hellogѸ˥֥     ChangeLog ǿ     ƥǿ     ڡ 1 2 3 4 5 ڡ / page 2 (5)

timeline - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2019-03-07 Thu

#3601. McArthur αѸǯɽ [timeline][history][world_englishes]

McArthur αѸػŵΤʤˡ"A chronology of English" (475--81) ꤷƱѸǯɽǤƤ롥ʤĹܤǯɽǤ롥#2562. Mugglestone ԡˤαѸǯɽ ([2016-05-02-1]) ǵ󤲤ǯɽĹ⺣ McArthur ΤΤ¿͵򤷤Ƥ褦Ȥ櫓ḽˤƤαѸŪʳܤǯɽȤʤäƤ롥Ѥˤɤ

55 BCRoman military expedition to Britain by Julius Caesar.
AD 43Roman invasion of Britain under the Emperor Claudius, beginning 400 years of control over much of the island.
150From around this date, with Roman permission, small numbers of settlers arrive from the coastlands of Germany, speaking dialects ancestral to English.
297First mention of the Picts of Caledonia, tribes beyond Roman control, well to the north of Hadrian's Wall.
419Goths sack Rome.
436The end of a period of gradual Roman withdrawal. Britons south of the Wall are attacked by the Picts and by Scots from Ireland. Angles, Saxons, and other Germanic settlers come first as mercenaries to help the Britons, then take over more and more territory.
449the traditional date for the beginning of the Anglo-Saxon settlements.
450--80The first surviving Old English inscriptions, in runic letters.
495The Saxon kingdom of Wessex established.
500The kingdom of Dalriada established in Argyll by Scots from Ireland.
527The Saxon kingdoms of Essex and Middlesex established.
550The Angle kingdoms of Mercia, East Anglia, and Northumbria established.
557At the Battle of Deorham, the West Saxons drive a wedge between the Britons of Wales and Cornwall.
597Aethelberht, king of Kent, welcomes Augustine and the conversion of the Anglo-Saxons to Christianity begins.
613At the Battle of Chester, the angles of Northumbria drive a wedge between the Britons of Wales and Cumbria.
638Edwin of Northumbria takes Lothian from the Britons.
700The first manuscript records of Old English from about this time.
792Scandinavians begin to raid and settle in Britain, Ireland, and France. In 793, they sack the monastery of Lindisfarne, the centre of Northumbrian scholarship.
795The Danes settle in parts of Ireland.
815Egbert of Wessex defeats the south-western Britons of Cornwall and incorporates Cornwall into his kingdom.
828Egbert of Wessex is hailed as bretwalda (lord of Britain), overlord of the Seven Kingdoms of the Angles and Saxons (the Heptarchy). England begins to emerge.
834The Danes raid England.
843Kenneth MacAlpin, King of Scots, gains the throne of Pictland.
865The Danes occupy Northumbria and establish a kingdom at York. Danish begins to influence English.
871Alfred becomes king of Wessex, translates works of Latin into English, and establishes the writing of prose in English.
886The boundaries of the Danelaw are settled.
911Charles II of France grants lands on the lower Seine to the Viking chief Hrolf the Ganger (Rollo the Rover). The beginnings of Normandy and Norman French.
954The expulsion of Eric Blood-Axe, last Danish king of York.
965The English invade the northern Welsh kingdom of Gwynedd.
973Edgar of England cedes Lothian to Kenneth II, King of Scots. Scotland multilingual: Gaelic dominant, Norse in the north, Cumbric in the South-west, English in the south-east, Latin for church and law.
992A treaty between Ethelred of England and the Normans.
1000The approximate date of the only surviving manuscript of the Old English epic poem Beowulf.
1007Ethelred the Unready pays danegeld to stop the Danes attacking England. In 1013, however, they take the country and Ethelred flees to Normandy.
1014The end of Danish rule in Ireland.
1016--42The reigns of Canute/Knut and his sons over Denmark, Norway, and England.
1051Edward the Confessor, King of England, impressed by the Normans and with French-speaking counsellors at his court, names as his heir William, Duke of Normandy, but reneges on his promise before his death.
1066The Norman Conquest. William defeats King Harold at Hastings, and sets in train the Normanization of the upper classes of the Britain Isles. England multilingual: English the majority language, Danish in the north, Cornish in the far south-west, Welsh on the border with Wales, Norman French at court and in the courts, and Latin in church and school.
1150The first surviving texts of Middle English.
1167The closure of the University of Paris to students from England accelerates the development of a university at Oxford.
1171Henry II invades Ireland and declares himself its overlord, introducing Norman French and English into the island.
1204King John loses the Duchy of Normandy to France.
1209The exodus of a number of students from Oxford leads to the Establishment of a second university in Cambridge.
1272--1307The reign of Edward I, who consolidates royal authority in England, and extends it permanently to Wales and temporarily to Scotland.
1282Death of Llewelyn, last native prince of Wales. In 1301, Edward of England's son and heir is invested as Prince of Wales.
1284The Statute of Rhuddlan establishes the law of England in Wales (in French and Latin), but retains the legal use of Welsh.
1314Robert Bruce reasserts Scottish independence by defeating Edward II at Bannockburn, an achievement later celebrated in an epic written in Scots.
1337The outbreak of the Hundred Years War between England and France, which ends with the loss of all England's French possessions save the Channel Islands.
1343?--1400The life of Geoffrey Chaucer.
1348(1) English replaces Latin as medium of instruction in schools, but not at Oxford and Cambridge. (2) The worst year of the Black Death.
1362(1) Through the Statute of Pleading, written in French, English replaces French as the language of law in England, but the records continue to be kept in Latin. (2) English is used for the first time in Parliament.
1384The publication of John Wycliffe's English translation of the Latin Bible.
1385The scholar John of Trevisa notes that 'in all the gramere scoles of Engelond, children leveth Frensche and construeth and lerneth in Englische'.
1400By this date the Great Vowel Shift has begun.
1450Printing by movable type invented in the Rhineland.
1476(1) The first English book printed: The Recuyell of the Historyes of Troye. translated from French by William Caxton, who printed it at Bruges in Flanders. (2) Caxton sets up the first printing press in England, at Westminster. In 1478, he publishes Chaucer's Canterbury Tales.
1485The Battle of Bosworth, after which the part-Welsh Henry Tudor becomes King of England. Welsh nobles follow him to London.
1492Christopher Columbus discovers the new World.
1497Giovanni Caboto (Anglicized as 'John Cabot'), in a ship from Bristol, lands on the Atlantic coast of North America.
1499The publication of Thesaurus linguae romanae et britannicae (Treasury of the Roman and British Tongues), the first English-to-Latin wordbook, the work of Galfridus Grammaticus (Geoffrey the Grammarian).
1504The settlement of St John's on Newfoundland as a shore base for English fisheries.
1507The German geographer Martin Waldseemüller puts the name America on his map of the world.
1525The publication of William Tyndale's translation of the New Testament of the Bible.
1534Jacques Cartier lands on the Gaspé Peninsula in North America and claims it for France.
1536 and 1542The Statue of Wales (Acts of Union) unites England and Wales, excluding Welsh from official use.
1542Henry VIII of England proclaims himself King of Ireland.
1549The publication of the first version of the Book of Common Prayer of the Church of England, the work in the main of Thomas Cranmer.
1558--1603The reign of Elizabeth I.
1450--1620The plantation of Ireland, first by English settlers and after 1603 also by Scots, establishing English throughout the island and Scots in Ulster.
1564--1616The life of William Shakespeare.
1583Sir Humphrey Gilbert establishes Newfoundland as England's first colony beyond the British Isles.
1584The settlement of Roanoke Island by colonists led by Sir Walter Raleigh. In 1587, Virginia Dare born at Roanoke, first child of English parents in North America. In 1590, the settlers of Roanoke disappear without trace.
1588The publication of Bishop Morgan's translation of the Bible into Welsh, sering as a focus for the survival of the language.
1600English traders establish the East India Company.
1603The Union of the Crowns under James VI of Scotland, I of England.
1604The publication of Robert Cawdrey's Table Alphabeticall, the first dictionary of English.
1606The Dutch explore northern New Holland (Terra Australis).
1607The Jamestown colony in Virginia, the first permanent English settlement and the first representative assembly in the New World.
1608Samuel Champlain founds the city of Quebec in New France.
1611The publication of the Authorized or King James Version of the Bible, intended for use in the Protestant services of England, Scotland, and Ireland. A major influence on the written language and in adapting Scots towards English.
1612(1) Bermuda colonized under the charter of the Virginia Company. (2) Traders of the East India Company establish themselves in Gujarat, India.
1614King James writes in English to the Moghul Emperor Jehangir, in order to encourage trade with 'the Orientall Indies'.
1619At the Jamestown colony in America, the first African slaves arrive on a Dutch ship.
1620The Mayflower arrives in the New World and the Pilgrim Fathers set up Plimoth Plantation in Massachusetts. English is now in competition as a colonial language in the Americas with Dutch, French, Spanish, and Portuguese.
1622Publication in London of the first English newspaper, Weekly News.
1623Publication in London of the First Folio of Shakespeare's plays.
1627An English colony established on Barbados in the Caribbean.
1637(1) English traders arrive on the coast of China. (2) The Académie française founded.
1640An English trading factory established at Madras.
1647The Bahamas colonized by settlers from Bermuda.
1652The first Dutch settlers arrive in southern Africa.
1655England acquires Jamaica from Spain.
1659The East India Company annexes St Helena in the south Atlantic.
1660John Dryden expresses his admiration for the Académie française and its work in 'fixing' French and wishes for something similar to serve English.
1662The Royal Society of London receives its charter from Charles II. In 1664, it appoints a committee to consider ways of improving English as a language of science.
1670The Hudson's Bay Company founded for fur trading in northern America.
1674Charles II receives Bombay from the Portuguese in the dowry of Catherine of Braganza and gives it to the East India Company.
1687Isaac Newton writes Principia Mathematica in Latin: see 1704.
1688The publication of Oronooko, or the History of the Royal Slave, by Aphra Behn: one of the first novels in English, by the first woman novelist in English, based on personal experience of a slave revolt in Surinam.
1690A trading factory established at Calcutta in Bengal.
1696British and French colonists in North America in open conflict.
1697The Boston clergyman Cotton Mather applies the term American to English-speaking settlers in the New World.
1702Publication in London of the first regular daily newspaper in English, The Daily Courant.
1704Isaac Newton writes his second major work, Opticks, in English: see 1687.
1707The Act of Union, uniting the Parliaments of England and Scotland, creating the United Kingdom of Great Britain, but keeping separate the state religions, educations systems, and laws of the two kingdoms.
1712(1) Jonathan Swift in Dublin proposes an English Academy to 'fix' the language and compete adequately with French. (2) In India, the Moghul Empire begins to decline.
1713(1) At the Treat of Utrecht, France surrenders Hudson's Bay, Acadia, and Newfoundland to the British. (2) Gibraltar is ceded to Britain by Spain.
1726Ephraim Chambers publishes his Cyclopaedia, the first encyclopedia.
1731The abolition of Law French in England.
1746The Wales and Berwick Act, by which England is deemed to include Wales and the Scottish town of Berwick is incorporated into England.
1755The publication of Samuel Johnson's Dictionary of the English Language.
1757The East India Company becomes the power behind the government of Bengal.
1759General James Wolfe takes Quebec for the British.
1759--96The life of Robert Burns.
1762The publication of Robert Lowth's Short Introduction to the English Grammar.
1763The French cede New France to Britain, retaining only St Pierre and Miquelon (islands off Newfoundland).
1768--71The partwork publication in Edinburgh of The Encyclopaedia Britannica.
1770Captain James Cook takes possession of the Australian continent for Britain.
1770--1850The life of William Wordsworth.
1771--1832The life of Sir Walter Scott.
1774(1) The Quebec Act creates the British province of Quebec, extending to the Ohio and Mississippi. (2) The Regulating Act places Bombay and Madras under the control of Bengal and the East India Company becomes a kind of state.
1776The Declaration of Independence by thirteen British colonies in North America and the start of the American War of Independence (1776--83) which created the United States of America, the first nation outside the British Isles with English as its principal language.
1778Captain James Cook visits and names the Sandwich Islands (Hawaii).
1780--1800British Empire loyalists move from the US to Canada.
1785In London, the newspaper The Daily Universal Register founded. Renamed The Times in 1788.
1786(1) Lord Cornwallis is appointed first Governor-General of British India. (2) A British penal colony is established at Botany Bay in Australia. In 1788, the first convicts arrive there.
1791(1) The British colonies of Upper Canada (Ontario) and Lower Canada (Quebec) are established. (2) In London, the newspaper The Observer is founded, the oldest national Sunday newspaper in Britain.
1792The first Europeans settle in New Zealand.
1794The publication of Lindley Murray's English Grammar.
1802The establishment of the British colonies of Ceylon and Trinidad.
1803(1) The Act of Union incorporating Ireland into Britain, as the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. (2) The Louisiana Purchase, by which the US buys from France its remaining North American territories, and doubles its size.
1806The British take control of Cape Colony in southern Africa.
1808The establishment of the British colony of Sierra Leone.
1814(1) The British annex Cape Colony. (2) France cedes to Britain Malta, Mauritius, St Lucia, and Tobago.
1816The establishment of the British colony of Bathurst (the Gambia).
1819(1) The establishment of the British colony of Singapore. (2) The US purchases Florida from Spain.
1820Christian missionaries from the US visit Hawaii.
1821American settlers arrive in the Mexican territory of Texas.
1828The publication of Noah Webster's American Dictionary of the English Language.
1829Australia becomes a British dependency.
1831The establishment of the colony of British Guiana.
1833(1) The abolition of slavery in the British Empire. (2) St Helena becomes a British colony.
1835Thomas Macaulay writes the Minute on Education whereby the British rulers of India endorse English as a language of education for Indians.
1835--1910The life of Sam Clemens (Mark Twain).
1836Texas declares its independence from Mexico.
1839The first Boer Republic is established in Natal, South Africa, after the Great Trek from the Cape.
1840(1) The Treaty of Waitangi, by which the Maori of New Zealand cede all rights and powers of government to Britain. (2) The transportation of convicts to Eastern Australia is ended.
1841(1) Upper and Lower Canada are brought together as British North America. (2) New Zealand becomes a British colony. (3) In London, the founding of the weekly magazine Punch.
1842(1) The opening of Chinese ports other than Canton to Western traders, after the defeat of China in the Opium War. Hong Kong is ceded by China to Britain as a Crown Colony. (2) The Philological Society is formed in London.
1844The first telegraph message transmitted, between Washington and Baltimore.
1845Texas becomes a state of the United States.
1846The British annex Natal but recognize the Transvaal and the Orange Free State as autonomous Boer republics.
1848In the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, Mexico cedes vast western territories to the US.
1850(1) Britain takes control of the Bay Islands of Honduras, an English-speaking enclave in Central America. (2) Legislative councils are established in Australia by British Act of Parliament.
1852The publication of Roget's Thesaurus.
1853(1) Japan is forced by Commander Matthew Perry of the US Navy to open its harbours to Western trade. (2) The transportation of convicts to Tasmania is ended.
1855The government of the colony of New South Wales is established.
1856The governments of the colonies of Tasmania and Victoria are established.
1857The Sepoy Rebellion (War of Independence, Indian Mutiny) in India leads to the transfer of British India from the East India Company to the Crown.
1858(1) The Philological Society passes a resolution calling for a new dictionary of English on historical principles. (2) Britain cedes the Bay Islands to Honduras.
1861The establishment of the British colony of Lagos (Nigeria).
1862The establishment of the colony of British Honduras.
1863The establishment of the Cambridge Overseas Examinations.
1865The abolition of slavery in the US, at the end of the Civil War. At the outbreak of the war there were over 4m slaves.
1867(1) The Dominion of Canada is created, consisting of Quebec, Ontario, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick. (2) Alaska is purchased from Russia by the US.
1868(1) Transportation of convicts to Western Australia is ended. (2) In the US, Christopher Latham Sholes and colleagues patent the first successful typewriter.
1869(1) Rupert's Land and the Northwest Territories are bought by Canada from the Hudson's Bay Company. (2) Basutoland becomes a British protectorate.
1870Manitoba becomes a province of Canada.
1771British Columbian becomes a province of Canada.
1873(1) The formation of the English Dialect Society (dissolved in 1896). (2) Prince Edward Islands becomes a provicen of Canada.
1874The establishment of the British colony of the Gold Coast in West Africa.
1879James A. H. Murray begins editing the Philological Society's New English Dictionary on Historical Principles.
1882--1941The Life of James Joyce.
1884(1) The Berlin Conference, in which European powers begin 'the scramble for Africa'. (2) Britain declares a protectorate over South East New Guinea. (3) The French, Germans, and British attempt to annex what shortly becomes the German colony of Kamerun. (4) Publication of the irst fascile, A--Ant, of Murray's dictionary (the OED).
1886The aanexation of Burma into British India and the abolition of the Burmese monarchy.
1888--94The establishment of Britisih protectorates in Kenya, Uganda, and Zanzibar.
1889The formation of the American Dialect Society.
1895The establishment of the British East African Protectorate, open to white settlers.
1898(1) The annexation of Hawaii by the US. In 1900, it becomes a US territory. (2) Spain cedes the Philippines and Puerto Rico to the US. (3) Yukon Territory comes under Canadian government control.
1901(1) The establishment of the Commonwealth of Australia as a dominion of the British Empire. (2) The first wireless telegraphy messages sent across the Atlantic by Guglielmo Marconi (Cornwall to Newfoundland). (3) The first film-show, in an arcade opened in Los Angeles, California.
1903(1) A message from US President Theodore Roosevelt circles the world in less than 10 minutes by Pacific Cable.
1903--50The life of George Orwell.
1905(1) Alberta and Saskatchewan become provinces of Canada. (2) The first cartoon strip, 'Little Nemo', appears in the New York Herald.
1906(1) The formation of the English Association. (2) The first full-length motion picture, The Story of the Kelly Gang. (3) the publication of the Fowler brothers' The King's English.
1907(1) The establishment of New Zealand as a dominion of the British Empire. (2) The first regular studio-based radio broadcasts by the De Forest Radio Telephone Company in the US. (3) The foundation of Hollywood as a film-making centre.
1910(1) The establishment of the Union of South Africa as a dominion of the British Empire. (2) The first radio receivers made in kit form for sale in the US.
1911The publication of the Fowler borthers' Concise Oxford Dictionary.
1913(1) The formation of the Society for Pure English. (2) The first crossword puzzle published, in the New York World.
1914(1) A third Home Rule Bill for Ireland passed by the British Parliament, but prevented from coming into operation by the outbreak of the First World War. (2) The German colony of Kamerun invaded by the French and British.
1915The death of Sir James A. H. Murray, aged 78, having finished the section Trink-Turndown in the OED.
1916(1) The Easter Rising in Dublin, an unsuccessful armed rebellion against the British, during which an Irish Rebulic is proclaimed. (2) The Technicolor process is first used in the film The Gulf Between, in the US.
1917The publication of Daniel Jones's English Pronoucing Dictionary.
1918(1) The formation of the English-Speaking Union. (2) The US War Industries Board declares moving pictures an essential industry.
1919(1) The German colony of Tanganyika ceded to Britain. (2) The German colony of Kamerun divided between France (Cameroun) and Britain (Cameroon). (3) The publication of H. L. Mencken's The American Language.
1920(1) The Partition of Ireland. (2) Kenya becomes a British colony. (3) The first public radio station set up by Marconi in the US.
1921(1) A treaty between the United Kingdom and the Irish Free State, which accepts dominion status within the British Empire. (2) The first full-length 'talkie' Dream Street produced by United Artists, in the US.
1922(1) The establishment of the British Broadcasting Company, renamed the British Boradcasting Corporation (BBC). (2) The founding in the US of the monthly magazine The Reader's Digest.
1923The founding of Time magazine in the US.
1925(1) The borders of the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland established. (2) Afrikaans gains official status in South Africa. (3) The founding of the weekly magazine The New Yorker.
1926The publication of Henry W. Fowler's Dictionary of Modern English Usage.
1927(1) Fox's Movietone News, the first sound newsfilm, released in the US. (2) The first film with dialogue, They're Coming to Get Me. released in the US.
1928The publication of Murray's Dictionary as The Oxford English Dictionaryy, 70 years after Trench's proposal to the Philological Society.
1930(1) C. K. Ogden lauches Basic English. (2) The first television programme with synchronized sight and sound broadcast by the BBC.
1931(1) The British Commonwealth of Nations formed. (2) South Africa becomes a dominion of the British Empire. (3) The Cambridge Proficiency Examination held outside Britain for the first time.
1933The publication of supplement to The Oxford English Dictionary.
1934Tghe British Council created as an arm of British cultural diplomacy and a focus for teaching English as a foreign language.
1935(1) The Philippines become a self-governing Commonwealth in association withthe US. (2) The Publication of the first ten Penguin Paperback titles.
1936The Republic of Ireland severs all constitutional links with Great Britain.
1937(1) Burma is seprated from British India and granted a constitution and limited self-rule. (2) In Wales, a new constitution for the National Eisteddfod makes Welsh its official language.
1938Photocopying invented.
1942The publication in Japan of the Idiomatic and Syntactic English Dictionary. prepared before the war by A. S. Hornby, E. V. Gatenby, and H. Wakefield.
1945Japan is occupied bythe Americans on behalf of the Allies.
1946(1) The Philippines gain their independence from the US. (2) The French colony of Cameroun and the British colony of Cameroon become United Nations trusteeships.
1947(1) British India is partitioned and India and Pakistan become independent states. (2) New Zealand gains its independence from Britain.
1948(1) Burma and Ceylon gain their independence from Britain. (2) The dictionary of Hornby et al. is brought out by Oxford University Press as A Learner's Dictionary of Current English.
1949(1) Newfoundland becomes a province of Canada. (2) Two New Guinea territories are combined by the United Nations as a Australian mandate: the United Nations Trust Territory of Papua and New Guinea.
1951The launch of the first two working business computers: the LED in the UK and the UNIVAC in the US.
1952Puerto Rico becomes a Commonwealth in association with the US.
1957(1) The Gold Coast becomes independent from Britain as the Republic of Ghana. (2) Robert W. Burchfield is appointed editor of a new Supplement to The Oxford English Dictionary.
1957--63The British colonies of Malaya and Borneo become independent and unite as Malaysia.
1959Alask and Hawaii become states of the US.
1960Nigeria and French Cameroun become independent.
1961(1) South Africa becomes a republic, leaves the Commonwealth, and adopts Afrikaans and English as its two official languages. (2) The British colony of Cameroon divides, part joining Nigeria, part joining the ex-French colony to become the Republic of Cameroon. (3) Sierra Leone and Cyprus gain their independence from Britain. (4) The publication of Webster's Third International Dictionary.
1962Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago, and Uganda gain their independence from Britain.
1963(1) Kenya gains its independence from Britain. (2) The first protests in Wales by the Cymdeithas yr Iaith Gymraeg/Welsh Language Society, aimed at achieving fuller use of Welsh.
1964(1) Malta, Nyasaland (as Malawai), Tanganyika and Zanzibar (as Tanzania), and Northern Rhodesia (as Zambia) gain their independence from Britain. (2) The publication in Paris of René Etiemble's Parlez-vous franglais?
1965Gambia and Singapore gain their independence from Britain.
1966Barbados, Basutoland (as Lesotho), Bechuanaland (as Botswana), and British Guiana (as Guyana) gain their independence from Britain.
1967The Welsh Language Act gives Welsh equal validity with English in Wales, and Wales is no longer deemed to be a part of England.
1968Mauritius, Swaziland, and Nauru gain their independence from Britain.
1969Canada becomes officially bilingual, with a commitment to federal services in English and French.
1971The invention of the microprocessor, a revolutionary development in computing.
1972(1) East Pakistan secedes and becomes its Republic of Bangladesh. (2) Two feminist magazines launched: Ms in the US and Spare Rib in the UK.
1973The Bahamas gain their independence.
1974Cyngor yr Iaith Gymraeg/Council for the Welsh Language set up to advise the Secretary of State for Wales on matters concerning the language.
1975(1) Papua New Guinea gains its independence from Australia. (2) The Bas-Lauriol law is passed in France, requiring the use of the French language alone in advertising and commerce.
1977(1) The spacecraft Voyager travels into deep space, carrying a message in English to any extraterrestrials. (2) In Quebec, Loi 101/Bill 101 is passed, making French the sole official language of the province, limiting access to English-medium school, and banning public signs in languages other than French.
1978The government of Northern Territory in Australia is established.
1980The British government averts a fast to the death by Gwynfor Evans, leader of Plaid Cymru (Welsh National Party), by honouring election pledges to provide a fourth television channel using both Welsh and English.
1981British Honduras gains its independence as Belize.
1982The patriation of Canada's constitution. The Canada Act is the last act of the British Parliament concerning Canadian affairs.
1983The publication of The New Testament in Scots, a translation by William L. Lorimer.
1984The launch of the Apple Macintosh personal (desktop) computer.
1985(1) The publication by Longman of A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. (2) The publication by Belknap Press of the first volume of the Dictionary of American Regional English. (3) The launch by Cambridge University Press of the quarterly magazine-cum-journal English Today: The International Review of the English Language.
1986Showing by the BBC in the UK and public television in the US of The Story of English, a television series with both British and American backers, accompanied by a book, and followed by a radio version on BBC World Service.
1989The publication of the 2nd edition of The Oxford English Dictionary, blending the first edition and its supplements.


