algeo and Pyles αѸǯɽ3ƤϽѸ (153--55) ԤϽѸ1500--1800ǯȤƶڤäƤ뤳Ȥա#3193. űѸμפʽǯɽ ([2018-01-23-1]) ȡ#3196. Ѹμפʽǯɽ ([2018-01-26-1]) ⻲ȡ
| 1476 | William Caxton brought printing to England, thus both serving and promoting a growing body of literate persons. Before that time, literacy was confined to the clergy and a handful of others. Within the next two centuries, most of the gentry and merchants became literate, as well as half the yeomen and some of the husbandmen. |
| 1485 | Henry Tudor ascended the throne, ending the civil strife called the War of the Roses and introducing 118 years of the Tudor dynasty, which oversaw vast changes in England. |
| 1497 | John Cabot went on a voyage of exploration for a Northwest Passage to China, in which he discovered Nova Scotia and so foreshadowed English territorial expansion overseas. |
| 1534 | The Act of Supremacy established Henry VIII as "Supreme Head of the Church of England," and thus officially put civil authority above Church authority in England. |
| 1549 | The first Book of Common Prayer was adopted and became an influence on English literary style. |
| 1558 | At the age of 25, Elizabeth I became queen of England and, as a woman with a Renaissance education and a skill for leadership, began a forty-five-year reign that promoted statecraft, literature, science, exploration, and commerce. |
| 1577--80 | Sir Francis Drake circumnavigated the globe, the first Englishman to do so, and participated in the defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588, removing an obstacle to English expansion overseas. |
| 1590--1611 | William Shakespeare wrote the bulk of his plays, from Henry VI to The Tempest. |
| 1600 | The East India Company was chartered to promote trade with Asia, leading eventually to the establishment of the British Raj in India. |
| 1604 | Robert Cawdrey published the first English dictionary, A Table Alphabeticall. |
| 1607 | Jamestown, Virginia, was established as the first permanent English settlement in America. |
| 1611 | The Authorized or King James Version of the Bible was produced by a committee of scholars and became, with the Prayer Book and the works of Shakespeare, one of the major examples of and influences on English literary style. |
| 1619 | The first African slaves in North America arrived in Virginia. |
| 1642--48 | The English Civil War or Puritan Revolution overthrew the monarchy and resulted in the beheading of King Charles I in 1649 and the establishment of a military dictatorship called the Commonwealth and (under Oliver Cromwell) the Protectorate, which lasted until the Restoration of King Charles II in 1660. |
| 1660 | The Royal Society was founded as the first English organization devoted to the promotion of scientific knowledge and research. |
| 1670 | The Hudson's Bay Company was chartered for promoting trade and settlement in Canada. |
| ca. 1680 | The political parties---Whigs (named perhaps from a Scots term for 'horse drivers' but used for supporters of reform and parliamentary power) and Tories (named from an Irish term for 'outlaws' but used for supporters of conservatism and royal authority), both terms being originally contemptuous---became political forces, thus introducing party politics as a central factor in government. |
| 1688 | The Glorious Revolution was a bloodless coup in which members of Parliament invited the Dutch prince William of Orange and his wife, Mary (daughter of the reigning English king, James II), to assume the English throne, resulting in the establishment of Parliament's power over that of the monarchy. |
| 1702 | The first daily newspaper was published in London, followed by an extension of such publications throughout England and the expansion of the influence of the press in disseminating information and forming public opinion. |
| 1719 | Daniel Defoe published Robinson Crusoe, sometimes identified as the first modern novel in English, although the evolution of the genre was gradual and other works have a claim to that title. |
| 1755 | Samuels Johnson published his Dictionary of the English Language, a model of comprehensive dictionaries of English |
| 1775--83 | The American Revolution resulted in the foundation of the first independent nation of English speakers outside the British Isles. Large numbers of British loyalists left the former American colonies for Canada and Nova Scotia, introducing a large number of new English speakers there. |
| 1788 | The English first settled Australia near modern Sydney. |
#3193. űѸμפʽǯɽ ([2018-01-23-1]) ˰³ѸμפʽǯɽAlgeo and Pyles (123--24) ˵äƼ
| 1066 | The Normans conquered England, replacing the native English nobility with Anglo-Normans and introducing Norman French as the language of government in England. |
| 1204 | King John lost Normandy to the French, beginning the loosening of ties between England and the Continent. |
| 1258 | King Henry III was forced by his barons to accept the Provisions of Oxford, which established a Privy Council to oversee the administration of the government, beginning the growth of the English constitution and parliament. |
| 1337 | The Hundred Years' War with France began and lasted until 1453, promoting English nationalism |
| 1348--50 | The Black Death killed an estimated one-third of England's population, and continued to plague the country for much of the rest of the century |
| 1362 | The Statute of Pleadings was enacted, requiring all court proceedings to be conducted in English. |
| 1381 | The Peasants' Revolt led by Wat Tyler was the first rebellion of working-class people against their exploitation; although it failed in most of its immediate aims, it marks the beginning of popular protest. |
| 1384 | John Wycliffe died, having promoted the first complete translation of scripture into the English language (the Wycliffite Bible). |
| 1400 | Geoffrey Chaucer died, having produced a highly influential body of English poetry. |
| 1476 | William Caxton, the first English printer, established his press at Westminster, thus beginning the widespread dissemination of English literature and the stabilization of the written standard. |
| 1485 | Henry Tudor became king of England, ending thirty years of civil strife and initiating the Tudor dynasty. |
Algeo and Pyles (86--87) ꡤűѸμפʽǯɽ
| 449 | Angles, Saxons, Jutes, and Frisians began to occupy Great Britain, thus changing its major population to English speakers and separating the early English language from its Continental relatives. |
| 597 | Saint Augustine of Canterbury arrived in England to begin the conversion of the English by baptizing King Ethelbert of Kent, thus introducing the influence of the Latin language. |
| 664 | The Synod of Whitby aligned the English with Roman rather than Celtic Christianity, thus linking English culture with mainstream Europe. |
| 730 | The Venerable Bede produced his Ecclesiastical History of the English People, recording the early history of the English people |
| 787 | The Scandinavian invasion began with raids along the Northeast seacoast. |
| 865 | The Scandinavians occupied northeastern Britain and began a campaign to conquer all of England. |
| 871 | Alfred became king of Wessex and reigned until his death in 899, rallying the English against the Scandinavians, retaking the city of London, establishing the Danelaw, and securing the position of king of all England for himself and his successors. |
| 991 | Olaf Tryggvason invaded England, and the English were defeated at the Battle of Maldon. |
| 1000 | The manuscript of the Old English epic Beowulf was written about this time. |
| 1016 | Canute became king of England, establishing a Danish dynasty in Britain. |
| 1042 | The Danish dynasty ended with the death of King Hardicanute, and Edward the Confessor became king of England. |
| 1066 | Edward the Confessor died and was succeeded by Harold, last of the Anglo-Saxon kings, who died at the Battle of Hastings fighting against the invading army of William, duke of Normandy, who was crowned king of England on December 25. |
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Mugglestone, Lynda, ed. The Oxford History of English. Oxford: OUP, 2006.
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