McArthur, Tom, ed. The Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford: OUP, 1992.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2019-01-18 Fri

#3553. 첻ܤγƲѲǯ [gvs][phonology][sound_change][timeline][chronology][vowel]

ε#3552. 첻ܤ5Ĥ ([2019-01-17-1]) Ǽ夲褦ˡ첻 (gvs) ˤ꤬͡ΩϤäƤ롥󤲤5Τ٤Ƥ줹뺬Ū䤤ϡν񤭸դ餷ʤ˴ŤΤȤʸŪǤ롥ֻʬϤλ˱ơĹ첻2첻βѲΥߥ󥰤˴ؤԴ֤ǰۤʤäƤޤȤȤˤʤ꤫ͤʤ줬첻ܸκʤΤǤ롥
ʸѤˤꡤƲѲǯˤĤƤ٤λ¤ʬäƤƤ뤳ȤΤǤ롥ֻʳˤ⡤εӱδӱμؼԤˤ뵭Ҥʤɤⲻ˹׸Ƥ礹Ф٤μ֤⤫Ӿ夬äƤΤǤ롥Krug (249) ϡפԸޤȤǡ첻ܤγѲǯ򼨤ޤʲˡ"Dating the changes of Middle English long vowels" ꤵ줿οޤƸ褦

 Middle English c.1500 c.1600 c.1700 Modern English
 c.1300       (RP)
(I) > ɪi > əɪ > 
(II) > ʊu > əʊ > 
(III) >     
(IV) >     
(V)ɛː > e̞ː >  > 
(VI)ɔː   >    > oʊ > əʊ
(VII)   > æː > ɛː >  > 


οޤߤ뤫ꡤʤȤ (I)--(IV) Ѳʤ첻շǤȤξȾʬĹ첻ФѲϡ14--15ȤŪᤤʳƤꡤߤ˴ؤꤢäƤ뤫Τ褦˻פ롥4ĤˤĤƤϡֿܡפ뤳Ȥϵ
³ơ16--17ȾФˤơ(V)--(VII) βȾʬĹ첻ѲƤ褦ˤߤ뤬ä첻 /aː/ ưϡʤ٤ޤǤǤ褦򿮤ʤС첻ϤޤäȤŪʡֲ夲ܡ (push chain) βϾʤȤꤵ
/aː/ ѲȾʬνѲǯ夫100ǯۤ٤Ƥ뤳ȤθȡλֺϰϢΡֿܡפǤڤۤɤ礭Ȥߤ٤뤤Ͻʬ˾ΤäƤ͡ʰոꡤνϤߤʤ

Krug, Manfred. "The Great Vowel Shift." Chapter 14 of The History of English. 4th vol. Early Modern English. Ed. Laurel J. Brinton and Alexander Bergs. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2017. 241--66.

Referrer (Inside): [2019-01-19-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2019-01-09 Wed

#3544. Ѹ켭ˤάǯɽ [dictionary][lexicography][timeline][cawdrey][webster][johnson][mulcaster][oed]

Dixon (242--44) ꡤѸ˴ؤ뼭ˤάǯɽǤ롥ޤǼפʼ (dictionary) Ѹ콸 (glossary) ˹ʤäƤΤաȤ櫓18ʹߤˤϡǵ󤲤Ƥʤ¿μ񤬽Ǥ줿Ȥαդ줿줾Υȥ꡼ä˵ܤΤʤñ켭ؤƤꡤǯϽǤǯɽ魯

c725Corpus Glossary. Latin to Latin, Old English, and Old French.
c1000Aelfric's glossary. Latin to Old English.
1499Anonymous. Promptorium Parvalorum [ms version in 1430]. English to Latin.
1500Anonymous. Hortus Vocabularum [ms version in 1440]. Latin to English.
1535Ambrogio Calepino. Dictionarium Latinae Linguae. Monolingual Latin.
1538Thomas Elyot. Dictionary. Latin to English.
1552Richard Huloet. Abecedarium Anglo-Latinum. English to Latin.
1565Thomas Cooper. Thesaurus Linguae Romanae & Britannicae. Latin to English.
1573John Baret. An Alvearie or Triple Dictionarie. English, Latin, and French.
1582Richard Mulcaster. Elementarie. [List of English words with no definitions.]
1587Thomas Thomas. Dictionarium. Latin to English.
1596Edmund Coote. The English Schoole-maister.
1604Robert Cawdrey. A Table Alphabeticall.
1613Academia della Crusca. Vocabulario. Monolingual Italian.
1616John Bullokar. An English Expositor.
1623Henry Cockeram. The English Dictionarie.
1656Thomas Blount. Glossographia.
1658Edward Phillips. The New World of English Words.
1676Elisha Coles. An English Dictionary.
1694Académie française. Dictionnaire. Monolingual French.
1702John Kersey. A New English Dictionary.
1721Nathan Bailey. A Universal Etymological English Dictionary.
1730Nathan Bailey. Dictionarium Britannicum.
1749Benjamin Martin. Lingua Britannica Reformata.
1753John Wesley. The Complete English Dictionary.
1755Samuel Johnson. Dictionary.
1765John Baskerville. A Vocabulary, or Pocket Dictionary.
1773William Kenrick. A New Dictionary of English.
1775John Ash. The New and Complete Dictionary.
1798Samuel Johnson, Junr. A School Dictionary.
1828Noah Webster. American Dictionary.
1830Joseph Emerson Worcester. Comprehensive Dictionary.
1835--7Charles Richardson. A New Dictionary of the English Language.
1847--50John Ogilvie. The Imperial Dictionary.
1872Chambers's English Dictionary. Robert Chambers and William Chambers.
1888--1928Oxford English Dictionary. James A. H. Murray et al.
1889--91The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia. William Dwight Whitney.
1893--5A Standard Dictionary. Isaac K. Funk. [Later known as Funk and Wagnalls.]
1898Webster's Collegiate Dictionary. [No editor stated.]
1898Austral English. Edward E. Morris.
1909Webster's New International Dictionary. William Torey Harris and F. Sturgis Allen.
1911The Concise Oxford English Dictionary of Current English. H. W. Fowler and F. G. Fowler.
1927The New Century Dictionary. H. G. Emery and K. G. Brewster.
1933The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary. C. T. Onions.
1935The New Method English Dictionary. Michael West and James Endicott.
1938--44A Dictionary of American English. William A. Craigie and James R. Hulbert.
1947The American College Dictionary. Clarence Barnhart.
1948The Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary. As. S. Hornby.
1951A Dictionary of Americanisms. Mitford M. Mathews.
1965The Penguin English Dictionary. George N. Garmonsway.
1966The Random House Dictionary Unabridged. Jess Stein.
1969The American Heritage Dictionary. Anne H. Soukhanov.
1971Encyclopedic World Dictionary. Patrick Hanks.
1978Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English. Paul Proctor.
1979Collins English Dictionary. Patrick Hanks.
1981The Macquarie Dictionary. Arthur Delbridge
1987COBUILD English Dictionary. John Sinclair.
1988The Australian National Dictionary. W. S. Ramson.
1995The Oxford English Reference Dictionary. Judy Pearsall and Bill Trumble.
1999The Australian Oxford Dictionary. Bruce Moore.


Dixon, R. M. W. The Unmasking of English Dictionaries. Cambridge: CUP, 2018.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2018-11-26 Mon

#3500. ˻Ρָʸβɡ [writing][grammatology][hieroglyph][timeline][map]

⹻˻إڥȥ꡼٤įƤ顤θʸˤĤƤξ󤬤ޤȤޤäڡ (pp. 52--53) 򸫤Ĥܤζʽˤ褯ǤƤꡤ뤳Ȥ¿p. 53 Ρָʸβɡפʤɤ¤ˤ褯Ƥ롥ʲ˺Ƹ褦

ʸɼǯɻϢ
ʸʥҥաݥꥪʩ1822åȡ
ܸʸƥեȡȡ1802ڥ륻ݥꥹʸ
󥽥ʱѡ1847٥ҥȥʸ
ʸ̤ɡ
ùʸέ󭡦忶̡ݡˡš1903μȼκƲ򼨤Ƥˤϰ¿
쥿ʸʸʳʸ̤ɡ
ʸA̤ɡ
ʸBʥߥʸȥꥹʱѡˡɥåʱѡ1952 (1953)ꥷŸɽ魯ʸȽ
ҥåܸʸ֥ˡʥ1915ܥ祤ڤǴ
ʡ󡿸ʥʸ֥饤ȡơ1966ե٥åȤ
֥顼եߡʸץ󥻥סʱѡ1840硼ʸ
ʸȥॻʥǥޡ1893ۥʸ
ޥ䳨ʸȥץʱѡˤʤ


#2427. ̤ʸ ([2015-12-19-1])#2486. ʸɤˡ ([2016-02-16-1]) ȹ碌ʸɤΥޥ˿äƤ
Ʊθ² (p. 52) ȡʸ (p. 53) Ͽޤͭѡ  *

̭ ϯʴƽˡԽԡˡغǿ˿⡡ڥȥ꡼16ǡ񱡡2018ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2018-11-23 Fri

#3497. إꥹ10֡٤ǯɽ [timeline][history][monarch]

ο֤Τˡ#3478. ؿ⥤ꥹˡ٤ǯɽ ([2018-11-04-1])#3479. ؿ⡡ꥹβ٤ǯɽ ([2018-11-05-1])#3487. ʪ졡ꥹˡʾ岼ˡ٤ǯɽ ([2018-11-13-1]) ʤɥꥹǯɽ򤤤ĤǤƤĤǤˤ⤦1Ķƣɧˡإꥹ10֡٤ǯɽ󼨤褦ʰʲpp. 2, 18, 42, 72, 114, 148, 176, 200, 248, 284 ˡΥꥹ˳ϡкѤʸˤۤ򤷡ܻˤȤδؤˤդʧäƤɤ߱롥ǯɽ [I] ϥɡ[S] ϥåȥɡ[A] ̥ꥫؤ

10000ǯʵ8000Τޤɹ֥ƥϥ衼åΦ礭Ⱦ
6000ΤޤǤ˳̤徺֥ƥ礬и
3000顦֥쥤ʤɥΰ׷
2300ȡإ󥸤δ
1000ȷϽ²
55Υ֥꥿˥ (--54)
43饦ǥΥ֥꥿˥
122ϥɥꥢ̥ɷ߻Ϥޤ롨Τ֥ѥޡʡ
212ͳ̱˻̱
4ޥ²ΰܽ--5
461[I] ѥȥå۶
563[I, S] Сʤ˽ƻ
570إ֥꥿˥ǤˤĤơ
597ƥ̥󥿥٥˶
731١إꥹͤζˡ١űѸ˸ڡΤ륯󡤥ե󥯲
793󥰤ν⡤Ϥޤ
871եå粦 (--899)
959ɥ (--975)
1016̡Ȳ (--35) ޤȺƺ
1042ɥɾ (--66)
10661. ϥɲ10. إƥ󥰥襤ǥ衼ʥꥢ˾ꥢ1 (--87)ΥޥۡѸλϤޤ
1069[S] ޥ륫3ޡåȤȷ뺧
1135̤ (--54)
1154إ2 (-89)ˡȹɱ
1189㡼1ҿ (--99)3󽽻
1199ϲ (--1216)
1215ޥʡ륿
1216إ3 (--72)̳ܤΩ
1264󡦥ɡեȿ (--65)
1272ɥ1Ĺ (--1307) ˡ֥ȵΤʪ׼
1276륺 (--83)
1296åȥΩ (--1357)
1327ɥ3 (--77)
1337ե󥹤ɴǯ (--1453)
1348԰Ҥդ뤦 (--50)
1381Ƭǡ̱ʥȡ
1400硼إ󥿥٥ʪ
1422إ6 (--61, 70--71)
1455Х (--87) Τեƥإ󥰥ɤ١Τꥢͥ󥹺
1476㥯ȥ󡤥ɥdzǰ򳫻ϡѸλϤޤ
1485إ7 (--1509)ƥ塼īϤޤ
1497ܥåȡ˥塼եɥɤ
1509إ8 (--47)
1517륿ν׻Ϥޤ
15195޹ (--56)
1533ʶػˡˤƼ縢
1534񲦻ˡˤƹ񶵲Ω
1536륺Ʊˡ (43ˤ
1538Ͽˡ
1541ɲˡ
1542[S] ᥢꡦƥ奢 (--67)
1547ɥ6 (--53) ޤʤ̵񡤿ˡ
1533ᥢ1 (--58) ַޤߤᥢסޤʤեåؽ޶Ԥν
1558ꥶ٥1 (--1603) 񶵲κƳΩ[S] ΤΥåν
1568͡ǥȡʥˤΩϤޤ
1567[S] ॺ6 (--1625)
1580ɥ쥤
1588ޥƥ٥α
1594[I] 륹ȿ (--1603)
1600ꥢࡦॺ彣ɺ塤ȹ˱ڸ쥤ɲΩԥإϥåȡ
1601̱кˡƥѱˡ
1603ॺ1 (--25)ƥ奢īϤޤ
1607[I, A] ץƥȤΥ륹̱˥̱
1611ضٴζ
1613쥤ɲҤΥꥹᤷ벦οƽ򤿤ȹ˱۸
1618ǯ (--48)
1623ܥʻʸ졦ǰפϥ
1625㡼륺1 (--49)
1638[S] ̱[I] ȥġֺ
1639綵ǯ2綵
16404. ûIJ11. ĹIJ (--60) ֥ԥ塼꥿̿׳
16415. ȥʥȥե˽跺10--. ɡԻפ
16421. Υǥ8. Ϥޤ
1643[S] ͤƱ
1645˥塼ǥ뷳
1647ѥȥƤʷδȿʿɤε
16491. ˡǥ㡼륺1ͭᡤ跺5. 󥰥ɶ¹8. [I] ०롤ɽ
1651[S] ǥХˤĹϷɡ㡼륺2״Τۥå֥إ
1652Х (74ޤǷ³
1653ŵˤꥯ०ϸ񶪡֥ƥñζ¹
1660šʹ񶵲3ˡ㡼륺2 (--85)
1661ե󥹤ǥ륤14ο (--1715)
1665ɥǥڥήԡ롦ƥسؽѵסϴ
1666ɥ
1679ΤIJǥȡꡦۥΩ
1685ॺ2 (--88) ǯ륤14ʥȲѤ楰̱
1688ǯƱ衤եķѾ衤--97ˡ6. ̾̿פϤޤ롥11. ˥Φ12. ॺ2˴̿
16892. ꥢ3 (--1702) & ᥢ2 (--94) ˡ12. ξŵå١[S] ǥХˤƸ׵ᡥ̾̿쥸λϤޤꡥɴǯγ (1815ޤǷ³
1690[I] ॺ2ȥꥢ3β
1692[S] 󥳡λ٤ǽιȯ
1694󥰥ɶ
1701̷ѾˡڥѾ (--13) 饳
1703᥷奨
1707󥰥ɤȥåȥɤιƱʥ졼ȥ֥ƥ󲦹Ω
1713ȥҥȾ󡥤Τ¿ǰפĹ
1714硼1 (--27)ϥΡīϤޤ롥ơ
1715ˡϷѨȥ㥳ХȤȿ
1720ҤΥХ֥
1721ݡ (--42) Τǥեեȡޥɥ롤ʹҡϥ趷褷̱Ū
1740ȥꥢѾ (--48)
1745Ѩȥ㥳ХȤȿǯ˻
1754ݿ
1755󥽥رѸ켭ŵ١Ѹγ
1756ǯ (--63) [A] ǯեᥤǥ
1757ɤǥץå
1759֥ƥ塦ߥ塼೫ۡߥإ봶
1760硼3 (--1820)
1763ѥ̥ꥫڤˡɥǥ륯 (--74)
1765[A] ǰ
1771饤Ȥοӹ
1773[A] ܥȥ쥤ɲҵˡ
1775[A] 13̱ϤΩ (--83)
1776ߥؽ̱١١ܥإ˴ˡ١ڥإ󥻥󥹡
1778֥륯ǥŴζ
1780ΤGDPǯĹΨ1%򤳤ʻȳ̿λư
1782[I] 饿IJ
1783ѥʹ罰Ωξǧˡԥåȼ (--1801, 04--06)
1784åȡʣưžؤõ
1786ʩ̾ʥǥ
1789ޥ˾ӹ졥ե󥹳̿ (-99) 亮ȥ
1791[I] ʥƥåɡå
1793ХեƱˤ1815ޤ³
1799ͥ󡦥㥤ɡޥ˵サ1804˥ɥء
1800ɹƱˡˤꡤǯϢ粦Ω
1802/03ʤꥹ͢ʤ1̤
1808Ĺǥեȥ13ܤϡܹ񥵥饵פ͢
1814 (--15) ǥʥݥ쥪ɴǯ轪
1825ιŴƻ̡ǯ˺ǽζܤǡְ۹ʧ
1826ɥ (UCL) Ω
1828ˡˡѻ
1829ȥåˡ
18309. ס롦ޥŴƻ̡11. 쥤 (--34)
1832ˡ
1834̱кˡʿˡˡ12. ԡ (--35, 41--46)
1837ȥꥢ (--1901)
18388. ̱ϡ㡼ƥȱư9. ʪˡȿжǯʪˡȿƱ
1840إ (--42) åɥȥȿб
1845ǥ졼إӥ롽ޤ2Ĥι̱
1846ʪˡűѡȡʬ
1851ʺǽˡ̿Ω񿮶Ĵ
1854ߥ˻ (--56)
1857ȿ (--58) ľܻۤ
1860ʩ̾ʥ֥ǥˡʥƥ󥲡δǸع
1862ʸפθʡ͡Ȥԡˤϱ
1863åǯ˥ꥱåȵ
18672ˡХåȡإ󥰥ɤι١ʥϢˮ
18682. ǥ졼ݼ޼ (--68, 74--80) 12. åɥȥͳ޼ (--74, 80--85, 86, 92--94)
1869ϳ
1870ˡ80˽ص̳ˡȸ̳ѻϤޤ
1871ϫƯȹˡ
1872һġʵˮԡˤϱ
1876ɹΤ
18843ˡեӥ󶨲񡥥ĥȻϤޤ
1885ɹ̱ķ
1886ɼˡơХ󤬼ͳޤʬ
18871̱ϲġ֥㡼åۡॺ׻Ϥޤ
1889ץ East is East . . .
1892ӥȥꥹݥåɥˡ֤ȷ뺧
1899եꥫ (--1902)
1900Сϱ (--02) 㡼
1901ȥꥢϢˮɥ7 (--10) եȽ
1902Ʊ (--23)
1903ıԻԡפη߻Ϥޤ
1906ϫƯޡ29̾
1907˥塼ɼ
1908 (--16) Ϸǯˡ
1910ɡ᥸硼̳ο̱ͽեꥫϢˮ
1912˥å桤ҳ
1914켡 (--18) ɼˡΩê夲
1916˪ħʼˡɡ᥸硼 (--22)
1917̿Хե
191830аʾν
1919ѥ²ġ륵󡥥ȥԻˡ
1921֥졼ȥ֥ƥ󤪤ӥϢ粦פ֥ɼͳΩ
1922 (--23) BBC饸Ϥޤ
1924ϫƯޥɥʥɼ (--24, 29--35) եإɤؤƻ
1928˽ʿ
1929??????????
1936̷Ѿ硼6 (--52) 󥺡ذ١ڥ󥮥󡦥֥å
1939Хɥ۹ (--45)
1940㡼 (--45, 51--55)
1942֥٥åפμҲݾ㹽ۡޤê夲
1945ϫƯްǯҲݾ㡤ͭʤɼ¸
1947ɡѥʬΩ
1948ֹˡפ̱󥦥륹̱񸢤ƳǧեꥫǥѥȥإϤޤ
1949ɶ¹񡤥󥦥륹Υæ
1952ꥶ٥2--ˡ¸
1956Ƚܤ򤳤ƿ꤫١ȯȳ
1957E. H. Ρޥλࡥޥߥ (--63) 乥ĴȯΩ³եꥫΩ
1960ӡȥ륺 (--70)
1961EEC ˲63˥ե󥹤ݸȯư
1964륹 (--70, 74--76)
1965ȥʥ (--73) ȿﱿưޤ
1968̥ʶ (--94) ѥοͼﺹȯ³
1971᡼ȥˡ̲ɴˡڤؤˡ¤Ϥޤ
1973Ϣ粦񡤥ɶ¹ȤȤ˥衼åѶƱ (EC) ˲
1978֤餬ߡ (--79)
1979å (--90) Υ󥻥󥵥Ȥ襤
19814. ֥ꥯȥ7. 㡼륺ҷ뺧
1982ե
1986ͻͳʥӥåХˡɥԾγ
1989٥
1990桼ȥͥ볫̡եꥫǥѥȥإűѡᥤ (--97)
1991Ϣˮ
1993ޡȥҥȾڤ EU ˲ΤɤϹǡ֥Ȥθספɾ
1994IRA ƥưޥǥ顤եꥫΤ
1997ϫƯް֥쥢 (--2007) °Ѿʤ
20019.11 ꥫƱ¿ȯƥ
2003ꥹ饯ؿʷ
2010ݼޡͳ̱ޤϢΩ


ƣ ɧإꥹ10֡١ȽŹҴȿӡ2013ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2018-11-13 Tue

#3487. ʪ졡ꥹˡʾ岼ˡ٤ǯɽ [timeline][history][monarch]

ꥹǯɽ꡼Ȥơľδˡʪ졡ꥹˡʾ岼ˡ٤δǯɽǤʾ崬 pp. 216--20 pp. 245--52 ˡɤߤ䤹̻ˤϡŪˤϥ󥰥ɲīˤӵIJˤεҤȤäƤ褤ʤ顤̸ˤطŪμȤˡҲˡкѻˤʤɤθ˽פǤ롥

B.C. 6ȷϤ²ߤΥ졼ȡ֥ƥ꽻
B.C. 55--54Υ֥꥿˥
A.D. 122֥ϥɥꥢ̥Ĺ׷߻Ϥޤ (--132)
5--7󥰥²Υ֥꥿˥
757ޡǥե¨ (--796)
871åǥեå粦¨ (--899)
924륹󥰥ɲȤƥѡ״
973ɥ󥰥ɲȤƥС״
1066ꥢ1¨̡10ˡΥޥī (--1154)
1067ꥢ1ˤϰ褬֥Υޥ (--1071)
1085إɥॺǥ֥åĢˡ٤κ (--1086)
1087ꥢ2¨̡9ˡ١ȤιϤޤ
1107ꥢ2˻λࡥإ1¨̡8
1106إ1١ȤιΥޥǥѾ
1135ƥ󤬹񲦤¨̡12ˡ (1135--53)
1154إ2¨̡10ˡץ󥿥ͥåȲī (--1399)֥󥸥塼פη
1173إ㲦餬إ2ʶλλϤޤ
1189㡼1¨̡7ˡ3󽽻˻ (--1194)
1192㡼ɤ٤κ (--1194)
1199󤬹񲦤¨̡4
1204Υޥǥ󥸥塼ե󥹹񲦤ˤ꼺 (--1205)
1205ȥ޶ĥΥƥ3ȤϽǤƮ (--1213)
1215ˡ֥ޥʡ륿ϡˡС6
1216إ3¨̡10ˡȤ⽪© (--1217)
1258Ĥ֥åեɾ򴾡פ6
1259ѥǥإ3ե󥹤ͭڤ12ˡ֥󥸥塼פξ
1265󡦥ɡեεIJ1
1267󥴥꡼ˤꡤ󡦥סե֥륺פȤƥإ3ǧġ9
1272ɥ1¨̡11
1283ɥ1륺󡦥סեष륺̤ (--1283)
1284ɥ1ҥɥɤ򥦥륺Ǥ̿ʽǤ1301ǯ2ˡʹߡ󥰥ɡʥꥹˤβ̷Ѿ1̤˻Ҥ֥륺פӤӤ뤳Ȥ
1290åȥɽޡåȤ޻ष̷Ѿ꤬
1293ɥ1κˤꡤ󡦥٥ꥪ뤬åȥɹ񲦤¨ (--1296)
1295ɥ1¯ԻɽԲĤʤϵIJפ򾤽11ˡåȥɤȥե󥹤ָŤƱ̾״ط (--1560)
1296󥰥ɡåȥ补֥Сפ󥰥ɷˤ1996ǯ˥åȥɤִԡˡ
1297ꥢࡦ쥹åȥɤȿ𡥥󥰤襤ǥ󥰥ɷ˾
1299ɥ1륤ǥե󥹹񲦤ȹ¡ҥɥɤȥե󥹲٥κΩ
1306Сȡ֥롼åȥɲ̷Ѿɥ1åȥɱӾ» (1307ǯ7
1307ɥ2¨̡7
1314ХΥåС襤ǥ֥롼󥰥ɷˤС1Ȥƥåȥɹ񲦤¨̡1328ǯ˥󥰥ɤ⾵ǧ
1327ɥ2IJѰ̡Ҥɥ3¨̡1ˡɥ2̩˽跺9
1330ɥ3ϡ10ˡκIJ񤬡ֵ²פȡֽ̱פ˰ܹ
1337ҥɥɡʹҡˤ󥦥ߤ˽ʥ󥰥ɤǺǽθ̡߰ˡե󥹹񲦥եå6ɥ3κʩΤ׼ʩɴǯγ (--1453)
1356ݥƥ襤ǹҤ9
1360ץƥˡᥫ졼롧ɥ3ե󥹤βḢˡơͭǧ10
1376ɥ3ɵIJפ򳫺š4--7ˡҵ޻6
1377㡼2¨̡6
1381ƬǤȿФåȡ顼5--6
1382㡼2ϡ˵IJȿȯ
1399㡼2Ѱ̡󥫥ߥإ꤬إ4¨̡9ˡ󥫥īΩ (--1471)
1413إ5¨̡3
1415إ5ե󥹱󥳡Ȥ襤羡10
1420ȥ5ˡإΥե󥹲̷Ѿǧ졤إȥե󥹲ȥ꡼̤η뺧ޤ롥ͤδ֤˹ҥإ꤬1421ǯ12
1422إ6¨̡8ˡե󥹹񲦥6λˤꡤ2Ȥƥե󥹲̤Ѿ10
14297̡륯Ƴ졤Ʋ״7
1431̡륯ʲ5ˡ2ʥإ6ˤѥΥΡȥƲ״12
1453ܥɡ10ˡ󥰥ɤʩΤȾ򼺤ʱʩɴǯνˡإ6˴٤8
1454衼ߥ㡼ɤ񶪤˽Ǥ3
1455󥫥ɤȥ衼ɤιϤޤ롧Х (--1485)
1460衼ߥ㡼ɤ12ˡĹ˥ɥɤѾ
1461衼ɤɥإ6Ѥɥ4ס3ˡ켡ν롥衼ī (--1485)
1470ɥ4ͥɤˤäव졤֥르˥Τ˴̿إ6̡10
1471ɥ4񤷡󥫥ͥɤˡν롥إ6跺5ˡɥ4 (--1483)
1478說󥹸ߥ硼ɥ4Ȥ¤ǽ跺2
1483ɥ5¨̡4ˡΥߥ㡼ɤ񶪤˽Ǥɥ5Ѱ̡㡼3¨̡6ˡХå󥬥ߤ򵯤跺11
1485ܥ襤ǥåߥإ꤬㡼3˾㡼3ࡥإ7񲦤¨̡8ˡƥ塼ī (--1603)
1486إ7ȥ衼ȤΥꥶ٥뺧1
1491ѡ󡦥٥å (--1499)
1494ݥ˥󥰥ˡꡧɵIJθ½̾
1501ҥȥڥ󲦽㥵뺧11ˡ5˥޻षĹإȥ㥵Ȥη뺧ģ龵ǧ
1509إ8¨̡4ˡ㥵ȷ뺧6
1517ޥƥ󡦥륿ν׻Ϥޤ10ˡإ8ϥ륿ɤɥ򲦸1518ǯ10
1527إ8㥵ȤΥ򶵹ģ˿5ˡ޹륫5ʥ㥵αˤˤ˻
1529إ8׵IJ򳫺 (--1536)
1533إ8󡦥֡ȶ뺧1ˡʶػˡ3ˡ㥵ȤΥΩ4ˡȤδ֤˥ꥶ٥9
1534񲦻ˡ11ˡ󥰥ɹ񶵲Ω
1536跺5ˡإ8󡦥⥢ȷ뺧ƻβ򻶡ǥȥå̤餬ʡֲνס10
1537إ8ȥȤδ֤˥ɥ10
1539罤ƻ
1541إ8֥ɹ񲦡פξι򤪤Ӥ
1544إ8åȥɿʱϼԤء
1547ɥ6¨̡1ˡΥޥåȸߤ񶪤˽Ǥåȥɤ˿ԥ󥭡襤Ǿ9
1549ե󥹡᥹åȥϢ̡6ˡޥåȸ߼ӡ10ˡåߡ1551ǯΡХɸߡˤ¸
1553ɥ6ΡХɸߤˤꥸ󡦥쥤פ뤬̡9֤νˡᥢ1¨̡7
1554ᥢ1ڥҥե꡼ڤȷ뺧7ˡ󥰥ɹ񶵲Ѥȥå
1556ե꡼ڤڥ񲦥ե꡼2ˡڥե褬ȯᥢ1ʩ۹1557ǯ6
1558졼ӼΦϤ˼1ˡᥢ1ꥶ٥1¨̡11
1559񲦻ˡˡIJ̲4ˡ󥰥ɹ񶵲
1561åȥɽᥢʥƥ奢ȡˤե󥹤굢
1567åȥɽᥢ꤬²ȾͤѰ̡7ˡॺ6¨ (--1625) ᥢ68ǯ󥰥ɤ˴̿
1569ȥå²ˤ𳫻ϡ10ˡ70ǯ2ð졤ľ˥ꥶ٥1϶ģˤ
1587ᥢꡦƥ奢Ƚ跺2ˡե󥷥ɥ쥤ǥ򽱷4
1588ڥ̵Ũ⤬7ޥ襤ˡ󥰥ɷ
1600󥰥쥤ɲΩ
1601ˡ
1603ꥶ٥13ˡƥ塼ī䡥åȥɹ񲦥ॺ6󥰥ɹ񲦥ॺ1¨̡ƱϢˡ3ˡƥ奢Ȳī (--1714)
1605ϥץȥ󡦥Ȳġ1ˡ󥰥ɹ񶵲ȥåȥɶ񤬤줾μήɤȤ˾ǧʥȥåؤް³
1605Ż11
1610פIJξǧ˼ԡ11
1625㡼륺1¨̡3ˡե󥹲ꥨåޥꥢȷ뺧5
1628ָ׺۲ġ3ˡ񲦤¦Хå󥬥߰Ż8
1629㡼륺1IJ򻶡3ˡɡᥦȥ (--1640)
1638ᤰꥹåȥɤȯ (--1640)
1640㡼륺1IJ񾤽4--5ûIJˡåȥɤȤ褬9ˡ㡼륺1ٵIJ򾤽11ĹIJ
1642޵İ1ˡ񲦷ȵIJ񷳤̳̿ȯ (--1649)
1645०ˤIJ¦˥塼ǥ뷳2ˡ͡ӡ襤ǵIJ񷳤6
1648񲦷̡8ˡ֥ץ饤ɤʥѡˡס12
1649㡼륺1跺1ˡȵ²ѻߡ3ˡ०뷳ɱ8?1650ǯ9
1650०뷳åȥɱ8--1651ǯ9
1651ˤǰפؤҳˡ10
1652켡󥰥ɡ (--1654)
1653०뤬ĹIJ򻶡4ˡŵפ򤵤졤०뤬񶪤˽Ǥ12ˡγ (--1659)
1657IJ񤬡ָʤȴפФ०˲̤󼨡3ˡ०Ϲ¨̤Ǽ5ˡܤθ񶪽Ǥԡ6
1658०9ˡ㡼ɡ०뤬Ѿ
1659㡼ɡ०뤬񶪼Ǥ5
1660ĹIJ褷㡼륺1ΰˤ뷯ٻ֥IJ񾤽4ˡ㡼륺2¨̡5ˡ
1661㡼륺2״4ˡεIJ񳫲5
1665󼡥󥰥ɡ (--1667) ɥǥڥή
1666ɥС9
1670ɡ̩5Хʤɤᤰʩ֤̩
1672㡼륺2ֿļͳ׸ۡ軰󥰥ɡ (--1674)
1673ˡ3ˡ衼ߥॺᴱǤ
1677衼ߤĹᥢȥĥब뺧11
1679̷ѾӽˡƤοĤϡ5ˡˤ1680ǯȾ顤IJ˥ȡȥۥåȤĤɤо
1685ॺ2¨̡2ˡޥ6
1687--88ॺ2٤ˤ錄ֿļͳ׸ۡˡ˰ȿ״򥫥ȥå̤ǸǤϤ
1688ҥॺ6ˡ󥰥ɼȤȤĥब󥰥ɤ˾Φ11ˡॺ2˴̿
1689IJˤָפФ졤ꥢ3ᥢ2ζƱ2ˡָŵפ12ˡ̾̿δ֤ˡꥢ3μƳˤꡤ󥰥ɤ⥪¦ˤĤʩ۹5ǯؤλ
1690ܥ襤ǥꥢ3ɤΥȥå̱Ի7ˡॺ2ɾΦǰ
1694󥰥ɶΩ7ˡᥢ212
1697쥤ǥ륤14ꥢ3β̾ǧ9
1701̷Ѿˡ6ˡȥå̤ˤ벦̷Ѿ²Υȥå̤Ȥη뺧ػߤ (--2013) ꥢ3ˤꡤϡƱ9ˡڥ󲦰̷Ѿؤλ
1702¨̡3ˡХեϷ³
1704֥ϥ襤ǥ󥰥ɷե󥹷羡8
1713ȥҥȾ4ˡꥹ֥륿롤ߥΥ륫ʤͭ
1714ƥ奢Ȳī롥ϥΡե륯硼1¨̡8ˡϥΡī (--1901)
1715켡㥳ХȤ9
1716ǯIJˡ5
1720ˢ
1721Сȡݡ뤬¢˽Ǥ4ˡˢ򹪤ߤ˽硼1鿮Ǥ
1727硼2¨̡6
1739֥󥭥󥺤μȯ10ˡǯΥȥꥢ̷Ѿ1740--48ǯˤ˵礵졤衼å
1742ݡء2ˡ¢ּפȤǤʵıˤꥹ
1745󼡥㥳ХȤ (--1746) մ (--1746)
1754ꥫǥեɡǥȯ (--1763)
1756ꥹץ֤ǥȥߥ󥹥롧ǯ1756--63ǯˤȯŸ
1759ִפǯסʥꥹΦϤ羡
1760硼3¨̡10
1761--62񲦤ȼ׳νʥ˥塼ߡԥåȡ˴֤Ω㲽
1764--65̥ꥫ̱ϤФơֺǡסְǡפǡܹȿ̱ϴ֤ΩﲽܥȥԻ1770ǯˡܥȥ1773ǯˤʤɤȯŸ
1775Ƴ4ˡꥫΩ (--1783)
177613̱ϤΩפɽ7ˡθ塤ե󥹡ڥ󡤥ꥫ¦ˤĤꥹϤ
1783ѥǥꥫ罰Ω9ˡԥåȤ˽Ǥ12
1788硼3ȯ¡10ˡԥåɤȥեåɤδ֤ǡפˡ--1789ǯ2
1793ԥåȤ󾧤󶯴֤켡ʩƱ2ˡꥹե󥹳̿ (--1799) ˻
1799ʩƱ6ˡե󥹤ǥʥݥ쥪󡦥ܥʥѥȤ11
1800ɹˮ3ˡʥݥ쥪賫 (--1815)
1804ԥåȤʥݥ쥪1¨̡5
1805軰ʩƱ8ˡȥե륬10ˡƥåĤ襤12
1806ԥåȵ޻1ˡեå޻9ˡꥹ¤
1807ꥹǰפζػߤ
1810硼3ȯ¡10ˡҥ硼ȤˡƤķ1811ǯ2ˡ (--1820)
1812ѡ꤬̱ӡǰŻ5ˡס߼ɤĹ (--1827) ʥݥ쥪Υԡ6--12
1814ʥݥ쥪褬ä󽪷4ˡɥϢ˲񳫺š6ˡij11--1815ǯ6
1815ʥݥ쥪Ρɴŷס3--6ˡƥ襤ǽ©6ˡʪˡ3
1819֥ԡ롼εԻ׻8ˡϻˡ11
1820硼4¨̡1ˡ饤ޤȤΥư (--1821)
1822硼˥󥰳ꡤСȡԡʤɲɤѤ졤ּͳȡפλ夬Ϥޤ
1828--29ȥݼˤꡤˡˡѻߡȥå̲Ƥꡧȡʬʤ
1830ꥢ4¨̡6˥ޥȥס֤Ŵƻ̡9ˡ쥤ߤɤȤۥå쥫˥ɡĶȡϢΩΩ11ˡ٥륮ΩĴ䤹ɥĤѡޥȥĹ˿ʤ (--1832)
1832켡ˡΩʲ滺θͼ󸢳
1833ˡꡥꥹˤ٤ѻ
1834ˡꡥꥢ4ˤС꤬ų11ˡԡˤ֥Ρפȯɽ졤ȡ꤬ݼޡפȲ̾12
1837ȥꥢ¨̡6
1838ֿ̱ϡפȯɽ롧㡼ƥȱưι
1839ɥȿʪˡƱ
1840ȥꥹ쥤ɲҤδ֤ǥإȯ (--1842) ȥꥢСȸȷ뺧2ˡ45˷äޤ
1842ԡݼˤꡤǺƳƼѻߡ
1845ɤǥ㥬⵲ȯ8
1846ԡݼˤʪˡѻߡ6ˡݼʬ
1849ҳˡѻߡ6ˡͳǰפβ
1851ɥ񳫺š5--10
1854ʩȥ륳¦ˤĤƥߥ˻3--1856ǯ3
1856Ȥδ֤˥󼡥إȯ (--1860)
1857ȯ5ˡ쥤ɲҤϲ򻶤ꥹˤ륤ľۤϡ1858ǯ8
1859ۥåԡɡ޿ɤˤּͳޡ׷6
1867ӡݼˤˡΩԻԤϫƯԳθͼ󸢳ˡʥꥹǽμΤˡ7
1868Ǽͳޤꥢࡦåɥȥη̤ľŪˤĤʤäǽλ㡧12
1869ɹ񶵲ѻ
1870ˡꡥˡʾعε̳鲽
1871ؿˡꡥϫƯȹˡꡥΦ䴱ѻ
1872̩ɼ٤Ƴ7
1875ǥ졼ݼˤꥹϲҳ11
1876ιˡˤȥꥢ֥ɹפ¨̤
1877Ω (--1947)
1878ȥ륳Ĵ䤹٥Ĥǥץλ۸
1879åɥȥˤߥɥ󡦥ڡ11--12
1882ꥹˤ륨ץȿάʥץȤ¾ݸ񲽡
1883ԵڤӰˡ԰ɻˡ8ˡȿμޤ궯
1884軰ˡΩϫƯԳθͼ󸢳
1885ʺʬˡꡧܳŪƳ
1886åɥȥͳˤꥢɼˡƤФ뤬̡ͳޤʬ6
1887ȥꥢκ߰50ǯǰŵ1̱ϲĤⳫš
1889ˡʥե󥹤ȥꤷɸء
1893ܤΥɼˡƤ̱̲᤹⵮²ݷ9ˡϡǥΩϫƯ޷
1897ȥꥢκ߰60ǯǰŵ2̱ϲĤⳫš
1899󼡥ܡեꥫȯ (--1902)
1901ɥ7¨̡1ˡåСī (--1917)
1902Ʊ1
1903ɥ7ѥˬ5ˡ˱ʩط̩
1904ʩ4ˡϪȯ (--1905)
1906ȷ϶η㲽 (--1912) ϫƯޡ׷1
1907Ϫ8
1909ͳˤֿ̱ͽФ뤬²ݷ11
1910硼5¨̡5ˡ˾ǯ٤»ܡ112ˡֿ̱ͽΩ
1911²ݼޡˤȽ̱ʼͳޡˤη㤷θ˵IJˡ8ˡ²θ¤̾ء硼5ɹ״ǥ꡼ǵԡ12
1912ܤΥɼˡƤС1914ǯΩء
1914켡ȯ7ˡꥹλ8
1915Ω5
1916ħʼ٤Ƴ1ˡưܳʲ꼭Ǥǥåɡɡ᥸硼Ѿ12
1917󥶡ī˲̾7ˡ̿ˤ¾Υæ3ˡꥫʩ¦ˤĤƻ4
1918ͼˡΩ˻30аʾν󸢼¸ˡ켡ν11
1919ѥ²ġˡꤵ⡤Ȥǥưڤdzء1920ǯ--
1921ɼͳΩ12ˡ亮ȥ󳤷̲ġƱǤء11--1922ǯ2
1922ȥ󡦥֤ݼ޵İɡ᥸硼ȤϢΩäꡧɡ᥸硼꼭Ǥ10
1924ॼޥʥɤɤȤϫƯñΩ1
1925衼åѤˤݾꤷξ12
1926Ūʥͥ롦ȥ饤5ˡĤˤ꼫Τܹϰʿǧ11
1928޼ˡΩʽ󸢤¸
1929ƹΡפȯ10
1930ɥ󳤷̲ġ1--4
1931񲦤ĴˤޥɥʥɤɤȤΩ8
1932硼5ˤ̱Ρ֥ꥹޥåפ BBC ʱѹˤΥ饸̤Ƴϡ12
1936ɥ8¨̡1ˡꥹץȤΡֲҤפˤ̡硼6¨̡12
1937ͥ롦Х󤬼˽Ǥ5ˡͨܳʲ
1938ߥإ̤ǥɥĤ˥ǡƥʥ˳9
1939ȯ9ˡ󥹥ȥ󡦥㡼뤬
1940ִ̯1939ǯ9--40ǯ3ˡפФơɥķ衼åѳƹ˿4--5ˡХ㡼뤬꽢Ǥ5ˡե󥹤ɥĤ˹6ˡ֥֥ƥ襤׳ϡ7
1941ȥγϡ6ˡ㡼 F. D. Ȥξ̡7ˡƳ
1942󥬥ݡ뤬ܷˤ2ˡȾϢƱѥ¦˷ž̥եꥫʿΡϢǡ
1943̡Ʊ桧11ˡƥإġƱѥ11--12
1944ΥޥǥΦ6ˡѥ8
1945륿̡Ʊѥ2ˡɥĹ5ˡݥĥ̡Ʊѥ7--8ˡ10ǯ֤ϫƯޤ羡㡼뤬Ǥȡȥ꡼ϫƯñΩ7ˡܹ8ˡν9
1946󥰥ɶԤͭ㡼ΡŴΥƥױ3ˡ̱ݸˡ8ˡ̱ݸˡ11
1947úſùͭ1ˡɤѥΩ8
1948ŴƻϹͭ1--4ˡ㡼ΡֻĤءױ10
1951ݼޤ㡼ݼΩ10
1952ꥶ٥2¨̡2ˡ״53ǯ6˵
1955㡼ࡥ󥽥ˡǥ󤬸Ǥˡ4
195610--11
1957ϥɡޥߥݼμ˽Ǥ1
1958嵮²ˡ4
1960֥եꥫǯסեꥫ񤬥衼åѳƹ񤫤Ω
1963ꥹ EEC ʲкѶƱΡ˲˼ԡ1ˡ²ˡΩ7ˡޥߥ꼭Ǥҥ塼ˡ10
1964ϫƯޤϥɡ륽󤬼ˡ10
1967ݥڤ겼EC ʲƱΡ˲˼ԡ11
1968륽꤬줫αѷűɽ1
1973ɥɡҡݼˤꡤꥹ EC 1ˡ10
1975륽ϫƯβ EC α˴ؤ̱ɼ6
1977ꥹܤ IMF ʹ̲ߴˤڴء1
1979ݼޤޡåȡå㡼Ω5
1982ե4--6ˡꥹ
1984˾úۥȥ饤3--1985ǯ3ˡϫƯȹ7ˡIRA ʥɶ¹񷳡ˤˤ륵å㡼Ż̤10
1984--87ſáư֡ҶʤɹͭȤ̱IJ
1985--89Ϣ˥ХսĹо줷å㡼ƥǾ̤¸衼åѤˤƥ郎
1988å㡼Υ֥롼9ˡEC ʤ
1990ǡʿƬǡƳ4ˡݼ¤ȿꡤå㡼ء󡦥ᥤ㡼ˡ11
1991Ѵ1--3ˡꥹ⻲
1992ݥɤʡְŹοסˤERM ʰᥫ˥١ˤ饤ꥹΥæ9ˡҤΥ̵󥶡кҤǥꥶ٥2ֺǯϤҤɤǯפȱ12
1993EC ˸ƤΥޡȥҥȾڡ7ˡꥹ̲ҲϤŬѽƻäءEU ʲϢȯ­11
1997ϫƯޤ羡ȥˡ֥쥢Ω5ˡʸޤѥǻλ8ˡåȥɡ륺IJ֤̱ɼǷ9
1998ꥹɴ֤̥˴ؤιաΩ4
1999åȥɡ륺ǵIJ5ˡ²²ε︺10ˡ̥ɵIJߡ11
2001ꥫƱ¿ȯƥ9ˡե10--11ˡꥹ⥢ꥫ̶Ϥ
2002ꥶ٥2߰50ǯǰŵ6
2003饯3--5ˡꥹ⥢ꥫ̶Ϥ
2005ɥƱ¿ȯƥ7
2007֥쥢ءɥ󡦥֥饦󤬼
2008ƹζͻʥ꡼ޥ󡦥å9
2010ݼޤͳ̱ޤȤϢΩˤǥåɡΩ5
2012ꥶ٥2߰60ǯǰŵ6ˡɥǥԥåȥѥԥåš7--8
2014åȥɤǡΩפ򤫤̱ɼԤ졤Ϣ粦˻α̤ˡ9


ľδʪ졡ꥹˡʾ岼ˡ١ҡӡ2015ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2018-11-05 Mon

#3479. ؿ⡡ꥹβ٤ǯɽ [timeline][history][monarch]

ε#3478. ؿ⥤ꥹˡ٤ǯɽ ([2018-11-04-1]) ³ơꥹòꥹǯɽǤ롥ԤδؿȿǤΡ۶ԡפˤ̤δؿʧƤǯɽǤ롥#3394. 奤󥰥ɷ۶Ԥΰ ([2018-08-12-1]) ⻲ȡ

1050ꥢ1ޥƥ֡Ρȷ뺧
1066ɥ
1066ϥ1¨̡ΥޥǥꥢΥꥹꥢ1¨̡ΥޥīϤޤ
1085ɥॺǥ֥å
1087ꥢ2¨
1100إ꡼1¨̡ޥƥ֡åȥɤȷ뺧
1118ޥƥס1121ǯإ꡼1ǥ饤֡롼Ⱥƺ
1135ƥ¨̡1115ǯޥƥ֥֡˥ȷ뺧
1139ƥ󲦤ȥޥƥʥإ꡼1̼ˤ襤Ϥޤ
1154إ꡼2¨̡1152ǯ쥢Ρ롦֡ơ̤ȷ뺧ˡץ󥿥ͥåīϤޤ
1170󥿥٥롼ʶ٥åȰŻ
1189㡼ɻҿ¨
1191㡼ɻҿ٥󥬥ꥢ֡ʥȷ뺧㡼ɻҿåΡӤ˥ȥꥢκȤʤ
1199¨̡1189ǯ٥顦֡ȷ뺧
1200󲦡٥顦֡󥰥졼Ⱥƺ
1204󲦡ե󥹹αӼ
1215󲦡֥ޥʡ륿פ˽̾
1216إ꡼3¨
1236쥢Ρ롦֡ץ󥹤ȷ뺧
1265󡦥ɡե롤IJΩʲε
1272ɥ1¨̡1254ǯ쥢Ρ롦֡ƥȷ뺧
1277?95륺Ϥޤ
1290åȥɤȤϤޤ
1295ɥ1ϵIJ񾤽
1299ɥ1ޡåȡ֡ե󥹤Ⱥƺ
1307ɥ2¨
1308ɥ2٥顦֡ե󥹤ȷ뺧
1327ɥ3¨̡ե󥹲̷Ѿĥ
1328ɥ3եåѡ֡Ρȷ뺧
1337?1453ʩɴǯ
1346쥷襤Ǿ
1347
1356ݥƥ襤ʹҤγ
1377㡼2¨
1381åȡ顼
1382㡼2󡦥֡ۥإߥȷ뺧
1384إ꡼4ᥢ꡼ɡ֡ȷ뺧
1394㡼2٥顦֡Ⱥƺ
1399إ꡼4¨̡󥫥īϤޤ
1402إ꡼4祢󡦥֡ʥȺƺ
1413إ꡼5¨
1415󥯡襤ǥե󥹤˾
1420إ꡼5㥵󡦥֡ȷ뺧ȥ롥ե󥹤β̷Ѿ
1422إ꡼6¨
1429쥢襤ǥե󥹤
1444إ꡼6ޡåȡ֡󥸥塼ȷ뺧
1453ɴǯ轪
1455?85
1461ɥ4¨
1464ɥ4ꥶ٥֡åɥȷ뺧
1483㡼3¨̡1473ǯ󡦥֡åȷ뺧
1485ܥ襤㡼3ˤ졤轪롨إ꡼7¨̡塼īϤޤ
1486إ꡼7ꥶ٥֡衼ȷ뺧
1509إ꡼8¨̡㥵󡦥֡饴ȷ뺧
1533إ꡼8󡦥֡ȷ뺧
1534Ĺȯۡѹ񶵲Ω
1535ȥޥ⥢跺
1547ɥ6¨
1553ᥢ꡼1¨
1554磻åȤ𡨥󡦥쥤跺
1554ᥢ꡼1ڥΥեڲҤȷ뺧
1557ڥ󲦰̷Ѿ˻
1558ڥХե˻졼å
1558ꥶ٥1¨
1588ڥ̵Ũˤ
1593̤ȶư
1600쥤ɲΩ
1603åȥɲॺ6ꥹॺ1Ȥ¨̡1589ǯ󡦥֡ǥޡȷ뺧ˡ奢ȲīϤޤ
1605ֲŻȯ
1607ƥ˥˱ѿ̱Ϸ
1608100͡ॹƥ˰ܽ
1610ॺ1򾧤IJȾ
1616ԥ
1620102͡ᥤեǥꥫ˰ܽ
125㡼륺1¨̡إꥨåޥꥢȷ뺧
1628㡼륺1IJ
1642񲦷ȵIJ񷳤ȯ
1645ͥӡ襤ǹ񲦷Ԥ
1649㡼륺1跺
1649?60०ƻҤˤ붦
16521
1660㡼륺2¨
1662㡼륺2㥵󡦥֥֡饬󥶤ȷ뺧
16652
1666ɥ
1673ॺ2ᥢ꡼֡ǥʤȷ뺧
1685ॺ2¨
1688̾̿Ϥޤ
1689ָξŵꡨꥢ3ᥢ꡼2¨
1690󡦥åΡؿʹָ
1694󥰥ɶΩ
1702¨̡1683ǯǥޡҥ硼ȷ뺧ˡڥ󲦰̷Ѿ˻1701?14ǯ
1713ȥҥ󡥥ڥ󲦰̷Ѿ轪롥
1714硼1¨̡1688ǯեɥƥȷ뺧ˡϥΡīϤޤ
1720ˢ
1727硼2¨̡1705ǯ饤󡦥֡󥺥Хåȷ뺧
1753ʪΩ
17567ǯȯʥꥹץƱХȥꥢե󥹡
1760硼3¨
1761硼3㡼åȡ֡å֥륯ȥåĤȷ뺧ȳ̿Ϥޤ
1780衼åѽΩƱȤȯ
1805ͥ륽ġȥե륬ǥʥݥ쥪ˤ
1820硼4¨̡1795ǯ饤󡦥֥֡饦󥷥åȷ뺧
1830ꥢ4¨̡1818ǯǥ쥤ɡ֡ޥ˥󥲥ȷ뺧
1837ȥꥢ¨
1839ȥꥢСҥСȤȷ뺧
1840˥塼ɤͭ
1840?42إ
1851ɥ񤬳Ť
1897ȥꥢ߰60ǯǰŵ
1901ɥ7¨̡1863ǯǥޡ쥰ɥȷ뺧ˡСīϤޤ
1902Ʊ
1904ʩ
1910硼5¨̡1893ǯᥢ꡼֡ƥåȷ뺧
1926Υͥȵ
1935ˡ
1936ɥ8¨̡ɥ8̡ǯꥹץȷ뺧硼6¨̡1923ǯꥶ٥Х饤ȷ뺧ˡ󥶡īȲ̾
1938ߥإ
1952ꥶ٥2¨̡1947ǯեåסޥȥХåƥȷ뺧
1956ư
1968̥ʶȯ
1982եʶ
1981㡼륺Ҥȥʷ뺧
1996㡼륺ҤȥΥ
1997޸̻λ


а ҡؿ⡡ꥹβ١Ͻн˼2007ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2018-11-04 Sun

#3478. ؿ⥤ꥹˡ٤ǯɽ [timeline][history]

奢˭٤Ǥ褯Ǥꥹˤܡ pp. 154--56 Ρ֥ꥹάǯɽפǤ褦

7ȿͤ褬Ϥޤ
55--542ˤ錄֥꥿˥
61ܥǥåȿ
122ϥɥꥢ̥ξɷ¤Ϥޤ
140ȥ˥̥ξɷ¤Ϥޤ
2ꥹȶ
5?6󥰥ͤ衤Ĥβ
597ƥ̥ˤޡȥåƻ
664åȥӤζ
757ޡåե¨̡?796
779åեݷ¤
8ǡͤ轱Ϥޤ?9
843вʥåȥɡˤΩ
871åեå¨̡?899
10㥤ʽ٤Ƴ
1015̡Ȥο1016ǯ󥰥ɲˡ?1035
1042ɥɾԲ¨̡?66
1066إƥ󥰥襤ǥꥢξʥΥޥ
1085ɥॺǥ֥å
1135إ1׸塤ƥȥޥƥ襤Ϥޤ?53
1154إ2¨̡ʥץ󥿥ͥåīλϤޤ
1170󥿥٥ʶ٥åȰŻ
1209󲦡ĥΥƥ3礵
1215󲦡ޥʡ륿ǧ
1264󡦥ɡե?65
1276ɥ1ˤ륦륺Ϥޤʰʸ95ǯޤǡ4ϤäƷ³ˡƱåȥɤؤβ򶯲
1295ϵIJ񤬳
1296󥰥ɤȥåȥɤϤޤ롥Ф롥
1314ХΥåС襤ǡСȡ֥롼ɥ2ˤ
1327ɥ2Ѱ̡ɥ3¨
1337ɴǯ褬Ϥޤ
1346쥷襤
1348¤ήԡ?49ˤΤ1374ǯˤή
1356ݥƥ襤
1376ɵIJ
1381åȡ顼
1399㡼2Ѱ̡إ4¨̡ʥ󥫥īλϤޤ
1415إ5ˤʩƳ󥯡襤
1420ȥˤإ5Υե󥹲̷Ѿǧ
1429̡륯γˤ륪쥢ˡ7״
1453ɴǯ轪
1455ХϤޤ
1461ɥ4¨̡ʥ衼īλϤޤ
1476ȥ󤬥ꥹǽγǰ򥦥̱˳
1483㡼3ɥ5Ѥ¨
1485ܥ襤ǥ㡼3Իࡥإ7¨̡ʥƥ塼īλϤޤ
1501ҥȥ饴Υ㥵η뺧ǯ
1509إ8¨̡饴Υ㥵Ȥη뺧
1529׵IJλϤޤ?36
1534񲦻ˡˤ񶵲γΩ
1536ƻ򻶡륺ιƱ
1539罤ƻ
1541إ8ɲΤ
1542åȥɡ󥰥ɿ˼Ԥ񲦥ॺ5Իࡨᥢꡦƥ奢Ȥ¨
1547ɥ6¨̡ץƥȲοŸ
1559񲦻ˡˡˤ񶵲κƳΩ
1567åȥɽᥢꡦƥ奢Ѱ̡󥰥ɤ˴̿
1569ȿǯð
1587ᥢꡦƥ奢Ȥν跺
1588ڥ̵Ũν
1600쥤ɲΩ
1603ꥶ٥1ॹ1¨̡ʥƥ奢īλϤޤ
1605Ż
1628
1639綵Ϥޤ
1640ĹIJ񳫲
1642񲦷ȵIJ񷳤ȯ
1648IJ񤫤ĹϷɤ
1649㡼륺1ν跺²ѤΩ०Υ
16521?54
1653०񶪤Ȥʤ?56
1660
16652表ɥǥ٥ή
1666ɥ
1685ॺ2¨̡ޥȿ
1688̾̿
1689ꥢ3ᥢ2¨̡ξŵ
1694󥰥ɶǹΩᥢ2
1702¨̡ڥѾؤλ
1707åȥɤȤιƱ
1714硼1¨̡ʥϥΡīλϤޤ
1720ˢΤǯݡ¢˽Ǥ
1739Хڥ賫ϡǯȥꥢѾ
1745㥳ХȤȿ?46
1757ץå襤
1774ꥫΩϤޤ?83ˡκȳ̿ܳŪ˿ʹ
1789ե󥹳̿ȯ
17931ʩƱ
17992ʩƱ
1802ߥ
18053ʩƱͥ륽󡤥ȥե륬ǥե󥹡ڥ
1807ǰפζػ
1815ʪˡꡨ񡨥ƥ襤
1819ԡ롼εԻ
1829ȥåˡΩ
1830ޥס֤Ŵƻ
1832
1833Ǥѻ߷ꡨˡ
1838̱Ϥιɾʸ40ǯޤǥ㡼ƥȱư
1840إ?42
1846ʪˡѻ
1851ɥǽƤ
1854ߥ?56
1857ɤǥݥȿ
1858쥤ɲҲ򻶡ɤľΤȤʤ
1867
1875ϳι
1877ȥꥢˡ֥ɹפΤ
1880ˡˤꡤؤε̳
1881ǥޥեǥ
1882ꥹˤ륨ץȤñ
1884եӥ󶨲η3ˡ
1887ȥꥢ¨50ǯǰŵ1̱ϲ
1893ΩϫƯޤη
1897ȥꥢ¨60ǯǰŵ
1899եꥫϤޤ?1902
1901ȥꥢɥ7¨
1902Ʊ
1904ʩ
1907Ϫˤꡤ񶨾Ω
1908Ϸǯˡ
1910ɡ᥸硼̱ͽ
1911̱ݸˡ
1914ɼˡΩʼ»ܤ1Τˡ1ȯ?18ǯ
1916ɤ¨Ω륤˪
19184ˡ30аʾν˻ǧ
1919ѥʿ²ġ?20
1920
1922ɼͳΩ
1924ޥɥʥɼˤϫƯΩ
1931ȥߥ󥹥Ϥˤꥳ󥦥륹ʱϢˮˤȯ­
1932кѲġΥ֥åкѷ
1935ˡ
1936ɥ8뺧
1938ߥإ
19392ȯ?45
1940㡼ˤա?45
1941㡼ȥ롼٥ΡηϤȯɽ
1942٥åȯɽ
1945ȥ꡼ϫƯȯ­׻Ȥιͭʤ
1947ɡѥΩ
1951ѹפγ
1952ꥶ٥2¨
1956表1950ǯȾ60ǯˤơեꥫο̱ϤΩ꼡
1962ӡȥ륺Υ쥳ɡǥӥ塼
1968̥ʶϤޤ
1971̲ߤ
1972̥ɤμ
1973ECʥ衼åѶƱΡ˲ȯ
1973ʲ
1979å㡼ݼȯ­
1982ե
1984Ȥˤ1997ǯιִԤ
1986¤ȯɤƳǧ
1990ֿƬǡפؤȿбư夬롨å㡼
1992̲١ERMˤΥæ
1997֥쥢ϫƯդΩܹ޻λࡨåȥɡ륺ϰIJ֤䤦̱ɼˤꡤ֤
1999²βפˤꡤ²εİʤ
2000Ϥﳲ˸
2001ܤ˸֤ήԡǥ֥쥢ΨϫƯޤΰ


ؿ⥤ꥹˡ١Ͻн˼ҡ2002ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2018-10-06 Sat

#3449. Chaucer Ϣǯɽ [chaucer][timeline]

Fisher and Allen θ֤ˤ "A Chaucer Chronology" Ƹ롥Chaucer ǺǤ˻äˡϺưȯƤȤȤ狼롥1380ǯ?1390ǯ夬The Canterbury Tales μɮޤࡤǤΤΤäǤ롥

1327Edward III crowned, age 14.  
1328Edward marries Philippa of Hainault; Sir Paon de Roet in her entourage.  
1330Birth of Edward, the Black Prince.  
1331England at war with Scotland; France intervenes on behalf of Scotland.  
1338Unsuccessful invasion of northern France (beginning of Hundred Years' War); John Chaucer (Geoffrey's father) in the King's company.  
1340(?)Birth of Geoffrey Chaucer. Birth of John of Gaunt. Edward III takes title "King of France"  
1346Battle of Crécy  
1348Black Death  
1356Battle of Poitiers; high point of England's success in the wars with France.  
1357First record of Chaucer: in household of Countess of Ulster, wife of Prince Lionel. Philippa Pan' also in household.  
1359May: (?) Chaucer at wedding of John of Gaunt and Blanche of Lancaster. Gaunt becomes Duke of Lancaster. After November 3: Chaucer in French war in Prince Lionel's company.  
1360Chaucer captured and ransomed by the King.  
1361Black Prince marries Joan of Kent. (?) Chaucer at Inns of Chancery.Prier a Nostre Dame; Romaunt of the Rose; early Complaints (--1367) 
1363Death of Countess of Ulster. (?) Philippa Pan' enters service of Queen Philippa. (?) Chaucer at Inns of Court.  
1366February 22--May 24: safe conduct for Chaucer to travel in Spain. Philippa Chaucer (so designated) granted royal annuity of 10 marks.  
1367Geoffrey Chaucer granted royal annuity of of 20 marks. Chaucer enters the King's service.  
1368Death of Blanche, Duchess of Lancaster. French war active. Chaucer on mission in France.Book of the Duchess (--1369) 
1369Chaucer with Gaunt in raid on Picardy. Death of Queen Philippa. (?) Philippa Chaucer enters Gaunt's household.  
1370June 20--September 29: Chaucer on mission in France, (?) with Gaunt in Aquitaine.  
1371Gaunt marries Princess Costanza of Castile.  
1372Katherine Swynford, sister of Philippa Chaucer, bears first son by Gaunt. August 30: Gaunt grants Philippa Chaucer annuity of ?10. December 1: Chaucer leaves for Genoa, visits Florence. (Boccaccio in Florence; Petrarch in Padua.)Parliament of Fowls; St. Cecilia; Monk's tragedies; Anelida (--1377) 
1373May 23: Chaucer returns to London. (?) Birth of Thomas Chaucer. July 13: Gaunt goes to French wars.  
1374April 10: Gaunt returns from French wars. April 23: Chaucer receives a royal grant of a pitcher of wine daily. May 10: Chaucer leases Aldgate house and sets up housekeeping. June 8: Chaucer made controller of customs. June 13: Geoffrey and Philippa receive ?10 annuity from Gaunt.  
1376Death of Black Prince. Chaucer on mission to Calais.  
1377February 17, April 30: Chaucer on missions in France concerning peace treaty and marriage of Richard. June 22: death of Edward III and accession of his grandson, Richard II, age 10. Government controlled by Gaunt.  
1378January 16--March 9: Chaucer in France concerning marriage of Richard to French king's daughter Marie. April 18: daily pitcher of wine replaced by annuity of 20 marks. May 28--September 19: Chaucer in Lombardy to treat with Barnado Visconti (Gower given Chaucer's power of attorney).House of Fame; Boece; Boethian balades; Palamon and Arcite (--1381) 
1380May 1: Chaucer released from suit for "raptus" of Cecily Champain. (?) Birth of Lewis Chaucer.  
1381Peasants' Revolt. June 19: deed of Geoffrey Chaucer, son of John Chaucer, vintner of London, quitclaiming his father's house.  
1382Richard II marries Anne of Bohemia.Troylus and Criseyde; Legend of Good Women (--1386) 
1383Chaucer obtains first loan against his annuity.  
1385October 12: Chaucer appointed justice of the peace in Kent. Political struggle between Gaunt and his brother, Thomas of Woodstock. September: death of Joan of Kent.  
1386Justice of peace reaffirmed. February 19: Philippa admitted to fraternity of Lincoln Cathedral. August: Chaucer elected member of parliament from Kent. October 5: Aldgate house rented to Richard Forester. October 15: Scrope-Grosvenor trial. December 4: Adam Yardley appointed controller of customs.Canterbury Prologue; early Tales (Knight, Part VII) (--1387) 
1387June 18: last payment of annuity of Philippa Chaucer.  
1388May 1: Chaucer surrenders his royal annuities to John Scalby of Lincolnshire.Fabliaux (Miller, Reeve) (--1389) 
1389King Richard assumes power. Chaucer appointed clerk of the King's works (more than ?30 a year).  
1390Commissions to repair St. George's Chapel, Windsor; to oversee repairs on the lower Thames sewers and conduits; to build bleachers for jousts at Smithfield, etc. The three robberies. Chaucer appointed subforester of North Petherton, Somerset.Marriage group (Wife of Bath, Friar, Summoner, Merchant, Clerk, Franklin); Astrolabe; Equatorie (--1394) 
1391June 17: another clerk of the works appointed.  
1393Chaucer granted a gift of ?10 from Richard for services rendered "in this year now present."  
1394Death of Queen Anne. Chaucer granted a new annuity of ?20.  
1395Richard marries Isabella of France. Thomas Chaucer marries heiress Maud Burghersh.  
1396John of Gaunt marries Katherine Swynford.Balades to Scogan, Bukton (--1399) 
1398Chaucer borrows against his annuity; action for debt against Chaucer; letters of protection from the King.  
1399Deposition of Richard II. Election of Henry IV. Death of John of Gaunt. October 13: on his coronation day, Henry doubles Chaucer's annuity. December 24: Chaucer signs 53-year lease for tenement in the garden of the Lady Chapel, Westminster Abbey.  
1400September 29: last record of Chaucer: quittance given by him for a tun of wine received. October 25: date of Chaucer's death on tombstone in Westminster Abbey (erected in 1556)  


Fisher, John H. and Mark Allen, eds. The Complete Canterbury Tales of Geoffrey Chaucer. Boston: Thomson Wadsworth, 2006.

Referrer (Inside): [2018-12-27-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2018-08-12 Sun

#3394. 奤󥰥ɷ۶Ԥΰ [timeline][history][monarch]

#2547. 奤󥰥ɷǯΰ ([2016-04-17-1]) Ǥ褦ʰ򼨤ꥢ1ʹߤˤĤơܤֹ񲦵ڤӲޡ̻˰ɽפ (626--31) ˸ĤΤǷǤƤޡ̻ˤξޤǴޤޤƤΤĶ̣

ڤӲޡ̻ǯ߰ǯޡ̻ˤνп
Υޥ󲦲
ꥢ11027?1050?1066--10871087
ޥƥ֡ե10311050?1083եɥ
ꥢ21060?1087--11001100
إ꡼11068110001100--11351135
(1) ޥƥ֡åȥ108011001118åȥ
(2) ǥ饤֡롼110211211151ե
ƥ1097?11151135--11541154
ޥƥ֡֡˥1103?11151152󥰥Υޥ
ץ󥿥˥åȲ
إ꡼2113311521154--11891189
ʡ֡ơ1122?11521204ե
㡼1115711911189--11991199
٥󥬥ꥢ֡ʥ117411911230?ڥ
116711891199--12161216
(1) ٥롦֡?11891217󥰥
(2) ٥롦֡󥰥졼118812001246ե
إ꡼3120712361216--12721272
ʡ֡ץ1226?12361291ե
ɥ1123912541272--13071307
(1) ʡ֡ƥ124412541290ڥ
(2) ޡåȡ֡ե1282?12991318ե
ɥ2128413081307--13271327
٥롦֡ե129213081358ե
ɥ3131213281327--13771377
եåѡ֡Ρ1314?13281369եɥ
㡼2136713821377--13991400
(1) 󡦥֡ܥإߥ136613821394ܥإߥ
(2) ٥롦֡138913961409ե
󥫥
إ꡼4136713801399--14141413
(1) ᥢ꡼ɥ֡137013811394󥰥
(2) 祢󡦥֡ʥ1370?14031437ڥ
إ꡼5138714201413--14221422
㥵󡦥֡140114201437ե
إ꡼6142114441422--1461, 1470--14711471
ޡåȡ֡󥸥142914441482ե
ƥ塼
إ꡼7145714861485--15091509
ꥶ٥֡衼146514861503󥰥
إ꡼8149115091509--15471547
(1) 㥵󡦥֡饴148515091536ڥ
(2) 󡦥֡1507?15331536󥰥
(3) 󡦥⥢1509?15361537󥰥
(4) 󡦥֡졼151515401557եɥ
(5) 㥵󡦥ϥ1521?15401542󥰥
(6) 㥵󡦥ѡ1512?15431548󥰥
ɥ615371547--15531553
ᥢ꡼1151615541553--15581558
եڡ֡ڥ15271554ʥڥ󲦡1556--15981598ڥ
ꥶ٥115331558--16031603
ƥ奢Ȳ
ॺ1156615891603--16251625
󡦥֡ǥޡ157415891619ǥޡ
㡼륺1160016251625--16491649
إꥨåޥꥢ160916251669ե
ƶƥ奢Ȳ
㡼륺2163016621660--16851685
㥵󡦥֥֡饬163816621705ݥȥ
ॺ2163316601685--16881701
(1) 󡦥ϥ163716601671󥰥
(2) ᥢ꡼֡ǥ165816731718
ᥢ꡼2ʶƱ166216771689--16941694
ꥢ3ʶƱ165016771689--17021702
166516831702--17141714
ץ󥹡硼֡ǥޡ165316831708ǥޡ
ϥΡ
硼1166016821714--17271727
եɥƥ166616821726ɥ
硼2168317051727--17601760
饤󡦥֡󥺥ѥå168317051737ɥ
硼3173817611760--18201820
㡼åȡ֡å֥륯ȥå174417611818ɥ
硼4176217951820--18301830
饤󡦥֥֡󥹥å176817951821ɥ
ꥢ4176518181830--18371837
ǥ쥤ɡ֡ޥ˥󥲥179218181849ɥ
ȥꥢ181918401837--1901
ץ󥹡С181918401861ɥ
С
ɥ7184118631901--19101910
쥰ɥ顦֡ǥޡ184118631925ǥޡ
󥶡
硼5186518931910--1936
ᥢ꡼֡ƥå186718931953ɥ
ɥ8189419371936--19361972
ʥꥹץ׿͡189619371986
硼6189519231936--19521952
ꥶ٥Х饤19001923åȥ
ꥶ٥2192619471952--
ץ󥹡եåסޥȥХåƥ19211947ǥޡ


۶ԤνпϤĤ˸Ƥȡƥ衼åѤ͡ʹ񤫤ƤΤʤȴ롥ץ󥿥˥åīΥե󥹤֤줬褯ʬ뤷ƥ塼īΥ󥰥ɤؤβ󵢡ƥϥΡīΥɥĤ٤äͻҤ餫ޤޤǵŤʤä󥰥ɲ۶Ԥǥޡ˵ʡˤ⤦äȸƤ롥
ꥢ1ηϿޤˤĤƤϡ#2620. 󥰥īηϿޡ ([2016-06-29-1]) 򻲾ȡ

رѹ񲦼á16ǡ罤ۡ2000ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2026-05-08-1] [2018-11-05-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2018-07-02 Mon

#3353. ޸ִ50ǯ [pidgin][creole][japanese][timeline][lesser-know_varieties]

޸ִ50ǯ꤬ǥǼ夲Ƥ롥628ִäīʹǥꡤĤεؤΥ󥯤ĥ1830ǯ˽ƾ޸ؤäƤꥫͥܥ졼λ¹μ̿ߤ롥

䳤硤ұۤʸϤ礦޸ִԣǯ
֤ޤϥɥޡ仺޸οʱ̿
褬嫤־޸ִԤβΡá
˴̴פˡɤ夤޸̱Ϻ

޸θˡüǤꡤ#2559. ޸αѸ ([2016-04-29-1]) ȡ#2596. ־޸ȤСפ ([2016-06-05-1]) ˤƤޤʬäƤʤȤ¿Τ캮ǻ̩Ĺ®ƤˤĤȤָΰפȸƤФƤʥ󥰡p. 155ˡ
ʲ71īʹī˷ǺܤƤ־޸ǯɽפѤƤ޸ˡߡ̤ۤڤޤ礦

1830ǯ˲Ƥʿν󽽿Ͱܽ
76ǯܤͭ
82ǯƷ̱餬
95ǯο͸4ͤˡʺ1944ǯ7711͡
1941ǯʿȯ
45ǯ2Ƴʼ⤬βΦԤƹ¦6821͡¦21Ķ8
46ǯƷ̱129ͤ
52ǯե󥷥¾ȯ޸硦졦ƹ
65ǯܿ͵̱軲
68ǯ626޸ִԡܿͤεϤޤ
72ǯ4֤
76ǯ5硦֤
79ǯ4褬޸¼
83ǯ6޸ڴ֤á¨äǽ
88ǯλԾ߰Ƥɽ
96ǯԾͽϤǴʪĤꡤԾƤű
2005ǯĶ®ײ褬ܺ
2011ǯ6仺Ͽ7֥ߤϾǥİ®ǡ̿ǽ


󥰡˥롡¾ܿ˼Ҳء޸ξס˼Ҳ١ʹ ԡë ʡ ջҡˡˡ罤ۡ2015ǯ134--55ǡ

Referrer (Inside): [2026-04-16-1] [2021-08-10-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2018-03-07 Wed

#3236. 饤ɤǤ륤ꥹʸشϢάǯɽ [literature][timeline][history]

ǯɽ꡼ (timeline) ΰĤȤơ#3226. ꥹʸشϢάǯɽ ([2018-02-25-1]) ˥饤ɤǤǯɽ˺ľʲޤ򥯥åˡ饤ɤǤǯɽȤƤϡ#2358. 饤ɤǤѸǯɽ ([2015-10-11-1])#2871. űѸΥ饤ǯɽ ([2017-03-07-1])#3164. 饤ɤǤѸǯɽ (2) ([2017-12-25-1])#3205. 饤ɤǤѸǯɽ (3) ([2018-02-04-1]) ⻲ȡ

HELIT Timeline by Kawasaki

ɧإꥹʸػ١ҡ1986ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2018-02-25 Sun

#3226. ꥹʸشϢάǯɽ [literature][timeline][history]

ǯɽ꡼ (cf. timeline) ϡꥹʸػˤάǯɽ򼨤ˤʸػ˳δ˵󤲤ƤΤǤ (175--80) ꥹˤܻˤȤδϢդ⤢ꡤįƳڤ롥

ꥹʸء˴طͻ
410ޤ Britain ۽ 
1000 Ǽҡ١缰ظʪ٤κ
1066Ρޥꥢ¨ (--1087) 
1154ץ󥿥ͥåīϤޤ (--1399) 
1167Oxford ؤδ 
1313 ʥ˥ơؿʡ٤κꥢʸĬ
1337ʩɴǯϤޤ (--1453) 
1349 ʥ˥ܥåإǥ
1380Wyclif Ϥ 
1382Chaucer, Troilus and Criseyde (--1385. 1484) 
1387Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales ɮϡʽ 1478 
1455Ф (--1485) 
1469Malory, Le Morte d'Arthur ʽ 1485 
1475W. Caxton, ǽαѸˤʪ 
1485إ꡼¨ (--1509) 
1492 ʥ˥֥Φعҳ
1513 ʥ˥ޥ٥ط٤κ
1516More, Utopia 
1517 륿ν׻Ϥޤ
1519 ޥ (--1522)
1534The Church of England (or Anglican Church) ΩEngland ν 
1535Sir Thomas More (1478--) 跺 
1543 ˥ݥȥ͡
1557England the Stationers' Company ʽҽǶȹ 
1558Elizabeth I ¨ (--1603) 
1576ǽξ߸ The Theatre  
1579Spenser, E., The Shepheardes Calendar 
1587Scotland Mary 跺 
1588Drake, Hawkins 顤ڥ̵Ũ (The Armada) ˤ 
1589Spenser, E., The Faerie Queene, I?۪II 
1593ڥήԤΤɥη줬2ǯޤĺ˺ǽdzܰ
1595Shakespeare, Romeo and Juliet 
1596Shakespeare, A Midsummer Night's Dream; Spenser, E., The Faerie Queene, IV?۷I 
1597Shakespeare, The Merchant of Venice 
1599ַ쳫 
1600Shakespeare, As You Like It 
1601Shakespeare, Hamlet 
1603ॹ¨ (--1625) 
1605Shakespeare, Othelloʥ˥Хƥإɥ󡦥ۡơ
1606Shakespeare, King Lear; Macbeth 
1618 ʥɡ˻ǯʽ (--1648)
1620Pilgrim Fathers Mayflower ǥꥫϹ 
1634Milton, Comus 
1642̳̿Ϥޤ 
1649㡼륺跺졤ѻߤ졤ꥹϡֶ¹ˤƼͳפȤʤ (--1660) 
1666ɥ 
1667Milton, Paradise Lost ʽ10ܡ 
1684Bunyan, The Pilgrim's Progress, Pt. ii (Pt. i 1678 
1687 ˥塼ȥͭϤˡ§ȯɽ
1688̾̿ (Glorious Revolution)  
1702The Daily Courant ϴʥꥹǽʹ 
1707England, Scotland ʻ硤Great Britain Ω 
1711Addison Steele The Spectator ϴ 
1714硼¨ (--1727) ϥΡīϤޤ 
1719Defoe, Robinson Crusoe 
1721R. ݡ뤬ȳդꥹǽμȤʤ 
1724 ˶ι纸 (1635--
1726Swift, Gulliveris Travel 
1731ꥹѸȤƤΥƥ 
1739ꥹȥڥ󤬳 
1740Richardson, Pamela 
1742Fielding, Joseph Andreas 
1748 ʩ˥ƥˡ
1749Fielding, Tom Jones 
1755Johnson ΡرѸ켭ŵ 
1756ʩ֤˼ǯϤޤ 
1760Sterne, Tristram Shandy 
1767κꥹȳ̿ 
1774 ˿ĸزο١ʥɡ˥ơؼ㤭ƥǺߡ
1776 ꥫΩ
1789 ե󥹳̿
1791The Observer ϴ 
1798Wordsworth & Coleridge, Lyrical Ballads 
1801ꥹɤʻ硤the Union of Great Britain and Ireland Ω 
1805Wordsworth, The Prelude 
1807ꥹػ 
1812Byron, Childe Harold's PilgrimageϤޤ (--1814) 
1813Austen, Pride and Prejudice 
1817Byron, Manfred˥ꥹ
1819Keats, 'Ode to a Nightingale'; Scott, Ivanhoe 
1820Shelley, Prometheus Unbound; 'To a Skylark' 
1823Lamb, The Essays of Elia 
1836Dickens, Pickwick Papers ʽǤ1837ˡꥹкѶϤޤ 
1837Dickens, Oliver Twistȥꥢ¨ (--1901) 
1840ꥹ New Zealand ʻ硨إϤޤ (--42) 
1847C. Brontë, Jane Eyre; E. Brontë, Wuthering Heights; Thackeray, Vanity Fair 
1848 ޥ륯ᥨ󥲥륹ض٤ɥȯɽ
1849Dickens, David Copperfield 
1850Tennyson, In Memoriam 
1851ɥ񳫺 
1854 ߥ赯 (--1856)˥ڥ꡼ҡ¿ƾ
1856ꥹ񲦡ɤľܡƽ̾
1859Darwin, On the Origin of Species; G. Eliot, Adam Bede 
1865Carroll, Alice's Adventures in Wonderland 
1868ȲͤȲ 
1871G. Eliot, Middlemarch߻Ҥ饢ꥫα
1872Butler, Erewhonʡ͡ȡسΤ
1877 Ω
1883Stevenson, Treasure Island 
1891Hardy, Tess 
1893Wilde, Salomé ʩǡǤ1894 
1894Shaw, Arms and the Man; Kipling, The Jungle Book
1895Wells, The Time Machine 
1896 ƥͤǶ奪ԥå
1899 ܡ (--1902)
1900Conrad, Lord Jim߻ҡұѳؽΡĽءΩСꥹα
1901ȥꥢǡɥɼ¨ 
1902The Times Literary Supplement ϴƱΩ
1907 ˱Ѹ츦ҡʤΤҡ϶
1909 إϥåȡ١ʰʸ弡
1913Lawrence, Sons and Lovers 
1914Joyce, Dubliners켡Ϥޤ (--18)
1917 ̿
1920 ϢΩ
1922T. S. Eliot, The Waste Land; Galsworthy, The Forsyte Saga; Joyce, Ulysses ʥѥǽǡ; Ireland ͳΩ 
1924Forster, A Passage to India 
1925Woolf, Mrs. Dalloway 
1927Woolf, To the Lighthouse 
1928Lawrence, Lady Chatterley's Lover; Huxley, Brave New World 
1929 ܱʸز
1936ɥȬץ׿ͤȤη뺧Ӳ硼ϻ¨ (--52)ڥ (--39)
1937Ireland ͳ񡤹̾򥨡 (Eire) Ȳ 
1936Joyce, Finnegans WakeϤޤ
1940Greene, The Power and Glory 
1941 ܡƱѤ۹
1945Orwell, Animal Farm
1948Greene, The Heart of the Matter 
1949Orwell, Nineteen Eighty-Four; Eire ¹Ireland ¹ȤΩ 
1950 ˥ƣإ㥿졼׿ͤ͡ȯ
1951 ưݾĴ
1952Beckett, En Attendant GodotʡإɡԤʤ١ˡꥶ٥¨ 
1954Golding, Lord of the Flies; Murdock, Under the Net 
1956Osborne, Look Back in Anger 
1957Braine, Room at the Top 
1958Weaker, Chicken Soup with Barley 
1959Sillitoe, The Loneliness of the Long-Distance Runner 
1960Pinter, The CaretakerƿݾΩ
1963 ˼ѱѸϤޤ
1964 ԥå
1965Pinter, The Homecomingɴ
1970 񳫺
1971ʾ٤򽽿ˡڤؤ 
1975٥ȥʥ轪 
1979å㡼ꥹνȤʤߥå
1980졼󡤥ꥫΤ˽Ǥԥå⥹ 
1981㡼륺ҡʡڥ󥵡ȷ뺧 
1982ˡˬѡѹ񶵲² 
1984T. Hughes, J. Betjeman ΤȤη˴ͤȤʤԥå󥼥륹


ɧإꥹʸػ١ҡ1986ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2018-03-07-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2018-02-17 Sat

#3218. ֺ¡֥ڥ󥰤ǤɤѸˡפ3515̤ through --- ѸΥڥ󥰡 [slide][spelling][spelling_pronunciation_gap][norman_conquest][chaucer][manuscript][reestablishment_of_english][timeline][me_dialect][minim][orthography][standardisation][digraph][hel_education][link][asacul]

ī㡼󥿡ɶdz֤Ƥֺ֥ڥ󥰤ǤɤѸˡ⡤53򽪤ޤ210ڡˤ˳줿3515̤ through --- ѸΥڥ󥰡פѤ饤ɻ˥åפƤޤ
ϡѸΩڥ󥰤濴˿ʤΤ褦Ω֤ɤΤ褦ˤ줬λˤƲäƤȤˤʤäޤݥȤȤưʲ3Ŧޤ

Υޥˤɸֻڥ󥰤˱
ȤƼ˴Ťڥ󥰤͡ʲ
Ѹڥ󥰺ɸಽ

ΤȤơɸŪڥ󥰤ˡȤȯۤƶḽŪʤΤǤ뤳ȤǧǤΤǤϤʤȻפޤʲ饤ɤΥڡȤ˥󥯤ĥäƤޤ褫Υפޤơ󥯽ȤƤɤ

1. ֺ¡إڥ󥰤ǤɤѸˡ3515̤ through--- ѸΥڥ
2.
3. (1) Υޥڥ
4. ΥޥѸޤǤά
5. 515̤ through (#53, #54), 134̤ such
6. 6ñǤߤѸڥ
7. busy, bury, merry
8. Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales Ƭ
9. 7ܤμܴ (#2788)
10. (2) ڥ󥰤͡ʲ
11. (3) ڥ󥰤κɸಽ
12. ޤȤ
13. ʸ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2018-02-04 Sun

#3205. 饤ɤǤѸǯɽ (3) [timeline][web_service][hel_education]

#2358. 饤ɤǤѸǯɽ ([2015-10-11-1])#2871. űѸΥ饤ǯɽ ([2017-03-07-1])#3164. 饤ɤǤѸǯɽ (2) ([2017-12-25-1]) ˰³⤦1ĤΥ饤ɱѸǯɽ󼨤롥
ǶεǡAlgeo and Pyles αѸ˳˴ŤǯɽǺܤ (see #3193. űѸμפʽǯɽ ([2018-01-23-1])#3196. Ѹμפʽǯɽ ([2018-01-26-1])#3197. Ѹμפʽǯɽ ([2018-01-27-1])#3200. Ѹμפʽǯɽ ([2018-01-30-1])ˡΥ饤ɤϡ Algeo and Pyles ǤȤ˺ܿŪʤ⡤񤭤ĹΤǡɤߤʤؽǤ

HEL Timeline by Algeo and Pyles

Algeo, John, and Thomas Pyles. The Origins and Development of the English Language. 5th ed. Thomson Wadsworth, 2005.

Referrer (Inside): [2018-03-07-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2018-01-30 Tue

#3200. Ѹμפʽǯɽ [timeline][history][lmode][chronology][world_englishes][linguistic_imperialism]

Algeo and Pyles αѸǯɽ꡼ΥȤʤ4ƤϡѸ (201--02) ԤΤ Late Modern English ϡ1800ǯʹߤαѸؤƤ롥λǯɽϡ#3193. űѸμפʽǯɽ ([2018-01-23-1])#3196. Ѹμפʽǯɽ ([2018-01-26-1])#3197. Ѹμפʽǯɽ ([2018-01-27-1]) 򻲾ȡ

1805A victory over the French at the battle of Trafalgar established British naval supremacy.
1806The British occupied Cape Colony in South Africa, preparing the way for the arrival in 1820 of a large number of British settlers.
1828Noah Webster's American Dictionary of the English Language was published.
1840In New Zealand, by the Treaty of Waitangi, native Maori ceded sovereignty to the British crown.
1857A proposal at the Philological Society of London led to work that resulted in the New English Dictionary on Historical Principles (1928), reissued as the Oxford English Dictionary (1933).
1858The Government of India Act transferred power from the East India Company to the crown, thus creating the British Raj in India.
1861--5The American Civil War established the indissolubility of the Union and abolished slavery in America.
1898The four-month Spanish-American War resulted in the United States becoming a world power with overseas possessions and thus a major participant in international politics.
1906The first radio broadcast, leading in 1920 to the first American commercial radio station in Pittsburgh.
1914--8World War I created an alliance between the United States and the United Kingdom.
1922The British Broadcasting Company (after 1927, Corporation) was established and became a major conveyor of information in English around the world.
1927The first motion picture with spoken dialog, The Jazz Singer, was released.
1936The first high-definition television service was established by the BBC, to be followed by cable service in the early 1950s and satellite service in the early 1960s.
1939--45World War II further solidified the British-American link.
1945The charter of the United Nations was produced at San Francisco.
1947British India was divided into India and Pakistan, and both became independent.
1952The Secretariat building of the United Nations was constructed in Manhattan.
1961The Merriam Webster's Third New International Dictionary was published.
1983The Internet was created.
1991The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was dissolved, leaving the United States as the world's only superpower.
1992The first Web browser for the World Wide Web was released.


ǯɽ򤶤äįǤ⡤λ˱Ѹ줬س礷ƤͻҤ狼롥ȤäƤŪ¦̤˸¤ʤüԿ͸Ȥ¦̤ˤƤ礷Ѥ̤ϰϡʤǽŪˤ礷Algeo and Pyles (201) εҤŪͤƤ롥

The history of English since 1800 has been a story of expansion---in geography, in speakers, and in the purposes for which English is used. Geographically, English has been spread around the world, first by British colonization and empire-building, and more recently by the prominence of America in world affairs. The number of its speakers has undergone a population explosion, not alone of native speakers but also of nonnative speakers of English as an additional language. And the uses to which English is put have ramified with the growth of science, technology, and commerce.


פˡѸϡ͸ǽȤ3̤ˤƱŪλǤ롥ˤСؤƻҤäƤȤ⤤롥

Algeo, John, and Thomas Pyles. The Origins and Development of the English Language. 5th ed. Thomson Wadsworth, 2005.

Referrer (Inside): [2018-02-04-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2018-01-27 Sat

#3197. Ѹμפʽǯɽ [timeline][history][emode][chronology][monarch][caxton][reformation][book_of_common_prayer][bible][renaissance][shakespeare][johnson]

Algeo and Pyles αѸǯɽ꡼3ƤϽѸ (153--55) ԤϽѸ1500--1800ǯȤƶڤäƤ뤳Ȥա#3193. űѸμפʽǯɽ ([2018-01-23-1]) ȡ#3196. Ѹμפʽǯɽ ([2018-01-26-1]) ⻲ȡ

1476William Caxton brought printing to England, thus both serving and promoting a growing body of literate persons. Before that time, literacy was confined to the clergy and a handful of others. Within the next two centuries, most of the gentry and merchants became literate, as well as half the yeomen and some of the husbandmen.
1485Henry Tudor ascended the throne, ending the civil strife called the War of the Roses and introducing 118 years of the Tudor dynasty, which oversaw vast changes in England.
1497John Cabot went on a voyage of exploration for a Northwest Passage to China, in which he discovered Nova Scotia and so foreshadowed English territorial expansion overseas.
1534The Act of Supremacy established Henry VIII as "Supreme Head of the Church of England," and thus officially put civil authority above Church authority in England.
1549The first Book of Common Prayer was adopted and became an influence on English literary style.
1558At the age of 25, Elizabeth I became queen of England and, as a woman with a Renaissance education and a skill for leadership, began a forty-five-year reign that promoted statecraft, literature, science, exploration, and commerce.
1577--80Sir Francis Drake circumnavigated the globe, the first Englishman to do so, and participated in the defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588, removing an obstacle to English expansion overseas.
1590--1611William Shakespeare wrote the bulk of his plays, from Henry VI to The Tempest.
1600The East India Company was chartered to promote trade with Asia, leading eventually to the establishment of the British Raj in India.
1604Robert Cawdrey published the first English dictionary, A Table Alphabeticall.
1607Jamestown, Virginia, was established as the first permanent English settlement in America.
1611The Authorized or King James Version of the Bible was produced by a committee of scholars and became, with the Prayer Book and the works of Shakespeare, one of the major examples of and influences on English literary style.
1619The first African slaves in North America arrived in Virginia.
1642--48The English Civil War or Puritan Revolution overthrew the monarchy and resulted in the beheading of King Charles I in 1649 and the establishment of a military dictatorship called the Commonwealth and (under Oliver Cromwell) the Protectorate, which lasted until the Restoration of King Charles II in 1660.
1660The Royal Society was founded as the first English organization devoted to the promotion of scientific knowledge and research.
1670The Hudson's Bay Company was chartered for promoting trade and settlement in Canada.
ca. 1680The political parties---Whigs (named perhaps from a Scots term for 'horse drivers' but used for supporters of reform and parliamentary power) and Tories (named from an Irish term for 'outlaws' but used for supporters of conservatism and royal authority), both terms being originally contemptuous---became political forces, thus introducing party politics as a central factor in government.
1688The Glorious Revolution was a bloodless coup in which members of Parliament invited the Dutch prince William of Orange and his wife, Mary (daughter of the reigning English king, James II), to assume the English throne, resulting in the establishment of Parliament's power over that of the monarchy.
1702The first daily newspaper was published in London, followed by an extension of such publications throughout England and the expansion of the influence of the press in disseminating information and forming public opinion.
1719Daniel Defoe published Robinson Crusoe, sometimes identified as the first modern novel in English, although the evolution of the genre was gradual and other works have a claim to that title.
1755Samuels Johnson published his Dictionary of the English Language, a model of comprehensive dictionaries of English
1775--83The American Revolution resulted in the foundation of the first independent nation of English speakers outside the British Isles. Large numbers of British loyalists left the former American colonies for Canada and Nova Scotia, introducing a large number of new English speakers there.
1788The English first settled Australia near modern Sydney.


Ѹϡ̻ŪˤϱѸŸμ郎줿ǤꡤҲŪˤϼεǽŪɸಽʤäȤޤȤ

Algeo, John, and Thomas Pyles. The Origins and Development of the English Language. 5th ed. Thomson Wadsworth, 2005.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2018-01-26 Fri

#3196. Ѹμפʽǯɽ [timeline][me][history][chronology][norman_conquest][reestablishment_of_english][monarch][hundred_years_war][black_death][wycliffe][chaucer][caxton]

#3193. űѸμפʽǯɽ ([2018-01-23-1]) ˰³ѸμפʽǯɽAlgeo and Pyles (123--24) ˵äƼ

1066The Normans conquered England, replacing the native English nobility with Anglo-Normans and introducing Norman French as the language of government in England.
1204King John lost Normandy to the French, beginning the loosening of ties between England and the Continent.
1258King Henry III was forced by his barons to accept the Provisions of Oxford, which established a Privy Council to oversee the administration of the government, beginning the growth of the English constitution and parliament.
1337The Hundred Years' War with France began and lasted until 1453, promoting English nationalism
1348--50The Black Death killed an estimated one-third of England's population, and continued to plague the country for much of the rest of the century
1362The Statute of Pleadings was enacted, requiring all court proceedings to be conducted in English.
1381The Peasants' Revolt led by Wat Tyler was the first rebellion of working-class people against their exploitation; although it failed in most of its immediate aims, it marks the beginning of popular protest.
1384John Wycliffe died, having promoted the first complete translation of scripture into the English language (the Wycliffite Bible).
1400Geoffrey Chaucer died, having produced a highly influential body of English poetry.
1476William Caxton, the first English printer, established his press at Westminster, thus beginning the widespread dissemination of English literature and the stabilization of the written standard.
1485Henry Tudor became king of England, ending thirty years of civil strife and initiating the Tudor dynasty.


Ѹγ̻ˤϡޤ˱ѸμҲŪϰ̤ȤθħŤƤ뤳Ȥ褯狼롥

Algeo, John, and Thomas Pyles. The Origins and Development of the English Language. 5th ed. Thomson Wadsworth, 2005.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2018-01-23 Tue

#3193. űѸμפʽǯɽ [timeline][oe][christianity][synod_of_whitby][history][chronology][monarch]

Algeo and Pyles (86--87) ꡤűѸμפʽǯɽ򼨤

449Angles, Saxons, Jutes, and Frisians began to occupy Great Britain, thus changing its major population to English speakers and separating the early English language from its Continental relatives.
597Saint Augustine of Canterbury arrived in England to begin the conversion of the English by baptizing King Ethelbert of Kent, thus introducing the influence of the Latin language.
664The Synod of Whitby aligned the English with Roman rather than Celtic Christianity, thus linking English culture with mainstream Europe.
730The Venerable Bede produced his Ecclesiastical History of the English People, recording the early history of the English people
787The Scandinavian invasion began with raids along the Northeast seacoast.
865The Scandinavians occupied northeastern Britain and began a campaign to conquer all of England.
871Alfred became king of Wessex and reigned until his death in 899, rallying the English against the Scandinavians, retaking the city of London, establishing the Danelaw, and securing the position of king of all England for himself and his successors.
991Olaf Tryggvason invaded England, and the English were defeated at the Battle of Maldon.
1000The manuscript of the Old English epic Beowulf was written about this time.
1016Canute became king of England, establishing a Danish dynasty in Britain.
1042The Danish dynasty ended with the death of King Hardicanute, and Edward the Confessor became king of England.
1066Edward the Confessor died and was succeeded by Harold, last of the Anglo-Saxon kings, who died at the Battle of Hastings fighting against the invading army of William, duke of Normandy, who was crowned king of England on December 25.


ǯȽ˲äơñʲ⤬źƤΤ褤⡤Ūյ˴ؤŪΤʥȤ롥㤨С449ǯνϡФХ֥ƥˤѸγϤȤħŪʰ̣礤äƾҲ𤵤뤬ǤϱѸ줬¾Υޥ줫֤ʬäȤˤȤäƤ롥ˤϡҲʸءŪȤϸŪ¦̤ˤ궯ؿ Algeo and Pyles αѸ˵ҤˤƤ褦˻פ롥
664ǯΥۥåȥӡĤŪյˤܤΩ597ǯ˥󥰥ɿͤꥹȶϼƤȤ뤫⤷ʤΥ󥰥ɤǤϡޤΥꥹȶȤȤ˥ɤäȲꥹȶ礹ǽäβĤˤꥤ󥰥ɤˤƥޤΥꥹȶͥȤʤäȤǡΥ󥰥ɻˤѸˤ⡤ƥϤȤΦŪʤΤ礭ƶƤȤˤʤäǤʤΦŪǤȤܿݤ³θˤͤȡβĤŪյΤΤ롥

Algeo, John, and Thomas Pyles. The Origins and Development of the English Language. 5th ed. Thomson Wadsworth, 2005.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2017-12-25 Mon

#3164. 饤ɤǤѸǯɽ (2) [timeline][web_service][hel_education]

Ѹˤ˴Ϣǯɽ򤳤ޤ timeline γƵǼƤϡ#2562. Mugglestone ԡˤαѸǯɽ ([2016-05-02-1]) 򥹥饤ɲƤߤ饤ɤλͤˤꤹ٤ƤȿǤƤ櫓ǤϤʤȤꤢͷӤʤį롥14餤顤󥴥㥴㤷Ƥ롥

HEL Timeline by Mugglestone

Ϣơ#2358. 饤ɤǤѸǯɽ ([2015-10-11-1])#2871. űѸΥ饤ǯɽ ([2017-03-07-1]) ⻲ȡ

Mugglestone, Lynda, ed. The Oxford History of English. Oxford: OUP, 2006.

Referrer (Inside): [2018-03-07-1] [2018-02-04-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

Powered by WinChalow1.0rc4 based on chalow